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Victorian fascination with 'exotic' plants and environments. Glasshouses became spectacles to entertain the general public. The curated environments in glasshouses aimed to capture "the
Western imagination of an idealised landscape" and support the fantasy of the cultural 'other'. As a consequence, the collection of plants are believed to be true reflections of the world, yet are actually stereotypical arrangements of 'exotic' plants to symbolize exactly where British colonies are and how far their authority reaches. To uphold British hegemony, glasshouses became arguments of colonial power which flaunt the "absolute control of colonized environments and flora... as a symbol of British Imperial power.
48:
770:, are produced in higher amounts by greenhouse cultivation at enhanced temperature and at enhanced carbon dioxide concentration. Carbon dioxide enrichment can also reduce greenhouse water usage by a significant fraction by mitigating the total air-flow needed to supply adequate carbon for plant growth and thereby reducing the quantity of water lost to evaporation. Commercial greenhouses are now frequently located near appropriate industrial facilities for mutual benefit. For example, Cornerways Nursery in the UK is strategically placed near a major sugar refinery, consuming both waste heat and CO
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185:, however, are quite tender plants and do not grow easily year-round. Therefore, the Romans designed an artificial environment, like a greenhouse, to have cucumbers available for the emperor all year. Cucumbers were planted in wheeled carts which were put in the sun daily, then taken inside to keep them warm at night. The cucumbers were stored under frames or in cucumber houses glazed with either oiled cloth known as
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agrivoltaics increase the spacing between solar cells and use clear backsheets enhancing food production below. In this option, the fixed PV panels enable the east–west movement of the sun to "spray sunlight" over the plants below, thereby reducing "over-exposure" due to the day-long sun as in transparent greenhouses, as they generate electricity above.
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smaller panes such as the 600 mm width typically used in modern domestic designs which then require more supporting framework for a given overall greenhouse size. A style of greenhouse having sloped sides (resulting in a wider base than at eaves height) and using these panes uncut is also often referred to as "Dutch Light design", and a
236:, a cauldron filled with water was also heated to create steam and increase the temperature and humidity in the greenhouse. These Korean greenhouses were the first active greenhouses that controlled temperature, rather than only relying on energy from the sun. The design still included passive heating methods, such as semi-transparent oiled
1092:. The purpose of an alpine house is to mimic the conditions in which alpine plants grow; particularly to protect from wet conditions in winter. Alpine houses are often unheated since the plants grown there are hardy, or require at most protection from hard frost in the winter. They are designed to have excellent ventilation.
427:. These were normally in public gardens or parks and exemplified the 19th-century development of glass and iron architecture. This technology was widely used in railway stations, markets, exhibition halls, and other large buildings that needed large, open internal area. One of the earliest examples of a palm house is in the
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greenhouses are now commonly used both in production and in situations where plants are grown and sold to the public as well. Gutter-connected greenhouses are commonly covered with structured polycarbonate materials, or a double layer of polyethylene film with air blown between to provide increased heating efficiencies.
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captures solar heat during the day. This design can keep the interior up to 25°C (45°F) warmer than the outside, even in winter. Over time, innovations like modern insulation materials and automated night curtains have been incorporated, enhancing their efficiency and maintaining a stable environment for crops.
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of the
Netherlands in the mid-19th century. The addition of sand to bogs and clay soil created fertile soil for agriculture, and around 1850, grapes were grown in the first greenhouses, simple glass constructions with one of the sides consisting of a solid wall. By the early 20th century, greenhouses
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Despite their simplicity and cost-effectiveness, Chinese solar greenhouses have some limitations, such as the need for proper orientation to maximize sunlight and challenges with the durability of plastic film coverings. Nevertheless, they remain a practical solution for year-round farming in regions
419:
The largest glasshouses yet conceived were constructed in
England during the Victorian era. As a direct result of colonial expansion, the purpose of glasshouses changed from agriculture to horticulture. The accelerated transfer of plants and horticultural knowledge between colonies contributed to the
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production facilities for vegetables, flowers or fruits. The glass greenhouses are filled with equipment including screening installations, heating, cooling, and lighting, and may be controlled by a computer to optimize conditions for plant growth. Different techniques are then used to manage growing
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Quantitative studies suggest that the effect of infrared radiative cooling is not negligibly small, and may have economic implications in a heated greenhouse. Analysis of issues of near-infrared radiation in a greenhouse with screens of a high coefficient of reflection concluded that installation of
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is a special structure that is designed to regulate the temperature and humidity of the environment inside. There are different types of greenhouses, but they all have large areas covered with transparent materials that let sunlight pass and block it as heat. The most common materials used in modern
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Chinese solar greenhouses are designed to maximize solar energy, making them highly efficient in colder climates without the need for additional heating systems. Originating in 1978, these greenhouses feature three solid walls, often made of brick or clay, with a transparent south-facing side that
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is one of the most important components in a successful greenhouse. If there is no proper ventilation, greenhouses and their growing plants can become prone to problems. The main purposes of ventilation is to regulate the temperature and humidity to the optimal level, and to ensure movement of air
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enrichment to about 1100 parts per million in greenhouse cultivation to enhance plant growth has been known for nearly 100 years. After the development of equipment for the controlled serial enrichment of carbon dioxide, the technique was established on a broad scale in the
Netherlands. Secondary
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In the UK and other
Northern European countries a pane of horticultural glass referred to as "Dutch Light" was historically used as a standard unit of construction, having dimensions of 28¾″ x 56″ (approx. 730 mm x 1422 mm). This size gives a larger glazed area when compared with using
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Before the development of greenhouses, agricultural practices were constrained to weather conditions. According to the climatic zone of communities, people were limited to a select range of species and time of the year in which they could grow plants. Yet around 30 CE, the Roman Empire built the
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in the 17th century, along with the plants. Some of these early attempts required enormous amounts of work to close up at night or to winterize. There were serious problems with providing adequate and balanced heat in these early greenhouses. The first 'stove' (heated) greenhouse in the UK was
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Potential new photovoltaic technologies which let through the colors of light needed by the interior plants, but use the other wavelengths to generate electricity, might one day have some future use in greenhouses. There are prototypes of such greenhouses. "Semi-transparent" PV panels used in
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I shall essay the finishing of my greenhouse this fall, but find that neither myself, nor any person about me is so well skilled in the internal constructions as to proceed without a probability at least of running into errors. Shall I for this reason, ask the favor of you to give me a short
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were made by several companies and were also frequently made by the growers themselves. Constructed of aluminum extrusions, special galvanized steel tubing, or even just lengths of steel or PVC water pipe, construction costs were greatly reduced. This resulted in many more greenhouses being
83:
are often used interchangeably to refer to buildings used for cultivating plants. The specific term used depends on the material and heating system used in the building. Nowadays, greenhouses are more commonly constructed with a variety of materials, such as wood and polyethylene plastic. A
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Gutter-connected greenhouses became more prevalent in the 1980s and 1990s. These greenhouses have two or more bays connected by a common wall, or row of support posts. Heating inputs were reduced as the ratio of floor area to exterior wall area was increased substantially. Gutter-connected
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greenhouses for walls and roofs are rigid plastic made of polycarbonate, plastic film made of polyethylene, or glass panes. When the inside of a greenhouse is exposed to sunlight, the temperature increases, providing a sheltered environment for plants to grow even in cold weather.
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constructed on smaller farms and garden centers. Polyethylene film durability increased greatly when more effective UV-inhibitors were developed and added in the 1970s; these extended the usable life of the film from one or two years up to three and eventually four or more years.
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was intended to provide the nobility with important agricultural and housekeeping knowledge. Within the section of agricultural techniques, Soon ui Jeon wrote how to build a greenhouse that was able to cultivate vegetables and other plants in the winter. The Korean design adds an
1058:, and extremes of temperature and humidity, have to be controlled, and irrigation is necessary to provide water. Most greenhouses use sprinklers or drip lines. Significant inputs of heat and light may be required, particularly with winter production of warm-weather vegetables.
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passes through the transparent roof and walls and is absorbed by the floor, earth, and contents, which become warmer. These in turn warm up the surrounding air within the greenhouse. As the structure is not open to the atmosphere, the warmed air cannot escape via
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Commercial glass greenhouses are often high-tech production facilities for vegetables or flowers. The glass greenhouses are filled with equipment such as screening installations, heating, cooling and lighting, and may be automatically controlled by a computer.
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have the highest concentration of greenhouse agriculture in the world. The
Westland produces mostly vegetables, besides plants and flowers; Aalsmeer is noted mainly for the production of flowers and potted plants. Since the 20th century, the area around
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Since 2000, technical innovations have included the "closed greenhouse", a completely closed system allowing the grower complete control over the growing process while using less energy. Floating greenhouses are used in watery areas of the country.
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Cooling is typically done by opening windows in the greenhouse when it gets too warm for the plants inside it. This can be done manually, or in an automated manner. Window actuators can open windows due to temperature difference or can be opened by
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Cartilaginum generis extraque terram est cucumis mira voluptate
Tiberio principi expetitus Nullo quippe non die contigit ei pensiles eorum hortos promoventibus in solem rotis olitoribus rursusque hibernis diebus intra specularium munimenta
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The
Netherlands has around 4,000 greenhouse enterprises that operate over 9,000 hectares of greenhouses and employ some 150,000 workers, producing €7.2 billion worth of vegetables, fruit, plants, and flowers, some 80% of which is exported.
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controllers. Electronic controllers are often used to monitor the temperature and adjusts the furnace operation to the conditions. This can be as simple as a basic thermostat, but can be more complicated in larger greenhouse operations.
321:. It was designed by Margaret Tilghman Carroll, an industrious gardener who cultivated citrus trees in this orangery. In 1784 Washington wrote requesting details about the design of her greenhouse, and she complied. Washington wrote:
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walls is the amount of heat lost through the greenhouse covering. Since the coverings need to allow light to filter into the structure, they conversely cannot insulate very well. With traditional plastic greenhouse coverings having an
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such screens reduced heat demand by about 8%, and application of dyes to transparent surfaces was suggested. Composite less-reflective glass, or less effective but cheaper anti-reflective coated simple glass, also produced savings.
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began to be constructed with all sides built using glass, and they began to be heated. This also allowed for the production of fruits and vegetables that did not ordinarily grow in the area. Today, the
Westland and the area around
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Greenhouses allow for greater control over the growing environment of plants. Depending upon the technical specification of a greenhouse, key factors that may be controlled include temperature, levels of light and shade,
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In domestic greenhouses, the glass used is typically 3mm (or ⅛″) 'horticultural glass' grade, which is good quality glass that should not contain air bubbles (which can produce scorching on leaves by acting like lenses).
962:. Greenhouses may be used to overcome shortcomings in the growing qualities of a piece of land, such as a short growing season or poor light levels, and they can thereby improve food production in marginal environments.
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from the refinery which would otherwise be vented to atmosphere. The refinery reduces its carbon emissions, whilst the nursery enjoys boosted tomato yields and does not need to provide its own greenhouse heating.
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Evans, Evie. "Cultivating
Colonialism: The Musealisation Of Natural Object In the Hortus Botanicus, Amsterdam, And The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew." (Master's thesis, University of Amsterdam, 2021). FramerFramed.
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from livestock can be used to heat greenhouses, e.g., placing a chicken coop inside a greenhouse recovers the heat generated by the chickens, which would otherwise be wasted. Some greenhouses also rely on
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is one of the most considerable costs in the operation of greenhouses across the globe, especially in colder climates. The main problem with heating a greenhouse as opposed to a building that has solid
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As they may enable certain crops to be grown throughout the year, greenhouses are increasingly important in the food supply of high-latitude countries. One of the largest complexes in the world is in
286:
Experimentation with greenhouse design continued during the 17th century in Europe, as technology produced better glass and construction techniques improved. The greenhouse at the
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description of the Green-house at Mrs. Carrolls? I am persuaded, now that I planned mine on too contracted a scale. My house is (of Brick) 40 feet by 24, in the outer dimensions …
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of around 2, a great amount of money is therefore spent to continually replace the heat lost. Most greenhouses, when supplemental heat is needed use natural gas or
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Greenhouses can range in size from small sheds to industrial-sized buildings and enormous glasshouses. The smallest example is a miniature greenhouse known as a
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has some of the largest greenhouses in the world. Such is the scale of food production in the country that in 2017, greenhouses occupied nearly 5,000 hectares.
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was an example of their size and elaborateness; it was more than 150 metres (490 ft) long, 13 metres (43 ft) wide, and 14 metres (46 ft) high.
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2228:"Assessing net ecosystem carbon exchange of U.S. terrestrial ecosystems by integrating eddy covariance flux measurements and satellite observations"
1830:"Nighttime Supplemental LED Inter-lighting Improves Growth and Yield of Single-Truss Tomatoes by Enhancing Photosynthesis in Both Winter and Summer"
4619:
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Schlesinger, W.; Lichter, J. (24 May 2001). "Limited carbon storage in soil and litter of experimental forest plots under increased atmospheric CO
745:(often LED lights) which are switched on at night to increase the amount of light the plants get, hereby increasing the yield with certain crops.
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indicates that the greenhouse is artificially heated. However, both heated and unheated structures can generally be classified as greenhouses.
350:
3137:"Model Applications for Energy Efficient Greenhouses in the Netherlands: Greenhouse Design, Operational Control and Decision Support Systems"
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Many vegetables and flowers can be grown in greenhouses in late winter and early spring, and then transplanted outside as the weather warms.
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levels continuing to rise. In addition, laboratory experiments, free air carbon enrichment (FACE) test plots, and field measurements provide
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La Notte, Luca; Giordano, Lorena; Calabrò, Emanuele; Bedini, Roberto; Colla, Giuseppe; Puglisi, Giovanni; Reale, Andrea (15 November 2020).
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is a Korean heating system used in domestic spaces, which runs a flue pipe from a heat source underneath the flooring. In addition to the
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373:, Holland, during the 1800s to grow medicinal tropical plants. Originally only on the estates of the rich, the growth of the science of
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has many of the largest greenhouses in the world, some of them so vast that they are able to produce millions of vegetables every year.
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from periods of relative abundance (day time/summer), and released to boost the temperature during cooler periods (night time/winter).
2450:
Phillips, R.; Meier, I.; et al. (2012). "Roots and fungi accelerate carbon and nitrogen cycling in forests exposed to elevated CO
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1427:(London, England: Henry G. Bohn, 1856), vol. 4, book 19, chapter 23: "Vegetables of a cartilaginous nature – cucumbers. Pepones.",
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Stuhlfauth, T.; Fock, HP (1990). "Effect of whole season CO2 enrichment on the cultivation of a medicinal plant, Digitalis lanata".
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Yoon, Sang Jun; Woudstra, Jan (Summer 2007). "Advanced Horticultural Techniques in Korea: The Earliest Documented Greenhouses".
84:
glasshouse, on the other hand, is a traditional type of greenhouse made only of glass panes that allow light to enter. The term
912:
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During the day, light enters the greenhouse via the windows and is used by the plants. Some greenhouses are also equipped with
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Worldwide, there are an estimated nine million acres (about thirty-six and a half thousand square kilometers) of greenhouses.
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2760:"La superficie de invernaderos de Andalucía oriental crece hasta las 35.489 hectáreas, un 1,7% más que en la pasada campaña"
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The relatively closed environment of a greenhouse has its unique management requirements, compared with outdoor production.
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Ventilation can be achieved via the use of vents – often controlled automatically via a computer – and recirculation fans.
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1659:"The Palm House At Kew Gardens: Iron, Climate Control And Commercialism-An Encyclopedia of Architecture And Colonialism"
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Stacey, Neil; Fox, James; Hildebrandt, Diane (20 February 2018). "Reduction in greenhouse water usage through inlet CO
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571:. The pyramid is another popular shape for large, high greenhouses; there are several pyramidal greenhouses at the
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1000:. Special greenhouse varieties of certain crops, such as tomatoes, are generally used for commercial production.
641:) that prefer still air conditions. Ventilation also ensures a supply of fresh air for photosynthesis and plant
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dynasty. In the 1450s, Soon ui Jeon described the first artificially heated greenhouse in his manuscript called
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Wittwer, SH; Robb, WM (1964). "Carbon dioxide enrichment of greenhouse atmospheres for food crop production".
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2742:"Home Wicking_boxes Wicking_beds Our_standard_shade_house Macro-pots_and_small_beds Our Standard Shade-house"
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A prominent design from the 19th century were glasshouses with sufficient height for sizeable trees, called
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1618:"The Great Palm House At Kew Gardens London, England 1848-An Encyclopedia Of Architecture and Colonialism"
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2830:"Solar greenhouses generate electricity and grow crops at the same time, UC Santa Cruz study reveals"
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walls to retain heat, but the furnace provided extra control over the artificial environment. The
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The next biggest breakthrough in greenhouse design came from Korea in the 15th century during the
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2499:"PlantsNeedCO2.org claims that carbon dioxide is not a pollutant and is good for the environment"
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181:'s declining health, the royal physicians recommended that the emperor eat one cucumber a day.
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also briefly mentions greenhouses or cold frames in: Martial with Walter C. A. Ker, trans.,
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can also be used to stack seed trays inside the greenhouse for later transplanting outside.
383:, since they were used to protect orange trees from freezing. As pineapples became popular,
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caused greenhouses to spread to the universities. The French called their first greenhouses
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Andrew Faneuil, a prosperous Boston merchant, built the first American greenhouse in 1737.
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to the point of soil depletion (assuming no droughts, flooding, or both), as demonstrated
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1750:"Energy Effects During Using the Glass with Different Properties in a Heated Greehouse"
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due to the presence of roof and walls, so the temperature inside the greenhouse rises.
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2121:"Unprecedented 21st century drought risk in the American Southwest and Central Plains"
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with significant temperature variations, and are widely used across northern China.
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Tewolde, FT; Lu, N; Shiina, K; Maruo, T; Takagaki, M; Kozai, T; Yamori, W (2016).
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Young tomato plants for transplanting in an industrial-sized greenhouse in the
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1077:. For example, in November 2017 GlassPoint announced that it is developing a
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Greenhouse agriculture in Almería. A comprehensive techno-economic analysis
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1441:(London: William Heinemann, 1920), vol. 2, book 8 (VIII ), no. 14 (XIV),
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Interior of a "hothouse" (or greenhouse) in Central City Park, Macon, GA,
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1809:"Citrus In The Snow: Geothermal Greenhouses Grow Local Produce In Winter"
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is often credited with building the first practical modern greenhouse in
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2326:"Weather Whiplash: Texas Goes From Extreme Drought to Floods in 3 Weeks"
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435:, the building was completed in 1840. It was constructed by iron-maker
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Building made chiefly of transparent material in which plants are grown
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1895:. Ministerie van Landbouw en Visserij, Nederland. Vol. 22, pp. 670–674
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Passive heating methods exist which seek heat using low energy input.
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Brijer, C. J. (1959) "Een verlaten goudmijn: koolzuurbemesting". In:
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using a full- or half-pane as being of "Dutch" or "half-Dutch" size.
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was added to the many types of greenhouses. Notable examples are the
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107:
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Famiglietti, J.; Rodell, M. (14 June 2013). "Water in the Balance".
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Carbon dioxide enrichment of greenhouse crops, Vol. I: Status and CO
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first recorded attempt of an artificial environment. Due to emperor
138:, where market gardeners grew a wide variety of produce for sale in
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3311:
3101:
Glass houses: history of greenhouses, orangeries and conservatories
3068:. Wageningen, Netherlands: Institute for Agricultural Engineering.
2764:
Consejería de Agricultura, Ganadería, Pesca y Desarrollo Sostenible
2691:"Understanding Chinese-Style Greenhouses: A Comprehensive Overview"
2201:"Carbon sequestration estimate in US increased – barring a drought"
1182:
1081:
facility near Bakersfield, CA that uses greenhouses to enclose its
959:
552:
507:
408:
379:
182:
178:
131:
106:, typically used at home, whereas large commercial greenhouses are
3219:
913:
Agrivoltaics § Greenhouses with spectrally selective solar modules
4520:
4482:
4472:
4348:
3983:
3873:
3494:
3459:
3281:
3168:. International Society for Horticultural Science. Archived from
3144:(718). International Society for Horticultural Science: 191–202.
1434:
1302:
1191:
1055:
1026:
675:
669:
576:
511:
412:
271:
2952:"See the Netherlands' massive network of greenhouses from above"
589:
Greenhouse structures adapted in the 1960s when wider sheets of
305:
Reconstruction of George Washington's greenhouse at Mount Vernon
4212:
4205:
4200:
3616:
3356:
3336:
3301:
3271:
3194:
3056:
Valera, D. L.; Belmonte, L.J.; Molina, F.D.; López, A. (2016).
1194:
have also become important regions for greenhouse agriculture.
1088:
An "alpine house" is a specialized greenhouse used for growing
610:
The warmer temperature in a greenhouse occurs because incident
498:
467:
462:
Other large greenhouses built in the 19th century included the
374:
370:
210:
164:
2555:"Hybrid and organic photovoltaics for greenhouse applications"
1338:"How To Choose A Glazing Material For A Year Round Greenhouse"
4301:
3449:
3429:
3373:
3368:
3306:
2636:"With new solar modules, greenhouses run on their own energy"
2552:
1187:
993:
981:, where greenhouses cover almost 200 km (49,000 acres).
978:
966:
are used specifically to provide shade in hot, dry climates.
224:
1073:, encloses solar fields in greenhouses to produce steam for
4222:
3837:
3469:
3409:
3392:
3166:"Greenhouse Design: Applying CFD for Indonesian Conditions"
3004:
Crystal palaces: garden conservatories of the United States
2974:"Could high-tech Netherlands-style farming feed the world?"
2378:
Soil fertility limits forests' capacity to absorb excess CO
1423:
Pliny the Elder with John Bostock and H. T. Riley, trans.,
487:
2394:
635:
and thus prevent the build-up of plant pathogens (such as
4150:
1813:
1719:"Rounding Out the Waste Cycle: TMMK's On-Site Greenhouse"
1044:
317:
learned of the greenhouse built at the Carroll estate of
1047:
have also been used, as well as artificial pollination.
794:
by default. In less-controlled gardens and open fields,
217:. Soon ui Jeon was a physician to the royal family, and
56:(giant Amazon waterlilies) in a large greenhouse at the
2095:"Study Finds Severe Climate Jeopardizing Amazon Forest"
2069:"NASA Finds Drought May Take Toll on Congo Rainforest"
482:. In Japan, the first greenhouse was built in 1880 by
339:
A heated greenhouse, or "hothouse", In Macon, Georgia
250:
confirm that greenhouse-like structures incorporating
3023:
Il Paradiso de' Fiori overo Lo archetipo de' Giardini
2929:"economische omvang naar omvangsklasse, bedrijfstype"
2449:
3027:(a manual of gardening with use greenhouse for make
2119:
Cook, BI; Ault, TR; Smerdon, JE (12 February 2015).
2001:
1827:
1367:"Way Back When: A History Of The English Glasshouse"
1209:
415:, an example of 19th-century greenhouse architecture
1397:"A Look Back At The Amazing History Of Greenhouses"
906:
Greenhouses with spectrally selective solar modules
3169:
3135:
3063:
2521:
1061:Greenhouses also have applications outside of the
2352:"Scientists Warn to Expect More Weather Extremes"
2272:
1747:
4633:
1782:"To Heat a Greenhouse, Add Some Chickens - GOOD"
266:The concept of greenhouses also appeared in the
2995:
2882:"Greenhouse farming Guide for Beginners (2024)"
2806:Collins Guide to Alpines and Rock Garden Plants
2118:
447:, London, in 1848. This came shortly after the
3555:
2857:"Upscaling of greenhouse vegetable production"
2788:
1966:
3541:
3235:
2949:
2907:"gewassen, dieren en grondgebruik naar regio"
1904:
4417:List of organic gardening and farming topics
3133:
2516:
1485:
778:Enrichment only becomes effective where, by
748:
3097:
3007:. Princeton Architectural Press, New York,
2854:
1931:
1590:. Newport, North Humberside. Archived from
923:
3548:
3534:
3242:
3228:
2688:
1394:
593:(polythene) film became widely available.
134:reached to the ceiling in a greenhouse in
3163:
3098:Woods, May; Warren, Arete Swartz (1988).
2855:Netherlands, Statistics (18 April 2018).
2662:
2152:
1855:
1845:
764:metabolites, e.g., cardiac glycosides in
2803:
2744:. easygrowvegetables.net. Archived from
2641:Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne
2349:
2175:
1157:
1002:
927:
860:
733:providing cooling by shade may be used.
659:
527:
516:
497:
398:
349:
334:
300:
151:
126:
90:
46:
2827:
2496:
2323:
1913:. In Enoch, H.Z.; Kimbal, B.A. (eds.).
1806:
1556:"Margaret Tilghman Carroll | TCLF"
984:Greenhouses are often used for growing
394:
111:conditions, including air temperature,
14:
4634:
3064:van de Muijzenberg, Erwin W B (1980).
2836:. Santa Cruz: University of California
2797:
1656:
1512:
605:
521:A plastic air-insulated greenhouse in
3529:
3223:
2828:McNutty, Jennifer (3 November 2017).
2497:Richert, Catharine (7 October 2009),
2178:"Global flood toll to triple by 2030"
1640:
1638:
1615:
1611:
1609:
1176:Greenhouses began to be built in the
254:were constructed to provide heat for
204:
4602:
2663:De Decker, Kris (24 December 2015).
2607:
2225:
2092:
2066:
1969:Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science
1770:from the original on 9 October 2022.
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1456:rogue classicism: Roman Greenhouses?
1390:
1388:
1361:
1359:
932:File:Chinese solar greenhouse design
825:
4614:
3249:
2808:, London: Collins, pp. 20–21,
2791:"GlassPoint Belridge Solar Project"
2789:Kraemer, Susan (30 November 2017).
2232:Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
2226:Xiao, J; et al. (April 2011).
1907:"Worldwide status and history of CO
1893:Mededelingenvan de DirectieTuinbouw
1807:Gerlock, Grant (11 February 2016).
569:Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky
197:), according to the description by
24:
3127:
2633:
1989:10.1111/j.1439-037x.1990.tb00803.x
1635:
1606:
664:Thermal lights at a greenhouse in
486:, a British merchant who exported
25:
4668:
3187:
3080:Vleeschouwer, Olivier de (2001).
2176:Marshall, Claire (5 March 2015).
2042:"Products and Services, tomatoes"
1464:
1395:Crumpacker, Mark (27 June 2019).
1385:
1356:
790:may be trivial, and soils may be
258:trees during the winter of 1438.
58:Saint Petersburg Botanical Garden
4613:
4601:
4590:
4589:
4577:
3193:
3060:. Ed. Cajamar Caja Rural. 408pp.
2476:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01827.x
1226:
1212:
1125:
1109:
1097:
911:This section is an excerpt from
829:
782:, carbon dioxide has become the
3150:10.17660/ActaHortic.2006.718.21
2966:
2950:Peters, Adele (13 March 2020).
2943:
2921:
2899:
2874:
2848:
2821:
2782:
2752:
2734:
2708:
2689:INSONGREEN (15 December 2023).
2682:
2656:
2627:
2601:
2546:
2510:
2490:
2443:
2388:
2369:
2343:
2324:Freeman, Andrew (22 May 2015).
2317:
2266:
2252:10.1016/j.agrformet.2010.09.002
2219:
2198:
2192:
2169:
2112:
2086:
2060:
2034:
1995:
1960:
1925:
1898:
1885:
1872:
1821:
1800:
1774:
1741:
1711:
1685:
1676:
1650:
1580:
1566:
1293:Seasonal thermal energy storage
649:to access the greenhouse crop.
493:
330:
293:
261:
171:
3212:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
3083:Greenhouses and conservatories
2579:10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115582
2350:Schwartz, John (27 May 2015).
1921:. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press.
1663:University of British Columbia
1622:University of British Columbia
1548:
1531:
1506:
1449:
1414:
1330:
1153:
892:
877:film and multi-wall sheets of
865:Private greenhouse in Finland.
786:. In a controlled greenhouse,
626:
13:
1:
2718:. harnois.com. Archived from
1880:Praktische Kohlensäuredüngung
958:application, and atmospheric
580:
451:(1837–40) and shortly before
449:Chatsworth Great Conservatory
355:
340:
242:windows to capture light and
143:
3001:Cunningham, Anne S. (2000).
2996:General and cited references
2665:"Reinventing the Greenhouse"
2528:. pbi Publications. p.
1693:"A dome grows in our garden"
1324:
701:Solar energy can be captured
567:in St. Louis, Missouri, and
439:, who would later build the
248:Annals of the Joseon Dynasty
228:system to the structure. An
36:Green House (disambiguation)
7:
4448:Index of pesticide articles
3039:A History of Building Types
2610:"Strom aus dem Gewächshaus"
2093:Buis, A (17 January 2013).
1205:
1145:
1079:solar enhanced oil recovery
1075:solar-enhanced oil recovery
736:
729:For very hot situations, a
645:, and may enable important
476:Royal Greenhouses of Laeken
405:Royal Greenhouses of Laeken
32:Greenhouse (disambiguation)
10:
4673:
3592:Climate-friendly gardening
3025:, 1622 Angelo Tamo, Verona
2804:Griffith, Anna N. (1985),
1911:enrichment – an overview."
1748:Sławomir Kurpaska (2014).
1342:Ceres Greenhouse Solutions
910:
752:
715:
655:
480:King Leopold II of Belgium
445:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
122:
29:
4571:
4493:
4468:Plant disease forecasting
4430:
4422:Vegan organic agriculture
4397:
4272:Genetically modified tree
4159:
3702:
3567:
3257:
3066:A History of Greenhousesn
2931:. CBS StatLine – Landbouw
2909:. CBS StatLine – Landbouw
2099:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
2073:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
2067:Buis, A (23 April 2014).
1253:Conservatory (greenhouse)
873:Plastics mostly used are
749:Carbon dioxide enrichment
565:Missouri Botanical Garden
543:In the 20th century, the
455:(1851), both designed by
40:Hothouse (disambiguation)
1723:TMMK and the Environment
1657:Lynden (26 April 2021).
1515:The Apothecaries' Garden
924:Chinese Solar Greenhouse
821:
755:CO2 fertilization effect
367:Charles Lucien Bonaparte
3104:. London: Aurum Press.
2295:10.1126/science.1236460
1847:10.3389/fpls.2016.00448
1616:Edwin (27 April 2021).
1104:Flowers in a greenhouse
1025:(especially hydroponic
944:
464:New York Crystal Palace
441:Palm House, Kew Gardens
429:Belfast Botanic Gardens
117:vapour-pressure deficit
4647:Agricultural buildings
4407:Biodynamic agriculture
4344:Postharvest physiology
4292:Landscape architecture
3989:Indonesian home garden
2861:Statistics Netherlands
2145:10.1126/sciadv.1400082
1905:Wittwer S. H. (1986).
1588:"Cambridge Glasshouse"
1544:. US Botanical Garden.
1166:
1134:Arthur Ross Greenhouse
1014:
933:
866:
672:
540:
525:
514:
416:
362:
347:
328:
319:Mount Clare (Maryland)
306:
168:
149:
99:
60:
3654:Historic conservation
3134:Bakker, J.C. (2006).
3086:. Flammarion, Paris,
3029:Giardino all'italiana
2524:The Garden DIY Expert
2275:Environmental Science
1682:Pevsner, 235, 238-241
1517:. Sutton. p. 4.
1161:
1043:, but other types of
1006:
931:
864:
753:Further information:
663:
559:in Pennsylvania, the
532:Giant greenhouses in
531:
520:
501:
459:, and both now lost.
402:
353:
338:
323:
304:
277:Chelsea Physic Garden
155:
130:
97:Westland, Netherlands
94:
50:
4584:Gardening portal
4483:Aquamog weed remover
4458:List of insecticides
3262:Artificial waterfall
3202:at Wikimedia Commons
2886:Agriculture land usa
2608:Kempkens, Wolfgang.
1729:on 18 September 2013
1576:. National Archives.
1513:Minter, Sue (2003).
573:Muttart Conservatory
557:The Rodale Institute
395:19th-century England
365:The French botanist
288:Palace of Versailles
279:by 1681. Today, the
161:Palace of Versailles
157:Versailles Orangerie
136:Richfield, Minnesota
30:For other uses, see
3045:, 1976 (1984 ed.),
2571:2020ApEn..27815582L
2468:2012EcolL..15.1042P
2413:2001Natur.411..466S
2287:2013Sci...340.1300F
2281:(6138): 1300–1301.
2244:2011AgFM..151...60X
2137:2015SciA....1E0082C
2020:2018AIChE..64.2324S
1981:1990JAgCS.164..168S
1539:"Greenhouse Manual"
1298:Seawater greenhouse
1162:Greenhouses in the
1140:, used for research
1071:Fremont, California
606:Theory of operation
4453:List of fungicides
4218:Companion planting
3215:. Merriam-Webster.
3174:on 9 February 2019
2768:Junta de Andalucía
2643:via techxplore.com
2205:www.eurekalert.org
1946:10.1007/bf02904000
1882:, Springer, Berlin
1878:Reinau, E. (1927)
1788:. 5 September 2011
1757:Technical Sciences
1373:. 3 September 2015
1220:Agriculture portal
1167:
1120:as seen from space
1015:
1012:Melrose, Wisconsin
934:
881:material, or PMMA
867:
841:. You can help by
804:primary production
710:geothermal heating
673:
541:
526:
515:
453:The Crystal Palace
417:
363:
348:
309:When returning to
307:
205:15th-century Korea
189:or with sheets of
169:
150:
100:
61:
53:Victoria amazonica
4629:
4628:
4501:Community orchard
4327:drought tolerance
3523:
3522:
3379:Herbaceous border
3198:Media related to
3111:978-0-906053-85-0
3043:Thames and Hudson
3035:Pevsner, Nikolaus
2980:. 23 January 2019
2954:. Fastcompany.com
2815:978-0-907486-81-7
2793:. solarpaces.org.
2770:. 4 November 2018
2669:Low-tech Magazine
2634:Carron, Cécilia.
2539:978-0-903505-37-6
2407:(6836): 466–469.
2028:10.1002/aic.16120
1574:"Founders Online"
1083:parabolic troughs
859:
858:
694:electric furnaces
315:George Washington
113:relative humidity
16:(Redirected from
4664:
4617:
4616:
4605:
4604:
4593:
4592:
4582:
4581:
4558:Plant collecting
4494:Related articles
4431:Plant protection
3612:French intensive
3550:
3543:
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3317:Garden buildings
3277:Borrowed scenery
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2750:
2749:
2748:on 2 April 2016.
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2494:
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2487:
2462:(9): 1042–1049.
2447:
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2421:10.1038/35078060
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2125:Science Advances
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2105:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2064:
2058:
2057:
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2053:
2044:. Archived from
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2032:
2031:
2014:(7): 2324–2328.
1999:
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1745:
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1736:
1734:
1725:. Archived from
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1709:
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1695:. Archived from
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1308:Tessellated roof
1236:
1234:Gardening portal
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1067:GlassPoint Solar
854:
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767:Digitalis lanata
759:The benefits of
638:Botrytis cinerea
585:
582:
478:(1874–1895) for
360:
357:
345:
342:
195:lapis specularis
148:
145:
21:
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4652:Garden features
4632:
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4563:Turf management
4548:Lists of plants
4543:List of gardens
4489:
4426:
4393:
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3705:
3698:
3563:
3554:
3524:
3519:
3475:Stepping stones
3465:Reflecting pool
3253:
3251:Garden features
3248:
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3154:
3152:
3130:
3128:Further reading
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2722:on 10 June 2016
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2048:on 24 June 2016
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1934:Economic Botany
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1699:on 10 June 2013
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1681:
1677:
1667:
1665:
1655:
1651:
1643:
1636:
1626:
1624:
1614:
1607:
1597:
1595:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1525:
1511:
1507:
1484:
1465:
1454:
1450:
1433:The Roman poet
1425:Natural History
1419:
1415:
1405:
1403:
1393:
1386:
1376:
1374:
1371:Hartley Botanic
1365:
1364:
1357:
1347:
1345:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1273:IBTS Greenhouse
1232:
1225:
1218:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1178:Westland region
1164:Westland region
1156:
1148:
1141:
1138:Barnard College
1130:
1121:
1116:Greenhouses in
1114:
1105:
1102:
1035:can be used as
1019:Seed tray racks
947:
926:
921:
920:
916:
908:
895:
855:
849:
846:
839:needs expansion
824:
813:
799:
784:limiting factor
773:
757:
751:
739:
718:
658:
629:
612:solar radiation
608:
583:
496:
397:
358:
343:
333:
313:after the war,
296:
264:
256:mandarin orange
207:
199:Pliny the Elder
174:
146:
125:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4670:
4660:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4627:
4626:
4624:
4623:
4611:
4599:
4587:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4538:Garden tourism
4535:
4530:
4528:Groundskeeping
4525:
4524:
4523:
4518:
4508:
4503:
4497:
4495:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4487:
4486:
4485:
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4470:
4465:
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4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4434:
4432:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4403:
4401:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4380:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4317:free-flowering
4314:
4309:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4252:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4231:
4230:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4209:
4208:
4198:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4165:
4163:
4157:
4156:
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4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4012:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3905:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3710:
3708:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3634:Groundskeeping
3631:
3630:
3629:
3627:computer-aided
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3573:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3553:
3552:
3545:
3538:
3530:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3515:Zig-zag bridge
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3485:Sylvan theater
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3327:Garden railway
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3247:
3246:
3239:
3232:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3203:
3189:
3188:External links
3186:
3185:
3184:
3164:Campen, J. B.
3161:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3110:
3095:
3078:
3061:
3054:
3032:
3018:Francesco Pona
3015:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2978:Deutsche Welle
2965:
2942:
2920:
2898:
2873:
2847:
2834:USC Newscenter
2820:
2814:
2796:
2781:
2766:(in Spanish).
2751:
2733:
2716:"Shade houses"
2707:
2681:
2655:
2626:
2600:
2559:Applied Energy
2545:
2538:
2509:
2489:
2451:
2442:
2396:
2387:
2379:
2368:
2356:New York Times
2342:
2316:
2265:
2218:
2199:Law, Beverly.
2191:
2168:
2111:
2085:
2059:
2033:
2003:
1994:
1975:(3): 168–173.
1959:
1924:
1916:
1908:
1897:
1884:
1871:
1820:
1799:
1773:
1763:(4): 351–360.
1740:
1710:
1684:
1675:
1649:
1634:
1605:
1579:
1565:
1547:
1530:
1524:978-0750936385
1523:
1505:
1488:Garden History
1463:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1431:
1413:
1384:
1355:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1263:Greenhouse gas
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1223:
1207:
1204:
1155:
1152:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1131:
1124:
1122:
1115:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1096:
1010:greenhouse in
1008:Tension fabric
946:
943:
925:
922:
917:
909:
907:
904:
894:
891:
857:
856:
836:
834:
823:
820:
811:
802:only increase
797:
771:
761:carbon dioxide
750:
747:
738:
735:
717:
714:
657:
654:
628:
625:
607:
604:
495:
492:
484:Samuel Cocking
437:Richard Turner
433:Charles Lanyon
431:. Designed by
396:
393:
391:, were built.
389:pineapple pits
332:
329:
295:
292:
263:
260:
206:
203:
173:
170:
124:
121:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4669:
4658:
4655:
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4650:
4648:
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4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4533:Garden centre
4531:
4529:
4526:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4511:Floral design
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4492:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
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4459:
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4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
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4439:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4429:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4400:
4396:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4378:
4377:reforestation
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4287:Intercropping
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4229:
4228:most valuable
4226:
4225:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4196:Arboriculture
4194:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4158:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
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3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3860:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3831:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3790:
3789:Garden square
3787:
3786:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3719:Ancient Egypt
3717:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3701:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3622:Garden design
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3551:
3546:
3544:
3539:
3537:
3532:
3531:
3528:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3505:Water feature
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3387:
3385:
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3380:
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3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
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3359:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
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3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3252:
3245:
3240:
3238:
3233:
3231:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3196:
3192:
3191:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3107:
3103:
3102:
3096:
3093:
3092:2-08-010585-X
3089:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3062:
3059:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3026:
3024:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3013:1-56898-242-9
3010:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2999:
2979:
2975:
2969:
2953:
2946:
2930:
2924:
2908:
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2887:
2883:
2877:
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2858:
2851:
2835:
2831:
2824:
2817:
2811:
2807:
2800:
2792:
2785:
2769:
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2761:
2755:
2747:
2743:
2737:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2696:
2692:
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2670:
2666:
2659:
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2630:
2615:
2611:
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2596:
2592:
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2584:
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2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
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2531:
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2525:
2519:
2513:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2493:
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2477:
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2457:
2446:
2438:
2434:
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2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2391:
2384:, 18 May 2001
2383:
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2222:
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2179:
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2155:
2150:
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2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2074:
2070:
2063:
2047:
2043:
2037:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2008:AIChE Journal
2006:enrichment".
1998:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1955:
1951:
1947:
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1939:
1935:
1928:
1920:
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1714:
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1688:
1679:
1664:
1660:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1639:
1623:
1619:
1612:
1610:
1594:on 9 May 2013
1593:
1589:
1583:
1575:
1569:
1561:
1557:
1551:
1540:
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1422:
1421:
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1402:
1398:
1391:
1389:
1372:
1368:
1362:
1360:
1344:. 3 July 2017
1343:
1339:
1333:
1329:
1319:
1318:Winter garden
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1283:Plasticulture
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1229:
1224:
1221:
1210:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1193:
1190:and parts of
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1172:
1165:
1160:
1151:
1139:
1135:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1112:
1107:
1100:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1090:alpine plants
1086:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1069:, located in
1068:
1064:
1059:
1057:
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850:November 2022
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837:This section
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4657:Horticulture
4618:
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4575:
4478:Weed control
4367:horticulture
4297:Olericulture
4277:Hydroculture
4267:Fruticulture
4245:Floriculture
4174:Permaculture
4161:Horticulture
3923:
3557:Horticulture
3510:Water garden
3362:Shell grotto
3346:
3210:
3207:"Greenhouse"
3176:. Retrieved
3171:the original
3153:. Retrieved
3141:
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2646:. Retrieved
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2355:
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2330:Mashable.com
2329:
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2238:(1): 60–69.
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1592:the original
1582:
1568:
1560:www.tclf.org
1559:
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1508:
1494:(1): 68–84.
1491:
1487:
1460:revocantibus
1458:
1451:
1438:
1424:
1416:
1404:. Retrieved
1400:
1375:. Retrieved
1370:
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1341:
1332:
1258:Floriculture
1200:
1196:
1175:
1168:
1149:
1087:
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1031:
1016:
983:
968:
964:Shade houses
948:
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875:polyethylene
872:
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843:adding to it
838:
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780:Liebig's law
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630:
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591:polyethylene
588:
549:Eden Project
542:
504:Eden Project
494:20th century
461:
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384:
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331:19th century
324:
311:Mount Vernon
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294:18th century
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172:Roman Empire
101:
85:
80:
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64:
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51:
44:
4642:Greenhouses
4620:WikiProject
4389:Monoculture
4384:Viticulture
4362:agriculture
4322:propagation
4262:Hügelkultur
4184:sustainable
4169:Agriculture
4111:Therapeutic
4091:Shakespeare
3902:Renaissance
3694:Xeriscaping
3689:Sustainable
3684:Square foot
3674:Proplifting
3639:Garden tool
3607:Foodscaping
3420:Moon bridge
3332:Garden room
3322:Garden pond
3200:Greenhouses
3142:Acta Hortic
2891:18 February
1786:www.good.is
1268:High tunnel
1248:Biosphere 2
1171:Netherlands
1154:Netherlands
1063:agriculture
1041:pollination
1037:pollinators
1023:Hydroponics
998:transplants
893:Dutch Light
808:prima facie
743:grow lights
731:shade house
680:electricity
647:pollinators
643:respiration
632:Ventilation
627:Ventilation
595:Hoop houses
584: 1976
538:Netherlands
523:New Zealand
425:palm houses
359: 1877
344: 1877
281:Netherlands
268:Netherlands
147: 1910
140:Minneapolis
18:Greenhouses
4636:Categories
4282:Indigenous
4179:stock-free
4151:Zoological
4031:Pollinator
3924:Greenhouse
3867:Sharawadgi
3855:Vietnamese
3816:East Asian
3724:Australian
3679:Raised bed
3644:Green wall
3415:Monopteros
3384:Jeux d'eau
3352:Green wall
3347:Greenhouse
3051:0500271747
2840:6 November
2774:16 October
2695:INSONGREEN
2565:: 115582.
2504:PolitiFact
1733:7 November
1243:Bioshelter
1065:industry.
1033:Bumblebees
990:vegetables
956:fertilizer
952:irrigation
900:cold frame
788:irrigation
723:electronic
705:Waste heat
617:convection
472:Glaspalast
380:orangeries
219:Sangayorok
215:Sangayorok
187:specularia
104:cold frame
77:glasshouse
73:greenhouse
71:The terms
65:greenhouse
4553:Perennial
4516:Floristry
4463:Pesticide
4443:Herbicide
4438:Fungicide
4332:hardiness
4096:Shrubbery
4076:Sculpture
3897:landscape
3826:Cantonese
3801:Container
3796:Community
3764:Byzantine
3759:Butterfly
3749:Botanical
3649:Guerrilla
3597:Community
3587:Butterfly
3582:Arboretum
3577:Allotment
3569:Gardening
3561:gardening
3435:Nymphaeum
3425:Moon gate
3389:Labyrinth
3342:Gloriette
3287:Belvedere
3178:8 October
3155:8 October
2700:21 August
2674:21 August
2595:224863002
2587:0306-2619
2311:188474796
1940:: 34–56.
1325:Citations
1288:Row cover
1278:Phytotron
975:Andalucía
796:rising CO
561:Climatron
270:and then
183:Cucumbers
132:Cucumbers
108:high tech
4596:Category
4506:Features
4412:Grafting
4372:forestry
4354:Tropical
4339:Pomology
4312:cuttings
4307:breeding
4141:Wildlife
4121:Tropical
4071:Scottish
4021:Pleasure
4009:Paradise
4004:Charbagh
3974:Monastic
3969:Medieval
3879:Floating
3833:Japanese
3784:Communal
3774:Colonial
3739:Biblical
3704:Types of
3669:Parterre
3480:Stumpery
3455:Pavilion
3445:Parterre
3440:Orangery
3312:Fountain
3120:17108422
2614:Golem.de
2520:(1992).
2484:22776588
2429:11373676
2303:23766323
2163:26601131
1954:40257734
1866:27092163
1765:Archived
1500:25472355
1439:Epigrams
1206:See also
1183:Aalsmeer
1146:Adoption
1056:diseases
1027:A-frames
960:humidity
737:Lighting
553:Cornwall
534:Westland
508:Cornwall
474:and the
409:Brussels
385:pineries
193:(a.k.a.
191:selenite
179:Tiberius
86:hothouse
81:hothouse
4608:Commons
4521:Ikebana
4473:Pruning
4399:Organic
4349:Roguing
4235:Cutting
4126:Victory
4101:Spanish
4081:Sensory
4026:Prairie
3994:Persian
3984:Orchard
3949:Kitchen
3944:Keyhole
3939:Italian
3934:Islamic
3929:Hanging
3888:French
3874:Fernery
3862:English
3821:Chinese
3806:Cottage
3734:Baroque
3706:gardens
3659:History
3500:Trellis
3495:Topiary
3490:Terrace
3460:Pergola
3292:Cascade
3282:Bosquet
3074:7164418
2984:22 June
2958:22 June
2935:10 July
2913:10 July
2866:10 June
2567:Bibcode
2464:Bibcode
2437:4391335
2409:Bibcode
2283:Bibcode
2260:5020848
2240:Bibcode
2154:4644081
2133:Bibcode
2052:10 July
2016:Bibcode
1977:Bibcode
1919:Sources
1857:4823311
1840:: 448.
1668:4 April
1627:4 April
1598:10 July
1435:Martial
1429:p. 156.
1406:4 April
1377:4 April
1348:4 April
1303:Sunroom
1192:Drenthe
1118:Almería
986:flowers
971:Almería
792:fertile
716:Cooling
690:R-value
676:Heating
670:Finland
656:Heating
577:Alberta
563:at the
512:England
443:at the
413:Belgium
272:England
159:at the
123:History
4358:Urban
4255:Taiwan
4250:Canada
4213:Botany
4206:Saikei
4201:Bonsai
4146:Winter
4131:Walled
4066:School
4061:Sacred
4016:Physic
3979:Mughal
3959:Market
3914:German
3892:formal
3884:Flower
3850:Korean
3769:Cactus
3754:Bottle
3714:Alpine
3664:Native
3617:Garden
3602:Forest
3357:Grotto
3337:Gazebo
3302:Exedra
3272:Aviary
3267:Avenue
3118:
3108:
3090:
3072:
3049:
3011:
2812:
2726:3 June
2593:
2585:
2536:
2482:
2435:
2427:
2401:Nature
2361:30 May
2335:30 May
2309:
2301:
2258:
2211:17 May
2207:. AAAS
2184:17 May
2161:
2151:
2104:17 May
2078:17 May
1952:
1864:
1854:
1521:
1498:
1443:p. 13.
1420:Note:
1401:Medium
996:, and
994:fruits
800:levels
685:opaque
666:Närpes
536:, the
468:Munich
375:botany
371:Leiden
211:Joseon
165:France
79:, and
38:, and
4302:Plant
4240:Flora
4189:urban
4136:Water
4116:Trial
4086:Shade
4046:Roman
3919:Greek
3909:Front
3811:Dutch
3779:Color
3450:Patio
3430:Mound
3398:Hedge
3374:Hedge
3369:Ha-ha
3307:Folly
2591:S2CID
2433:S2CID
2307:S2CID
2256:S2CID
2180:. BBC
1950:S2CID
1768:(PDF)
1753:(PDF)
1703:9 May
1542:(PDF)
1496:JSTOR
1188:Venlo
1052:Pests
979:Spain
822:Types
810:by CO
506:, in
488:herbs
387:, or
252:ondol
239:hanji
234:ondol
230:ondol
225:ondol
4223:Crop
4056:Rose
4051:Roof
4041:Rock
4036:Rain
3999:Bāgh
3964:Mary
3954:Knot
3838:Roji
3729:Back
3559:and
3470:Shed
3410:Lawn
3403:Turf
3393:Maze
3297:Deck
3180:2012
3157:2012
3116:OCLC
3106:ISBN
3088:ISBN
3070:OCLC
3047:ISBN
3009:ISBN
2986:2021
2960:2021
2937:2016
2915:2016
2893:2024
2868:2022
2842:2017
2810:ISBN
2776:2019
2728:2016
2702:2024
2676:2024
2650:2022
2621:2022
2583:ISSN
2534:ISBN
2480:PMID
2425:PMID
2363:2015
2337:2015
2299:PMID
2213:2015
2186:2015
2159:PMID
2106:2015
2080:2015
2054:2016
1862:PMID
1794:2023
1735:2013
1705:2013
1670:2023
1629:2023
1600:2016
1519:ISBN
1408:2023
1379:2023
1350:2023
1169:The
1132:The
1054:and
1045:bees
1039:for
945:Uses
502:The
403:The
115:and
4106:Tea
3843:Zen
3744:Bog
3146:doi
2575:doi
2563:278
2530:104
2472:doi
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2417:doi
2405:411
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2291:doi
2279:340
2248:doi
2236:151
2149:PMC
2141:doi
2024:doi
1985:doi
1973:164
1942:doi
1852:PMC
1842:doi
1814:NPR
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