861:
Melissa Leach, and Ian
Scoones note that conservation initiatives often involve partnerships between international environmental organizations, NGOs, national elites, and multinational corporations. Examples include cases like Rio Tinto's activities in Madagascar, where land acquisition for environmental purposes overlaps with mineral extraction, and collaborations between tourist operators, conservation agencies, and governments to promote ecotourism in countries like Colombia, Tanzania, and South Africa. These collaborations underscore the complex dynamics underlying conservation schemes and the blurring of boundaries between environmental protection and profit-driven exploitation.
911:
lands, which are essential for grazing, fodder, and fuelwood collection. These lands, categorized as government-owned "marginal" or "wastelands", are transformed into solar parks through coercive state policies, denying agropastoralists access to vital resources. Agropastoralist communities often encounter difficulties in accessing necessary energy resources, including traditional fuel such as firewood and modern options like solar-generated electricity. This dual deprivation contributes to the marginalization experienced by rural populations.
40:
902:
partnerships and loans from international financial institutions, has resulted in annual deficits and added to
Morocco's public debt. The $ 9 billion project's debt, incurred through loans from international financial institutions like the World Bank and the European Investment Bank, is backed by Moroccan government guarantees. On the local scale, those most affected included pastoralists who did not receive proper compensation for using their property and were not consulted about how the project might affect water supplies.
928:
of North
American workers in comparison to the low wage work of Madagascarans as the enforcers of unpopular fortress conservation through the creation of nature reserves. The Malagasy people within Madagascar see the conservation efforts as attempts at green grabbing and neocolonialism. North American NGOs have responded to the claims as ungrounded, placing the lack of acceptance of the reserves system as a failure in the education and understanding of sustainability of residents. In 2009, the presidential administration of
2820:
888:
solution to energy and climate crises, reflect a form of greenwashing aimed at pacifying opposition and advancing industrial expansion. Furthermore, the involvement of powerful actors such as Gas
Natural Fenosa and local elites highlights how green grabbing operates through alliances between state and corporate interests, leading to the dispossession of local communities and the exploitation of natural resources for profit.
933:
percent, was being allotted for conservation reserve. Protest against the negotiations was responded to with military action, leading to the removal of
Ravalomanana. The deal was not put into effect and the resistance and protest of Madagascarans led to closure of multiple national parks and reserves, allowing the residents to continue their use of the land.
840:(NGOs). These varied actors align to achieve common goals; for example, ecotourism initiatives can result in the alignment of tourism companies, conservation groups, and governments. Conservation groups can also align with military or paramilitary groups to accomplish shared aims. Actors can also include entrepreneurs trying to profit from
879:
grabbing (land, financial and other resources) with adverse implications on local stock-breeders and farmers, domestic and small business electricity consumers, conservation and local biodiversity. These cannot be considered as negligible even under the face of accelerating climate change and its consequences."
927:
led to decentralized conservation efforts from the 1990s until the mid 2000s. At that point, there ceased being monetary compensation from the government in favor of conservation efforts being contracted out to North
American organizations. The internal division between high status and high paid jobs
856:
Green grabbing has been prominent in the energy sector. Often, as countries and governments enter transnational climate agreements such as the Paris
Agreement or the Kyoto Protocol, they commit to reaching certain sustainability targets. To fulfill these quotes on initiatives such as renewable energy
887:
The development of the BĂi Hioxo wind park involved not only the physical occupation of the land but also the manipulation of narratives surrounding climate change mitigation and the green economy to legitimize the project. The tactics used to suppress resistance, such as portraying wind energy as a
799:
Green grabbing primarily affects smallholders, and leads to various forms of injustice, conflict, and displacement. Confiscation of land by both local and foreign companies, as well as by rural elites and government bodies, in the name of environmental reasons, often worsens existing vulnerabilities
941:
Green grabbing can result in the expulsion of indigenous or peasant communities from the land they live on. In other cases, the use, authority, and management of the resources is restructured, potentially alienating local residents. Evictions due to palm oil biofuel has resulted in the displacement
910:
The Indian government's solar energy initiatives, like the
Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM), aim to ramp up solar energy capacity to mitigate climate change and reduce poverty. Yet, the pursuit of solar energy projects often involves the dispossession of agropastoralists from their
901:
Morocco's solar projects, such as the
Ouarzazate Solar Power Station, which employs concentrated solar-thermal power (CSP) technology, diverts water resources away from drinking and agriculture in an already semi-arid region. The construction of the Ouarzazate plant, funded through public-private
874:
The drive for wind parks, in post-crisis Greece, has given rise to green grabbing. The argument supporting green energy as a remedy for the nation's economic and environmental problems has gained popularity despite Greece's economic difficulties. The negative socio-ecological effects of wind park
803:
Indebted governments may be especially vulnerable to green grabs, as they may agree to privatize and sell public assets to avoid bankruptcy. Green grabs involve large tracts of land consisting of thousands or millions of hectares. Green grabs have occurred in Africa, Latin
America, and Southeast
932:
considered a deal with Daewoo Logistics, a South Korean company, to lease 1.3 million hectares of arable land to grow maize and palm oil. This potential deal was seen as another attempt at colonialism, as the land was to be used by and for foreign nations while a large portion of land, up to 10
860:
Under the pretense of environmental preservation, green grabbing borrows from historical stories of colonial resource appropriation. This phenomenon involves a diverse array of participants, including entrepreneurs, activists, and most significantly NGOs. Social anthropologists James Fairhead,
878:
The wind energy industry is dominated by multinational businesses, which promotes wealth accumulation and green grabbing at the expense of regional communities and ecosystems. In a case study of Greece's wind park development, Christina Zoi details that "Neoliberalisation has instigated green
718:, for carbon emission trading, or for biofuel production. It involves governments, NGOs, and corporations, often working in alliances. Green grabs can result in local residents' displacement from land where they live or make their livelihoods. It is considered to be a subtype of
2594:
768:. Conservation groups might encourage members of the public to donate money to "adopt" an acre of land, which goes towards land acquisition. Companies who engage in carbon emission trading might employ a green grab to plant trees—the resulting
2685:
962:
saying, "Now you want to buy pieces of rainforest, or to plant biofuels. These are useless. The forest cannot be bought; it is our life and we have always protected it. Without the forest, there is only sickness." The head of the
791:. Biofuel production efforts, led by the US and European Union, have been a main driver of land grabbing in general. The International Land Coalition states that 59% of land grabs between 2000 and 2010 were because of biofuels.
835:
Modern green grabs are often enacted through alliances between national elites, government agencies, and private actors. Examples can include international environmental policy institutions, multi-national corporations, and
967:
Simon Colchester said, "Conservation has immeasurably worsened the lives of indigenous peoples throughout Africa," noting that it resulted in forced expulsion, loss of livelihoods, and violation of human rights.
713:
and appropriation of resources for environmental purposes, resulting in a pattern of unjust development. The purposes of green grabbing are varied; it can be done for ecotourism, conservation of biodiversity or
1481:
823:
community of northern Scandinavia, as well as Norwegian and Swedish activists, have accused the Norwegian government of green colonialism because of the construction of wind farms on
2230:
2521:
942:
of millions of people in Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Malaysia, and India. The practice has been criticized in Brazil, where the government referred to one land acquisition
857:
implementation, indigenous or public lands are seized without consideration for local communities. Confiscated lands may be used for solar energy, wind farms, and biofuel.
773:
2511:
800:
and inequalities in these communities. Areas most vulnerable to green grabs are those in poor economic conditions, developing countries, or on indigenous land.
2673:
2220:
2621:
2579:
2088:
875:
growth, such as land expropriation, environmental damage, and the escalation of socioeconomic inequality, are frequently ignored in this narrative.
2657:
2250:
920:
273:
2645:
2270:
1149:
Corson, Catherine; MacDonald, Kenneth Iain (2012). "Enclosing the global commons: The convention on biological diversity and green grabbing".
813:
2255:
2245:
1913:"Development of optimized n-Îźc-Si:H/n-a-Si:H bilayer and its application for improving the performance of single junction a-Si solar cells"
1092:
1827:"Visualizing new political ecologies: A critical data studies analysis of the World Bank's renewable energy resource mapping initiative"
1593:, Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2019. | Series: Key issues in environment and sustainability: Routledge, pp. 205â230,
1561:
1427:
2768:
2501:
2146:
689:
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2795:
1508:
2491:
2081:
1960:"Spatial justice and the land politics of renewables: Dispossessing vulnerable communities through solar energy mega-projects"
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1606:
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268:
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2190:
2151:
401:
278:
2651:
2339:
2156:
2481:
2074:
1198:
406:
351:
752:, in which the motive of the land grab is for environmental reasons. Green grabbing can be done for conservation of
2862:
2783:
2531:
2240:
2185:
2168:
2126:
2121:
776:(REDD+), compensates companies and countries for conserving forests, though the definition of forest also includes
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592:
2715:
2438:
2225:
597:
258:
2892:
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2778:
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837:
135:
2595:
Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge, and Folklore
1391:
Rocheleau, Dianne E. (2015). "Networked, rooted and territorial: Green grabbing and resistance in Chiapas".
1124:
2872:
2730:
2705:
2045:
1627:
682:
436:
416:
1216:"Environmental justice implications of land grabbing for industrial agriculture and forestry in Argentina"
2526:
2386:
2260:
1189:
Vigil, Sara (2018). "Green grabbing-induced displacement". In McLeman, Robert; Gemenne, François (eds.).
140:
2001:
Sodikoff, G. 2009. âThe Low-Wage Conservationist: Biodiversity and Perversities of Value in Madagascarâ
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39:
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2019:
1775:"'The Town is Surrounded:' From Climate Concerns to life under Wind Turbines in La Ventosa, Mexico"
964:
487:
463:
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366:
293:
1535:
2877:
2750:
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1342:
1263:"The sun and the scythe: energy dispossessions and the agrarian question of labor in solar parks"
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805:
761:
675:
639:
629:
552:
522:
311:
23:
730:"Green grabbing" was first coined in 2008 by journalist John Vidal, in a piece that appeared in
2735:
2686:
Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge (GRATK)
2334:
2265:
2131:
2066:
1911:
Mandal, Sourav; Dhar, Sukanta; Das, Gourab; Mukhopadhyay, Sumita; Barua, A.K. (February 2016).
959:
748:
resource alienation in the name of the environment". Green grabbing is a more specific form of
470:
431:
426:
396:
1343:"Forest plantations and climate change discourses: New powers of 'green' grabbing in Cambodia"
2740:
2361:
2163:
1509:"'A continuation of colonialism': indigenous activists say their voices are missing at Cop26"
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59:
1866:"A review of inverter topologies for single-phase grid-connected photovoltaic systems"
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923:(ICDP) in Madagascar were mostly managed by NGOs supported by the state government.
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205:
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1774:
1734:"Counterinsurgency for wind energy: the BĂi Hioxo wind park in JuchitĂĄn, Mexico"
1482:"California's carbon-offset disaster reveals why COP26 was a big disappointment"
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341:
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31:
1687:"Wind parks in post-crisis Greece: Neoliberalisation vis-Ă -vis green grabbing"
820:
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69:
1093:"Ron Arnold: Green-grabbing for carbon 'offsets' takes toll on Africans"
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316:
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16:
Foreign appropriation of land and resources for environmental purposes
2411:
2381:
2322:
1536:"Greta Thunberg accuses Norway of 'green colonialism' over wind farm"
1486:
532:
2371:
1864:
Jana, Joydip; Saha, Hiranmay; Das Bhattacharya, Konika (May 2017).
788:
512:
150:
97:
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2344:
2231:
Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin
1214:
Busscher, Nienke; Parra, Constanza; Vanclay, Frank (2020-02-23).
845:
2096:
1958:
Yenneti, Komali; Day, Rosie; Golubchikov, Oleg (November 2016).
2522:
Ministry for the Development of the Russian Far East and Arctic
951:
381:
1191:
Routledge Handbook of Environmental Displacement and Migration
844:, such as companies developing forest carbon offset projects,
1641:
Fairhead, James; Leach, Melissa; Scoones, Ian (April 2012).
1302:"Nodes of resistance to green grabbing: a political ecology"
774:
Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation
2658:
UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP)
1562:"'Green' colonialism is ruining Indigenous lives in Norway"
736:
called "The great green land grab". Social anthropologist
1910:
1455:"How a Green New Deal could exploit developing countries"
943:
1863:
1125:"The dark side of the green economy: 'Green grabbing'"
1015:
Fairhead, James; Leach, Melissa; Scoones, Ian (2012).
787:
Green grabbing can also be done for the production of
1957:
2221:
Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador
1640:
1213:
1014:
2646:
Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention (ILO C169)
1820:
1818:
1680:
1678:
794:
2674:UN Declaration on the Rights of Peasants (UNDROP)
1585:Sumudu, Atapattu; Andrea, Schapper (2019-03-08),
740:notes that it "builds on well-known histories of
2844:
1824:
1815:
1675:
1643:"Green Grabbing: a new appropriation of nature?"
1260:
1220:Journal of Environmental Planning and Management
1017:"Green Grabbing: A new appropriation of nature?"
921:Integrated Conservation and Development Projects
2580:African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights
2251:International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs
2046:"Amazon tribe hits back at green 'colonialism'"
1261:Stock, Ryan; Birkenholtz, Trevor (2021-07-29).
1148:
274:Federation of the Green Parties of the Americas
2271:Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
2082:
1428:"Climate colonialism and the EU's Green Deal"
1061:"Climate Change and Work: Politics and Power"
683:
2256:National Indigenous Organization of Colombia
2246:Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism
1825:McCarthy, James; Thatcher, Jim (June 2019).
1691:Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space
1584:
1386:
1384:
1340:
1059:Iskander, Natasha N.; Lowe, Nichola (2020).
1058:
1800:1871.1/695ed505-7c05-4387-9026-d12f25f20804
2089:
2075:
1054:
1052:
1010:
1008:
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1004:
1002:
1000:
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848:companies, and pharmaceutical businesses.
690:
676:
2512:National Commission on Indigenous Peoples
1798:
1749:
1658:
1390:
1381:
1317:
1076:
1032:
772:can then be sold or traded. One program,
725:
2502:National Institute of Indigenous Peoples
2013:
2011:
1870:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
1684:
1341:Scheidel, Arnim; Work, Courtney (2018).
2622:UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues
1506:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1049:
995:
2845:
2492:Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada
2043:
1772:
1731:
1479:
1299:
808:and critics have also warned that the
2377:Lands inhabited by indigenous peoples
2276:Zapatista Army of National Liberation
2070:
2017:
2008:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1685:Siamanta, Zoi Christina (June 2019).
1533:
1452:
1188:
1122:
1078:10.1146/annurev-polisci-061418-095236
914:
780:consisting of a single tree species (
269:Federation of Green Parties of Africa
2044:Jowett, Juliette (14 October 2007).
1425:
1177:
1111:
816:could exacerbate green colonialism.
1534:Milne, Richard (27 February 2023).
279:Federation of Young European Greens
13:
2652:Convention on Biological Diversity
1990:
1480:Nguyen, Le Dong Hai (2021-11-27).
1065:Annual Review of Political Science
14:
2904:
2680:High Seas Treaty (BBNJ Agreement)
1453:TĂĄĂwò, OlĂşfáşšĚmi O. (2019-02-25).
1306:Environment and Social Psychology
2819:
2818:
2532:Government of the Sakha Republic
2241:Indigenous Environmental Network
2122:Free, prior and informed consent
2018:Vidal, John (13 February 2008).
1732:Dunlap, Alexander (2018-03-19).
1591:Human Rights and the Environment
1587:"From UNFCCC to Paris Agreement"
1367:10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.04.057
589:List of environmental incidents
38:
2806:Persecution of Uyghurs in China
2668:Fair Access and Benefit-Sharing
2352:Dakota Access Pipeline protests
2037:
1951:
1904:
1857:
1773:Dunlap, Alexander (July 2017).
1766:
1725:
1634:
1578:
1554:
1527:
1500:
1473:
1446:
1419:
1334:
1193:. Routledge. pp. 370â381.
1123:Leach, Melissa (20 June 2012).
936:
795:Occurrence and affected parties
2716:2009 Peruvian political crisis
2226:Congress of Aboriginal Peoples
1976:10.1016/j.geoforum.2016.09.004
1843:10.1016/j.geoforum.2017.03.025
1738:The Journal of Peasant Studies
1393:The Journal of Peasant Studies
1293:
1267:The Journal of Peasant Studies
1254:
1207:
1142:
1085:
958:published a statement through
838:non-governmental organizations
259:Asia Pacific Greens Federation
1:
2547:Council of Indigenous Peoples
1937:10.1016/j.solener.2015.11.042
1751:10.1080/03066150.2016.1259221
1279:10.1080/03066150.2019.1683002
1240:10.1080/09640568.2019.1595546
988:
136:Bright green environmentalism
2731:Expulsion of the Chagossians
1660:10.1080/03066150.2012.671770
1507:Lakhani, Nina (2021-11-03).
1405:10.1080/03066150.2014.993622
1163:10.1080/03066150.2012.664138
1034:10.1080/03066150.2012.671770
352:Corporate political activism
7:
2888:Environmental controversies
2527:Government of Bashkortostan
2392:American Indian reservation
2261:Native American Rights Fund
2020:"The great green land grab"
1426:Douo, Myriam (2021-06-23).
1300:Weeber, Stan (2016-10-31).
971:
141:Criticisms of globalization
10:
2909:
2482:Fundação Nacional do Ăndio
1890:10.1016/j.rser.2016.10.049
1791:10.1177/194277861701000202
1647:Journal of Peasant Studies
1151:Journal of Peasant Studies
1021:Journal of Peasant Studies
896:
80:Politics of climate change
2814:
2698:
2635:
2610:
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2459:
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2216:Assembly of First Nations
2201:
2109:
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869:
851:
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327:Climate change mitigation
55:Climate change litigation
2706:ChechenâRussian conflict
2557:Bureau of Indian Affairs
1711:10.1177/2514848619835156
1626:: CS1 maint: location (
1319:10.18063/ESP.2016.02.006
965:Forest Peoples Programme
905:
891:
464:Environmental skepticism
367:Ecological modernization
294:World Ecological Parties
2863:Environmental economics
2751:Little Danes experiment
2537:Government of Tatarstan
2204:political organizations
2003:American Anthropologist
1599:10.4324/9781315193397-9
983:Antarctic Treaty System
864:
806:Environmental activists
762:carbon emission trading
312:Carbon fee and dividend
2736:High Arctic relocation
2638:Declarations of Rights
2335:Cultural appropriation
2266:Survival International
960:Survival International
726:Definition and purpose
402:effects of agriculture
2741:Human rights in Tibet
2468:Aotearoa-New Zealand
2362:Fortress conservation
2164:Traditional knowledge
2127:Intellectual property
978:Fortress conservation
483:Fossil fuel phase-out
347:Conservation movement
2893:Environmental racism
2853:Ecological economics
2765:Residential schools
2711:Sri Lankan Civil War
2453:Legal representation
2422:Urban Indian reserve
2311:Internal colonialism
2202:Non-governmental and
2157:in the United States
362:Ecological economics
264:European Green Party
226:Green libertarianism
108:Grassroots democracy
2873:Nature conservation
2316:Settler colonialism
1929:2016SoEn..124..278M
1882:2017RSERv..72.1256J
1703:2019EnPlE...2..274S
1359:2018LUPol..77....9S
1232:2020JEPM...63..500B
1097:Washington Examiner
563:transport hierarchy
407:effects of aviation
289:Global Young Greens
166:Ecoauthoritarianism
131:Alter-globalization
2801:Stolen Generations
2602:BBNJ ABS Committee
2357:Discovery doctrine
2301:Civilizing mission
2142:Self-determination
915:ICDP in Madagascar
778:forest plantations
758:ecosystem services
716:ecosystem services
585:Low-carbon economy
211:Green conservatism
60:Fossil fuels lobby
2868:Indigenous rights
2840:
2839:
2825:Indigenous rights
2694:
2693:
2627:Indigenous Caucus
2568:Intergovernmental
2417:Russian republics
2387:Autonomous okrugs
2236:Cultural Survival
1608:978-1-315-19339-7
1566:Aljazeera English
930:Marc Ravalomanana
720:green imperialism
707:green colonialism
700:
699:
605:Political ecology
523:industrial policy
98:Ecological wisdom
2900:
2822:
2821:
2756:Mapuche conflict
2726:Chiapas conflict
2721:Alta controversy
2699:Historical cases
2457:
2456:
2439:Rainbow Warriors
2429:Manifest destiny
2117:Ancestral domain
2091:
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2015:
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2005:111(4): 443-455.
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1617:
1616:
1615:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1460:The Conversation
1450:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1399:(3â4): 695â723.
1388:
1379:
1378:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1321:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1186:
1175:
1174:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1120:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1056:
1047:
1046:
1036:
1012:
692:
685:
678:
615:Renewable energy
454:Environmentalism
322:Circular economy
221:Green liberalism
201:Environmentalism
42:
19:
18:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2883:Commodification
2843:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2831:Minority rights
2810:
2796:San controversy
2690:
2664:Nagoya Protocol
2637:
2631:
2614:
2612:
2606:
2569:
2563:
2461:
2448:
2289:
2203:
2197:
2105:
2103:minority rights
2095:
2065:
2064:
2054:
2052:
2042:
2038:
2028:
2026:
2016:
2009:
2000:
1991:
1956:
1952:
1909:
1905:
1862:
1858:
1823:
1816:
1779:Human Geography
1771:
1767:
1730:
1726:
1683:
1676:
1639:
1635:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1583:
1579:
1570:
1568:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1546:
1544:
1541:Financial Times
1532:
1528:
1519:
1517:
1505:
1501:
1492:
1490:
1478:
1474:
1465:
1463:
1451:
1447:
1438:
1436:
1424:
1420:
1389:
1382:
1347:Land Use Policy
1339:
1335:
1298:
1294:
1273:(5): 984â1007.
1259:
1255:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1187:
1178:
1147:
1143:
1133:
1131:
1121:
1112:
1102:
1100:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1057:
1050:
1013:
996:
991:
974:
948:eco-colonialist
939:
917:
908:
899:
894:
885:
872:
867:
854:
833:
819:The indigenous
797:
728:
709:is the foreign
696:
667:
666:
337:Climate justice
332:Climate finance
307:
299:
298:
254:
246:
245:
206:Green anarchism
191:Eco-nationalism
126:
118:
117:
93:
85:
84:
50:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2906:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2878:Neocolonialism
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2746:Indian removal
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2641:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2618:
2616:
2611:Indigenous-led
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2589:
2587:Arctic Council
2584:
2583:
2582:
2576:African Union
2573:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2472:Te Puni KĹkiri
2465:
2463:
2454:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2434:Plastic shaman
2431:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2402:Indian reserve
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2374:
2369:
2367:Green grabbing
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2340:Sports mascots
2332:
2331:
2330:
2328:Bioprospecting
2320:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2303:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2207:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2191:in New Zealand
2188:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2097:International
2094:
2093:
2086:
2079:
2071:
2063:
2062:
2036:
2007:
1989:
1950:
1903:
1856:
1814:
1765:
1744:(3): 630â652.
1724:
1697:(2): 274â303.
1674:
1653:(2): 237â261.
1633:
1607:
1577:
1553:
1526:
1499:
1472:
1445:
1418:
1380:
1333:
1292:
1253:
1226:(3): 500â522.
1206:
1199:
1176:
1157:(2): 263â283.
1141:
1110:
1099:. 4 April 2013
1084:
1048:
1027:(2): 237â261.
993:
992:
990:
987:
986:
985:
980:
973:
970:
956:Yanomami tribe
938:
935:
916:
913:
907:
904:
898:
895:
893:
890:
884:
881:
871:
868:
866:
863:
853:
850:
842:eco-capitalism
832:
829:
810:Green New Deal
796:
793:
727:
724:
703:Green grabbing
698:
697:
695:
694:
687:
680:
672:
669:
668:
665:
664:
662:Water conflict
659:
654:
653:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
617:
612:
607:
602:
601:
600:
595:
587:
582:
577:
576:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
528:infrastructure
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
485:
480:
479:
478:
473:
468:
467:
466:
451:
450:
449:
444:
439:
437:pricing reform
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
342:Climate target
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
308:
306:Related topics
305:
304:
301:
300:
297:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
255:
252:
251:
248:
247:
244:
243:
238:
236:Social ecology
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
171:Eco-capitalism
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
127:
124:
123:
120:
119:
116:
115:
110:
105:
103:Social justice
100:
94:
91:
90:
87:
86:
83:
82:
77:
75:List of topics
72:
67:
65:Green politics
62:
57:
51:
48:
47:
44:
43:
35:
34:
32:Green politics
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2905:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2826:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2784:United States
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2687:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2613:international
2609:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2566:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2519:
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2513:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2490:
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2487:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2458:
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2451:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2397:Indian colony
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2200:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2181:Treaty rights
2179:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2092:
2087:
2085:
2080:
2078:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2012:
2004:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1876:: 1256â1270.
1875:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1821:
1819:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1769:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1681:
1679:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1637:
1629:
1623:
1610:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1581:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1530:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1503:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1476:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1449:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1422:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1387:
1385:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1337:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1296:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1257:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1202:
1200:9781317272250
1196:
1192:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1130:
1126:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1055:
1053:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
994:
984:
981:
979:
976:
975:
969:
966:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
934:
931:
926:
925:Neoliberalism
922:
912:
903:
889:
880:
876:
862:
858:
849:
847:
843:
839:
828:
826:
822:
817:
815:
811:
807:
801:
792:
790:
785:
783:
779:
775:
771:
770:carbon offset
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
750:land grabbing
747:
743:
739:
738:Melissa Leach
735:
734:
723:
721:
717:
712:
711:land grabbing
708:
704:
693:
688:
686:
681:
679:
674:
673:
671:
670:
663:
660:
658:
655:
651:
648:
646:
645:refurbishment
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
622:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
610:Progressivism
608:
606:
603:
599:
596:
594:
591:
590:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
490:
489:
486:
484:
481:
477:
474:
472:
469:
465:
462:
461:
460:
457:
456:
455:
452:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
394:
393:
392:Environmental
390:
388:
387:Eco-terrorism
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
357:Eco-investing
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
309:
303:
302:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
284:Global Greens
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
256:
253:Organizations
250:
249:
242:
241:Queer ecology
239:
237:
234:
232:
231:Green Zionism
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
196:Eco-socialism
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
161:Disinvestment
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
128:
122:
121:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
95:
89:
88:
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
66:
63:
61:
58:
56:
53:
52:
46:
45:
41:
37:
36:
33:
30:
29:
25:
21:
20:
2830:
2824:
2779:South Africa
2636:Treaties and
2508:Philippines
2460:Governmental
2366:
2282:
2211:Amazon Watch
2186:in Australia
2147:in Australia
2053:. Retrieved
2050:The Guardian
2049:
2039:
2027:. Retrieved
2024:The Guardian
2023:
2002:
1967:
1963:
1953:
1920:
1917:Solar Energy
1916:
1906:
1873:
1869:
1859:
1834:
1830:
1785:(2): 16â36.
1782:
1778:
1768:
1741:
1737:
1727:
1694:
1690:
1650:
1646:
1636:
1612:, retrieved
1590:
1580:
1569:. Retrieved
1556:
1545:. Retrieved
1539:
1529:
1518:. Retrieved
1514:The Guardian
1512:
1502:
1491:. Retrieved
1485:
1475:
1464:. Retrieved
1458:
1448:
1437:. Retrieved
1431:
1421:
1396:
1392:
1350:
1346:
1336:
1309:
1305:
1295:
1270:
1266:
1256:
1223:
1219:
1209:
1190:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1132:. Retrieved
1128:
1101:. Retrieved
1096:
1087:
1068:
1064:
1024:
1020:
940:
937:Implications
918:
909:
900:
886:
877:
873:
859:
855:
834:
818:
802:
798:
786:
754:biodiversity
746:neo-colonial
733:The Guardian
731:
729:
706:
702:
701:
507:
372:Ecomodernism
146:Deep ecology
125:Perspectives
92:Four pillars
2791:Rubber boom
2774:New Zealand
2306:Colonialism
2132:Land rights
1923:: 278â286.
1837:: 242â254.
1071:: 111â131.
782:monoculture
657:War on coal
640:engineering
630:development
620:Sustainable
518:imperialism
493:development
471:Stewardship
186:Ecofeminism
176:Ecocentrism
156:Dirty hands
113:Nonviolence
70:Green party
49:Core topics
2858:Ecotourism
2847:Categories
2761:Oka Crisis
2444:Two-spirit
2169:ecological
2099:Indigenous
2055:12 October
1614:2024-03-02
1571:2023-07-24
1547:2023-07-24
1520:2021-12-04
1493:2021-12-04
1466:2021-12-04
1439:2021-12-04
1433:Al Jazeera
1129:Al Jazeera
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766:ecotourism
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742:colonial
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476:in music
432:planning
427:movement
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2518:Russia
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1167:S2CID
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