Green roof - Knowledge

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several pilot green roofs, which would assist with the cost of construction for the building owner. From this project the city began to understand how beneficial these roofs could be and more programs were implemented over the years. In 2007, the Riversmart Rewards Program introduced a RiverSmart Rooftops Green Roof Rebate Program that would lend a $ 3 per square foot subsidy to potential green roof projects within the District. This culminated to assist 12 projects that year. A year later, the subsidy was raised to $ 5, incentivizing even more developers to use this program within their design. There is also possibility through the RiverSmart Rewards program for “residents and property owners to receive a significant discount on their water utility fees” if they install approved stormwater management features. In 2016, a rebate of $ 10-$ 15 per square feet was introduced, “promoting the voluntary installation of green roofs for the purpose of reducing stormwater runoff and pollutants”. $ 10 per square foot rebates were set for installation within a combined sewer system. $ 15 per square foot rebates were set for installation within a municipal storm sewer system. The greatest aspect of this incentivized project is the lack of restriction of building type that qualifies. There is no size cap on properties that qualify whether it’s residential, commercial or institutional. In 2016 there was a total of 2.3 million square feet of green roofing within the district. As of 2020, there is 5.1 million square feet of green roofing.

1121:, meaning roof-abode-shelter) was inaugurated in September 2008. Studies of the thermodynamics of the roof in September 2008 concluded that the thermal performance of the building was significantly affected by the installation. In further studies, in August 2009, energy savings of 50% were observed for air conditioning in the floor directly below the installation. The ten-floor building has a total floor space of 1.4 hectares (3.5 acres). The oikostegi covers 650 sq ft (60 square metres), equalling 52% of the roof space and 8% of the total floor space. Despite this, energy savings totalling €5,630 per annum were recorded, which translates to a 9% saving in air conditioning and a 4% saving in heating bills for the whole building. An additional observation and conclusion of the study was that the thermodynamic performance of the oikostegi had improved as biomass was added over the 12 months between the first and second study. This suggests that further improvements will be observed as the biomass increases still further. The study also stated that while measurements were being made by thermal cameras, a plethora of beneficial insects were observed on the roof, such as butterflies, honey bees and ladybirds. Obviously this was not the case before installation. Finally, the study suggested that both the micro-climate and biodiversity of Constitution Square, in Athens, Greece had been improved by the oikostegi. 415:

buildings to remain cooler. A study conducted by Environment Canada found a 26% reduction in summer cooling needs and a 26% reduction in winter heat losses when a green roof is used. With respect to hotter summer weather, green roofing is able to reduce the solar heating of a building by reflecting 27% of solar radiation, absorbing 60% by the vegetation through photosynthesis and evapotranspiration, and absorbing the remaining 13% into the growing medium. Such mitigation of solar radiation has been found to reduce building temperatures by up to 20 °C (36 °F) and reduce energy needs for air-conditioning by 25% to 80%. This reduction in energy required to cool a building in the summer is accompanied by a reduction in energy required to heat a building in the winter, thus reducing the energy requirements of the building year-round which allows the building temperature to be controlled at a lower cost.

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Society). The FLL is an independent non-profit organization. It was founded in 1975 by eight professional organizations for "the improvement of environmental conditions through the advancement and dissemination of plant research and its planned applications". The FLL green roof working group is only one of 40 committees which have published a long list of guidelines and labor instructions. Some of these guidelines also available in English including the German FLL-Guideline for the Planning, Execution and Upkeep of Green-Roof Sites. The results of the research and synthesis done by FLL members are constantly updated and promulgated utilizing the same principles which govern the compilation of DIN standards and are published as either guiding principles or labor instructions.

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average between 168 g C m and 107 g C m . Variations occurred among the different species of plant used. Substrate carbon content averaged 913 g C m and after the subtraction of the original carbon content the total sequestration was 378 g C m. The sequestration can be improved by changing plant species, increasing substrate depth, substrate composition, and management practices. In a study done in Michigan above ground sequestration ranged from 64 g C m to 239 g C m for S. acre and S album. Also, by increasing the substrate depth would allow for more area of carbon storage and diversify the types of plants with greater potential of carbon storage. The direct

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fertilization to increase flowering and succulent plant cover. If aesthetics are not an issue, fertilization and maintenance are generally not needed. Extensive green roofs should only be fertilized with controlled-release fertilizers in order to avoid pollution of the storm water. Conventional fertilizers should never be used on extensive vegetated roofs. German studies have approximated the nutrient requirement of vegetated roofs to 5 gN/m. It is also important to use a substrate that does not contain too many available nutrients. The FLL guidelines specify maximum-allowable nutrient content of substrates.

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green roof technology with high performance, lightweight materials were used to grow hardy vegetation even on roofs that can hardly support any additional load. In the 1980s modern green roof technology was common knowledge in Germany while it was practically unknown in any other country in the world. In Stuttgart, with one of the most innovative Department of Parks and Recreation and with the world's oldest horticultural Universities, modern green roof technology was perfected and implemented on a large scale. By the early 2000s, Germany had laws mandating that many metropolitan areas have green roofs.

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of understanding the relationship between nature and constructions not as oppositional, but as an opportunity. Both the green roofing and conventional roofing industries are equally represented. The FBB has developed to become an innovative lobbying group with a strong market presence, internationally known through its cooperation with other European associations. Today, approximately 100 member companies use the multifaceted services offered by FBB, which offers a greater degree of market expertise and competitiveness. "Kompetenz im Markt".

658:, in particular green roofs in the Greater Manchester area, researchers found that adding green roofs can help keep temperatures down, particularly in urban areas: "adding green roofs to all buildings can have a dramatic effect on maximum surface temperatures, keeping temperatures below the 1961–1990 current form case for all time periods and emissions scenarios. Roof greening makes the biggest difference…where the building proportion is high and the evaporative fraction is low. Thus, the largest difference was made in the town centers". 1293: 1179: 587: 1367:. It is topped with a wildflower roof featuring nearly 90 species of wildflower and natural grasses. The seed mix was prepared in consultation with leading ecologists to try to minimise the impact on the local environment. The pre-grown wildflower blanket sits on top of a standing seam roof and is combined with solar panels to create an eco-friendly finish to the entire factory. The development also won the 2013 National Federation of Roofing Contractors Sustainable Roof Award for Green Roofing. 667: 552: 1583: 1468:'s Morgan Processing and Distribution Center. Construction on the 109,000-square-foot (10,100 m) project began in September 2008, and was finished and dedicated in July 2009. Covered in native vegetation and having an expected lifetime of fifty years, this green roof will not only save the USPS approximately $ 30,000 a year in heating and cooling costs, but will also significantly reduce the amount of storm water contaminants entering the municipal water system. In 2001, atop 304:. Even in high-rise urban settings as tall as 19 stories, it has been found that green roofs can attract beneficial insects, birds, bees and butterflies. A recent list of the bee species recorded from green roofs (worldwide) highlights both the diversity of species, but also the (expected) bias towards small ground-nesting species (Hofmann and Renner, 2017). Rooftop greenery complements wild areas by providing stepping stones for songbirds, migratory birds and other wildlife facing 1531:

and plants and the need for monitoring and upkeep has increased. A 2010 survey of the green roofs in Seattle acknowledged that while the initial costs of implementing a green roof may deter businesses or homeowners, it is likely that green roofs actually preserve the roofing material and cut costs in the long run. In light of the success in Seattle, other cities such as Portland, Chicago, and Washington, D.C. have all made efforts to develop their own Green Factor programs.

839: 1089: 835:. In 2010, the largest Australian green roof project was announced. The Victorian Desalination Project will have a "living tapestry" of 98,000 Australian indigenous plants over a roof area spanning more than 26,000 m (280,000 square feet). The roof will form part of the desalination plant's sophisticated roof system, designed to blend the building into the landscape, and provide acoustic protection, corrosion resistance, thermal control, and reduced maintenance. 1406: 876: 240: 716: 687:

developments with a layer of locally sourced material. Construction techniques for brown roofs are typically similar to those used to create flat green roofs, the main difference being the choice of growing medium (usually locally sourced rubble, gravel, soil, etc...) to meet a specific biodiversity objective. In Switzerland, it is common to use alluvial gravels from the foundations; in London, a mix of brick rubble and some concrete has been used.

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including: climate, intensity of rainfall, type of building, type of vegetation, and external coatings. The most significant effect comes from scarce rainfall which will increase the maintenance energy due to the watering required. During a 10-year roof maintenance cycle a house with a green roof requires more retrofit embodied energy than a house with a white roof. The individual components of a green roof have CO

1130: 91:. Green roofs are suitable for retrofit or redevelopment projects as well as new buildings and can be installed on small garages or larger industrial, commercial and municipal buildings. They effectively use the natural functions of plants to filter water and treat air in urban and suburban landscapes. There are two types of green roof: intensive roofs, which are thicker, with a minimum depth of 12.8 cm ( 5149: 979:), being used experimentally in Egypt, is farming fish next to plants in a closed cycle. This allows the plants to benefit from the ammonia excreted by the fish, helping the plants to grow better and at the same time eliminating the need for changing the water for the fish, because the plants help to keep it clean by absorbing the ammonia. The fish also get some nutrients from the roots of the plants. 5346: 1376: 494: 567: 259:(LID) practices in urban areas. A study presented at the Green Roofs for Healthy Cities Conference in June 2004, cited by the EPA, found water runoff was reduced by over 75% during rainstorms. Water is stored by the roof's substrate and then taken up by the plants, from which it is returned to the atmosphere through transpiration and evaporation. 458:

the added cost of reinforcing buildings to be able to support such weight. Some types of green roofs do have more demanding structural standards especially in seismic regions of the world. Some existing buildings cannot be retrofitted with certain kinds of green roofs because of the weight load of the substrate and vegetation exceeds permitted

972:, soil-less agriculture is used to grow plants on the roofs of buildings. No soil is placed directly on the roof itself, thus eliminating the need for an insulating layer; instead, plants are grown on wooden tables. Vegetables and fruit are the most popular candidates, providing a fresh, healthy source of food that is free from pesticides. 532:. Some green roof designs incorporate both intensive and extensive elements. To protect the roof, a waterproofing membrane is often used, which is manufactured to remain watertight in extreme conditions including constant dampness, ponding water, high and low alkaline conditions and exposure to plant roots, fungi and bacterial organisms. 486: 514:, which require a reasonable depth of soil to grow large plants or conventional lawns, are considered intensive because they are labour-intensive, requiring irrigation, feeding, and other maintenance. Intensive roofs are more park-like with easy access and may include anything from kitchen herbs to shrubs and small trees. 1530:

By 2010, Seattle was home to approximately 8.25 acres (3.34 hectares) of green roofs. Despite initial hiccups in the city stemming from weeds, lack of irrigation during dry summer months, and a need for continuous replanting, the project has continued to succeed as understanding around the best soils

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effect in urban areas, rainwater runoff, and the effectiveness of differing types of green roofs and plant species for Chicago's climate. Although the rooftop is not normally accessible to the public, it is visually accessible from 33 taller buildings in the area. The garden consists of 20,000 plants

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Fachvereinigung Bauwerksbegrünung (FBB) was founded in 1990 as the second green roof association after DDV (Deutscher Dachgaertner Verband) in 1985. FBB was founded as an open forum for manufacturers and planners, merchants and operators in 1990. The organization was born from the then-visionary idea

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In Finland, green roofs are still scarce. Some experimental green roofs have been built in big cities. However, the capital city of Helsinki has published guidelines for enhancing the building of green roofs in the city. There is on-going research on the topic as the conditions in the southern Europe

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covered with earth and plants commonly used for agriculture, dwelling, and ceremonial purposes. These early shelters provided protection from the elements, good insulation during the winter months, and a cool location in the summer. Unfortunately for modern conveniences, these were neither waterproof

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The additional mass of the soil substrate and retained water places a large strain on the structural support of a building. This makes it unlikely for intensive green roofs to become widely implemented due to a lack of buildings that are able to support such a large amount of added weight as well as

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Green roofing can extend the lifespan of a roof by over 200% by covering the waterproofing membrane with growing medium and vegetation, this shields the membrane from ultra-violet radiation and physical damage. Further, Penn State University's Green Roof Research Center expects the lifespan of a roof

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green roof is one of the earliest and most well-known examples of green roofs in the United States; it was planted as an experiment to determine the effects a green roof would have on the microclimate of the roof. Following this and other studies, it has now been estimated that if all the roofs in a

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With the first green roof industry boom in Germany there were quality issues recorded. The FLL formed a committee that is focused on modern green roof technology. FLL stands for Forschungsgesellschaft Landschaftsentwicklung Landschaftsbau e.V. (German Landscape Research, Development and Construction

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A number of European Countries have very active associations promoting green roofs, including Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Norway, Italy, Austria, Hungary, Sweden, the UK, and Greece. Germany was the first country to start developing green roof systems and market them on a large scale. The

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The main disadvantage of green roofs is that the initial cost of installing a green roof can be double that of a normal roof. Depending on what kind of green roof it is, the maintenance costs could be higher, but some types of green roof have little or no ongoing cost. Some kinds of green roofs also

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is the main component of plant matter and is naturally absorbed by plant tissue. The carbon is stored in the plant tissue and the soil substrate through plant litter and root exudates. A study on green roofs in Michigan and Maryland found the above ground biomass and below ground substrate stored on

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and cause it to flood, dumping raw sewage into the local waterways. Often, phosphorus and nitrogen are in this category of environmentally harmful substances even though they are stimulating to the growth of plant life and agriculture. When these substances are added to a system, it can create mass

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in May 1999. The International Green Roof Institute (IGRI) opened to the public in April 2001 as a research station and educational facility. (It has since been renamed the Scandinavian Green Roof Institute (SGRI), in view of the increasing number of similar organisations around the world.) Green

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Long-held green roof traditions started in the early industrialization period more than 100 years ago exist in Germany. In the 1970s, green roof technology was elevated to the next level. Serious storm-water issues made cities think about innovative solutions, preferably with living plants. Modern

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The project is now titled Tillandsia SWARM and has been expanded to include many other buildings across Australia, including Federation Square, National Gallery of Victoria and Essendon Airport. Godman has also experimented with Tillandsia plant screens that can be moved across skylights to create

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The original idea was to allow the roofs to self-colonise with plants, but they are sometimes seeded to increase their biodiversity potential in the short term. Such practices are derided by purists. The roofs are colonised by spiders and insects (many of which are becoming extremely rare in the UK

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Green roofs are also becoming increasingly popular in North America, although they are not as common as in some parts of Europe. Numerous North American cities offer tax incentives to developers who integrate green roofs in their buildings. Toronto and San Francisco legally mandate new buildings to

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A properly designed and installed extensive green-roof system can cost $ 108–$ 248/m ($ 10–$ 23/sq ft) while an intensive green roof costs $ 355–$ 2,368/m ($ 33–$ 220/sq ft) However, since most of the materials used to build the green roof can be salvaged, it is estimated that the cost of

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An early green-roofed building (completed in 1971) is the 358,000-square-foot (33,300 m) Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters building in Federal Way, Washington. Its 5-story office roof system comprises a series of stepped terraces covered in greenery. From the air, the building blends into

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Several cities in Poland have implemented policies and incentives to encourage the installation of green roofs, including Warsaw, Krakow, and Wroclaw. These policies have helped to increase the adoption of green roofs in the country, particularly in urban areas, where they are seen as an important

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Some cost can also be attributed to maintenance. Extensive green roofs have low maintenance requirements but they are generally not maintenance free. German research has quantified the need to remove unwanted seedlings to approximately 6 seconds/m/year. Maintenance of green roofs often includes

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Green roofs have been increasing in popularity in Australia over the past 10 years. Some of the early examples include the Freshwater Place residential tower in Melbourne (2002) with its Level 10 rooftop Half Acre Garden, CH2 building housing the Melbourne City Council (2006) – Australia's first

1212:. Its filter tanks have 30,000 m (320,000 square feet) of flat concrete roofs. To keep the interior cool and prevent bacterial growth in the filtration beds, a drainage layer of gravel and a 15-centimetre (5.9-inch) layer of soil was spread over the roofs, which had been waterproofed with 686:

sites can be valuable ecosystems, supporting rare species of plants, animals and invertebrates. Increasingly in demand for redevelopment, these habitats are under threat. "Brown roofs", also known as "biodiverse roofs", can partly mitigate this loss of habitat by covering the flat roofs of new

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Several studies have been carried out in Germany since the 1970s. Berlin is one of the most important centers of green roof research in Germany. Particularly in the last 10 years, much more research has begun. About ten green roof research centers exist in the US and activities exist in about 40

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Advances in green roof technology have led to the development of new systems that do not fit into the traditional classification of green roof types. Comprehensive green roofs bring the most advantageous qualities of extensive and intensive green roofs together. Comprehensive green roofs support

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Depending on the region in which a green roof is installed, incentives may be available in the form of stormwater tax reduction, grants, or rebates. The regions where these incentives will most likely be found are areas where failing storm water management infrastructure is in place, urban heat

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Reduction in energy use is an important property of green roofing. By improving the thermal performance of a roof, green roofing allows buildings to better retain their heat during the cooler winter months while reflecting and absorbing solar radiation during the hotter summer months, allowing

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Washington, D.C., started implementing incentives for green roofs within their city at the beginning of the 21st century. In 2003, the Chesapeake Bay Foundation introduced a “green roof demonstration project” in combination with the D.C. Water and Sewer Authority. This program issued grants to

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City of Linz in Austria has been paying developers to install green roofs since 1983, and in Switzerland, it has been a federal law since the late 1990s. In the UK, their uptake has been slow, but a number of cities have developed policies to encourage their use, notably London and Sheffield.

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Extensive green roofs, by contrast, are designed to be virtually self-sustaining and should require only a minimum of maintenance, perhaps a once-yearly weeding or an application of slow-release fertiliser to boost growth. Extensive roofs are usually only accessed for maintenance. They can be

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Living green roofs have been built and grown at Saint Michael's Sustainable Community since 2012. Native plants, mostly flowers chosen for the environment, maximum shade and mass provide a colorful and functional living roof. The community has the largest number of green roofs in the country.

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Green roofs can be categorized as intensive, semi-intensive, or extensive, depending on the depth of planting medium and the amount of maintenance they need. Extensive green roofs traditionally support 50–120 kg/m (10–25 pounds per square foot) of vegetation while intensive roofs support

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and re-emit it as heat, making cities at least 4 °C (7.2 °F) hotter than surrounding areas. On Chicago's City Hall, by contrast, which features a green roof, roof temperatures on a hot day are typically 1.4–4.4 °C (2.5–7.9 °F) cooler than they are on traditionally roofed

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Green roofs require significantly more maintenance and maintenance energy compared to a standard roof. Standard maintenance include removing debris, controlling weeds, deadhead trimming, checking moisture levels, and fertilizing. The maintenance energy use for green roofs has many variables

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given off by power plants through their ability to insulate buildings. Buildings in the US account for 38% of the total carbon dioxide emissions. A model supported by the U.S. Department of Energy found a 2 percent reduction in electricity consumption and 9-11% reduction in natural gas when

1481:. With an abundance of flowering plants on the rooftop, beekeepers harvest approximately 200 pounds (90 kg) of honey each year from hives installed on the rooftop. Tours of the green roof are by special arrangement only. Chicago City Hall Green Roof won merit design award of the 543:, a traditional feature of many Scandinavian buildings, tend to be of a simpler design than flat green roofs. This is because the pitch of the roof reduces the risk of water penetrating through the roof structure, allowing the use of fewer waterproofing and drainage layers. 194:

showed that green roofs can also reduce heat loss and energy consumption in winter conditions. A modeling study found that adding green roofs to 50 percent of the available surfaces in downtown Toronto would cool the entire city by 0.1 to 0.8 °C (0.2 to 1.4 °F).

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With the passage of Denver's Green Roof Initiative in the November 2017 elections, effective January 2018, new buildings or existing buildings meeting the initiative's thresholds are required to have rooftop gardens, optionally combined with solar photovoltaic panels.

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In the United Kingdom, intensive green roofs are sometimes used in built-up city areas where residents and workers often do not have access to gardens or local parks. Extensive green roofs are sometimes used to blend buildings into rural surroundings, for example by

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that the new laws are not stringent enough, since they will only apply to residential building that are a minimum of six stories high. By 31 January 2011, industrial buildings were required to render 10% or 2,000 m (22,000 sq ft) of their roofs green.

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shade in summer and to allow in sun during winter. Temperature readings taken on a 40°C day in summer revealed that the surface temperature on the roof had reached 84°C, while the shadows cast by the plants had reduced the surface temperature on the roof to 51°C.

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One of the oldest American green roofs in existence is atop the Rockefeller Center in Manhattan, built in 1936. This roof was primarily an aesthetic undertaking for the enjoyment of the center's workers, and remains to this day, having been refurbished in 1986.

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Germany is the country with the most green roofs in the world as well as the country with the most advanced knowledge in modern green roof technology. Green roofs in Germany are part of the 2 –3 years apprentice educations system of landscaping professionals.

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is considered one of the largest intensive green roofs. Other well-known American examples include Chicago's City Hall and the former Gap headquarters, now the headquarters of YouTube, in San Bruno, CA. The U.S. military has two major green roofs in the

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in Melbourne, Australia. The selected air plants are extremely light, and are able to grow with no soil or watering system, and the plants have been checked at regular intervals since their installation and are still growing and flowering. One species;

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In France, an 8,000 m (86,000 square feet) extensive, cable-supported green roof has been created on the International School in Lyon. Another huge green roof of roughly 8,000 m (86,000 square feet) has been incorporated into the new museum

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runoff and associated pollution, stabilize temperatures, and create habitats for birds and insects. These changes were expanded in 2009 to recognize the specific stormwater benefits of green roofs, and to reward developers who used them accordingly.

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with its 27,000-square-metre (290,000-square-foot) roof garden, was opened. The size of the roof garden is approximately equivalent to 4 soccer fields, which makes it one of the biggest green roof parks in Europe that is accessible to the public.

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roofs are well-established in Malmö: the Augustenborg housing development near the SGRI botanical garden incorporates green roofs and extensive landscaping of streams, ponds, and soak-ways between the buildings to deal with storm water run-off.

1064:. Surveys about the status of regulation are done by the FBB. Nearly one third of all German cities have regulations to support green-roof and rain-water technology. Green-roof research institutions are located in several cities as including 908:'s Podium roof was renovated to include a 3,000 m (32,000 square feet) rooftop garden, the largest publicly accessible roof in the city. The green roof was opened to the public in June 2010. Many green roofs in Canada also use sustainable 419:

island effect has significantly increased the local air temperature, or areas where environmental contaminants in the storm water runoff is of great concern. An example of such an incentive is a one-year property tax credit is available in

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buildings nearby. Green roofs are becoming common in Chicago, as well as in Atlanta, Portland, and other United States cities, where their use is encouraged by regulations to combat the urban heat-island effect. Green roofs are a type of

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have been around for centuries. The modern trend started when green roofs were developed in Germany in the 1960s, and has since spread to many countries. Today, it is estimated that about 10% of all German roofs have been "greened".

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for the building by 50 to 75 percent, which will in turn reduce damage to local watershed areas that provide habitats for native species such as salmon. The historic Union Stables building has used green roofs alongside other

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The Seattle City Hall has led the way by implementing a green roof project that has involved the planting of more than 22,000 pots of sedum, fescue, and grass. The City hopes that the project can reduce the annual stormwater

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green roof is one of the most impressive and well-known examples of green roofs in Poland. It covers an area of approximately 10,000 square meters and includes over 30,000 plants from more than 70 different species.

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Emilsson, Tobias; Czemiel Berndtsson, Justyna; Mattsson, Jan Erik; Rolf, Kaj (March 2007). "Effect of using conventional and controlled release fertiliser on nutrient runoff from various vegetated roof systems".

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VanWoert, Nicholaus D.; Rowe, D. Bradley; Andresen, Jeffrey A.; Rugh, Clayton L.; Fernandez, R. Thomas; Xiao, Lan (May 2005). "Green Roof Stormwater Retention: Effects of Roof Surface, Slope, and Media Depth".

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system of the structure, both because water is retained on the roof and due to the possibility of roots penetrating the waterproof membrane. Another disadvantage is that the wildlife they attract may include

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Green roofs decrease the total amount of runoff and slow the rate of runoff from the roof. It has been found that they can retain up to 75% of rainwater, gradually releasing it back into the atmosphere via

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Volder, Astrid; Dvorak, Bruce (February 2014). "Event size, substrate water content and vegetation affect storm water retention efficiency of an un-irrigated extensive green roof system in Central Texas".

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Santamouris, M. (2014). Cooling the cities – A review of reflective and green roof mitigation technologies to fight heat island and improve comfort in urban environments. Solar Energy, 103(Supplement C),

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implications during the manufacturing process have additional implications compared to a conventional roof. The embodied energy for green roof components are 23.6 kg/m (5 pounds per square foot) CO

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Since 2008, city councils and influential business groups in Australia have become active promoting the benefits of green roofs. "The Blueprint to Green Roof Melbourne" is one program being run by the

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Modern green roofs, which are made of a system of manufactured layers deliberately placed over roofs to support growing medium and vegetation, are a relatively new phenomenon. However, green roofs or

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of green roof. This value is equivalent to 6448 g C m which is significantly greater than 378 g C m Criteria for waste management practices when green roofs reach their end-of-life remain uncodified.

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based changes to reduce stormwater runoff and decrease the building's energy use by 70 percent. The Park Place building in Seattle's downtown provides a leading example of the use of landscaping to

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of more than 150 species, including shrubs, vines and two trees. The green roof design team was headed by the Chicago area firm Conservation Design Forum in conjunction with noted "green" architect

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is another city in which green roofs have been used on an increasing basis. This phenomenon is in large part due to efforts on behalf of the city to encourage green roofs through new and improved

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on roofs, where plants are maintained in pots, are not generally considered to be true green roofs, although this is debated. Rooftop ponds are another form of green roofs which are used to treat

4463: 3874: 3300: 825: 462:. The weight of a green roof caused the collapse of a large sports hall roof in Hong Kong in 2016. In the wake of the disaster numerous other green roofs around the territory were removed. 3739: 1033:

The current Green Roof Guideline was published in 2011. Today most elements of the German FLL are part of standards and guidelines around the world (FM Global, ASTM, NRCA, SPRI etc.).

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Oberndorfer, Erica; Lundholm, Jeremy; Bass, Brad; Coffman, Reid R.; Doshi, Hitesh; Dunnett, Nigel; Gaffin, Stuart; Köhler, Manfred; Liu, Karen K. Y.; Rowe, Bradley (1 November 2007).

1216:. A meadow developed from seeds already present in the soil; it is now a haven for many plant species, some of which are now otherwise extinct in the district, most notably 6,000 105: in), and can support a wider variety of plants but are heavier and require more maintenance, and extensive roofs, which are shallow, ranging in depth from 2 to 12.7 cm ( 2795:

Saadatian, Omidreza; Sopian, K.; Salleh, E.; Lim, C.H.; Riffat, Safa; Saadatian, Elham; Toudeshki, Arash; Sulaiman, M.Y. (July 2013). "A review of energy aspects of green roofs".

1496:'s NYC Green Infrastructure campaign, and supposedly serves to capture some of the rain that falls on it rather than letting it run off and contribute to flooding in the adjacent 312:

green roof in New York, NY, has shown a correlation between higher numbers of certain insects on the roof, particularly moths, with an increased amount of bat foraging activity.

1010: 699:. A green roof, 160 m (520 ft) above ground level, and claimed to be the highest in the UK and Europe "and probably in the world" to act as nature reserve, is on the 3197: 938:

that spanned from 2007 to 2010, many efforts were taken to enhance the environmentally friendly nature of the structure, which included the addition of a grass-covered roof.

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Getter, Kristin L.; Rowe, D. Bradley; Robertson, G. Philip; Cregg, Bert M.; Andresen, Jeffrey A. (October 2009). "Carbon Sequestration Potential of Extensive Green Roofs".

1492:, formerly an undistinguished rooftop filled with potted plants, make up the largest residential green roof in New York. The roof was transformed in 2010 as part of Mayor 2764: 3152: 1300:

In 2003 English Nature concluded that 'in the UK policy makers have largely ignored green roofs'. However, British examples can be found with increasing frequency. The

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Green roofs not only retain rainwater, but also moderate the temperature of the water and act as natural filters for any of the water that happens to run off.

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Li, W. (2013). A scenario planning approach for school green roofs to achieve stormwater management benefits: A case study of Brier’s Mill Run Subwatershed

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biological activity since they are considered limiting factors of plant growth and by adding more of them to a system, it allows for more plant growth.

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installed a 2.4-hectare (6-acre) living roof of indigenous plants and grasses on its West building, making it the largest green roof in Canada. The new

4460: 4169: 3878: 5135: 5022:"Bee species recorded between 1992 and 2017 from green roofs in Asia, Europe, and North America, with key characteristics and open research questions" 3955: 3448: 1347:, who has one of the biggest green roofs in Europe (covering more than 32,000 m (340,000 square feet) on their factory at Goodwood, West Sussex. 1265: 727:

has a green roof that provides 2.5 acres (10,000 m) of native vegetation designed as a habitat for indigenous species, including the threatened

1821: 1472:, the 38,800-square-foot (3,600 m) roof gardens were completed, serving as a pilot project to assess the impact green roofs would have on the 4084: 1350:

The University of Sheffield has created a Green Roof Centre of Excellence and conducted research, particularly in a UK context, into green roofs.

1100:

The Greek Ministry of Finance has now installed a green roof on the Treasury in Constitution Square in Athens. The so-called "oikostegi" (Greek –

5548: 5470: 3619: 1351: 271:, while retaining pollutants in their soil. Many green roofs are installed to comply with local regulations and government fees, often regarding 2911:

Currie, Beth Anne; Bass, Brad (December 2008). "Estimates of air pollution mitigation with green plants and green roofs using the UFORE model".

477:

Both sod roofs and LWA-based (Lightweight Aggregates) roofs have been found to have a negative impact on the quality of their resulting runoff.

5415: 5310: 5159: 4931: 2083: 432: 5450: 5315: 5220: 5153: 5082:

has large section on green and brown roofs and brownfields, including how to make your own, with contributions from several UK practitioners.

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Gill, S.E; Handley, J.F; Ennos, A.R; Pauleit, S (13 March 2007). "Adapting Cities for Climate Change: The Role of the Green Infrastructure".

989: 362: 4196: 3655: 1040:

Today, about 10,000,000 m (110,000,000 square feet) of new green roofs are being constructed each year. According latest studies about

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are very different from those in the north and knowledge acquired there can't be directly applied to colder climates. The fifth dimension –

4388: 308:. Bats have also been reported to be more active over green roofs due to the foraging opportunities these roofs provide. Research at the 2729:

Bianchini, Fabricio; Hewage, Kasun (December 2012). "Probabilistic social cost-benefit analysis for green roofs: A lifecycle approach".

2699: 1875: 951:

Canada's first LEED Platinum V4 Home in Wakefield QC, EcoHome's Edelweiss House, has a living Green Roof which is sloped at 12 degrees.

5460: 3900: 3205: 2454: 2369: 2173: 1233: 2031: 327:

out of the air, helping to lower rates of diseases such as asthma. They can also filter pollutants and heavy metals out of rainwater.

3422: 2422: 2273: 4711: 4549:

Berndtsson, J; Emilsson, T; Bengtsson, L (15 February 2006). "The influence of extensive vegetated roofs on runoff water quality".

3500: 2141: 1654: 743: 256: 4790: 4247: 2337: 1752: 4029: 3474: 2955: 226:. In the case of Chicago, the city has passed codes offering incentives to builders who put green roofs on their buildings. The 213:

A concentration of green roofs in an urban area can even reduce the city's average temperatures during the summer, combating the

4877: 2115: 202:, a green roof reduces cooling loads on a building by fifty to ninety percent, especially if it is glassed-in so as to act as a 190:

and thermal resistance value, and can reduce the heat island by increasing evapotranspiration. A 2005 study by Brad Bass of the

3809: 3370: 3108:

Teemusk, Alar; Mander, Ülo (November 2011). "The Influence of Green Roofs on Runoff Water Quality: A Case Study from Estonia".

2977:"Chinese University of Hong Kong to remove green roofs, Buildings Department issues new guidelines for immediate safety checks" 2768: 3981: 3526: 3150: 1920: 5760: 5128: 5113: 5079: 3168: 992:

aims to produce high-level scientific and broadly applicable knowledge on optimal green roof and -wall solutions in Finland.

850:, with structural engineer Stuart Jones and environmental scientist Grant Harris collaborated to install an experiment using 3022:

Bozorg Chenani, Sanaz; Lehvävirta, Susanna; Häkkinen, Tarja (March 2015). "Life cycle assessment of layers of green roofs".

4905: 411:

It is estimated that the installation of a green roof could increase the real estate value of an average house by about 7%.

399:

With the initial cost of installing a green roof in mind, there are many financial benefits that accompany green roofing.

5541: 5088:"Harvesting $ from Green Roofs: Green Roofs Present a Unique Business Opportunity with Tangible Benefits for Developers" 3783: 2005: 3234: 2230:"Retrofitting the Low Impact Development Practices into Developed Urban areas Including Barriers and Potential Solution" 1730:Özyavuz, Murat, B. Karakaya, and D. G. Ertin. "The Effects of Green Roofs on Urban Ecosystems." GreenAge Symposium 2015. 1165:

tool for mitigating the environmental impacts of urbanization and improving the quality of life for city residents. The

731:. According to the Academy's fact sheet on the building, the building consumes 30–35% less energy than required by code. 358:

Help to insulate a building for sound; the soil helps to block lower frequencies and the plants block higher frequencies

5775: 5765: 2865: 1686: 1664: 899:

approved a by-law in May 2009 mandating green roofs on residential and industrial buildings. There is criticism from

5725: 3548: 695:, a centre for contemporary dance in London, has a brown roof specifically designed to encourage the nationally rare 4736: 4059: 2994: 2653:

Carter, Timothy; Keeler, Andrew (May 2008). "Life-cycle cost–benefit analysis of extensive vegetated roof systems".

1710:

Sustainability assessment of green infrastructure practices for stormwater management: A comparative emergy analysis

1193: 707:. Designed combining the principles of green and brown roofs, it is already home to a range of rare invertebrates. 536:

plant varieties typically seen in intensive green roofs at the depth and weight of an extensive green roof system.

1782:

Vandermeulen, Valerie; Verspecht, Ann; Vermeire, Bert; Van Huylenbroeck, Guido; Gellynck, Xavier (November 2011).

5750: 5195: 4362: 3057:

Rizzo, Gianfranco; Cirrincione, Laura; La Gennusa, Maria; Peri, Giorgia; Scaccianoce, Gianluca (4 January 2023).

1320: 2061: 5730: 5534: 5107:

Creating My Green Roof: A guide to planning, installing, and maintaining a beautiful, energy-saving green roof.

1410: 909: 774: 720: 4817: 5735: 1363:

The UK also has one of the most innovative food preparation facilities in Europe, the Kanes salad factory in

207: 4194: 4173: 3765: 1784:"The use of economic valuation to create public support for green infrastructure investments in urban areas" 1204:

Switzerland has one of Europe's oldest green roofs, created in 1914 at the Moos lake water-treatment plant,

4421: 3959: 3717: 1644: 1465: 1442: 437: 3570: 916: 799:

2008 Award: Gannett/USA Today Headquarters, McLean, Virginia. Michael Vergason Landscape Architects, Ltd.

223: 4448: 518:

established on a very thin layer of soil (most use specially formulated composts): even a thin layer of

50: 5770: 5755: 5607: 5395: 5087: 4661: 3452: 1649: 1946:

Niachou, A; Papakonstantinou, K; Santamouris, M; Tsangrassoulis, A; Mihalakakou, G (September 2001).

1446: 1183: 728: 560: 21: 4295: 2318: 802:

2007 Award: Washington Mutual Center Roof Garden, Seattle, Washington. Phillips Farevaag Smallenberg

5745: 5740: 2707: 2090: 1313: 627: 591: 231:

major city were greened, urban temperatures could be reduced by as much as 7 °C (13 °F).

214: 5021: 1004:

Green roof planted with native species at L'Historial de la Vendée, a new museum in western France

73:. Vegetation, soil, drainage layer, roof barrier and irrigation system constitute the green roof. 4351:(magazine of the University of California Alumni Association), Sept/Oct 2008, cover and pp. 52–53 3219: 1634: 1301: 1280: 1276:) is built on the site of old shipyards and industrial areas, and incorporates many green roofs. 941: 832: 280: 127: 4392: 1354:

of Sheffield University published a UK-centric book about green roofing in 2004 (updated 2008).

1000: 754:, and NYC Parks Green Roof: A Living Laboratory for Innovative Green Roof Design, New York, NY. 5643: 5638: 4479: 1428:, Michigan, where 450,000 square feet (42,000 m) of assembly plant roofs are covered with 1344: 1225: 1196:. Green roofs on bus stops in Singapore were found to reduce ambient temperatures by up to 2C. 344:

techniques and methods can be measured and accounted for. Green roofs also indirectly reduce CO

4680: 1249: 760:

2012 Award: Lafayette Greens: Urban Agriculture, Urban Fabric, Urban Sustainability, Detroit.

5715: 5633: 5612: 1879: 1713: 1014: 640: 191: 174: 49:

that is partially or completely covered with vegetation and a growing medium, planted over a

26: 4157:

Green Roofs: their existing status and potential for conserving biodiversity in urban areas

4109: 3673: 3256: 2035: 736:

2017 Award: Seeding Green Roofs for Greater Biodiversity and Lower Costs, Lincoln, NE, USA.

539:

Another important distinction is between pitched green roofs and flat green roofs. Pitched

4558: 4523: 4277: 3117: 3031: 2960: 2920: 2804: 2738: 2662: 2627: 2530: 2484: 2383:

Partridge, Dustin R.; Parkins, Kaitlyn L.; Elbin, Susan B.; Clark, J. Alan (3 March 2020).

2241: 2189:"Green Roof for Stormwater Management in a Highly Urbanized Area: The Case of Seoul, Korea" 1959: 1948:"Analysis of the green roof thermal properties and investigation of its energy performance" 1849: 1795: 1783: 1740: 1659: 1545: 1541: 1192:

installed a green roof on a bus in 2019 as part of an experiment led by researchers at the

1166: 655: 388: 341: 252: 3426: 3222:. The Vinyl Roofing Division of the Chemical Fabrics & Film Association. 22 June 2012. 2429: 2280: 1921:"University of Toronto – News@UofT – Green roofs in winter: Hot design for a cold climate" 828:, and Condor Tower (2005) with a 75-square-metre (810-square-foot) lawn on the 4th floor. 630:

built into the rooftops. They are built either from a simple substrate (as being done in

8: 5577: 5212: 5188: 4849: 1574: 1221: 920: 880: 700: 623: 305: 199: 131: 84: 77: 4992: 4562: 4527: 3504: 3121: 3035: 2924: 2808: 2742: 2666: 2631: 2534: 2488: 2245: 2148: 1963: 1853: 1799: 1394: 335:

An additional environmental benefit of a green roof is the ability to sequester carbon.

5684: 5679: 5597: 5046: 4484: 4255: 3133: 2936: 2344: 1760: 1596: 1588: 1425: 1417: 1273: 931: 860: 692: 88: 4617: 4033: 3691: 3478: 2614:

Sproul, Julian; Wan, Man Pun; Mandel, Benjamin H.; Rosenfeld, Arthur H. (March 2014).

1971: 1807: 5694: 5480: 5345: 5330: 5124: 5109: 5075: 4939: 4574: 4110:"Grass roofs on 30 bus stops in S'pore, can lower ambient temperatures by around 2°C" 4007: 3937: 3894: 3856: 3137: 3090: 2848: 2678: 2564: 2546: 2500: 2448: 2404: 2363: 2210: 2167: 1975: 1493: 1489: 1478: 1469: 1433: 1421: 1399: 935: 905: 806: 671: 631: 380: 227: 122:

may also be used to indicate roofs that use some form of green technology, such as a

5059:

The Green Roof Manual: A Professional Guide to Design, Installation, and Maintenance

4570: 3813: 3322: 2940: 1360:

has the largest green roof in the UK since its redevelopment between 2004 and 2006.

1335:

in central London, is the British capital's largest roof-greening project to date.

1292: 1178: 770:

2011 Award: Manassas Park Elementary School Landscape, Manassas Park, VA. Siteworks]

115:

to 5 in), lighter than intensive green roofs, and require minimal maintenance.

5689: 5526: 5360: 5285: 5050: 5036: 4566: 4531: 3985: 3927: 3848: 3404: 3125: 3080: 3070: 3039: 2928: 2891: 2840: 2812: 2750: 2746: 2670: 2635: 2538: 2492: 2396: 2249: 2200: 1992:

Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies, Green Roofs. Available from:

1967: 1924: 1857: 1803: 1681: 1602: 1245: 724: 626:

is also being implemented in green roofs. These forms of green roofs are actually

454:

insects which could easily infiltrate a residential building through open windows.

301: 66: 4535: 4212: 3172: 3043: 2674: 2639: 2119: 691:

as such sites are developed) and provide a feeding site for insectivorous birds.

586: 485: 436:

The addition of a green roof to an existing structure led to this collapse at the

5602: 5582: 4467: 4200: 3837:"Green Roofs as Urban Ecosystems: Ecological Structures, Functions, and Services" 3156: 2496: 1437: 1416:

One of the largest expanses of extensive green roof is to be found in the US, at

1324: 1305: 1060:

are roof gardens. The cities with the most green roofs in Germany are Berlin and

888: 646: 451: 396:

replacing a green roof is generally one third of the initial installation costs.

284: 218: 4313: 3932: 3916:"A comprehensive study of green roof performance from environmental perspective" 3915: 2616:"Economic comparison of white, green, and black flat roofs in the United States" 1947: 1945: 1717: 5720: 5325: 5245: 5181: 2896: 2879: 2816: 1488:

The 14,000 square feet (1,300 m) of outdoor space on the seventh floor of

1316: 1109: 1073: 900: 696: 635: 324: 276: 5041: 3787: 3129: 2932: 2116:"Is that a Garden on Your Roof? - Enterprise The Future of Energy - MSNBC.com" 2009: 1861: 1224:). More recent Swiss examples can be found at Klinikum 1 and Klinikum 2, the 715: 666: 551: 5709: 5425: 5305: 4943: 4134: 3941: 3860: 3094: 2408: 2214: 1979: 1781: 1582: 1519: 1386: 1380: 1269: 510:

390–730 kg/m (80–150 pounds per square foot) of vegetation. Traditional

446: 420: 309: 268: 4331: 3238: 1822:"System Overview : Planted Roof : GSA Sustainable Facilities Tool" 423:, since 2009, for property owners who green at least 50% of their roof area. 5664: 5592: 5510: 5300: 5255: 4764: 4578: 4085:"Is the World's Greatest Green Roof in Warsaw, Poland? | Smart Cities Dive" 3449:"Green Roofs Tree of Knowledge | Browse Materials and Plants Research" 2852: 2682: 2550: 2504: 1616: 1536: 1450: 1328: 1153: 855: 847: 704: 519: 498: 264: 54: 3408: 2254: 2229: 1088: 838: 5648: 5500: 5485: 5455: 5410: 5380: 5335: 5320: 5275: 5235: 5225: 4818:"Green Roofs in Seattle: A Survey of Vegetated Roofs and Rooftop Gardens" 2844: 2400: 1670: 1473: 1357: 1205: 607: 511: 459: 384: 3085: 1405: 824:

6-star Green Star Design commercial office building as certified by the

5557: 5515: 5475: 5445: 5295: 5270: 5250: 5230: 3075: 3058: 2205: 2188: 1639: 1523: 1309: 1296:

The Sky Garden Wildflower Roof topping the Kanes Salad Factory, Evesham

1069: 976: 875: 851: 683: 316: 272: 248: 239: 62: 5168: 5123:. (Proceedings) Publisher: International Green Roof Association IGRA, 4512: 3638:"Toronto Makes Green Roofs the Law, Approves Controversial Bike Lanes" 2542: 5572: 5370: 5265: 4366: 1629: 1461: 1189: 1140:

are frequently found on traditional farmhouses and farm buildings in

1061: 320: 203: 123: 70: 3852: 2615: 2472: 2385:"Bat Activity Correlates with Moth Abundance on an Urban Green Roof" 2271: 1339:

in Liverpool is also a candidate for a major roof-greening project.

1209: 854:

plants in extreme outdoor conditions at levels 92, 91, 65 and 56 on

255:

techniques. Green roofs play a significant role in retrofitting the

5674: 5669: 5490: 5290: 5240: 1993: 1675: 1624: 1137: 1065: 603: 579: 540: 502: 405: 182:

Green roofs improve and reduce energy consumption. They can reduce

58: 46: 4415:"Green Roof: Morgan Processing and Distribution Center (P&DC)" 4314:"Kanes Foods Wildflower Blanket Green Roof – Gallery – Sky Garden" 3836: 3784:"Al-Ahram Weekly | Environment | May your roof be green" 1253: 583:

nor was there any system to keep out unwanted burrowing wildlife.

578:

In ancient times green roofs consisted of cave-like structures or

5375: 5280: 4967: 4449:

One Union Square East Opens City's Largest Residential Green Roof

1610: 1515: 1460:

The largest green roof in New York City was installed in midtown

1364: 1336: 1304:

are a notable early roof garden which was built above the former

1213: 1141: 945: 896: 595: 297: 3021: 2956:"Roof collapses at City University sports centre, three injured" 1129: 5495: 5440: 5435: 5385: 5163: 5148: 4906:"Washington D.C. Green Roof Program | Adaptation Clearinghouse" 4389:"USPS News Release: U.S. Postal Service Opens First Green Roof" 4363:"Green roofs popping up in big cities – Business – Going Green" 3578: 1449:

headquarters (550,000 square feet or 51,000 square metres) and

1332: 924: 884: 571: 556: 522:

laid directly onto a watertight roof can support a planting of

336: 4498:

Kolb, W.; Schwarz, T. (2002). "Gepflegtes grün auf dem dach".

3834: 3274: 3056: 2880:"The Role of Extensive Green Roofs in Sustainable Development" 1568: 863:, has grown from a single shoot to several thriving colonies. 178:

Model of layers and components used in some green roof systems

5505: 5420: 5400: 5390: 5365: 4135:"Green Roof – Augustenborg's Botanical Roof Garden – History" 3600: 3257:"History of Green Roof Technology, Green Walls, Living Walls" 2868:, Environmental Leader, 29 June 2008. Retrieved 10 July 2012. 2187:

Shafique, Muhammad; Kim, Reeho; Kyung-Ho, Kwon (March 2018).

1429: 1375: 1229: 969: 524: 5073:

Gardening for Butterflies, Bees and other beneficial insects

2589: 493: 169: 18:

Roof that is covered with vegetation and a growing substrate

5465: 5430: 5260: 5204: 4548: 4248:"F Stop Press – Specialists in News and PR in the Midlands" 3956:"Διαδικτυακή Πύλη Υπουργείου Οικονομικών – Κεντρική Σελίδα" 1312:, London in 1938. More recent examples can be found at the 1261: 781:, Changi Airport Terminal 3 Interior Landscape, Singapore. 529: 361:

If installed correctly many living roofs can contribute to

187: 183: 80: 76:

Green roofs serve several purposes for a building, such as

42: 3692:"Projects – Vancouver Convention Centre Expansion Project" 2382: 3620:"Extreme gardening on the 92nd floor of the Eureka Tower" 566: 243:

A green roof being used on a bike rack to keep bikes dry.

5173: 2829: 2794: 2613: 2520: 1741:

http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/strategies/greenroofs.html

391:

which can be a more economical solution for a green roof

4712:"City of Seattle wants more eco-friendly 'green roofs'" 4662:"Initiated Ordinance 300: Denver Green Roof Initiative" 3571:"Best Remodeling Ideas To Increase Your Home's Value -" 3423:"Brown Roofs and Biodiversity (Biodiverse Green Roofs)" 3394: 2790: 2788: 2786: 5020:

Hofmann, Michaela M.; Renner, Susanne S. (June 2018).

4451:, Zeckendorf Towers press release of 15 November 2010. 3920:

International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment

3275:"European Federation of Green Roof Associations – EFB" 1548:

with the hopes of cutting back spending on utilities.

990:

Green roofs and walls in urban areas -research program

927:, opened in 2005, also features a grass-covered roof. 5169:

ASLA Design Award 2009: CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

3212: 2304:

Green Roofs : Ecological Design and Construction

2281:

Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies

948:

campus contains a substantial number of green roofs.

750:, Brooklyn Botanic Garden Visitors Center, Brooklyn. 5556: 4769:

Analysis and Planning: ASLA 2010 Professional Awards

4592: 4444: 4442: 2878:

Getter, Kristin L.; Rowe, D. Bradley (August 2006).

2783: 2765:"Green Roofs for Healthy Cities - About Green Roofs" 2565:"Green Building Facts | U.S. Green Building Council" 1564: 4878:"Green Roofs + Seattle's Downtown: A Perfect Match" 4681:"Denver Becomes Latest City to Require Green Roofs" 4497: 4461:

Zeckendorf Towers Unveils City's Largest Green Roof

3575:

Best Remodeling Ideas To Increase Your Home’s Value

2700:"Penn State Green Roof Research: About Green Roofs" 2516: 2514: 2186: 1244:What is claimed to be the world's first green roof 217:. Traditional building materials soak up the sun's 3786:. Weekly.ahram.org.eg. 8 June 2005. Archived from 1739:EPA (2017) Green Roofs. U.S. EPA. Available from: 1707: 53:. It may also include additional layers such as a 4439: 2466: 2464: 1096:, a green roof on the Treasury building in Athens 793:, and Museo del Acero Horno3, Monterrey, Mexico. 710: 634:) or with plant-based ponds. Plants used include 5707: 4968:"Green Roofs in the District of Columbia | ddoe" 4332:"The National Federation of Roofing Contractors" 4296:"Worcestershire garden roof salad factory opens" 3982:"Σχολή Μηχανολόγων Μηχανικών Ε.Μ.Π. – Μέλος ΔΕΠ" 3527:"Wildlife flourishes 32 floors above the Thames" 3192: 3190: 2511: 3812:. Greenroofs.com. 14 March 2006. Archived from 3232: 3059:"Green Roofs' End of Life: A Literature Review" 2728: 2473:"Green roofs as a means of pollution abatement" 2228:Shafique, Muhammad; Kim, Reeho (20 June 2017). 1667:, designer, The Rockefeller Center Roof Gardens 1453:(180,000 square feet or 17,000 square metres). 654:countries. In a recent study on the impacts of 375: 4336:The National Federation of Roofing Contractors 3202:Seattle Department of Planning and Development 2461: 5542: 5189: 5019: 4155:Grant, G., Engleback, L., and Nicholson, B., 3656:"Council approves stringent green-roof rules" 3187: 3107: 2272:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2008). 2267: 2265: 785:, Corporate Headquarters, San Francisco, CA. 5085: 4932:"How green roofs can save you lots of green" 4844: 4842: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4618:"Projects – Rockefeller Center Roof Gardens" 2652: 2301: 1838: 887:looks like a wheatfield, with the towers of 570:Sod roofs on 18th-century farm buildings in 404:to increase by as much as three times after 5119:Roland Appl, Reimer Meier, Wolfgang Ansel: 3545:"California Academy of Sciences – Newsroom" 3325:. City of San Francisco Planning Department 2953: 2694: 2692: 2227: 1331:. The Ethelred Estate, close to the River 1268:(Western Harbour) close to the foot of the 1236:platform at Zürich's main railway station. 5629:Continuous monitoring and adaptive control 5549: 5535: 5196: 5182: 5121:Green Roofs – Bringing Nature Back to Town 4771:. American Society of Landscape Architects 4159:, Publisher: English Nature Reports (2003) 2954:Cheng, Kris; Cheung, Karen (20 May 2016). 2910: 2877: 2320:Agricultural Phosphorus and Eutrophication 2262: 1703: 1701: 1483:American Society of Landscape Architecture 809:Green Roof, Chicago, Illinois. David Yocca 5040: 4839: 4698: 3931: 3680:. Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 27 June 2013. 3084: 3074: 2895: 2253: 2204: 170:Thermal reduction and energy conservation 164: 160:(Horizontal Vegetated Complex Partitions) 4759: 4757: 4709: 4502:(in German). No. 7. pp. 32–34. 3958:. Mnec.gr. 20 April 2012. Archived from 3715: 2797:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2689: 2316: 1404: 1393: 1385: 1374: 1291: 1272:office and apartment block, designed by 1177: 1128: 1087: 999: 874: 837: 744:Green Roof Innovation Testing Laboratory 714: 665: 585: 565: 550: 492: 489:An intensive and an extensive green roof 484: 431: 379: 238: 173: 20: 5068:Publisher: Timber Press (updated 2008). 4872: 4870: 4172:. London Gardens Online. Archived from 4060:"Green roofs are sprouting up on buses" 3914:Li, W.C.; Yeung, K.K.A. (1 June 2014). 3913: 3766:"Canada's first LEED V4 Platinum house" 3674:"Toronto City Hall's Podium Green Roof" 3171:. Raingardennetwork.com. Archived from 2866:'Tax Credits For Green Rooftops In NYC' 1698: 789:, Macallen Building, South Boston, MA. 330: 5708: 4962: 4960: 4900: 4898: 4659: 4360: 4057: 3899:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2859: 2523:Environmental Science & Technology 2453:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2368:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2172:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 1264:urban residential development (in the 1156:were fitted with green roofs in 2019. 813: 795:Surfacedesign Inc.+ Harari arquitectos 291: 134:. Green roofs are also referred to as 5530: 5177: 5066:Planting Green Roofs and Living Walls 4754: 4235:Planting Green Roofs and Living Walls 4053: 4051: 3250: 3248: 2974: 2058:"Plant-Covered Roofs Ease Urban Heat" 1108: 762:Kenneth Weikal Landscape Architecture 4867: 4815: 4791:"Green Roof Database and Evaluation" 4710:Stiffler, Lisa (23 September 2010). 4678: 3254: 2470: 2006:"Nedlaw Living Roofs - Living Roofs" 1708:Rodriguez Droguett, Barbara (2011). 5134:Diversity of Fauna on Green Roofs 4957: 4929: 4895: 4795:Green Futures Research + Design Lab 4679:Chow, Lorraine (10 November 2017). 3718:"City Hall Reno Photo Tour: Part 2" 3617: 3198:"City Green Building – Green Roofs" 2655:Journal of Environmental Management 1113:, meaning building-ecological, and 826:Green Building Council of Australia 234: 13: 5013: 4480:A New Roof That Works for a Living 4048: 4010:. Oikosteges.gr. 24 September 2009 3297:"City of Toronto Green Roof Bylaw" 3245: 1923:. 17 November 2005. Archived from 1868: 1687:Subtropical climate vegetated roof 387:which highlights a roof that uses 14: 5787: 5141: 4993:"Inventory of Green Roofs | ddoe" 4058:Bailey, Stephanie (3 June 2019). 3299:. City of Toronto. Archived from 3204:. 3 November 2008. Archived from 2317:Sharpley, A.N. (September 2003). 1808:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.07.010 1678:, traditional roof in Scandinavia 1287: 1050:of these are extensive; the last 674:from the shores of Lake Ontario, 277:combined sewer-stormwater systems 275:runoff management. In areas with 5344: 5147: 5057:Snodgrass, E. and McIntyre, L., 4985: 4923: 4809: 4783: 4729: 4672: 4653: 4643:"Denver's Green Roof Initiative" 4635: 4610: 4585: 4551:Science of the Total Environment 4542: 4506: 4491: 4473: 4454: 4407: 4381: 4354: 4278:"Eco Factory « Kanes Foods" 4237:, Publisher: Timber Press (2004) 4032:. Greenroofs.com. Archived from 3233:Omni Ecosystems (9 March 2013). 2833:Journal of Environmental Quality 2590:"Green Roofs for Healthy Cities" 2471:Rowe, D. Bradley (August 2011). 1994:https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands 1609: 1595: 1581: 1567: 1370: 1194:National University of Singapore 427: 5064:Dunnett, N. and Kingsbury, N., 5061:Publisher: Timber Press (2010). 4910:www.adaptationclearinghouse.org 4571:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.02.035 4342: 4324: 4306: 4288: 4270: 4240: 4227: 4205: 4188: 4162: 4149: 4127: 4102: 4077: 4022: 4000: 3974: 3948: 3907: 3867: 3828: 3802: 3776: 3758: 3732: 3709: 3684: 3666: 3648: 3630: 3611: 3593: 3563: 3537: 3519: 3493: 3467: 3441: 3415: 3388: 3363: 3337: 3315: 3289: 3267: 3226: 3161: 3144: 3101: 3050: 3015: 2987: 2968: 2947: 2904: 2871: 2823: 2757: 2722: 2646: 2607: 2582: 2557: 2415: 2376: 2330: 2310: 2295: 2221: 2180: 2134: 2108: 2076: 2050: 2024: 1998: 1986: 1939: 1913: 1903: 1133:Sod roof Church at Hof, Iceland 846:In June 2014 ecological artist 842:Movable Tillandsia plant screen 4660:Murray, Jon (6 October 2017). 4391:. 22 July 2009. Archived from 4361:Nelson, Bryn (15 April 2008). 3984:. Mech.ntua.gr. Archived from 3475:"Creating Brown Roof Habitats" 2751:10.1016/j.buildenv.2012.07.005 1894: 1842:Sustainable Cities and Society 1832: 1814: 1775: 1745: 1733: 1724: 1432:and other plants, designed by 1411:California Academy of Sciences 1199: 901:Green Roofs for Healthy Cities 775:California Academy of Sciences 721:California Academy of Sciences 711:ASLA Award Green Roof Projects 661: 1: 5086:Scholz-Barth, Katrin (2005). 4536:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2006.01.001 3044:10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.11.070 3024:Journal of Cleaner Production 2675:10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.01.024 2640:10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.11.058 1972:10.1016/s0378-7788(01)00062-7 1692: 1013:which opened in June 2006 at 954: 930:During the renovation of the 879:The green roof on top of the 5761:Hydrology and urban planning 5154:Green roofs (sustainability) 4470:, DNAinfo, 16 November 2010. 4233:Dunnett, N., Kingsbury, N., 3618:Dow, Aisha (23 March 2015). 3323:"San Francisco Better Roofs" 2975:Tsang, Emily (24 May 2015). 2497:10.1016/j.envpol.2010.10.029 1788:Landscape and Urban Planning 1645:Energy-efficient landscaping 1485:(ASLA) competition in 2002. 1466:United States Postal Service 1379:An intensive roof garden in 1321:Sainsbury's Millennium Store 1173: 818: 746:, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 723:building in San Francisco's 445:place higher demands on the 438:City University of Hong Kong 376:Costs and financial benefits 315:Green roofs also serve as a 306:shortages of natural habitat 7: 3933:10.1016/j.ijsbe.2014.05.001 3235:"Comprehensive Green Roofs" 2306:. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Pub. 1560: 1498:Union Square subway station 1279:In 2012, the shopping mall 1147: 917:Vancouver Convention Centre 368:Increase agricultural space 296:Green roofs create natural 10: 5792: 5608:Stormwater detention vault 4797:. University of Washington 4716:Seattle Post-Intelligencer 4365:. NBC News. Archived from 3662:. Toronto. 23 August 2012. 3110:Water Resources Management 2897:10.21273/HORTSCI.41.5.1276 2817:10.1016/j.rser.2013.02.022 1650:Hanging Gardens of Babylon 1124: 1020: 982: 546: 349:implementing green roofs. 5776:Climate change adaptation 5766:Environmental engineering 5657: 5621: 5565: 5353: 5342: 5211: 5203: 5042:10.1007/s13592-017-0555-x 4882:Seattle Business Magazine 4302:. Bbc.co.uk. 5 July 2012. 3130:10.1007/s11269-011-9877-z 2933:10.1007/s11252-008-0054-y 1862:10.1016/j.scs.2013.05.005 1757:www.greenroof.hrt.msu.edu 1753:"Benefits of Green Roofs" 1239: 1184:Singapore Botanic Gardens 1159: 1083: 995: 975:A more advanced method, ( 870: 783:Tierra Design (S) Pte Ltd 729:Bay checkerspot butterfly 590:On the green roof of the 505:with elaborate "turf log" 5726:Sustainable architecture 4030:"Greenroofs101: History" 2995:"Green Roof Maintenance" 2981:South China Morning Post 2731:Building and Environment 1314:University of Nottingham 1011:L'Historial de la Vendée 963: 592:Mountain Equipment Co-op 480: 352: 215:urban heat island effect 128:solar thermal collectors 5566:Treatment / Containment 4466:20 January 2011 at the 4215:. The Green Roof Centre 4170:"London Gardens Online" 4089:www.smartcitiesdive.com 3220:"Green (Planted) roofs" 2477:Environmental Pollution 2389:Northeastern Naturalist 2032:"Here Comes Urban Heat" 1635:Covering (construction) 1409:A modern green roof at 1390:Roof garden in New York 1302:Kensington Roof Gardens 942:Simon Fraser University 891:visible in the distance 833:Committee for Melbourne 764:200 Fifth Avenue, NYC. 247:Green roofs can reduce 5751:Landscape architecture 5644:Hydrodynamic separator 5639:Flow control structure 4765:"Seattle Green Factor" 4737:"Seattle Green Factor" 4516:Ecological Engineering 4199:3 January 2014 at the 1655:Low-impact development 1413: 1402: 1391: 1383: 1345:Rolls-Royce Motor Cars 1297: 1186: 1134: 1097: 1005: 892: 843: 791:Landworks Studio, Inc. 766:Landworks Studio, Inc. 732: 679: 599: 575: 563: 506: 490: 441: 392: 257:Low Impact Development 244: 224:low impact development 179: 165:Environmental benefits 51:waterproofing membrane 30: 5731:Sustainable gardening 5634:Flood control channel 5613:Stormwater harvesting 5560:management structures 5361:Air conditioning unit 4213:"Green Roof Research" 3810:"Chic Sustainability" 3409:10.2148/benv.33.1.115 3261:Green Roof Technology 2302:Earth Pledge (2005). 2255:10.1515/geo-2017-0020 1443:Washington, D.C. area 1408: 1397: 1389: 1378: 1295: 1181: 1132: 1091: 1015:Les Lucs-sur-Boulogne 1003: 878: 841: 777:, San Francisco, CA. 718: 669: 641:Menyanthes trifoliata 619:include green roofs. 589: 569: 554: 496: 488: 435: 383: 242: 192:University of Toronto 177: 27:British Horse Society 24: 5736:Sustainable building 5156:at Wikimedia Commons 4318:www.sky-garden.co.uk 3208:on 7 September 2008. 2961:Hong Kong Free Press 2845:10.2134/jeq2004.0364 2620:Energy and Buildings 2401:10.1656/045.027.0107 1952:Energy and Buildings 1660:Rainwater harvesting 1546:recapture rain water 1308:department store in 1167:University of Warsaw 910:rainwater harvesting 656:green infrastructure 342:carbon sequestration 331:Carbon sequestration 253:water-wise gardening 5578:Constructed wetland 5071:Miller-Klein, Jan. 4850:"Seattle City Hall" 4563:2006ScTEn.355...48B 4528:2007EcEng..29..260E 4500:Deutscher Gartenbau 4488:, 23 December 2010. 4395:on 31 December 2010 4369:on 25 December 2013 3740:"Green Development" 3605:www.aquasure.com.au 3581:on 14 November 2010 3241:on 9 December 2013. 3155:3 July 2010 at the 3122:2011WatRM..25.3699T 3036:2015JCPro..90..153B 2925:2008UrbEc..11..409C 2809:2013RSERv..23..155S 2743:2012BuEnv..58..152B 2704:Hortweb.cas.psu.edu 2667:2008JEnvM..87..350C 2632:2014EneBu..71...20S 2535:2009EnST...43.7564G 2489:2011EPoll.159.2100R 2246:2017OGeo....9...20S 2122:on 7 September 2007 2064:on 30 December 2005 1964:2001EneBu..33..719N 1854:2014SusCS..10...59V 1800:2011LUrbP.103..198V 1575:Architecture portal 1319:, and in London at 1222:green-winged orchid 921:Canadian War Museum 889:Canada's Parliament 881:Canadian War Museum 814:Examples by country 292:Ecological benefits 279:, heavy storms can 200:evaporative cooling 132:photovoltaic panels 5685:Percolation trench 5680:Infiltration basin 5598:Oil-grit separator 5136:Diversity of fauna 4816:McIntosh, Annika. 4485:The New York Times 4252:www.fstoppress.com 3720:. Raise the Hammer 3429:on 17 October 2011 3351:on 16 October 2007 3303:on 26 January 2018 3277:. Efb-greenroof.eu 3175:on 14 October 2012 3076:10.3390/en16020596 3002:Columbia-green.com 2483:(8–9): 2100–2110. 2206:10.3390/su10030584 1876:"Aurélien P. JEAN" 1589:Environment portal 1418:Ford Motor Company 1414: 1403: 1392: 1384: 1323:in Greenwich, the 1298: 1274:Santiago Calatrava 1187: 1135: 1098: 1006: 932:Hamilton City Hall 893: 861:Tillandsia bergeri 844: 733: 680: 670:Roof planted with 624:water purification 600: 576: 564: 507: 491: 442: 393: 245: 180: 89:heat island effect 31: 25:Green roof at the 5771:Roofing materials 5756:Urban agriculture 5703: 5702: 5695:Semicircular bund 5524: 5523: 5152:Media related to 5129:978-3-9812978-1-2 5114:978-1-4783-6807-6 5080:978-0-9555288-0-4 4827:. City of Seattle 4593:"FLL: Startseite" 3481:on 2 January 2012 3397:Built Environment 3116:(14): 3699–3713. 2710:on 24 August 2002 2543:10.1021/es901539x 2529:(19): 7564–7570. 2084:"Urban Waterways" 2012:on 5 January 2010 1882:on 24 August 2011 1494:Michael Bloomberg 1490:Zeckendorf Towers 1479:William McDonough 1470:Chicago City Hall 1434:William McDonough 1422:River Rouge Plant 1400:Chicago City Hall 936:Hamilton, Ontario 906:Toronto City Hall 807:Chicago City Hall 285:wastewater system 228:Chicago City Hall 67:Container gardens 5783: 5690:Permeable paving 5551: 5544: 5537: 5528: 5527: 5348: 5286:Half-hipped roof 5198: 5191: 5184: 5175: 5174: 5151: 5102: 5092: 5054: 5044: 5026: 5008: 5007: 5005: 5003: 4989: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4964: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4930:Charron, David. 4927: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4902: 4893: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4874: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4846: 4837: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4822: 4813: 4807: 4806: 4804: 4802: 4787: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4761: 4752: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4733: 4727: 4726: 4724: 4722: 4707: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4676: 4670: 4669: 4657: 4651: 4650: 4639: 4633: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4614: 4608: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4589: 4583: 4582: 4546: 4540: 4539: 4510: 4504: 4503: 4495: 4489: 4477: 4471: 4458: 4452: 4446: 4437: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4427:on 1 August 2014 4426: 4420:. 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Archived from 2342: 2334: 2328: 2327: 2325: 2314: 2308: 2307: 2299: 2293: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2278: 2269: 2260: 2259: 2257: 2234:Open Geosciences 2225: 2219: 2218: 2208: 2184: 2178: 2177: 2171: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2153: 2147:. Archived from 2146: 2138: 2132: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2118:. Archived from 2112: 2106: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2095: 2089:. Archived from 2088: 2080: 2074: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2060:. Archived from 2054: 2048: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2034:. Archived from 2028: 2022: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2008:. Archived from 2002: 1996: 1990: 1984: 1983: 1943: 1937: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1927:on 11 April 2008 1917: 1911: 1907: 1901: 1898: 1892: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1878:. Archived from 1872: 1866: 1865: 1836: 1830: 1829: 1818: 1812: 1811: 1779: 1773: 1772: 1770: 1768: 1759:. Archived from 1749: 1743: 1737: 1731: 1728: 1722: 1721: 1705: 1682:Sustainable city 1619: 1614: 1613: 1605: 1603:Gardening portal 1600: 1599: 1591: 1586: 1585: 1577: 1572: 1571: 1552:Washington, D.C. 1447:U.S. Coast Guard 1306:Derry & Toms 1246:botanical garden 1112: 1107: 1059: 1058: 1054: 1049: 1048: 1044: 725:Golden Gate Park 701:Barclays Bank HQ 596:Toronto, Ontario 302:urban wilderness 235:Water management 210:heat reservoir. 114: 113: 109: 104: 103: 99: 96: 5791: 5790: 5786: 5785: 5784: 5782: 5781: 5780: 5746:Types of garden 5741:Garden features 5706: 5705: 5704: 5699: 5653: 5617: 5603:Retention basin 5583:Detention basin 5561: 5555: 5525: 5520: 5349: 5340: 5207: 5202: 5144: 5105:Hilary, David. 5090: 5024: 5016: 5014:Further reading 5011: 5001: 4999: 4991: 4990: 4986: 4976: 4974: 4966: 4965: 4958: 4948: 4946: 4936:Washington Post 4928: 4924: 4914: 4912: 4904: 4903: 4896: 4886: 4884: 4876: 4875: 4868: 4858: 4856: 4848: 4847: 4840: 4830: 4828: 4820: 4814: 4810: 4800: 4798: 4789: 4788: 4784: 4774: 4772: 4763: 4762: 4755: 4745: 4743: 4735: 4734: 4730: 4720: 4718: 4708: 4699: 4689: 4687: 4677: 4673: 4666:The Denver Post 4658: 4654: 4641: 4640: 4636: 4626: 4624: 4616: 4615: 4611: 4601: 4599: 4591: 4590: 4586: 4547: 4543: 4511: 4507: 4496: 4492: 4478: 4474: 4468:Wayback Machine 4459: 4455: 4447: 4440: 4430: 4428: 4424: 4417: 4413: 4412: 4408: 4398: 4396: 4387: 4386: 4382: 4372: 4370: 4359: 4355: 4347: 4343: 4330: 4329: 4325: 4312: 4311: 4307: 4294: 4293: 4289: 4276: 4275: 4271: 4261: 4259: 4258:on 4 March 2016 4246: 4245: 4241: 4232: 4228: 4218: 4216: 4211: 4210: 4206: 4201:Wayback Machine 4193: 4189: 4179: 4177: 4168: 4167: 4163: 4154: 4150: 4140: 4138: 4133: 4132: 4128: 4118: 4116: 4108: 4107: 4103: 4093: 4091: 4083: 4082: 4078: 4068: 4066: 4056: 4049: 4039: 4037: 4036:on 10 July 2012 4028: 4027: 4023: 4013: 4011: 4006: 4005: 4001: 3991: 3989: 3980: 3979: 3975: 3965: 3963: 3954: 3953: 3949: 3912: 3908: 3892: 3891: 3884: 3882: 3881:on 4 March 2016 3875:"Archived copy" 3873: 3872: 3868: 3853:10.1641/b571005 3847:(10): 823–833. 3833: 3829: 3819: 3817: 3808: 3807: 3803: 3793: 3791: 3782: 3781: 3777: 3770:www.ecohome.net 3764: 3763: 3759: 3749: 3747: 3738: 3737: 3733: 3723: 3721: 3714: 3710: 3700: 3698: 3690: 3689: 3685: 3678:City of Toronto 3672: 3671: 3667: 3654: 3653: 3649: 3636: 3635: 3631: 3616: 3612: 3599: 3598: 3594: 3584: 3582: 3569: 3568: 3564: 3554: 3552: 3551:on 3 April 2008 3543: 3542: 3538: 3525: 3524: 3520: 3510: 3508: 3499: 3498: 3494: 3484: 3482: 3473: 3472: 3468: 3458: 3456: 3447: 3446: 3442: 3432: 3430: 3421: 3420: 3416: 3393: 3389: 3379: 3377: 3369: 3368: 3364: 3354: 3352: 3343: 3342: 3338: 3328: 3326: 3321: 3320: 3316: 3306: 3304: 3295: 3294: 3290: 3280: 3278: 3273: 3272: 3268: 3253: 3246: 3231: 3227: 3218: 3217: 3213: 3196: 3195: 3188: 3178: 3176: 3167: 3166: 3162: 3157:Wayback Machine 3149: 3145: 3106: 3102: 3055: 3051: 3020: 3016: 3006: 3004: 2997: 2993: 2992: 2988: 2973: 2969: 2952: 2948: 2909: 2905: 2876: 2872: 2864: 2860: 2828: 2824: 2793: 2784: 2774: 2772: 2763: 2762: 2758: 2727: 2723: 2713: 2711: 2698: 2697: 2690: 2651: 2647: 2612: 2608: 2598: 2596: 2588: 2587: 2583: 2573: 2571: 2563: 2562: 2558: 2519: 2512: 2469: 2462: 2446: 2445: 2438: 2436: 2432: 2425: 2423:"Archived copy" 2421: 2420: 2416: 2381: 2377: 2361: 2360: 2353: 2351: 2347: 2340: 2338:"Archived copy" 2336: 2335: 2331: 2323: 2315: 2311: 2300: 2296: 2286: 2284: 2276: 2270: 2263: 2226: 2222: 2185: 2181: 2165: 2164: 2157: 2155: 2151: 2144: 2142:"Archived copy" 2140: 2139: 2135: 2125: 2123: 2114: 2113: 2109: 2099: 2097: 2096:on 19 July 2006 2093: 2086: 2082: 2081: 2077: 2067: 2065: 2056: 2055: 2051: 2041: 2039: 2030: 2029: 2025: 2015: 2013: 2004: 2003: 1999: 1991: 1987: 1944: 1940: 1930: 1928: 1919: 1918: 1914: 1908: 1904: 1899: 1895: 1885: 1883: 1874: 1873: 1869: 1837: 1833: 1820: 1819: 1815: 1780: 1776: 1766: 1764: 1751: 1750: 1746: 1738: 1734: 1729: 1725: 1706: 1699: 1695: 1615: 1608: 1601: 1594: 1587: 1580: 1573: 1566: 1563: 1457:the landscape. 1438:Millennium Park 1373: 1325:Horniman Museum 1290: 1242: 1202: 1176: 1162: 1150: 1127: 1105: 1086: 1056: 1052: 1051: 1046: 1042: 1041: 1023: 998: 985: 966: 957: 873: 821: 816: 748:John H. Daniels 713: 664: 647:Mentha aquatica 628:treatment ponds 555:Re-creation of 549: 483: 473: 469: 430: 378: 355: 347: 333: 294: 237: 172: 167: 159: 144:vegetated roofs 111: 107: 106: 101: 97: 94: 92: 19: 12: 11: 5: 5789: 5779: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5701: 5700: 5698: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5661: 5659: 5655: 5654: 5652: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5625: 5623: 5619: 5618: 5616: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5569: 5567: 5563: 5562: 5554: 5553: 5546: 5539: 5531: 5522: 5521: 5519: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5357: 5355: 5351: 5350: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5246:Butterfly roof 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5217: 5215: 5209: 5208: 5201: 5200: 5193: 5186: 5178: 5172: 5171: 5166: 5157: 5143: 5142:External links 5140: 5139: 5138: 5132: 5117: 5103: 5083: 5069: 5062: 5055: 5035:(3): 307–313. 5015: 5012: 5010: 5009: 4984: 4956: 4922: 4894: 4866: 4854:Greenroofs.com 4838: 4808: 4782: 4753: 4728: 4697: 4671: 4652: 4634: 4622:Greenroofs.com 4609: 4584: 4557:(1–3): 48–63. 4541: 4522:(3): 260–271. 4505: 4490: 4472: 4453: 4438: 4406: 4380: 4353: 4341: 4323: 4305: 4287: 4269: 4239: 4226: 4204: 4187: 4161: 4148: 4137:. Greenroof.se 4126: 4101: 4076: 4047: 4021: 3999: 3973: 3947: 3926:(1): 127–134. 3906: 3866: 3827: 3801: 3790:on 3 July 2012 3775: 3757: 3731: 3716:Ryan McGreal. 3708: 3696:Greenroofs.com 3683: 3665: 3660:Globe and Mail 3647: 3629: 3610: 3592: 3562: 3536: 3518: 3507:on 5 July 2008 3492: 3466: 3440: 3414: 3403:(1): 115–133. 3387: 3362: 3336: 3314: 3288: 3266: 3244: 3225: 3211: 3186: 3160: 3143: 3100: 3049: 3014: 2986: 2967: 2946: 2919:(4): 409–422. 2903: 2870: 2858: 2822: 2782: 2756: 2721: 2688: 2661:(3): 350–363. 2645: 2606: 2594:Greenroofs.org 2581: 2556: 2510: 2460: 2435:on 6 July 2011 2414: 2375: 2350:on 6 July 2011 2329: 2309: 2294: 2261: 2220: 2193:Sustainability 2179: 2154:on 6 July 2011 2133: 2107: 2075: 2049: 2038:on 15 May 2008 2023: 1997: 1985: 1958:(7): 719–729. 1938: 1912: 1902: 1893: 1867: 1831: 1813: 1794:(2): 198–206. 1774: 1763:on 4 July 2018 1744: 1732: 1723: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1690: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1673: 1668: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1621: 1620: 1606: 1592: 1578: 1562: 1559: 1520:building codes 1398:Green roof of 1372: 1369: 1317:Jubilee Campus 1289: 1288:United Kingdom 1286: 1248:was set up in 1241: 1238: 1201: 1198: 1182:Green roof at 1175: 1172: 1161: 1158: 1149: 1146: 1126: 1123: 1110:[ˈiko] 1085: 1082: 1074:Neubrandenburg 1022: 1019: 997: 994: 984: 981: 965: 962: 956: 953: 872: 869: 820: 817: 815: 812: 811: 810: 803: 800: 797: 771: 768: 758: 740: 738:Richard Sutton 712: 709: 697:black redstart 678:, Syracuse, NY 663: 660: 548: 545: 482: 479: 471: 467: 460:static loading 429: 426: 425: 424: 416: 412: 409: 377: 374: 373: 372: 369: 366: 359: 354: 351: 345: 332: 329: 325:carbon dioxide 300:as part of an 293: 290: 236: 233: 171: 168: 166: 163: 157: 126:, a roof with 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5788: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5713: 5711: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 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4327: 4319: 4315: 4309: 4301: 4297: 4291: 4283: 4279: 4273: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4243: 4236: 4230: 4214: 4208: 4202: 4198: 4195: 4191: 4175: 4171: 4165: 4158: 4152: 4136: 4130: 4115: 4114:mothership.sg 4111: 4105: 4090: 4086: 4080: 4065: 4061: 4054: 4052: 4035: 4031: 4025: 4009: 4003: 3988:on 2 May 2012 3987: 3983: 3977: 3961: 3957: 3951: 3943: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3910: 3902: 3896: 3880: 3876: 3870: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3831: 3816:on 3 May 2012 3815: 3811: 3805: 3789: 3785: 3779: 3771: 3767: 3761: 3745: 3741: 3735: 3719: 3712: 3697: 3693: 3687: 3679: 3675: 3669: 3661: 3657: 3651: 3643: 3639: 3633: 3625: 3621: 3614: 3606: 3602: 3596: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3566: 3550: 3546: 3540: 3532: 3528: 3522: 3506: 3502: 3496: 3480: 3476: 3470: 3454: 3450: 3444: 3428: 3424: 3418: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3391: 3376: 3375:Toontoelen.be 3372: 3366: 3350: 3346: 3340: 3324: 3318: 3302: 3298: 3292: 3276: 3270: 3262: 3258: 3251: 3249: 3240: 3236: 3229: 3221: 3215: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3193: 3191: 3174: 3170: 3164: 3158: 3154: 3151: 3147: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3104: 3096: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3053: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3018: 3003: 2996: 2990: 2982: 2978: 2971: 2963: 2962: 2957: 2950: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2907: 2898: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2874: 2867: 2862: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2826: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2771:on 2 May 2008 2770: 2766: 2760: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2725: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2695: 2693: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2649: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2610: 2595: 2591: 2585: 2570: 2569:www.usgbc.org 2566: 2560: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2517: 2515: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2467: 2465: 2456: 2450: 2431: 2424: 2418: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2379: 2371: 2365: 2346: 2339: 2333: 2322: 2321: 2313: 2305: 2298: 2282: 2275: 2274:"Green Roofs" 2268: 2266: 2256: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2224: 2216: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2183: 2175: 2169: 2150: 2143: 2137: 2121: 2117: 2111: 2092: 2085: 2079: 2063: 2059: 2053: 2037: 2033: 2027: 2011: 2007: 2001: 1995: 1989: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1942: 1926: 1922: 1916: 1906: 1897: 1881: 1877: 1871: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1835: 1827: 1823: 1817: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1778: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1748: 1742: 1736: 1727: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1704: 1702: 1697: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1665:Ralph Hancock 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1622: 1618: 1612: 1607: 1604: 1598: 1593: 1590: 1584: 1579: 1576: 1570: 1565: 1558: 1554: 1553: 1549: 1547: 1543: 1538: 1532: 1528: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1486: 1484: 1480: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1458: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1412: 1407: 1401: 1396: 1388: 1382: 1381:New York City 1377: 1371:United States 1368: 1366: 1361: 1359: 1355: 1353: 1352:Nigel Dunnett 1348: 1346: 1340: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1294: 1285: 1282: 1277: 1275: 1271: 1270:Turning Torso 1267: 1266:Västra Hamnen 1263: 1258: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1228:Hospitals of 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1185: 1180: 1171: 1168: 1157: 1155: 1152:Bus stops in 1145: 1143: 1139: 1131: 1122: 1120: 1117:, pronounced 1116: 1111: 1103: 1095: 1090: 1081: 1077: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1038: 1034: 1031: 1027: 1018: 1016: 1012: 1002: 993: 991: 980: 978: 973: 971: 961: 952: 949: 947: 943: 939: 937: 933: 928: 926: 922: 918: 915:In 2008, the 913: 911: 907: 902: 898: 890: 886: 882: 877: 868: 864: 862: 857: 853: 849: 840: 836: 834: 829: 827: 808: 804: 801: 798: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 769: 767: 763: 759: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 739: 735: 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5311:Rhombic roof 5301:Mansard roof 5281:Gambrel roof 5256:Conical roof 5120: 5106: 5098: 5094: 5072: 5065: 5058: 5032: 5028: 5000:. 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