33:
389:, who acted for the Media Entertainment and Arts Alliance (MEAA) at the NSW inquiry, said there are "complexities" in the legal situation relating to prosecuting a war crime. "It has to show that there was an international armed conflict between Indonesia and Portugal … and that in the context of that the journalist were killed", he said, adding "I think the legal case for that conflict's existence is very strong on the facts". He said that while the criminal standard of proof was much higher for the police than in a coronial inquest, the AFP have not "satisfactorily" explained whether they had exhausted all lines of inquiry.
362:
was stabbed by officer
Christoforus Da Silva. It is highly unlikely the Captain would have made the decision to kill the newsmen without the sanction of his superior officers. There is enough evidence to refer the case to the Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions to consider prosecuting two unnamed people for the war crime of wilful killing". The NSW coroner investigating held that "The Balibo Five ... were shot and/or stabbed deliberately, and not in the heat of battle" in order to silence them from exposing Indonesia's 1975 East Timor invasion.
1544:
263:, saying that it was a difficult but rewarding experience, and that it was one that finally presented the truth to the world. Now running a charity that donates musical instruments to East Timor, Stewart said the film highlighted the Australian government's lack of action over the deaths of the journalists: "To this day, the one phone call my mother's had from the Government came a couple of weeks after it all happened when someone from the embassy in Jakarta called and asked, 'Where should we send the bill for the coffin?
396:
202:"took place in an urban area with a number of uninvolved persons in close proximity. The quality of the evidence on Roger East's death was much higher. The evidence came from two eyewitnesses, supported by strong circumstantial evidence of the killing from two further witnesses. In relation to Roger East, I have concluded that it is more likely than not he was summarily executed by an unidentified Indonesian soldier late on the morning of December 8, 1975, in the wharf area of Dili".
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161:"The five journalists... clearly identified themselves as Australians and as journalists. They were unarmed and dressed in civilian clothes. They had their hands raised in the universally recognised gesture of surrender. They were killed deliberately on orders that emanated from the highest levels. Their corpses were dressed in uniforms, guns placed beside them, and photographs taken in an attempt to portray them as legitimate targets".
320:"Declassified Australian intelligence records show that the Indonesian high command was very alarmed about the international diplomatic consequences of killing the Balibo Five, and called a halt to its military operations for five weeks. But there was no protest from Australia. The Indonesian military took this as a 'green light'; they realised they could treat the East Timorese as they wished".
333:(NSW) Coroner's Court began an inquest into Peters' death. Although he was a British citizen, lawyers for the journalists' families successfully argued that, as Peters was a resident of New South Wales at the time of his death, NSW jurisdiction applied. This was the first public inquiry held regarding the fate of the Balibo Five that had powers to call witnesses.
412:: "We remember the Balibo Five today not because journalists are any more special than other civilians, but because journalists play a crucial role in bringing information about human rights violations to the outside world". On 16 October 2015, the day of the 40th anniversary, mourners gathered at a dawn service in front of the War Correspondents Memorial at the
382:
they were journalists or not, because in a battle, the instinct is if they're not friends, then they could kill us", he said. He said he was with
Special Forces captain Yunus Yosfiah when the Balibo Five were spotted. A coronial inquest into the deaths of the men found Yosfiah, who was later an Indonesian Government minister, ordered the killings.
291:, director of the 2009 film, said, "It's quite clear the journalists were murdered. The current Indonesian and Australian (government) point of view, that they were killed in crossfire, is quite frankly absurd. We seek out war criminals from World War II, so to dismiss calls for justice for the Balibo Five is crazy".
99:
declared "those responsible should be held to account... You can't just sweep this to one side". However, no meaningful action was taken after he was elected. The owner of the house at the time was a
Chinese family, who had fled across the border as refugees to the neighbouring Indonesian village of
361:
QC, in his closing statement to the inquest, stated, "There is incontrovertible evidence, including eyewitness accounts, that
Indonesian troops deliberately killed the Balibo five newsmen. At least three of the journalists were shot after an order was given by Captain Yunus Yosfiah and the fifth man
349:
intercepted an
Indonesian military radio communication suggesting that the five were killed on the orders of superiors. An eyewitness account described seeing the five men before they were killed. "At this point Indonesian Army Captain Yunus Yosfiah and his team shot the journalists who were unarmed
381:
In 2009, former
Indonesian soldier Gatot Purwanto told the ABC the men were shot deliberately but not executed. He says he was about 30 metres (yards) away when Indonesian soldiers fired on the house in which the men were sheltering. "We knew they were foreigners, but we didn't think about whether
185:
by the
Indonesian military on 7 December 1975, the day of the invasion, and executed by firing squad on the morning of 8 December with his body being disposed of in the ocean. He has been referred to as the forgotten sixth member of the Balibo Five. Calls for an inquest into East's death have been
224:
There is a constant pattern of deception from the
Australian government. Kevin Rudd has vowed that the Indonesian military should be held to account, but privately the Australian government doesn't do anything. This hasn't just gone on since the coroner's report, it has gone on since the murders.
344:
Government in
Indonesia in 1998 and 1999, was accused of having led the 1975 attack in Balibo. Allegations were also raised that the journalists' bodies were dressed post-mortem in military uniforms and posed with weapons to make them appear to have taken an active part in the fighting. The
416:
to remember the Balibo Five and Roger East. Mourners included family members, representatives of major
Australian news networks, the journalists' union, former Australian diplomats, and Senator Xenophon. When the War Correspondents Memorial was opened in September 2015, Prime Minister
464:, an Australian journalist who met the men before they were killed. The book has been a source of controversy because of its criticism of some of the people involved in the campaign for justice. The film is largely based on the historical scholarship of Fernandes, who later wrote
197:
Tom Sherman, found no evidence of murder but accused Indonesia of burning their bodies in a "charade" to destroy all evidence of a "monumental blunder" following their deaths in crossfire. However, in contrast to the Balibo incident, the killing of Roger
1140:
287:, to express concern that UN investigators had failed to fully investigate the deaths of the Balibo Five, as well as three other journalists killed in Timor-Leste in 1975 and 1999, and to request that the UN reopen their investigations.
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590:
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516:
Coinciding with the play's premiere season, on 20 May 2012, East Timor's President Jose Ramos Horta presented Paul Stewart with a medal of merit awarded posthumously to his brother Tony.
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said: "Our democracy depends on a free and courageous press. It is the war correspondents that have to tell the truth often in the face of considerable criticism".
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The group comprised two Australians, reporter Greg Shackleton, 29, and sound recordist Tony Stewart, 21; a New Zealander, Gary Cunningham, 27, cameraman for
150:
Senior diplomats told the 2007 coroner's inquest of their understanding that "the killing was done by the Indonesian military and that it was deliberate".
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1462:
1328:
612:
1416:
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In 1994, Brian Peters' sister, Maureen Tolfree, became involved with the East Timor issue, having heard of a demonstration in her home town of
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703:
32:
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Shirley Shackleton (1931–2023), widow of Greg, led the campaign for an enquiry into the killings. She was also an outspoken supporter of
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and the word 'AUSTRALIA' on the wall of a house in the town square. Balibo House Trust, established in 2003 with seed funding from the
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1841:
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267:" he said. Malcolm Rennie's mother, Minna, later became involved with the issue until her death, as did his cousin Margaret Wilson.
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1451:
DemocracyNow!'s interview with Shackleton's widow, Shirley. "15 Years After East Timor Massacre, Calls for Accountability Continue"
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soldiers. The official Indonesian version is that the men were killed by cross-fire during the battle for the town. According to
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796:
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524:
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190:
1437:
728:
139:, they believed that, as journalists, they would not be considered military targets. Greg Shackleton was filmed painting an
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44:
was a group of journalists for Australian commercial television networks who were murdered in the period leading up to the
818:
100:
Atumbua. From there they travelled to Portugal and finally settled in Australia. The Patriarch was named Gum Nyiang Lay.
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1403:
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353:
According to evidence presented, the fifth Balibo victim locked himself in a bathroom but was stabbed in the back with a
253:). They recorded a song with East Timorese musician Gil Santos to protest the capture of East Timorese resistance leader
217:
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144:
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A 1999 government enquiry into the deaths of the Balibo Five and Roger East, conducted by the former chairman of the
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travelled to Balibo soon after to investigate the likely deaths of the Five and was later executed by members of the
45:
642:
498:
350:
with their hands in the air ... I saw them shoot. A lot of them were firing. They fired towards the white people".
280:
1362:
509:, the play focuses on the family of slain journalist Tony Stewart, who was Fennessy's cousin. It was performed in
194:
17:
1579:
1569:
1424:
862:
276:
1821:
1816:
1706:
1506:'National Interest' – A co-production from Melbourne Theatre Company and Black Swan State Theatre Company
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346:
174:
93:
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and television stations 7 and 9, now owns this house and preserves it as a community learning centre.
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journalist, travelled to East Timor to investigate the deaths of the five men. East was captured in
1045:"Balibo Five: Investigation into deaths of five journalists dropped by Australian Federal Police"
413:
295:
170:
61:
1242:
60:), where they were killed on 16 October 1975 during Indonesian incursions before the invasion.
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1393:
BALIBO Official Film Site | a Robert Connolly film | Starring Anthony LaPaglia and Oscar Isaac
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988:
471:
The Balibo killings episode was also fictionalised for the opening sequence of the 1982 film
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The AFP then concluded, in 2014, that there was insufficient evidence to prove an offence.
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8:
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65:
837:"Tatoli, 16 January 2023, Govt expresses condolence for the death of Shirley Shackleton"
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1411:
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1300:
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135:
While the men were aware that Indonesian troops were to mount an attack on the town of
1180:
85:, the Australian Government has never challenged this view in order to avoid damaging
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925:
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307:
154:
140:
819:"Timor – The Balibo Five – School of Humanities and Social Sciences – UNSW Canberra"
257:
by Indonesian armed forces in 1992. Stewart worked as a consultant on the 2009 film
1625:
449:
418:
57:
27:
Group of foreign journalists killed by Indonesian forces in Portuguese Timor (1975)
254:
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1076:"Balibo Five: police drop investigation into killings of Australian journalists"
310:
and lodged motions, as well as numerous campaigns in the news media. Writing in
124:, cameraman Brian Peters, 24, and reporter Malcolm Rennie, 29, both working for
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520:
502:
354:
242:
121:
75:
In 2007, an Australian coroner ruled that they had been deliberately killed by
1397:
729:"IPI seeks fresh investigation into 1975 and 1999 cases of killed journalists"
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341:
337:
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246:
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81:
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was a teenager when his 21-year-old brother Tony died. He later formed the
129:
1857:
Journalists killed while covering the Indonesian occupation of East Timor
866:
634:
478:
375:
284:
96:
53:
1691:
1553:
1543:
117:
972:
Inquest into the Death of Brian Peters 2007 Magistrate Dorelle Pinch
1774:
926:"Anniversary of Balibo Five deaths brings renewed call for answers"
386:
238:
76:
1757:
1333:
789:"Govt received detailed warnings about Balibo attack, court told"
234:
178:
1621:
Indonesia–Australia Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement
1425:
BBC Radio 4 Death in East Timor – Interview with Maureen Tolfree
399:
Candles burn to mark the 40th anniversary of their deaths, 2015.
1329:"East Timor medal for a slain son honours an Australian mother"
1107:"Balibo Five relative calls for AFP to reopen war crimes probe"
136:
49:
1657:
Australian involvement in the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
505:
to write a new work on the theme of the Balibo Five. Entitled
510:
466:
The Independence of East Timor: Multidimensional Perspectives
125:
109:
1259:. Theatre People Australia. 27 November 2011. Archived from
182:
69:
324:
1028:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 9 September 2009.
699:
1392:
1387:
1435:
Press group seeks fresh investigation into Balibo five
950:
Xenophon, Nick; Fernandes, Clinton (15 October 2015).
1662:
Australia and the Indonesian occupation of East Timor
863:"Death in East Timor: Interview with Maureen Tolfree"
1862:
Journalists killed while covering military conflicts
795:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 17 May 2007.
659:
Dorling, Philip; McKenzie, Nick (17 December 2010).
440:
A feature film about the killing of the men, called
408:
On 15 October 2015, Xenophon and Fernandes wrote in
759:"Developing capabilities that enhance life choices"
641:. The Economist Newspaper Limited. 27 August 2009.
949:
523:of the play won the People's Choice award at the
1803:
1489:(revised and updated). Melbourne, Scribe. 2009.
1420:report on Balibo memorial Nine Network Australia
945:
943:
1631:Timor Leste–Indonesia–Australia Growth Triangle
1181:"New row over journalists' deaths 30 years ago"
658:
370:On 9 September 2009, it was announced that the
298:, the two leading advocates have been Senators
1155:"Robert Connolly producer / director / writer"
683:Cover-up – the inside story of the Balibo Five
345:Australian media reported that the Australian
1526:
1280:. Theatre Australia. May 2012. Archived from
940:
890:
888:
1430:'Lest we forget' cartoon by 'Jeff' from 1976
48:. The Balibo Five were based in the town of
982:
980:
978:
696:"Bristol journalist may have been murdered"
654:
652:
365:
1738:Australia Indonesia Youth Exchange Program
1533:
1519:
1353:"Victorian Premier's Literary Awards 2012"
1211:
1104:
1042:
896:"Balibo 'should prompt war crime charges'"
885:
688:
583:"Balibo Five deliberately killed: coroner"
576:
574:
378:probe into the deaths of the Balibo Five.
1697:2005 Indonesian embassy bioterrorism hoax
1133:"Truth vital to our democracy — Turnbull"
1127:
340:, former Minister for Information in the
1616:Prisoner exchange agreement negotiations
1590:Consulate General of Australia, Surabaya
1147:
1073:
986:
975:
649:
580:
542:
540:
424:
394:
31:
1501:ContentFilm International : Balibo
1473:ABC Radio National blogging from Balibo
1326:
1296:"'National Interest' by Aidan Fennessy"
1113:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
1051:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
998:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
952:"We can't forget the lessons of Balibo"
902:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
855:
781:
671:from the original on 27 September 2015.
571:
549:"New search for answers on Balibo Five"
546:
325:2007 inquest into death of Brian Peters
14:
1804:
1792:Category:Australia–Indonesia relations
1463:New focus helps crack Balibo Five film
1022:"AFP launches Balibo war crimes probe"
962:from the original on 12 November 2016.
918:
723:
721:
593:from the original on 21 November 2016.
1682:Australian Embassy bombing in Jakarta
1585:Ambassadors of Indonesia to Australia
1575:Ambassadors of Australia to Indonesia
1514:
1272:
1270:
1117:from the original on 14 October 2016.
1032:from the original on 22 January 2011.
873:from the original on 17 November 2020
581:McDonald, Hamish (17 November 2007).
537:
270:
1753:Exclusive economic zone of Australia
1105:Everingham, Sara (16 October 2015).
1055:from the original on 7 November 2016
1043:Everingham, Sara (21 October 2014).
1002:from the original on 3 November 2012
906:from the original on 25 October 2010
843:from the original on 17 January 2023
685:Scribe Publications, Melbourne, 2001
675:
559:from the original on 13 January 2006
306:, who have frequently spoken in the
241:fighter jets to Indonesia. Musician
1852:20th-century Australian journalists
1837:Assassinated Australian journalists
1827:Indonesian occupation of East Timor
1477:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
1249:
1173:
1143:from the original on 16 March 2016.
1086:from the original on 19 August 2016
1074:Davidson, Helen (21 October 2014).
825:from the original on 28 March 2016.
718:
661:"Balibo five: our secret blacklist"
645:from the original on 12 April 2016.
615:from the original on 31 August 2009
525:Victorian Premier's Literary Awards
501:commissioned Australian playwright
403:
218:East Timor's fight for independence
24:
1717:Australia–Indonesia spying scandal
1402:New spotlight on Balibo killings,
1341:from the original on 7 April 2016.
1267:
989:"Balibo five death hearing begins"
987:Alberici, Emma (5 February 2007).
936:from the original on 3 March 2016.
103:
25:
1873:
1847:Australian people murdered abroad
1381:
1193:from the original on 25 July 2009
1161:from the original on 2 March 2019
799:from the original on 31 July 2016
735:. 16 January 2006. Archived from
706:from the original on 1 April 2016
336:On the first day of the inquest,
211:
46:Indonesian invasion of East Timor
1787:
1786:
1552:
1542:
547:Kennedy, Les (17 October 2005).
499:Black Swan State Theatre Company
281:United Nations Secretary-General
249:with Colin Buckler (of the band
92:After the ruling, newly elected
1345:
1320:
1288:
1257:"MTC Announces Its 2012 Season"
1235:
1205:
1121:
1098:
1067:
1036:
1014:
966:
829:
811:
195:Australian Government Solicitor
1832:Australia–East Timor relations
1580:Embassy of Indonesia, Canberra
751:
627:
597:
13:
1:
1842:Australia–Indonesia relations
1570:Embassy of Australia, Jakarta
1549:Australia–Indonesia relations
1327:Stewart, Paul (27 May 2012).
530:
277:International Press Institute
165:
36:The Australian flag in Balibo
1595:Consuls-General of Australia
1398:BALIBO Official Film Trailer
1157:. Arena Film. 2 March 2007.
7:
1707:West Papuan refugee dispute
513:and Melbourne during 2012.
347:Defence Signals Directorate
206:
94:Prime Minister of Australia
10:
1878:
488:
444:, was produced in 2009 by
433:
1783:
1743:Bali Mandara Eye Hospital
1725:
1672:1999 East Timorese crisis
1639:
1603:
1562:
665:The Sydney Morning Herald
587:The Sydney Morning Herald
553:The Sydney Morning Herald
495:Melbourne Theatre Company
410:The Sydney Morning Herald
372:Australian Federal Police
313:The Sydney Morning Herald
77:Indonesian special forces
1812:1975 crimes in Australia
1456:14 November 2007 at the
497:and Western Australia's
448:, Australia, written by
366:War crimes investigation
329:On 5 February 2007, the
191:National Crime Authority
87:relations with Indonesia
1217:"Balibo's grisly truth"
1139:. News Corp Australia.
456:. The film is based on
429:
414:Australian War Memorial
357:knife when he emerged.
296:Parliament of Australia
153:According to historian
400:
322:
231:
204:
163:
37:
1223:. News Corp Australia
1131:(23 September 2015).
425:Theatrical depictions
398:
318:
222:
200:
159:
35:
1440:9 March 2007 at the
1284:on 16 November 2012.
1213:Overington, Caroline
251:Painters and Dockers
237:against the sale of
173:, 53, an Australian
145:Victorian Government
1822:Mass murder in 1975
1765:Matrix Cable System
1611:Security Agreements
1278:"National Interest"
1243:"Clinton Fernandes"
932:. 15 October 2005.
869:. 1 December 2003.
839:. 16 January 2023.
702:. 3 February 2001.
316:, Xenophon stated:
229:, 17 December 2010.
66:Indonesian military
1817:1975 in East Timor
1677:2002 Bali bombings
1388:Balibo House Trust
1358:The Wheeler Centre
1301:The Wheeler Centre
769:on 20 October 2016
763:BalibĂł House Trust
401:
271:Political advocacy
227:Shirley Shackleton
38:
1799:
1798:
1770:Indonesia Project
1495:978-1-921372-77-3
1337:. Fairfax Media.
1215:(4 August 2009).
958:. Fairfax Media.
667:. Fairfax Media.
635:"The Balibo five"
605:"The Balibo five"
589:. Fairfax Media.
555:. Fairfax Media.
507:National Interest
374:were launching a
308:Australian Senate
279:sent a letter to
155:Clinton Fernandes
128:(now part of the
112:(now part of the
16:(Redirected from
1869:
1790:
1789:
1626:Timor Gap Treaty
1563:Diplomatic posts
1557:
1556:
1547:
1546:
1535:
1528:
1521:
1512:
1511:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1361:. Archived from
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1343:
1342:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1304:. Archived from
1292:
1286:
1285:
1274:
1265:
1264:
1263:on 1 April 2012.
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1247:
1246:
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1209:
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1200:
1198:
1189:. 7 March 2004.
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765:. Archived from
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481:and directed by
452:and directed by
450:David Williamson
419:Malcolm Turnbull
404:40th anniversary
266:
68:on the docks of
58:Portuguese Timor
21:
1877:
1876:
1872:
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1748:Bali Peace Park
1721:
1702:Michelle Leslie
1687:Schapelle Corby
1635:
1599:
1558:
1551:
1541:
1539:
1458:Wayback Machine
1442:Wayback Machine
1408:The 7.30 Report
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1365:on 28 June 2021
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996:The World Today
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739:on 9 March 2007
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694:
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689:
681:Jolliffe, Jill
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42:Balibo Five
1806:Categories
1412:transcript
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1090:27 October
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1334:The Age
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294:In the
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