Wolf - Knowledge

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of six months when they have the same nutritional needs as adults. Wolf packs travel constantly in search of prey, covering roughly 9% of their territory per day, on average 25 km/d (16 mi/d). The core of their territory is on average 35 km (14 sq mi) where they spend 50% of their time. Prey density tends to be much higher on the territory's periphery. Wolves tend to avoid hunting on the fringes of their range to avoid fatal confrontations with neighbouring packs. The smallest territory on record was held by a pack of six wolves in northeastern Minnesota, which occupied an estimated 33 km (13 sq mi), while the largest was held by an Alaskan pack of ten wolves encompassing 6,272 km (2,422 sq mi). Wolf packs are typically settled, and usually leave their accustomed ranges only during severe food shortages. Territorial fights are among the principal causes of wolf mortality, one study concluding that 14–65% of wolf deaths in Minnesota and the

2488: oz) at birth and begin to see after nine to 12 days. The milk canines erupt after one month. Pups first leave the den after three weeks. At one-and-a-half months of age, they are agile enough to flee from danger. Mother wolves do not leave the den for the first few weeks, relying on the fathers to provide food for them and their young. Pups begin to eat solid food at the age of three to four weeks. They have a fast growth rate during their first four months of life: during this period, a pup's weight can increase nearly 30 times. Wolf pups begin play-fighting at the age of three weeks, though unlike young coyotes and foxes, their bites are gentle and controlled. Actual fights to establish hierarchy usually occur at five to eight weeks of age. This is in contrast to young coyotes and foxes, which may begin fighting even before the onset of play behaviour. By autumn, the pups are mature enough to accompany the adults on hunts for large prey. 3373:. Wolves apparently develop the "furious" phase of rabies to a very high degree. This, coupled with their size and strength, makes rabid wolves perhaps the most dangerous of rabid animals. Bites from rabid wolves are 15 times more dangerous than those of rabid dogs. Rabid wolves usually act alone, travelling large distances and often biting large numbers of people and domestic animals. Most rabid wolf attacks occur in the spring and autumn periods. Unlike with predatory attacks, the victims of rabid wolves are not eaten, and the attacks generally occur only on a single day. The victims are chosen at random, though most cases involve adult men. During the fifty years up to 2002, there were eight fatal attacks in Europe and Russia, and more than two hundred in southern Asia. 1303: 2893: 4804:

Alberto; Davy, Tom; Fedorov, Sergey; Fiore, Ivana; Fulton, Deirdre; Germonpré, Mietje; Haile, James; Irving-Pease, Evan K.; Jamieson, Alexandra; Janssens, Luc; Kirillova, Irina; Horwitz, Liora Kolska; Kuzmanovic-Cvetković, Julka; Kuzmin, Yaroslav; Losey, Robert J.; Dizdar, Daria Ložnjak; Mashkour, Marjan; Novak, Mario; Onar, Vedat; Orton, David; Pasaric, Maja; Radivojevic, Miljana; Rajkovic, Dragana; Roberts, Benjamin; Ryan, Hannah; Sablin, Mikhail; Shidlovskiy, Fedor; Stojanovic, Ivana; Tagliacozzo, Antonio; Trantalidou, Katerina; Ullén, Inga; Villaluenga, Aritza; Wapnish, Paula; Dobney, Keith; Götherström, Anders; Linderholm, Anna; Dalén, Love; Pinhasi, Ron; Larson, Greger; Skoglund, Pontus (2020).

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from their natal (birth) packs. A new pack is usually founded by an unrelated dispersing male and female, travelling together in search of an area devoid of other hostile packs. Wolf packs rarely adopt other wolves into their fold and typically kill them. In the rare cases where other wolves are adopted, the adoptee is almost invariably an immature animal of one to three years old, and unlikely to compete for breeding rights with the mated pair. This usually occurs between the months of February and May. Adoptee males may mate with an available pack female and then form their own pack. In some cases, a lone wolf is adopted into a pack to replace a deceased breeder.

883: 844: 1398: 903: 812: 748: 716: 684: 780: 664: 1413:, a sloping back, and a heavily muscled neck. The wolf's legs are moderately longer than those of other canids, which enables the animal to move swiftly, and to overcome the deep snow that covers most of its geographical range in winter. The ears are relatively small and triangular. The wolf's head is large and heavy, with a wide forehead, strong jaws and a long, blunt muzzle. The skull is 230–280 mm (9–11 in) in length and 130–150 mm (5–6 in) in width. The teeth are heavy and large, making them better suited to crushing bone than those of other canids, though they are not as specialized as those found in 2784:, wolf populations have retained much of their historical range despite Soviet-era large scale extermination campaigns. Their numbers range from 1,500 in Georgia, to 20,000 in Kazakhstan and up to 45,000 in Russia. In Russia, the wolf is regarded as a pest because of its attacks on livestock, and wolf management means controlling their numbers by destroying them throughout the year. Russian history over the past century shows that reduced hunting leads to an abundance of wolves. The Russian government has continued to pay bounties for wolves and annual harvests of 20–30% do not appear to significantly affect their numbers. 2428:

badgers or marmots. An appropriated den is often widened and partly remade. On rare occasions, female wolves dig burrows themselves, which are usually small and short with one to three openings. The den is usually constructed not more than 500 m (550 yd) away from a water source. It typically faces southwards where it can be better warmed by sunlight exposure, and the snow can thaw more quickly. Resting places, play areas for the pups, and food remains are commonly found around wolf dens. The odor of urine and rotting food emanating from the denning area often attracts scavenging birds like

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exterminating wolves has been found. Some nations help offset economic losses to wolves through compensation programs or state insurance. Domesticated animals are easy prey for wolves, as they have been bred under constant human protection, and are thus unable to defend themselves very well. Wolves typically resort to attacking livestock when wild prey is depleted. In Eurasia, a large part of the diet of some wolf populations consists of livestock, while such incidents are rare in North America, where healthy populations of wild prey have been largely restored.

2401:, mated pairs usually remaining together for life. Should one of the pair die, another mate is found quickly. With wolves in the wild, inbreeding does not occur where outbreeding is possible. Wolves become mature at the age of two years and sexually mature from the age of three years. The age of first breeding in wolves depends largely on environmental factors: when food is plentiful, or when wolf populations are heavily managed, wolves can rear pups at younger ages to better exploit abundant resources. Females are capable of producing pups every year, one 1621: 3239: 303: 1930: 3292:

ignoring nearby humans. Wolf attacks on dogs may occur both in house yards and in forests. Wolf attacks on hunting dogs are considered a major problem in Scandinavia and Wisconsin. Although the number of dogs killed each year by wolves is relatively low, it induces a fear of wolves entering villages and farmyards to prey on them. In many cultures, dogs are seen as family members, or at least working team members, and losing one can lead to strong emotional responses such as demanding more liberal hunting regulations.

2280: 2531: 1678: 2417: 159: 3094: 1530:. Most of the undercoat and some guard hairs are shed in spring and grow back in autumn. The longest hairs occur on the back, particularly on the front quarters and neck. Especially long hairs grow on the shoulders and almost form a crest on the upper part of the neck. The hairs on the cheeks are elongated and form tufts. The ears are covered in short hairs and project from the fur. Short, elastic and closely adjacent hairs are present on the limbs from the 3357:. Also, wolves with pups experience greater food stresses during this period. The majority of victims of predatory wolf attacks are children under the age of 18 and, in the rare cases where adults are killed, the victims are almost always women. Indian wolves have a history of preying on children, a phenomenon called "child-lifting". They may be taken primarily in the spring and summer periods during the evening hours, and often within human settlements. 117: 3333:, in which wolves gradually lose their fear of humans. The victims are repeatedly bitten on the head and face, and are then dragged off and consumed unless the wolves are driven off. Such attacks typically occur only locally and do not stop until the wolves involved are eliminated. Predatory attacks can occur at any time of the year, with a peak in the June–August period, when the chances of people entering forested areas (for livestock 1641:

tips on the hairs along the back form a broad stripe, with black hair tips on the shoulders, upper chest and rear of the body. The sides of the body, tail, and outer limbs are a pale dirty ochreous colour, while the inner sides of the limbs, belly, and groin are white. Apart from those wolves which are pure white or black, these tones vary little across geographical areas, although the patterns of these colours vary between individuals.

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their territory when hunting, using the same trails for extended periods. Wolves are nocturnal predators. During the winter, a pack will commence hunting in the twilight of early evening and will hunt all night, traveling tens of kilometres. Sometimes hunting large prey occurs during the day. During the summer, wolves generally tend to hunt individually, ambushing their prey and rarely giving pursuit.

1969:). This is more difficult during winter. Wolves in packs usually dominate cougars and can steal their kills or even kill them, while one-to-one encounters tend to be dominated by the cat, who likewise will kill wolves. Wolves more broadly affect cougar population dynamics and distribution by dominating territory and prey opportunities and disrupting the feline's behaviour. Wolf and 3078:" is derived. Some of his other fables concentrate on maintaining the trust between shepherds and guard dogs in their vigilance against wolves, as well as anxieties over the close relationship between wolves and dogs. Although Aesop used wolves to warn, criticize and moralize about human behaviour, his portrayals added to the wolf's image as a deceitful and dangerous animal. The 1988:, usually in disputes over carcasses. Striped hyenas feed extensively on wolf-killed carcasses in areas where the two species interact. One-to-one, hyenas dominate wolves, and may prey on them, but wolf packs can drive off single or outnumbered hyenas. There is at least one case in Israel of a hyena associating and cooperating with a wolf pack. 1538:. The winter fur is highly resistant to the cold. Wolves in northern climates can rest comfortably in open areas at −40 °C (−40 °F) by placing their muzzles between the rear legs and covering their faces with their tail. Wolf fur provides better insulation than dog fur and does not collect ice when warm breath is condensed against it. 3203:. His portrayal of wolves has been praised posthumously by wolf biologists for his depiction of them: rather than being villainous or gluttonous, as was common in wolf portrayals at the time of the book's publication, they are shown as living in amiable family groups and drawing on the experience of infirm but experienced elder pack members. 3275:(North America). The number of animals killed in single attacks varies according to species: most attacks on cattle and horses result in one death, while turkeys, sheep and domestic reindeer may be killed in surplus. Wolves mainly attack livestock when the animals are grazing, though they occasionally break into fenced enclosures. 3296:

behaviours, such as barking, social greeting, invitation to play or aggression. The historical use of shepherd dogs across Eurasia has been effective against wolf predation, especially when confining sheep in the presence of several livestock guardian dogs. Shepherd dogs are sometimes killed by wolves.

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Bergström, Anders; Stanton, David W. G.; Taron, Ulrike H.; Frantz, Laurent; Sinding, Mikkel-Holger S.; Ersmark, Erik; Pfrengle, Saskia; Cassatt-Johnstone, Molly; Lebrasseur, Ophélie; Girdland-Flink, Linus; Fernandes, Daniel M.; Ollivier, Morgane; Speidel, Leo; Gopalakrishnan, Shyam; Westbury, Michael

3491:. Although closely related to domestic dogs, wolves do not show the same tractability as dogs in living alongside humans, being generally less responsive to human commands and more likely to act aggressively. A person is more likely to be fatally mauled by a pet wolf or wolf-dog hybrid than by a dog. 2518:

unaided. The size of a wolf hunting pack is related to the number of pups that survived the previous winter, adult survival, and the rate of dispersing wolves leaving the pack. The optimal pack size for hunting elk is four wolves, and for bison a large pack size is more successful. Wolves move around

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and generally establish territories far larger than they require to survive assuring a steady supply of prey. Territory size depends largely on the amount of prey available and the age of the pack's pups. They tend to increase in size in areas with low prey populations, or when the pups reach the age

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for rabies is eight to 21 days, and results in the host becoming agitated, deserting its pack, and travelling up to 80 km (50 mi) a day, thus increasing the risk of infecting other wolves. Although canine distemper is lethal in dogs, it has not been recorded to kill wolves, except in Canada

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In North America, the wolf's diet is dominated by wild large hoofed mammals (ungulates) and medium-sized mammals. In Asia and Europe, their diet is dominated by wild medium-sized hoofed mammals and domestic species. The wolf depends on wild species, and if these are not readily available, as in Asia,

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Loog, Liisa; Thalmann, Olaf; Sinding, Mikkel-Holger S.; Schuenemann, Verena J.; Perri, Angela; Germonpré, Mietje; Bocherens, Herve; Witt, Kelsey E.; Samaniego Castruita, Jose A.; Velasco, Marcela S.; Lundstrøm, Inge K. C.; Wales, Nathan; Sonet, Gontran; Frantz, Laurent; Schroeder, Hannes (May 2020).

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Wolves kill dogs on occasion, and some wolf populations rely on dogs as an important food source. In Croatia, wolves kill more dogs than sheep, and wolves in Russia appear to limit stray dog populations. Wolves may display unusually bold behaviour when attacking dogs accompanied by people, sometimes

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Livestock depredation has been one of the primary reasons for hunting wolves and can pose a severe problem for wolf conservation. As well as causing economic losses, the threat of wolf predation causes great stress on livestock producers, and no foolproof solution of preventing such attacks short of

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In the Middle East, only Israel and Oman give wolves explicit legal protection. Israel has protected its wolves since 1954 and has maintained a moderately sized population of 150 through effective enforcement of conservation policies. These wolves have moved into neighboring countries. Approximately

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When hunting large gregarious prey, wolves will try to isolate an individual from its group. If successful, a wolf pack can bring down game that will feed it for days, but one error in judgement can lead to serious injury or death. Most large prey have developed defensive adaptations and behaviours.

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point where the pads come in contact with ice and snow. In warm climates, the fur is coarser and scarcer than in northern wolves. Female wolves tend to have smoother furred limbs than males and generally develop the smoothest overall coats as they age. Older wolves generally have more white hairs on

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compared to the wolf is proposed to be due to the coyote retaining more of the mitochondrial genome of this unidentified canid. Similarly, a museum specimen of a wolf from southern China collected in 1963 showed a genome that was 12–14% admixed from this unknown canid. In North America, some coyotes

1172:) is widely accepted. Among the oldest fossils of the modern grey wolf is from Ponte Galeria in Italy, dating to 406,500 ± 2,400 years ago. Remains from Cripple Creek Sump in Alaska may be considerably older, around 1 million years old, though differentiating between the remains of modern wolves and 585:

in their names. Examples include Wulfhere ("Wolf Army"), Cynewulf ("Royal Wolf"), Cēnwulf ("Bold Wolf"), Wulfheard ("Wolf-hard"), Earnwulf ("Eagle Wolf"), Wulfstān ("Wolf Stone") Æðelwulf ("Noble Wolf"), Wolfhroc ("Wolf-Frock"), Wolfhetan ("Wolf Hide"), Scrutolf ("Garb Wolf"), Wolfgang ("Wolf Gait")

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creation myth, the wolf was the first animal brought to Earth. When humans killed it, they were punished with death, destruction and the loss of immortality. For the Pawnee, Sirius is the "wolf star" and its disappearance and reappearance signified the wolf moving to and from the spirit world. Both

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The wolf must give chase and gain on its fleeing prey, slow it down by biting through thick hair and hide, and then disable it enough to begin feeding. Wolves may wound large prey and then lie around resting for hours before killing it when it is weaker due to blood loss, thereby lessening the risk

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are much rarer because of differences in habitat preferences. Wolves have been recorded on numerous occasions actively seeking out American black bears in their dens and killing them without eating them. Unlike brown bears, American black bears frequently lose against wolves in disputes over kills.

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Wolves typically dominate other canid species in areas where they both occur. In North America, incidents of wolves killing coyotes are common, particularly in winter, when coyotes feed on wolf kills. Wolves may attack coyote den sites, digging out and killing their pups, though rarely eating them.

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ochreous (orange/red/brown) colours with light gray. The muzzle is pale ochreous gray, and the area of the lips, cheeks, chin, and throat is white. The top of the head, forehead, under and between the eyes, and between the eyes and ears is gray with a reddish film. The neck is ochreous. Long, black

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showed admixture with Middle Eastern gray wolves and dogs. There is evidence of gene flow between golden jackals and Middle Eastern wolves, less so with European and Asian wolves, and least with North American wolves. This indicates the golden jackal ancestry found in North American wolves may have

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Gopalakrishnan, Shyam; Sinding, Mikkel-Holger S.; Ramos-Madrigal, Jazmín; Niemann, Jonas; Samaniego Castruita, Jose A.; Vieira, Filipe G.; Carøe, Christian; Montero, Marc de Manuel; Kuderna, Lukas; Serres, Aitor; González-Basallote, Víctor Manuel; Liu, Yan-Hu; Wang, Guo-Dong; Marques-Bonet, Tomas;

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The fear of wolves has been pervasive in many societies, though humans are not part of the wolf's natural prey. How wolves react to humans depends largely on their prior experience with people: wolves lacking any negative experience of humans, or which are food-conditioned, may show little fear of

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Dogs that are employed to guard sheep help to mitigate human–wolf conflicts, and are often proposed as one of the non-lethal tools in the conservation of wolves. Shepherd dogs are not particularly aggressive, but they can disrupt potential wolf predation by displaying what is to the wolf ambiguous

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carnivores did not mention any research on competition between dogs and wolves. Competition would favour the wolf, which is known to kill dogs; however, wolves usually live in pairs or in small packs in areas with high human persecution, giving them a disadvantage when facing large groups of dogs.

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by 1770, in Central Europe by 1899, in France by the 1930s, and in much of Scandinavia by the early 1970s. They continued to survive in parts of Finland, Eastern Europe and Southern Europe. Since 1980, European wolves have rebounded and expanded into parts of their former range. The decline of the

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The global wild wolf population in 2003 was estimated at 300,000. Wolf population declines have been arrested since the 1970s. This has fostered recolonization and reintroduction in parts of its former range as a result of legal protection, changes in land use, and rural human population shifts to

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to assemble the pack usually before and after hunts, to pass on an alarm particularly at a den site, to locate each other during a storm, while crossing unfamiliar territory, and to communicate across great distances. Wolf howls can under certain conditions be heard over areas of up to 130 km

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and competition within the pack for food. The distance travelled by dispersing wolves varies widely; some stay in the vicinity of the parental group, while other individuals may travel great distances of upwards of 206 km (128 mi), 390 km (240 mi), and 670 km (420 mi)

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accompanied by their offspring. The average pack size in North America is eight wolves and 5.5 in Europe. The average pack across Eurasia consists of a family of eight wolves (two adults, juveniles, and yearlings), or sometimes two or three such families, with examples of exceptionally large packs

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were among the most frequently consumed prey of North American wolves. Wolves can digest their meal in a few hours and can feed several times in one day, making quick use of large quantities of meat. A well-fed wolf stores fat under the skin, around the heart, intestines, kidneys, and bone marrow,

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25 kg (55 lb). Females in any given wolf population typically weigh 2.3–4.5 kg (5–10 lb) less than males. Wolves weighing over 54 kg (119 lb) are uncommon, though exceptionally large individuals have been recorded in Alaska and Canada. In central Russia, exceptionally

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Sinding, Mikkel-Holger S.; Gopalakrishan, Shyam; Vieira, Filipe G.; Samaniego Castruita, Jose A.; Raundrup, Katrine; Heide Jørgensen, Mads Peter; Meldgaard, Morten; Petersen, Bent; Sicheritz-Ponten, Thomas; Mikkelsen, Johan Brus; Marquard-Petersen, Ulf; Dietz, Rune; Sonne, Christian; Dalén, Love;

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Koepfli, Klaus-Peter; Pollinger, John; Godinho, Raquel; Robinson, Jacqueline; Lea, Amanda; Hendricks, Sarah; Schweizer, Rena M.; Thalmann, Olaf; Silva, Pedro; Fan, Zhenxin; Yurchenko, Andrey A.; Dobrynin, Pavel; Makunin, Alexey; Cahill, James A.; Shapiro, Beth; Álvares, Francisco; Brito, José C.;

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relied on coyotes to accompany him and warn him of danger. Though they fed from his kills, he never allowed them to approach him. Interactions have been observed in Eurasia between wolves and golden jackals, the latter's numbers being comparatively small in areas with high wolf densities. Wolves

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states of Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan where wolves number over 4,000 as of 2018. Wolves also occupy much of the northern Rocky Mountains region and the northwest, with a total population over 3,000 as of the 2020s. In Mexico and parts of the southwestern United States, the Mexican and U.S.

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Once prey is brought down, wolves begin to feed excitedly, ripping and tugging at the carcass in all directions, and bolting down large chunks of it. The breeding pair typically monopolizes food to continue producing pups. When food is scarce, this is done at the expense of other family members,

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and anal gland scents. This is more effective at advertising territory than howling and is often used in combination with scratch marks. Wolves increase their rate of scent marking when they encounter the marks of wolves from other packs. Lone wolves will rarely mark, but newly bonded pairs will

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Bergström, Anders; Frantz, Laurent; Schmidt, Ryan; Ersmark, Erik; Lebrasseur, Ophelie; Girdland-Flink, Linus; Lin, Audrey T.; Storå, Jan; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Anthony, David; Antipina, Ekaterina; Amiri, Sarieh; Bar-Oz, Guy; Bazaliiskii, Vladimir I.; Bulatović, Jelena; Brown, Dorcas; Carmagnini,

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lasts 62–75 days with pups usually being born in the spring months or early summer in very cold places such as on the tundra. Young females give birth to four to five young, and older females from six to eight young and up to 14. Their mortality rate is 60–80%. Newborn wolf pups look similar to

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Dens are usually constructed for pups during the summer period. When building dens, females make use of natural shelters like fissures in rocks, cliffs overhanging riverbanks and holes thickly covered by vegetation. Sometimes, the den is the appropriated burrow of smaller animals such as foxes,

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Miquelle, D. G.; Stephens, P. A.; Smirnov, E. N.; Goodrich, J. M.; Zaumyslova, O. J.; Myslenkov, A. E. (2005). "Tigers and Wolves in the Russian Far East: Competitive Exclusion, Functional Redundancy and Conservation Implications". In Ray, J. C.; Berger, J.; Redford, K. H.; Steneck, R. (eds.).

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Fan, Zhenxin; Silva, Pedro; Gronau, Ilan; Wang, Shuoguo; Armero, Aitor Serres; Schweizer, Rena M.; Ramirez, Oscar; Pollinger, John; Galaverni, Marco; Ortega Del-Vecchyo, Diego; Du, Lianming; Zhang, Wenping; Zhang, Zhihe; Xing, Jinchuan; Vilà, Carles; Marques-Bonet, Tomas; Godinho, Raquel; Yue,

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scent mark the most. These marks are generally left every 240 m (260 yd) throughout the territory on regular travelways and junctions. Such markers can last for two to three weeks, and are typically placed near rocks, boulders, trees, or the skeletons of large animals. Raised leg

2170:). Most fluke species reside in the wolf's intestines. Tapeworms are commonly found in wolves, which they get though their prey, and generally cause little harm in wolves, though this depends on the number and size of the parasites, and the sensitivity of the host. Symptoms often include 1497:. The mean body mass of the wolf is 40 kg (88 lb), the smallest specimen recorded at 12 kg (26 lb) and the largest at 79.4 kg (175 lb). On average, European wolves weigh 38.5 kg (85 lb), North American wolves 36 kg (79 lb), and Indian and 1896:. In Eurasian areas with dense human activity, many wolf populations are forced to subsist largely on livestock and garbage. As prey in North America continue to occupy suitable habitats with low human density, North American wolves eat livestock and garbage only in dire circumstances. 1511: 1940:

typically dominate wolf packs in disputes over carcasses, while wolf packs mostly prevail against bears when defending their den sites. Both species kill each other's young. Wolves eat the brown bears they kill, while brown bears seem to eat only young wolves. Wolf interactions with

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Cases of rabid wolves are low when compared to other species, as wolves do not serve as primary reservoirs of the disease, but can be infected by animals such as dogs, jackals and foxes. Incidents of rabies in wolves are very rare in North America, though numerous in the eastern

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Iacolina, Laura; Scandura, Massimo; Gazzola, Andrea; Cappai, Nadia; Capitani, Claudia; Mattioli, Luca; Vercillo, Francesca; Apollonio, Marco (2010). "Y-chromosome microsatellite variation in Italian wolves: A contribution to the study of wolf-dog hybridization patterns".

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and taught in several schools decades after its publication. Although credited with having changed popular perceptions on wolves by portraying them as loving, cooperative and noble, it has been criticized for its idealization of wolves and its factual inaccuracies.

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Mirarab, Siavash; Fernandes, Carlos; Gaubert, Philippe; Koepfli, Klaus-Peter; Budd, Jane; Rueness, Eli Knispel; Heide-Jørgensen, Mads Peter; Petersen, Bent; Sicheritz-Ponten, Thomas; Bachmann, Lutz; Wiig, Øystein; Hansen, Anders J.; Gilbert, M. Thomas P. (2018).

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and whines. Wolves do not bark as loudly or continuously as dogs do in confrontations, rather barking a few times and then retreating from a perceived danger. Aggressive or self-assertive wolves are characterized by their slow and deliberate movements, high body

1210:. This suggests they either often processed carcasses, or that they competed with other carnivores and needed to consume their prey quickly. The frequency and location of tooth fractures in these wolves indicates they were habitual bone crackers like the modern 2969:

and guards the heavenly gate. In China, the wolf was traditionally associated with greed and cruelty and wolf epithets were used to describe negative behaviours such as cruelty ("wolf's heart"), mistrust ("wolf's look") and lechery ("wolf-sex"). In both

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and large falcons, though this practice is declining, as experienced falconers are becoming few in number. Shooting wolves from aircraft is highly effective, due to increased visibility and direct lines of fire. Several types of dog, including the

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have a flat chewing surface, but not to the same extent as the coyote, whose diet contains more vegetable matter. Females tend to have narrower muzzles and foreheads, thinner necks, slightly shorter legs, and less massive shoulders than males.

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in North America acquired their colour from wolf-dog admixture after the first arrival of dogs across the Bering Strait 12,000 to 14,000 years ago. Research into the inheritance of white colour from dogs into wolves has yet to be undertaken.

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of Alberta and British Columbia, the coat colour is predominantly black, some being blue-gray and some with silver and black. Differences in coat colour between sexes is absent in Eurasia; females tend to have redder tones in North America.

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people can hunt wolves without restrictions, but others must acquire licenses for the hunting and trapping seasons. As many as 4,000 wolves may be harvested in Canada each year. The wolf is a protected species in national parks under the

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was discovered through mitochondrial DNA analysis of jackals living in the Caucasus Mountains and in Bulgaria. In 2021, a genetic study found that the dog's similarity to the extant gray wolf was the result of substantial dog-into-wolf

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Anderson, T. M.; Vonholdt, B. M.; Candille, S. I.; Musiani, M.; Greco, C.; Stahler, D. R.; Smith, D. W.; Padhukasahasram, B.; Randi, E.; Leonard, J. A.; Bustamante, C. D.; Ostrander, E. A.; Tang, H.; Wayne, R. K.; Barsh, G. S. (2009).

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Wolves occur across Eurasia and North America. However, deliberate human persecution because of livestock predation and fear of attacks on humans has reduced the wolf's range to about one-third of its historic range; the wolf is now

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poles carrying a human scent. This method relies heavily on the wolf's fear of human scents, though it can lose its effectiveness when wolves become accustomed to the odor. Some hunters can lure wolves by imitating their calls. In

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and Chinese indigenous breeds are basal members of the domestic dog clade. The divergence time for wolves in Europe, the Middle East, and Asia is estimated to be fairly recent at around 1,600 years ago. Among New World wolves, the

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said wolves are difficult to hunt because of their elusiveness, sharp senses, high endurance, and ability to quickly incapacitate and kill hunting dogs. Historic methods included killing of spring-born litters in their dens,

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Cycle, where he stands for the low nobility, whilst his adversary, Reynard the fox, represents the peasant hero. Isengrim is forever the victim of Reynard's wit and cruelty, often dying at the end of each story. The tale of

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Newsome, Thomas M.; Boitani, Luigi; Chapron, Guillaume; Ciucci, Paolo; Dickman, Christopher R.; Dellinger, Justin A.; López-Bao, José V.; Peterson, Rolf O.; Shores, Carolyn R.; Wirsing, Aaron J.; Ripple, William J. (2016).

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governments collaborated from 1977 to 1980 in capturing all Mexican wolves remaining in the wild to prevent their extinction and established captive breeding programs for reintroduction. As of 2024, the reintroduced

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the tip of the tail, along the nose, and on the forehead. Winter fur is retained longest by lactating females, although with some hair loss around their teats. Hair length on the middle of the back is 60–70 mm (

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The majority of losses occur during the summer grazing period, untended livestock in remote pastures being the most vulnerable to wolf predation. The most frequently targeted livestock species are sheep (Europe),

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Hennelly, Lauren M.; Habib, Bilal; Modi, Shrushti; Rueness, Eli K.; Gaubert, Philippe; Sacks, Benjamin N. (2021). "Ancient divergence of Indian and Tibetan wolves revealed by recombination-aware phylogenomics".

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levels in wolves rise significantly when a pack member dies, indicating the presence of stress. During times of prey abundance caused by calving or migration, different wolf packs may join together temporarily.

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Espuno, Nathalie; Lequette, Benoit; Poulle, Marie-Lazarine; Migot, Pierre; Lebreton, Jean-Dominique (2004). "Heterogeneous response to preventive sheep husbandry during wolf recolonization of the French Alps".

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as of 2007. In a study of wolf conservation in Sweden, it was found that there was little opposition between the policies of the European Union and those of the Swedish officials implementing domestic policy.

2093:. Although lyme disease can debilitate individual wolves, it does not appear to significantly affect wolf populations. Leptospirosis can be contracted through contact with infected prey or urine, and can cause 2622: 2729: 2681:. In Alaska, 7,000–11,000 wolves are found on 85% of the state's 1,517,733 km (586,000 sq mi) area. Wolves may be hunted or trapped with a license; around 1,200 wolves are harvested annually. 2336:

Wolves communicate using vocalizations, body postures, scent, touch, and taste. The phases of the moon have no effect on wolf vocalization, and despite popular belief, wolves do not howl at the Moon. Wolves

2601:

cities. Competition with humans for livestock and game species, concerns over the danger posed by wolves to people, and habitat fragmentation pose a continued threat to the wolf. Despite these threats, the

1869:. They also eat grass, which may provide some vitamins, but is most likely used mainly to induce vomiting to rid themselves of intestinal parasites or long guard hairs. They are known to eat the berries of 1541:

In cold climates, the wolf can reduce the flow of blood near its skin to conserve body heat. The warmth of the foot pads is regulated independently from the rest of the body and is maintained at just above

8497: 2760:

traditional pastoral and rural economies seems to have ended the need to exterminate the wolf in parts of Europe. As of 2016, estimates of wolf numbers include: 4,000 in the Balkans, 3,460–3,849 in the

2688:, wolf declines were caused by the expansion of agriculture, the decimation of the wolf's main prey species like the American bison, and extermination campaigns. Wolves were given protection under the 1437:

Adult wolves measure 105–160 cm (41–63 in) in length and 80–85 cm (31–33 in) at shoulder height. The tail measures 29–50 cm (11–20 in) in length, the ears 90–110 mm (

2228:. Its populations consist of packs and lone wolves, most lone wolves being temporarily alone while they disperse from packs to form their own or join another one. The wolf's basic social unit is the 8391:

Vanak, A. T.; Dickman, C. R.; Silva-Rodriguez, E. A.; Butler, J. R. A.; Ritchie, E. G. (2014). "Top-dogs and under-dogs: competition between dogs and sympatric carnivores". In Gompper, M. E. (ed.).

5232:

Gipson, Philip S.; Bangs, Edward E.; Bailey, Theodore N.; Boyd, Diane K.; Cluff, H. Dean; Smith, Douglas W.; Jiminez, Michael D. (2002). "Color Patterns among Wolves in Western North America".

1909:

There are no records of coyotes killing wolves, though coyotes may chase wolves if they outnumber them. According to a press release by the U.S. Department of Agriculture in 1921, the infamous

1409:, and is further distinguished from coyotes and jackals by a broader snout, shorter ears, a shorter torso and a longer tail. It is slender and powerfully built, with a large, deeply descending 499:

on humans are rare because wolves are relatively few, live away from people, and have developed a fear of humans because of their experiences with hunters, farmers, ranchers, and shepherds.

2298: 1706:

and Japan. In modern times, the wolf occurs mostly in wilderness and remote areas. The wolf can be found between sea level and 3,000 m (9,800 ft). Wolves live in forests, inland

8651: 2803:. The wolf also appears to be widespread in Iran. Turkey has an estimated population of about 7,000 wolves. Outside of Turkey, wolf populations in the Middle East may total 1,000–2,000. 1765:

that can be divided into large size 240–650 kg (530–1,430 lb) and medium size 23–130 kg (51–287 lb), and have a body mass similar to that of the combined mass of the

7685:"Identifying suitable habitat and corridors for Indian Grey Wolf (Canis lupus pallipes) in Chotta Nagpur Plateau and Lower Gangetic Planes: A species with differential management needs" 2858:

has 2,000. 2017 evidence suggests that wolves range across all of mainland China. Wolves have been historically persecuted in China but have been legally protected since 1998. The last

2527:, geese, and hares, there is no risk to the wolf. Although people often believe wolves can easily overcome any of their prey, their success rate in hunting hoofed prey is usually low. 2316: 1965:

along portions of the Rocky Mountains and adjacent mountain ranges. Wolves and cougars typically avoid encountering each other by hunting at different elevations for different prey (

7606: 2448:. During pregnancy, female wolves remain in a den located away from the peripheral zone of their territories, where violent encounters with other packs are less likely to occur. 2523:

Wolves have been killed while attempting to bring down bison, elk, moose, muskoxen, and even by one of their smallest hoofed prey, the white-tailed deer. With smaller prey like

2510:

Single wolves or mated pairs typically have higher success rates in hunting than do large packs; single wolves have occasionally been observed to kill large prey such as moose,

2296: 2314: 7389: 1240:

from them 200,000 years ago. Other wolves appear to share most of their common ancestry much more recently, within the last 23,000 years (around the peak and the end of the

8134:"Territoriality and interpack aggression in wolves: Shaping a social carnivore's life history. Rudyard Kipling's Law of the Jungle Meets Yellowstone's Law of the Mountains" 4639:

Wang, Guo-Dong; Zhang, Ming; Wang, Xuan; Yang, Melinda A.; Cao, Peng; Liu, Feng; Lu, Heng; Feng, Xiaotian; Skoglund, Pontus; Wang, Lu; Fu, Qiaomei; Zhang, Ya-Ping (2019).

1632:

A wolf's coat colour is determined by its guard hairs. Wolves usually have some hairs that are white, brown, gray and black. The coat of the Eurasian wolf is a mixture of

1726:, deserts, and rocky peaks on mountains. Habitat use by wolves depends on the abundance of prey, snow conditions, livestock densities, road densities, human presence and 8330: 6292:

Dinets, Vladimir; Eligulashvili, Beniamin (2016). "Striped Hyaenas (Hyaena hyaena) in Grey Wolf (Canis lupus) packs: Cooperation, commensalism or singular aberration?".

7555: 4735:

Kopaliani, N.; Shakarashvili, M.; Gurielidze, Z.; Qurkhuli, T.; Tarkhnishvili, D. (2014). "Gene Flow between Wolf and Shepherd Dog Populations in Georgia (Caucasus)".

6650: 3937:; Kitchener, Andrew C.; Koepfli, Klaus-Peter; Krofel, Miha; Moehlman, Patricia D.; Senn, Helen; Sillero-Zubiri, Claudio; Viranta, Suvi; Werhahn, Geraldine (2019). 2846:. As of 2019, it is estimated that there are around 2,000–3,000 Indian wolves in the country. In East Asia, Mongolia's population numbers 10,000–20,000. In China, 1336:, and gray wolves. The African wolf is a descendant of a genetically admixed canid of 72% wolf and 28% Ethiopian wolf ancestry. One African wolf from the Egyptian 2297: 491:

societies. Although the fear of wolves exists in many human societies, the majority of recorded attacks on people have been attributed to animals suffering from

3397: 1773:. The variation in diet between wolves living on different continents is based on the variety of hoofed mammals and of available smaller and domesticated prey. 8776: 8243:

Creel, S.; Fox, J. E.; Hardy, A.; Sands, J.; Garrott, B.; Peterson, R. O. (2002). "Snowmobile activity and glucocorticoid stress responses in wolves and elk".

3981:

Iurino, Dawid A.; Mecozzi, Beniamino; Iannucci, Alessio; Moscarella, Alfio; Strani, Flavia; Bona, Fabio; Gaeta, Mario; Sardella, Raffaele (February 25, 2022).

2315: 540: 3326:

people. Although wolves may react aggressively when provoked, such attacks are mostly limited to quick bites on extremities, and the attacks are not pressed.

1849:

in a single sitting. Wolves in some areas may consume fish and even marine life. Wolves also consume some plant material. In Europe, they eat apples, pears,

3132:

is portrayed as a villain capable of imitating human speech and disguising itself with human clothing. The character has been interpreted as an allegorical

15907: 6273:

Nayak, S.; Shah, S.; Borah, J. (2015). "Going for the kill: an observation of wolf-hyaena interaction in Kailadevi Wildlife Sanctuary, Rajasthan, India".

2186:. Wolves can carry over 30 roundworm species, though most roundworm infections appear benign, depending on the number of worms and the age of the host. 7254: 2697: 1202:. It is proposed that these features were specialized adaptations for the processing of carcass and bone associated with the hunting and scavenging of 993:. Linnaeus considered the dog to be a separate species from the wolf because of its "cauda recurvata" (upturning tail) which is not found in any other 8726: 5587: 383:

species by its less pointed ears and muzzle, as well as a shorter torso and a longer tail. The wolf is nonetheless related closely enough to smaller

4046:

Tedford, Richard H.; Wang, Xiaoming; Taylor, Beryl E. (2009). "Phylogenetic Systematics of the North American Fossil Caninae (Carnivora: Canidae)".

3731:

Geffen, Eli; Leonard, Jennifer A.; Helgen, Kristofer M.; Johnson, Warren E.; o'Brien, Stephen J.; Van Valkenburgh, Blaire; Wayne, Robert K. (2015).

7515: 6904: 2693: 2672:

In Canada, 50,000–60,000 wolves live in 80% of their historical range, making Canada an important stronghold for the species. Under Canadian law,

15667: 7414: 14247: 9063: 8632: 8491:"Wolf attacks on dogs in Scandinavia 1995–2005—Will wolves in Scandinavia go extinct if dog owners are allowed to kill a wolf attacking a dog?" 2602: 476: 5910: 1648:, wolves in the Canadian arctic being white and those in southern Canada, the U.S., and Mexico being predominantly gray. In some areas of the 399:

with them. The wolf's fur is usually mottled white, brown, gray, and black, although subspecies in the arctic region may be nearly all white.

15758: 15706: 14318: 3644:

Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I

3507:

Populations of Bhutan, India, Nepal, and Pakistan are included in Appendix I. Excludes domesticated form and dingo, which are referenced as

1900:

is not uncommon in wolves during harsh winters, when packs often attack weak or injured wolves and may eat the bodies of dead pack members.

15887: 5009:

Therrien, F. O. (2005). "Mandibular force profiles of extant carnivorans and implications for the feeding behaviour of extinct predators".

3090:

is said to have used wolves as illustrations of the dangers his followers, whom he represents as sheep, would face should they follow him.

7602: 7225: 6188: 6251: 5683:

Barton, Brandon T.; Hill, JoVonn G.; Wolff, Carter L.; Newsome, Thomas M.; Ripple, William J.; Lashley, Marcus A. (September 18, 2019).

2881: 7194: 2371:

is considered to be one of the most important forms of scent communication in the wolf, making up 60–80% of all scent marks observed.

1769:

members. The wolf specializes in preying on the vulnerable individuals of large prey, with a pack of 15 able to bring down an adult

15628: 14921: 7460:

The wolf in Eurasia—a regional approach to the conservation and management of a top-predator in Central Asia and the South Caucasus

2595: 7385: 7356: 3939:"Old World Canis spp. with taxonomic ambiguity: Workshop conclusions and recommendations. CIBIO. Vairão, Portugal, 28–30 May 2019" 15680: 8722:

Hunting the grisly and other sketches; an account of the big game of the United States and its chase with horse, hound, and rifle

5943: 1206:. Compared with modern wolves, some Pleistocene wolves showed an increase in tooth breakage similar to that seen in the extinct 7640:

Yadvendradev, V. Jhala; Giles, Robert H. Jr. (991). "The Status and Conservation of the Wolf in Gujarat and Rajasthan, India".

5583:"Dietary reconstruction and evidence of prey shifting in Pleistocene and recent gray wolves (Canis lupus) from Yukon Territory" 8207: 6942:

Thurber, J. M.; Peterson, R. O. (1993). "Effects of Population Density and Pack Size on the Foraging Ecology of Gray Wolves".

4096:

Thalmann, Olaf; Perri, Angela R. (2018). "Paleogenomic Inferences of Dog Domestication". In Lindqvist, C.; Rajora, O. (eds.).

15794: 15724: 9013: 8992: 8967: 8942: 8917: 8892: 8871: 8850: 8831: 8645: 7106: 6245: 5483: 5172: 5142: 4113: 3858: 15685: 7551: 2625:(CITES), meaning international trade in the species (including parts and derivatives) is regulated. However, populations of 1961:, which may feed on smaller prey where wolves are present and may be suppressed by large wolf populations. Wolves encounter 15932: 5581:

Landry, Zoe; Kim, Sora; Trayler, Robin B.; Gilbert, Marisa; Zazula, Grant; Southon, John; Fraser, Danielle (June 1, 2021).

4891: 6541:

Jędrzejewski, W. O.; Schmidt, K.; Theuerkauf, J. R.; Jędrzejewska, B. A.; Kowalczyk, R. (2007). "Territory size of wolves

1950:, and will chase off those that attempt to scavenge from their kills. Wolverines escape from wolves in caves or up trees. 369:, though gray wolves, as popularly understood, only comprise naturally-occurring wild subspecies. The wolf is the largest 15942: 9417: 5766: 6606: 3457: 15917: 15579: 9056: 9017: 8400: 7972: 6914: 5828: 5799: 3478: 3143: 2662: 1380:, are first generation hybrids. Although mating between golden jackals and wolves has never been observed, evidence of 15902: 15851: 10787: 8568: 6685: 6510: 6182: 6046: 5080: 2724:

Europe, excluding Russia, Belarus and Ukraine, has 17,000 wolves in more than 28 countries. In many countries of the

2259: 2245:

Offspring typically stay in the pack for 10–54 months before dispersing. Triggers for dispersal include the onset of

1997: 1190:. Many Late Pleistocene wolf populations had more robust skulls and teeth than modern wolves, often with a shortened 410: 15597: 8787: 8184: 4772:"Unregulated hunting and genetic recovery from a severe population decline: The cautionary case of Bulgarian wolves" 3840: 1220:

studies suggest modern wolves and dogs descend from a common ancestral wolf population. A 2021 study found that the

15922: 15641: 8496:. Examensarbete, Institutionen för ekologi, Grimsö forskningsstation. Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet. Archived from 4182:"Ancient Wolf Genome Reveals an Early Divergence of Domestic Dog Ancestors and Admixture into High-Latitude Breeds" 2586:

are eaten once they are exposed, followed by the muscles. A wolf can eat 15–19% of its body weight in one sitting.

5722:

Gable, T. D.; Windels, S. K.; Homkes, A. T. (2018). "Do wolves hunt freshwater fish in spring as a food source?".

4129:

Freedman, Adam H.; Gronau, Ilan; Schweizer, Rena M.; Ortega-Del Vecchyo, Diego; Han, Eunjung; et al. (2014).

15763: 15610: 11131: 7416:

Status, management and distribution of large carnivores—bear, lynx, wolf & wolverine—in Europe December 2012.

3983:"A Middle Pleistocene wolf from central Italy provides insights on the first occurrence of Canis lupus in Europe" 2692:(ESA) of 1973, and have since returned to parts of their former range thanks to both natural recolonizations and 2497: 959: 417: 273: 8598: 8540: 8523: 1702:(locally extinct) from much of its range in Western Europe, the United States and Mexico, and completely in the 1263:

A 2016 genomic study suggests that Old World and New World wolves split around 12,500 years ago followed by the

1107:/Species Survival Commission's Canid Specialist Group considered the New Guinea singing dog and the dingo to be 460:, and garbage. Single wolves or mated pairs typically have higher success rates in hunting than do large packs. 7340: 3820: 2460:

pups. They are born blind and deaf and are covered in short soft grayish-brown fur. They weigh 300–500 g (

3440:

A popular method of wolf hunting in Russia involves trapping a pack within a small area by encircling it with

2918:

The wolf is a common motif in the mythologies and cosmologies of peoples throughout its historical range. The

15864: 15745: 15415: 13349: 9049: 8934: 4770:

Moura, A. E.; Tsingarska, E.; Dąbrowski, M. J.; Czarnomska, S. D.; Jędrzejewska, B. A.; Pilot, M. G. (2013).

3934: 3070:, playing on the concerns of Ancient Greece's settled, sheep-herding world. His most famous is the fable of " 2748:

IV). There is extensive legal protection in many European countries, although there are national exceptions.

8431:

Lescureux, Nicolas; Linnell, John D. C. (2014). "Warring brothers: The complex interactions between wolves (

7247: 1493: in). The size and weight of the modern wolf increases proportionally with latitude in accordance with 1302: 15947: 14914: 9289: 2410: 44: 8720: 2562:

especially non-pups. Wolves typically commence feeding by gorging on the larger internal organs, like the

2208: 1372:

originated from dog ancestry, which indicates female wolves will breed with male dogs in the wild. In the

947:

Cladogram and divergence of the gray wolf (including the domestic dog) among its closest extant relatives

15719: 15517: 13340: 10543: 8984: 8959: 7522: 5868:

Klein, D. R. (1995). "The introduction, increase, and demise of wolves on Coronation Island, Alaska". In

5158: 3786: 3663: 3337:

or berry and mushroom picking) increase. Cases of non-rabid wolf attacks in winter have been recorded in

2701: 2029: 1019: 444:

on the onset of sexual maturity and in response to competition for food within the pack. Wolves are also

15522: 3128:, is considered to have further contributed to the wolf's negative reputation in the Western world. The 3074:", which is directed at those who knowingly raise false alarms, and from which the idiomatic phrase "to 1271:

may have been the ancestor of the dog, with the dog's similarity to the extant wolf being the result of

479:(IUCN). Wolves have a long history of interactions with humans, having been despised and hunted in most 15897: 14805: 14461: 9307: 9271: 6074:

Jimenez, Michael D.; Asher, Valpa J.; Bergman, Carita; Bangs, Edward E.; Woodruff, Susannah P. (2008).

3167: 2939: 2903: 1817:

Nonetheless, wolves are not fussy eaters. Smaller-sized animals that may supplement their diet include

1267:

of the lineage that led to dogs from other Old World wolves around 11,100–12,300 years ago. An extinct

1133: 31: 15499: 12827: 15773: 15620: 15375: 11666: 9076: 4411:"Ancient DNA suggests modern wolves trace their origin to a Late Pleistocene expansion from Beringia" 2678: 2007: 1625: 1065: 1006: 355: 289: 17: 7444: 5437:

Sorkin, Boris (2008). "A biomechanical constraint on body mass in terrestrial mammalian predators".

15912: 15892: 14724: 14619: 13358: 11648: 11376: 11343: 11319: 11140: 10392: 5903: 5684: 3938: 3586: 3058: 3022: 3017:

The concept of people turning into wolves, and the inverse, has been present in many cultures. One

2685: 1425: 533: 96: 15737: 7441:

The Wolf Dilemma: Following the Practices of Several Actors in Swedish Large Carnivore Management.

3933:

Alvares, Francisco; Bogdanowicz, Wieslaw; Campbell, Liz A.D.; Godinho, Rachel; Hatlauf, Jennifer;

2359:, while submissive ones carry their bodies low, flatten their fur, and lower their ears and tail. 158: 15410: 15380: 14907: 14386: 13367: 13098: 12791: 12726: 12108: 11684: 11157: 10679: 9410: 8823: 6408:

Molnar, B.; Fattebert, J.; Palme, R.; Ciucci, P.; Betschart, B.; Smith, D. W.; Diehl, P. (2015).

5582: 2855: 2752: 2673: 1191: 523: 7332: 882: 843: 15825: 15672: 15434: 15302: 15275: 14610: 14362: 14175: 14051: 13663: 13645: 13473: 13167: 13158: 12800: 11538: 10330: 8863:

Mammals of the Soviet Union Vol. II Part 1a, Sirenia and Carnivora (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears)

3848: 3386: 3121: 3098: 3071: 2738:

Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora

2689: 1377: 1049: 902: 811: 471:

The global wild wolf population was estimated to be 300,000 in 2003 and is considered to be of

7357:"Mexican Wolf Population Grows for Eighth Consecutive Year | U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service" 7217: 6673: 6502: 6496: 6492: 6172: 5789: 5130: 2892: 747: 715: 683: 448:, and fights over territory are among the principal causes of mortality. The wolf is mainly a 15820: 15472: 15180: 15087: 14999: 14787: 14042: 14024: 14015: 14006: 13491: 13482: 12854: 11624: 11615: 11606: 11555: 11493: 11475: 11466: 11403: 11352: 11190: 11181: 9618: 9361: 9262: 7279: 6235: 6038: 6032: 5816: 5473: 5162: 3214: 3138: 2050: 1882: 1430: 1253: 1233: 1203: 1127: 964: 779: 663: 472: 253: 35: 15812: 12809: 12705: 8132:

Cassidy, K; Smith, D. W.; Mech, L. D.; MacNulty, D. R.; Stahler, D. R.; Metz, M. C. (2006).

3812: 3806: 3802: 3733:"Genome-wide Evidence Reveals that African and Eurasian Golden Jackals Are Distinct Species" 3146:". The hunting of wolves, and their attacks on humans and livestock, feature prominently in 3045:

would turn into wolves by donning wolf skins and would kill people and raid graveyards. The

483:

communities because of their attacks on livestock, while conversely being respected in some

15846: 15553: 15481: 15072: 14930: 14628: 14529: 14488: 14202: 13713: 13441: 12767: 11832: 11582: 11573: 11529: 11484: 11107: 10613: 10348: 10174: 9325: 8448: 8252: 7696: 7649: 7186: 6770: 6618: 6554: 6421: 5731: 5596: 5446: 5309: 4706: 4652: 4540: 4422: 4353: 4294: 4193: 3994: 3744: 3639: 3309: 2761: 2390: 2352: 1747: 1241: 15698: 2613:

due to its relatively widespread range and stable population. The species is listed under

1510: 1397: 1138: 8: 15927: 15355: 14868: 14814: 14586: 14033: 13919: 13901: 13746: 13595: 13500: 12750: 12696: 12445: 12187: 12178: 11442: 10715: 10697: 10552: 10401: 9904: 9380: 7410: 4492: 4475: 3836: 2781: 2666: 2436:. Though they mostly avoid areas within human sight, wolves have been known to nest near 2398: 2380: 2289: 2082: 1942: 1846: 1353: 1318: 1229: 1076: 1027: 898: 878: 106: 11938: 8452: 8256: 7700: 7653: 7280:"Wolf Numbers in Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan (excluding Isle Royale)—1976 to 2015" 6774: 6622: 6558: 6425: 5735: 5600: 5450: 5313: 4710: 4656: 4544: 4426: 4357: 4298: 4197: 3998: 3748: 14683: 13910: 13432: 13122: 12845: 12818: 12081: 11823: 11675: 10778: 10670: 10570: 10510: 9895: 9831: 9508: 9403: 9334: 8602: 8331:"These Non-Lethal Methods Encouraged by Science Can Keep Wolves From Killing Livestock" 8268: 7901: 7843: 7816: 7780: 7771: 7755: 7719: 7684: 7683:

Sharma, Lalit Kumar; Mukherjee, Tanoy; Saren, Phakir Chandra; Chandra, Kailash (2019).

7665: 7661: 7325: 6967: 6959: 6642: 6570: 6444: 6409: 6309: 6147: 6120: 5747: 5536: 5419: 5384: 5330: 5297: 5241: 4883: 4843: 4830: 4805: 4673: 4640: 4616: 4589: 4561: 4528: 4505: 4451: 4410: 4382: 4341: 4318: 4261: 4236: 4157: 4130: 4073: 4023: 3982: 3910: 3883: 3704: 3409: 3213:

is widely considered to be the most popular book on wolves, having been adapted into a

3186: 3147: 2887: 2737: 2271: 2254: 2167: 2098: 2062: 2037: 1966: 1874: 1686: 1494: 1381: 1373: 1264: 1162: 1144: 445: 425: 153: 60: 5936: 1099:, as modern wolves are not closely related to the population of wolves that was first 15807: 15530: 14562: 14479: 14259: 13755: 13722: 12646: 12153: 11875: 11657: 11511: 11385: 11269: 10622: 10452: 10410: 10357: 10137: 10119: 9877: 9343: 9191: 8988: 8963: 8938: 8913: 8888: 8867: 8861: 8846: 8827: 8641: 8564: 8396: 8264: 8133: 7968: 7893: 7848: 7785: 7724: 7458: 7336: 7102: 6910: 6778: 6681: 6634: 6566: 6506: 6449: 6241: 6178: 6152: 6042: 5824: 5795: 5704: 5612: 5531: 5479: 5458: 5376: 5335: 5168: 5138: 5076: 4847: 4835: 4752: 4678: 4641:"Genomic Approaches Reveal an Endemic Subpopulation of Gray Wolves in Southern China" 4621: 4566: 4497: 4456: 4438: 4387: 4369: 4322: 4310: 4266: 4211: 4162: 4109: 4028: 4010: 3915: 3864: 3854: 3816: 3762: 3563: 3314: 3067: 3034: 2962: 2935: 2907: 2800: 2773: 2769: 2756: 2535: 2307: 2179: 2175: 2138: 2041: 2025: 1802: 1672: 1272: 1061: 1053: 1040: 934: 15486: 8606: 8272: 7905: 7023:"A proposed ethogram of large-carnivore predatory behavior, exemplified by the wolf" 6971: 6646: 6574: 6545:: Linking local (Białowieża Primeval Forest, Poland) and Holarctic-scale patterns". 6313: 5751: 5540: 5478:. Fauna Series 7. Fauna of the National Parks of the United States. pp. 75–76. 5423: 4509: 4077: 3082:

uses an image of a wolf lying with a lamb in a utopian vision of the future. In the

2213: 1777:

the wolf is more reliant on domestic species. Across Eurasia, wolves prey mostly on

1575: in), and the guard hairs on the shoulders generally do not exceed 90 mm ( 15405: 15312: 14841: 14674: 13952: 13382: 12672: 12454: 12204: 11394: 11293: 11077: 11068: 10652: 10443: 10434: 10228: 10219: 9777: 8594: 8535: 8456: 8260: 8226: 7883: 7838: 7828: 7775: 7767: 7714: 7704: 7657: 7495: 7464: 7034: 6951: 6626: 6562: 6439: 6429: 6301: 6142: 6132: 6099: 5869: 5739: 5696: 5604: 5526: 5516: 5454: 5411: 5388: 5366: 5325: 5317: 5018: 4873: 4825: 4817: 4783: 4744: 4714: 4668: 4660: 4611: 4601: 4556: 4548: 4487: 4446: 4430: 4377: 4361: 4302: 4256: 4248: 4201: 4152: 4142: 4101: 4063: 4055: 4018: 4002: 3905: 3895: 3752: 3581: 3532:

but not colloquial definition of 'wolf', and thus not in the scope of this article.

3402: 3256: 3190:

involves a wolf being captured for eating a duck, but is spared and sent to a zoo.

3159: 3125: 3007: 2987: 2931: 2911: 2452: 2402: 2021: 1978: 1974: 1645: 1535: 1345: 1187: 1012: 839: 566: 484: 15646: 15535: 6305: 5876:. Canadian Circumpolar Institute, Occasional Publication No. 35. pp. 275–280. 3392: 3011: 302: 15937: 15781: 15335: 15255: 15117: 14859: 14850: 14778: 14733: 14395: 14345: 14336: 14211: 14157: 14101: 13970: 13943: 13836: 13654: 13613: 13578: 13323: 12386: 12099: 12066: 12057: 11564: 11302: 10751: 10201: 10128: 10086: 9822: 9627: 9561: 9538: 9280: 8978: 8953: 8928: 8903: 8882: 8817: 8556: 8460: 7709: 7301: 6630: 6434: 6119:

Elbroch, L. M.; Lendrum, P. E.; Newsby, J.; Quigley, H.; Thompson, D. J. (2015).

5743: 5608: 4718: 4606: 4147: 3900: 3698: 3646:(in Latin) (10 ed.). Holmiæ (Stockholm): Laurentius Salvius. pp. 39–40. 3484: 3272: 3199: 3194: 3133: 3037:

and involves people willingly turning into wolves to attack and kill others. The

2943: 2898: 2751:

Wolves have been persecuted in Europe for centuries, having been exterminated in

2457: 2385: 2363: 2246: 2002: 1649: 1337: 1280: 1268: 488: 15838: 15750: 15711: 7468: 5064: 4865: 4588:

Bachmann, Lutz; Wiig, Øystein; Hansen, Anders J.; Gilbert, M. Thomas P. (2018).

3103: 1738: 518: 15605: 15592: 15391: 15082: 14979: 14832: 14751: 14553: 14300: 14193: 14166: 13219: 12836: 12436: 12300: 11983: 11520: 11502: 11433: 11044: 11035: 10637: 10598: 9552: 9464: 9352: 9182: 9173: 8909: 7098: 4664: 4365: 4006: 3346: 3209: 2951: 2927: 2919: 2843: 2831: 2725: 2717: 2623:

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

2554:, thus causing the animal to die within a few seconds to a minute. With small, 2551: 2229: 2033: 1970: 1886: 1221: 1168: 743: 433: 67: 9041: 7039: 7022: 6672:

Mech, L. David; Adams, L. G.; Meier, T. J.; Burch, J. W.; Dale, B. W. (2003).

6137: 5298:"Molecular and Evolutionary History of Melanism in North American Gray Wolves" 5022: 4788: 4771: 4552: 4206: 4181: 4180:

Skoglund, Pontus; Ersmark, Erik; Palkopoulou, Eleftheria; Dalén, Love (2015).

3757: 3732: 3109:

Isengrim the wolf, a character first appearing in the 12th-century Latin poem

2990:, wolves are depicted as inhabitants of graveyards and destroyers of corpses. 2730:

Berne Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats

1845:, and large insects when available. One wolf was even known to have eaten 181 1180:(which first appeared around 1.4 million years ago) as an early subspecies of 1064:(mtDNA) study as one of the guides in forming his decision, and listed the 38 15881: 15693: 15250: 15175: 15156: 15029: 14796: 14692: 14665: 14291: 13989: 13934: 13456: 13400: 13141: 12782: 12237: 11799: 10964: 10931: 10733: 10724: 10661: 10561: 10519: 10371: 9964: 9298: 9213: 9024: 5708: 5616: 4586: 4442: 4373: 4014: 3844: 3572: 3362: 3172: 3155: 3083: 2994: 2859: 2827: 2765: 2610: 2606: 2197: 2074: 2013: 1985: 1977:, where tigers significantly depress wolf numbers, sometimes to the point of 1958: 1766: 1703: 1418: 1333: 1211: 1115: 1100: 1092: 1088: 1080: 954: 775: 453: 441: 420:

as demonstrated by its physical adaptations to tackling large prey, its more

392: 351: 269: 126: 121: 88: 11421: 11233: 7872:, 1839) and Comparison with Representative Wolf and Domestic Dog Haplotypes" 7817:"Local villagers' perceptions of wolves in Jiuzhaigou County, western China" 6104: 6075: 5321: 4821: 4748: 3868: 3075: 2657: 1310: 15584: 15457: 15400: 15327: 15245: 15210: 15165: 15137: 15057: 15034: 14974: 14823: 14769: 14470: 14238: 14184: 13961: 13860: 13415: 13391: 13210: 13201: 13021: 12988: 12911: 12872: 12282: 12264: 12126: 11998: 11457: 10858: 10821: 10706: 10688: 10101: 10047: 9973: 9651: 9395: 9316: 9253: 9155: 7897: 7852: 7789: 7728: 6638: 6453: 6156: 5380: 5339: 4839: 4756: 4682: 4625: 4570: 4501: 4460: 4391: 4314: 4270: 4215: 4166: 4032: 3919: 3766: 3608: 3529: 3382: 3370: 3342: 3204: 3129: 2847: 2706: 2547: 2502: 2437: 2420: 2347: 2183: 2171: 2070: 1690: 1682: 1637: 1515: 1498: 1369: 1329: 1297: 1285: 1237: 1153: 711: 396: 9030: 6782: 5937:"Conservation Action Plan for the golden jackal Canis aureus L. in Greece" 4590:"Population genomics of grey wolves and wolf-like canids in North America" 4525: 4252: 4105: 3781: 2649:

which prohibits commercial international trade in wild-sourced specimens.

1348:

of an extinct unidentified canid. This canid was genetically close to the

1341:

occurred before the divergence of the Eurasian and North American wolves.

15786: 15732: 15654: 15466: 15346: 15092: 15009: 14437: 13628: 13545: 13518: 13267: 13181: 13113: 13039: 13030: 12997: 12955: 12920: 12637: 12530: 12362: 11902: 11814: 11722: 11367: 10940: 10760: 10425: 10339: 10322: 10299: 10262: 10146: 10110: 9955: 9744: 9599: 9478: 9244: 9222: 9164: 9146: 8168: 7868:"Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of the Japanese Wolf (Canis Lupus Hodophilax 7500: 7483: 6540: 6410:"Environmental and intrinsic correlates of stress in free-ranging wolves" 4128: 3884:"How Much Is That in Dog Years? The Advent of Canine Population Genomics" 3426: 3366: 3330: 3305: 3243: 3151: 3046: 3042: 2835: 2614: 2086: 2066: 2046: 1910: 1897: 1826: 1758: 1620: 1225: 1096: 1072: 1024: 570: 514: 508: 496: 480: 414: 15545: 15509: 8169:"Never Cry Wolf: Science, Sentiment, and the Literary Rehabilitation of 5685:"Grasshopper consumption by grey wolves and implications for ecosystems" 5371: 5354: 4734: 3658: 2642: 15633: 15317: 15235: 15215: 14989: 14646: 13892: 13823: 13810: 13777: 13563: 13301: 13061: 12609: 12586: 12472: 12463: 12412: 12377: 12353: 12117: 12016: 11965: 11911: 11893: 11866: 11773: 11723: 11122: 11095: 11023: 11006: 10769: 10742: 10588: 10492: 10476: 10312: 10192: 10032: 9868: 9735: 9527: 9495: 9479: 9036: 8688:

Rajpurohit, K.S. (1999). "Child lifting: Wolves in Hazaribagh, India".

8561:

The Domestic Dog: Its Evolution, Behaviour and Interactions With People

7888: 7867: 7669: 6963: 5245: 4887: 3808:

The Domestic Dog: Its Evolution, Behaviour and Interactions with People

3488: 3446: 3430: 3422: 3418: 3163: 3111: 3018: 2558:

prey, wolves leap in a high arc and immobilize it with their forepaws.

2328: 2233: 2218: 1937: 1923: 1919: 1850: 1810: 1727: 1699: 1677: 1654: 1527: 1195: 437: 370: 8819:

Wolf Almanac, New and Revised: A Celebration Of Wolves And Their World

7833: 6501:. Vol. 2 (4th ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 6121:"Recolonizing wolves influence the realized niche of resident cougars" 5521: 5504: 4434: 4306: 4237:"Worldwide patterns of genomic variation and admixture in gray wolves" 2530: 981:

he listed the doglike carnivores including domestic dogs, wolves, and

440:

accompanied by their offspring. Offspring may leave to form their own

15659: 15566: 15294: 15021: 14577: 14512: 14125: 14065: 13851: 13672: 13287: 13279: 13228: 13078: 12964: 12946: 12660: 12494: 12327: 12169: 12135: 11947: 11639: 10913: 10383: 9859: 9427: 9106: 5700: 4068: 3238: 3003: 2999: 2839: 2819: 2810:

are important strongholds for wolves. The wolf has been protected in

2542:

of injury to themselves. With medium-sized prey, such as roe deer or

2368: 2225: 2163: 2155: 2147: 2117: 2106: 2078: 2054: 1947: 1929: 1866: 1862: 1830: 1806: 1790: 1786: 1762: 1715: 1711: 1543: 1523: 1386: 1325: 1257: 1252:. While some sources have suggested that this was a consequence of a 1207: 1176:

is difficult and ambiguous, with some authors choosing to include C.

1108: 562:). The name "gray wolf" refers to the grayish colour of the species. 449: 421: 210: 170: 15428: 7052: 7050: 6955: 6862: 6860: 5909:. US Department of Agriculture Division of Publications. p. 2. 5073:

Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, Management, and Conservation

4980: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4878: 3678:

A. Lehrman (1987). "Anatolian Cognates of the PIE Word for 'Wolf'".

2136:. The most harmful to wolves, particularly pups, is the mange mite ( 15571: 15451: 15307: 15240: 15122: 14955: 14949: 14943: 14274: 13737: 13554: 13530: 12891: 12741: 12687: 12623: 12618: 12571: 12503: 12421: 12291: 12040: 12031: 11929: 11884: 11764: 11597: 11334: 11243: 11212: 11172: 11059: 10991: 10899: 10890: 10210: 10006: 9759: 9642: 9609: 9458: 9446: 9370: 9094: 7074: 6211: 5666: 5664: 5662: 5660: 5415: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4948: 3454: 3450: 3434: 3414: 3284: 3227: 3030: 2975: 2971: 2851: 2807: 2638: 2343: 2238: 2159: 2151: 2110: 1878: 1798: 1782: 1743: 1502:

large males can reach a weight of 69–79 kg (152–174 lb).

1410: 1249: 1199: 461: 190: 7168: 7166: 6212:"Hyenas around the cities. The case of Kaftarkhoun (Kashan- Iran)" 4769: 4059: 3853:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 575–577. 3093: 2914:, Italy, 13th century AD. (The twins are a 15th-century addition.) 2416: 1984:

In Israel, Palestine, Central Asia and India wolves may encounter

79: 15859: 15799: 15265: 15230: 15225: 15202: 15190: 15127: 15109: 15097: 15067: 15049: 15039: 14984: 14966: 14899: 14656: 14503: 14377: 14092: 13604: 12934: 12400: 11956: 11920: 11787: 11755: 11739: 11252: 10955: 10534: 10015: 9922: 9840: 9768: 9710: 9687: 9580: 9112: 8390: 7445:

https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:821120/FULLTEXT01.pdf

7047: 6857: 6830: 6391: 6389: 6364: 6362: 6337: 6335: 5885: 5883: 4529:"Interspecific Gene Flow Shaped the Evolution of the Genus Canis" 3932: 3850:

Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference

3354: 3350: 3338: 3334: 3116: 2823: 2815: 2575: 2445: 2406: 2356: 2338: 2090: 1954: 1915: 1893: 1723: 1707: 1406: 1362: 1314: 1306: 1276: 1245: 1186:

Considerable morphological diversity existed among wolves by the

457: 429: 374: 347: 220: 7570: 6847: 6845: 6796: 6794: 6792: 6588: 6586: 6584: 5657: 5252: 5075:(2 ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 482–510. 4945: 4906: 4131:"Genome Sequencing Highlights the Dynamic Early History of Dogs" 3561: 2814:

since 1972. The Indian wolf is distributed across the states of

2787: 15558: 15494: 15366: 15270: 15077: 15062: 15004: 14760: 14707: 14452: 14140: 13874: 12594: 12255: 12090: 11847: 11284: 10056: 9982: 9931: 9913: 9886: 9807: 9669: 9452: 9440: 9100: 9088: 8977:

Mech, L. David; Smith, Douglas W.; MacNulty, Daniel R. (2015).

8669: 7967:. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 405, 437. 7422: 7163: 7139: 7062: 6978: 6923: 6169: 5294: 5109: 5107: 5071:. In Feldhamer, G. A.; Thompson, B. C.; Chapman, J. A. (eds.). 4923: 4921: 4179: 3980: 3729: 3466: 3462: 3441: 3268: 3230:

levels in instances such as snowmobiling near their territory.

3181: 3180:

both feature scenes in which wolves are hunted with hounds and

3038: 2966: 2947: 2923: 2792: 2626: 2583: 2579: 2524: 2515: 2429: 2102: 2058: 2017: 1962: 1870: 1858: 1834: 1833:

and their eggs. When such foods are insufficient, they prey on

1818: 1751: 1719: 1357: 1217: 982: 679: 582: 578: 492: 465: 388: 200: 180: 30:"Grey Wolf" and "Gray Wolf" redirect here. For other uses, see 8288: 8286: 8284: 8282: 7917: 7915: 6761:

Peters, R. P.; Mech, L. D. (1975). "Scent-marking in wolves".

6694: 6386: 6359: 6332: 6320: 6055: 5985: 5973: 5880: 5562: 5402:

Earle, M (1987). "A flexible body mass in social carnivores".

4407: 3959: 3283:

A review of the studies on the competitive effects of dogs on

3226:

Human presence appears to stress wolves, as seen by increased

2146:, unlike foxes. Endoparasites known to infect wolves include: 2061:, is largely survivable in wolves, but can be lethal to pups. 1344:

The common ancestor of the coyote and the wolf admixed with a

15833: 15280: 15260: 15220: 15170: 15145: 14742: 14601: 14544: 14417: 14220: 14077: 13704: 13686: 13309: 12979: 12228: 12213: 10874: 10165: 9660: 9119: 8758: 8756: 8700: 7866:

Ishiguro, Naotaka; Inoshima, Yasuo; Shigehara, Nobuo (2009).

7002: 6990: 6884: 6842: 6789: 6581: 6014: 6012: 5647: 5645: 5552: 5550: 4802: 4695: 3264: 3087: 3079: 3063: 2983: 2979: 2811: 2634: 2630: 2567: 2563: 2555: 2543: 2511: 2433: 2143: 2129: 2094: 1926:, usually in disputes over carcasses, sometimes eating them. 1854: 1838: 1778: 1770: 1633: 1531: 1414: 1349: 1057: 994: 978: 969: 807: 547: 403: 379: 366: 343: 230: 143: 137: 8980:

Wolves on the Hunt: The Behavior of Wolves Hunting Wild Prey

8930:

The Wolf: The Ecology and Behaviour of an Endangered Species

7552:"Conservation in conflict: Advancement and the Arabian wolf" 7021:

MacNulty, Daniel; Mech, L. David; Smith, Douglas W. (2007).

6472: 5264: 5104: 4918: 2982:

Hinduism, the wolf is a symbol of the night and the daytime

2413:

begin in the second half of winter and lasts for two weeks.

1522:

The wolf has very dense and fluffy winter fur, with a short

1465: in) in height, and the hind feet are 220–250 mm ( 1034:

36 wild subspecies, and proposed two additional subspecies:

15185: 14116: 13012: 12337: 9946: 9678: 9536: 8599:

10.2193/0091-7648(2004)032[1195:HRTPSH]2.0.CO;2

8541:

10.1641/0006-3568(2006)056[0253:TFTEWN]2.0.CO;2

8360: 8348: 8298: 8279: 8148: 7965:

The Continuum Encyclopedia of Animal Symbolism in World Art

7912: 7735: 7682: 7621: 7386:"Status of large carnivore populations in Europe 2012–2016" 7327:

Beyond Wolves: The Politics of Wolf Recovery and Management

7151: 6818: 6118: 5501: 4342:"Grey wolf genomic history reveals a dual ancestry of dogs" 4338: 3260: 3049:

believed wolves were once men and viewed them as brothers.

3026: 2955: 2571: 2441: 2133: 2125: 2121: 1842: 1822: 1104: 8753: 8524:"Tools for the Edge: What's New for Conserving Carnivores" 8101: 7127: 6872: 6742: 6519: 6460: 6407: 6374: 6009: 5997: 5961: 5837: 5642: 5547: 5029: 2806:

In southern Asia, the northern regions of Afghanistan and

14994: 12246: 11855: 10183: 9200: 8583: 8474:

Boitani, L. (1983). "Wolf and dog competition in Italy".

7865: 7603:"Turkey's Wolves Are Texting Their Travels to Scientists" 6806: 5137:(2 ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 110–112. 4476:"Deciphering the Origin of Dogs: From Fossils to Genomes" 4100:. Population Genomics. Springer, Cham. pp. 273–306. 3557: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3525: 2930:

connected the wolf with their god of war and agriculture

2045:

and Alaska. The canine parvovirus, which causes death by

1794: 974: 362: 9008: 8131: 8077: 8053: 6073: 4283: 1356:

from the other canid species. The basal position of the

6730: 6347: 5580: 3246:, an escaped wolf shot for killing livestock in England 1095:

techniques reveal that the modern wolf and the dog are

8634:

The Fear of Wolves: A Review of Wolf Attacks on Humans

8113: 7939: 5874:

Ecology and conservation of wolves in a changing world

5682: 5210: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5094: 5092: 3711: 3546: 3329:

Predatory attacks may be preceded by a long period of

2875: 2423:

pups stimulating their mother to regurgitate some food

1933:

A wolf, a bear, coyotes and ravens compete over a kill

8741: 8372: 8089: 8065: 8041: 8029: 8017: 8005: 7993: 7981: 7927: 7796: 7582: 6234:

Mills, M. G. L.; Mills, Gus; Hofer, Heribert (1998).

6174:

Large Carnivores and the Conservation of Biodiversity

5231: 4521: 4519: 1256:, other studies have suggested that this a result of 13077: 10473: 8310: 7184: 7115: 6718: 6706: 6536: 6534: 3029:

as punishment for his evil deeds. The legend of the

1903: 1644:

In North America, the coat colours of wolves follow

1405:

The wolf is the largest extant member of the family

1313:, Poland. Left: product of a male wolf and a female 556: 538: 526: 6671: 6291: 6237:

Hyaenas: status survey and conservation action plan

5849: 5630: 5276: 5198: 5181: 5089: 3562:Boitani, L.; Phillips, M. & Jhala, Y. (2023) . 3010:symbol for clans of the Pacific Northwest like the 310:Global wolf range based on IUCN's 2023 assessment. 8554: 8426: 8424: 8422: 8420: 8418: 8416: 8414: 8412: 8242: 7324: 5721: 4990: 4933: 4516: 4233: 4048:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2698:repopulation of wolves in Midwestern United States 2342:(50 sq mi). Other vocalizations include 1793:. In North America, important range-wide prey are 8976: 7080: 7068: 7056: 7020: 6984: 6531: 5588:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 4638: 4045: 3794: 2209:Pack (canine) § Pack behavior in grey wolves 1809:. Prior to their extirpation from North America, 522:, which is itself thought to be derived from the 15879: 10873: 8430: 7639: 7594: 7302:"How many wild wolves are in the United States?" 7248:"Wolf Recovery under the Endangered Species Act" 6030: 4806:"Origins and genetic legacy of prehistoric dogs" 4730: 4728: 4699:Mammalian Biology—Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde 3469:, have been specifically bred for wolf hunting. 3006:the "wolf trail". The wolf is also an important 2728:, the wolf is strictly protected under the 1979 43:"Wolves" redirects here. For football club, see 9071: 8681: 8563:. University Press, Cambridge. pp. 21–47. 8409: 7756:"Reconsidering the distribution of gray wolves" 7450: 7272: 7253:. US Fish and Wildlife Service. February 2007. 7215: 6941: 6233: 6209: 5794:. University of California Press. p. 144. 5791:The Last Wild Wolves: Ghosts of the Rain Forest 5157: 4091: 4089: 4087: 2978:, the wolf is ridden by gods of protection. In 1114:, and therefore should not be assessed for the 1091:that Linnaeus studied in Sweden. Studies using 8548: 7545: 7543: 7521:. Wolves and Humans Foundation. Archived from 7380: 7378: 6680:. University of Minnesota Press. p. 163. 6272: 5781: 5497: 5495: 5124: 5122: 4582: 4580: 3829: 3697:Young, Stanley P.; Goldman, Edward A. (1944). 3633: 3631: 3629: 3587:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T3746A247624660.en 3472: 1892:In times of scarcity, wolves will readily eat 1291: 477:International Union for Conservation of Nature 14915: 11737: 9578: 9411: 9057: 8952:Mech, L. David; Boitani, Luigi, eds. (2003). 8859: 8843:Wolves in Russia: Anxiety throughout the ages 8706: 8640:. Norsk Institutt for Naturforskning (NINA). 8199: 7958: 7956: 7954: 7859: 7633: 7014: 7008: 6996: 6866: 6836: 6800: 6490: 6031:Sunquist, Melvin E.; Sunquist, Fiona (2002). 5942:. World Wildlife Fund Greece. pp. 1–47. 5928: 5670: 5270: 5258: 5227: 5225: 5151: 5113: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5044: 4984: 4927: 4912: 4796: 4725: 4473: 4095: 3881: 3800: 9425: 8467: 7516:"The Wolf in Russia—situations and problems" 7484:"Hunting as Sustainable Wildlife Management" 7349: 7178: 6935: 6163: 6024: 5758: 5288: 5062: 5002: 4689: 4467: 4277: 4173: 4122: 4084: 3723: 3696: 3136:. Villainous wolf characters also appear in 2865: 2116:Wolves are often infested with a variety of 1829:and smaller carnivores. They frequently eat 953:In 1758, the Swedish botanist and zoologist 15908:Extant Middle Pleistocene first appearances 8955:Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation 8951: 8774: 8768: 8675: 8626: 8624: 8622: 8620: 8618: 8616: 8577: 8515: 8395:. Oxford University Press. pp. 69–93. 8393:Free-Ranging Dogs and Wildlife Conservation 8366: 8354: 8304: 8292: 8154: 7921: 7747: 7741: 7627: 7600: 7576: 7540: 7475: 7428: 7375: 7294: 7209: 7187:"Schedule 3 (section 26) Protected Species" 7172: 7157: 7145: 7133: 6929: 6890: 6878: 6851: 6824: 6812: 6754: 6748: 6700: 6607:"Wolf-Pack Buffer Zones as Prey Reservoirs" 6592: 6525: 6478: 6466: 6395: 6380: 6368: 6341: 6326: 6203: 6112: 6067: 6061: 6018: 6003: 5991: 5979: 5967: 5889: 5843: 5651: 5568: 5556: 5492: 5346: 5119: 5035: 4859: 4857: 4577: 4039: 3965: 3926: 3626: 3193:Wolves are among the central characters of 2237:consisting of up to 42 wolves being known. 1814:particularly during the autumn and winter. 1666: 1429:A wolf skeleton housed in the Wolf Museum, 14922: 14908: 9598: 9418: 9404: 9064: 9050: 8712: 8687: 8384: 7951: 7456: 7331:. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 6760: 6484: 6401: 6285: 5895: 5808: 5787: 5430: 5222: 5041: 4474:Freedman, Adam H; Wayne, Robert K (2017). 4229: 4227: 4225: 3875: 3835: 3677: 3376: 3321:(1833) by François Grenier de Saint-Martin 3052: 2882:Wolves in folklore, religion and mythology 2589: 1589: in), but can reach 110–130 mm ( 377:, and is further distinguished from other 301: 115: 78: 13821: 10310: 9493: 8725:. G. P. Putnam's sons. pp. 179–207. 8718: 8539: 7887: 7842: 7832: 7814: 7779: 7718: 7708: 7499: 7038: 6665: 6598: 6443: 6433: 6266: 6227: 6146: 6136: 6103: 5934: 5861: 5715: 5530: 5520: 5395: 5370: 5329: 4877: 4829: 4787: 4763: 4672: 4615: 4605: 4560: 4491: 4450: 4381: 4260: 4205: 4156: 4146: 4067: 4022: 3909: 3899: 3756: 3585: 3233: 2709:population numbers over 250 individuals. 2362:Scent marking involves urine, feces, and 2142:), though they rarely develop full-blown 597:Canine phylogeny with ages of divergence 12167: 8613: 8488: 8125: 7601:Şekercioğlu, Çağan (December 15, 2013). 7316: 7240: 7095:The Wolf: His Place in the Natural World 6896: 5764: 5505:"Food habits of the world's grey wolves" 5465: 5008: 4854: 4632: 3396: 3313: 3278: 3237: 3092: 2891: 2786: 2716: 2694:reintroductions in Yellowstone and Idaho 2656: 2596:List of gray wolf populations by country 2529: 2501: 2415: 2384: 2212: 2001: 1973:interactions are well-documented in the 1946:Wolves also dominate and sometimes kill 1928: 1889:, grain crops, and the shoots of reeds. 1737: 1676: 1619: 1509: 1424: 1396: 1361:and wolves show varying degrees of past 1352:and evolved after the divergence of the 1301: 1137: 11241: 10004: 9525: 8630: 8473: 7962: 7815:Xu, Yu; Yang, Biao; Dou, Liang (2015). 7808: 7676: 7508: 7228:from the original on September 30, 2019 6906:The Dog: Its Domestication and Behavior 6037:. University of Chicago Press. p. 5352: 5167:. Oxford University Press. p. 45. 5135:Dog Behaviour, Evolution, and Cognition 5128: 4222: 3811:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 3637: 1389:, with little evidence of the reverse. 1317:; right: from a female wolf and a male 456:as well as smaller animals, livestock, 14: 15880: 14334: 12570: 8901: 8860:Heptner, V. G.; Naumov, N. P. (1998). 8840: 8762: 8521: 8378: 8236: 8205: 8160: 8119: 8107: 8083: 8059: 8035: 8023: 7987: 7945: 7753: 7549: 7481: 7392:from the original on September 2, 2019 7185:Government of Canada (July 29, 2019). 7086: 6491:Nowak, R. M.; Paradiso, J. L. (1983). 6353: 5901: 5814: 5436: 3717: 3690: 3671: 2934:, and believed their city's founders, 2491: 15433: 15432: 14903: 13808: 13265: 12569: 11721: 10856: 10297: 9477: 9399: 9045: 8880: 8815: 8747: 8555:Coppinger, R.; Schneider, R. (1995). 8482: 8187:from the original on October 12, 2013 8166: 8095: 8071: 8047: 8011: 7999: 7933: 7802: 7588: 7558:from the original on November 7, 2019 7092: 6736: 6724: 6712: 5949:from the original on December 9, 2017 5872:; Fritts, S. H.; Seip, D. R. (eds.). 5867: 5401: 5282: 5216: 5204: 5192: 5098: 4403: 4401: 4334: 4332: 3976: 3974: 1953:Wolves may interact and compete with 15865:2F15C6CE-6C7A-4AF8-AE71-087151318E0E 15774:309809e8-1a21-45a0-80a0-1f13fee46c52 15611:3610bdd7-7432-4d43-9f6e-6684deb82987 8926: 8328: 8316: 7609:from the original on October 6, 2019 7216:State of Alaska (October 29, 2019). 7121: 6604: 5855: 5636: 5626:– via Elsevier Science Direct. 5471: 4996: 4939: 4863: 4493:10.1146/annurev-animal-022114-110937 3319:Country children surprised by a wolf 3299: 2772:, and around 2,500 in the northwest 1103:. In 2019, a workshop hosted by the 985:. He classified the domestic dog as 361:have been recognized, including the 15888:IUCN Red List least concern species 10788:South African small-spotted genet ( 7463:. Fauna & Flora International. 7322: 7260:from the original on August 3, 2019 6902: 6088:, in Montana, Alberta, and Wyoming" 5823:. Chartwell Crestline. p. 53. 4480:Annual Review of Animal Biosciences 3882:Larson, G.; Bradley, D. G. (2014). 3700:The Wolves of North America, Part I 3573:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 3417:with dogs (usually combinations of 3150:, and are included in the works of 2876:In folklore, religion and mythology 2202: 1847:Payette's short-winged grasshoppers 1044:(Meyer, 1793). Wozencraft included 327: 24: 14929: 8729:from the original on June 24, 2015 8329:Levy, Max G. (December 11, 2020). 7772:10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2017.021 7662:10.1111/j.1523-1739.1991.tb00354.x 7222:Alaska Department of Fish and Game 7197:from the original on April 9, 2019 6674:"Ch.8-The Denali Wolf-Prey System" 6653:from the original on July 24, 2018 6210:Monchot, H.; Mashkour, H. (2010). 6177:. Island Press. pp. 179–207. 5916:from the original on July 24, 2019 5063:Paquet, P.; Carbyn, L. W. (2003). 4894:from the original on July 31, 2019 4398: 4329: 3971: 3779: 3656: 3479:Wolves as pets and working animals 3144:The Wolf and the Seven Young Goats 3066:featured wolves in several of his 2926:, the god of light and order. The 2663:Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge 2327:Problems playing these files? See 2278: 1761:, the wolf feeds predominantly on 1194:, a pronounced development of the 513:The English "wolf" stems from the 25: 15959: 11132:Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose ( 9002: 8657:from the original on May 17, 2014 6254:from the original on May 16, 2016 6191:from the original on June 3, 2016 5902:Merrit, Dixon (January 7, 1921). 5765:Woodford, Riley (November 2004). 4235:Bisong; Wayne, Robert K. (2016). 3207:'s largely fictional 1963 memoir 3041:have traditionally believed that 3025:being transformed into a wolf by 2862:was captured and killed in 1905. 2260:Denali National Park and Preserve 1998:Parasites and pathogens of wolves 1904:Interactions with other predators 1288:diverged around 5,400 years ago. 10857: 8866:. Science Publishers, Inc. USA. 8777:"Can You Turn a Wolf into a Dog" 8322: 8265:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00554.x 7434: 7404: 7282:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 6567:10.1111/j.0906-7590.2007.04826.x 6275:Canid Biology & Conservation 5459:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2007.00091.x 2652: 2550:, severing nerve tracks and the 2312: 2294: 2265: 1685:in a mountainous habitat in the 1376:, ten percent of dogs including 1368:In more recent times, some male 1060:. Wozencraft referred to a 1999 901: 881: 842: 810: 778: 746: 714: 682: 662: 586:and Wolfdregil ("Wolf Runner"). 428:, including individual or group 157: 13266: 10298: 8887:. J. M. Dent and Sons Limited. 8809: 7550:Fisher, A. (January 29, 2019). 7081:Mech, Smith & MacNulty 2015 7069:Mech, Smith & MacNulty 2015 7057:Mech, Smith & MacNulty 2015 6985:Mech, Smith & MacNulty 2015 5767:"Alaska's Salmon-Eating Wolves" 5676: 5574: 3946:IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group 3773: 2946:includes the feared giant wolf 2498:Hunting behavior of gray wolves 2374: 1861:. In North America, wolves eat 1757:Like all land mammals that are 1324:In the distant past, there was 1148:, the wolf's immediate ancestor 13809: 9290:Northern Rocky Mountain wolf ( 8775:Tucker, P.; Weide, B. (1998). 8439:) in a conservation context". 8177:The Canadian Historical Review 5904:"World's Greatest Animal Dead" 3801:Clutton-Brock, Juliet (1995). 3650: 3601: 3518: 3501: 3401:Carcasses of hunted wolves in 3115:, is a major character in the 2986:must escape from its jaws. In 1392: 1166:(which in turn descended from 546:may also be the source of the 13: 1: 10544:Malabar large-spotted civet ( 9009:The International Wolf Center 8935:University of Minnesota Press 6498:Walker's Mammals of the World 6306:10.1080/09397140.2016.1144292 6092:The Canadian Field-Naturalist 3539: 2870: 2700:has been concentrated in the 1991: 1000: 14806:Indonesian mountain weasel ( 14462:North American river otter ( 13350:Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk ( 10404:Macrogalidia musschenbroekii 9308:Alexander Archipelago wolf ( 9272:Vancouver Coastal Sea wolf ( 9014:Staying Safe in Wolf Country 8719:Roosevelt, Theodore (1909). 8461:10.1016/j.biocon.2014.01.032 7710:10.1371/journal.pone.0215019 6909:. Garland STPM. p. 33. 6631:10.1126/science.198.4314.320 6435:10.1371/journal.pone.0137378 5935:Giannatos, G. (April 2004). 5744:10.1016/j.mambio.2018.03.007 5609:10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110368 5355:"Wolf of a different colour" 4719:10.1016/j.mambio.2010.02.004 4607:10.1371/journal.pgen.1007745 4148:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004016 3901:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004093 3221: 3124:", first written in 1697 by 2902:, sculpture of the mythical 2405:annually being the average. 2389:Korean wolves mating in the 2189: 1275:between the two. The dingo, 1121: 502: 45:Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. 7: 15933:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 11667:Somalian slender mongoose ( 8985:University of Chicago Press 8960:University of Chicago Press 8557:"Evolution of working dogs" 7469:10.13140/RG.2.2.10128.20480 7457:Goldthorpe, Gareth (2016). 7447:Retrieved 30 September 2023 3805:. In Serpell, James (ed.). 3787:Online Etymology Dictionary 3664:Online Etymology Dictionary 3473:As pets and working animals 3453:, wolves are traditionally 3393:Human uses of hunted wolves 2799:300–600 wolves inhabit the 2065:carried by wolves include: 2030:infectious canine hepatitis 2016:carried by wolves include: 1309:in the wild animal park at 1292:Admixture with other canids 1156:descent of the extant wolf 1020:Mammal Species of the World 973:is the Latin word meaning " 589: 565:Since pre-Christian times, 464:and parasites, notably the 10: 15964: 15943:Habitats Directive species 14620:Asian small-clawed otter ( 13359:American hog-nosed skunk ( 13341:Molina's hog-nosed skunk ( 11649:Angolan slender mongoose ( 11344:Ethiopian dwarf mongoose ( 10393:Small-toothed palm civet ( 8631:Linnell, J. D. C. (2002). 8225:(3): 11–13. Archived from 7304:. Wolf Conservation Center 6294:Zoology in the Middle East 5821:Wolves: Spirit of the Wild 4665:10.1016/j.isci.2019.09.008 4366:10.1038/s41586-022-04824-9 4007:10.1038/s41598-022-06812-5 3476: 3390: 3380: 3303: 3168:Leonid Pavlovich Sabaneyev 3056: 2885: 2879: 2712: 2665:in New Mexico, as part of 2593: 2506:Wolves pursuing a bull elk 2495: 2378: 2269: 2262:were due to other wolves. 2206: 2195: 1995: 1670: 1661: 1295: 1134:Origin of the domestic dog 1131: 1125: 1010: 1004: 557: 539: 506: 424:, and its highly advanced 42: 32:Grey Wolf (disambiguation) 29: 15918:Mammals described in 1758 15441: 15416:Grizzly–polar bear hybrid 15411:Grizzly–black bear hybrid 15389: 15364: 15344: 15326: 15293: 15201: 15154: 15136: 15108: 15048: 15020: 14965: 14937: 14705: 14654: 14645: 14599: 14575: 14542: 14525: 14501: 14450: 14433: 14416: 14387:Saharan striped polecat ( 14375: 14358: 14317: 14272: 14255: 14246: 14237: 14138: 14114: 14090: 14073: 14064: 13987: 13932: 13890: 13873: 13849: 13832: 13817: 13804: 13776: 13735: 13702: 13685: 13626: 13576: 13543: 13526: 13517: 13454: 13413: 13380: 13368:Striped hog-nosed skunk ( 13321: 13300: 13278: 13274: 13261: 13197: 13180: 13139: 13111: 13099:Mediterranean monk seal ( 13094: 13060: 13010: 12977: 12942: 12933: 12907: 12890: 12871: 12828:Juan Fernández fur seal ( 12792:South American fur seal ( 12780: 12763: 12739: 12727:South American sea lion ( 12722: 12685: 12668: 12659: 12635: 12607: 12585: 12581: 12565: 12529: 12502: 12493: 12434: 12408: 12399: 12375: 12351: 12336: 12325: 12226: 12200: 12152: 12109:South American gray fox ( 12079: 12053: 12029: 12012: 11997: 11982: 11845: 11812: 11795: 11786: 11753: 11733: 11717: 11685:Common slender mongoose ( 11637: 11595: 11551: 11455: 11429: 11420: 11365: 11332: 11315: 11282: 11265: 11232: 11211: 11170: 11158:Narrow-striped mongoose ( 11153: 11120: 11103: 11094: 11057: 11031: 11022: 11005: 10989: 10953: 10927: 10912: 10888: 10869: 10865: 10852: 10820: 10816: 10680:Crested servaline genet ( 10635: 10596: 10587: 10532: 10506: 10491: 10469: 10423: 10379: 10370: 10321: 10306: 10293: 10261: 10163: 10099: 10082: 10073: 10045: 10028: 9995: 9944: 9857: 9820: 9803: 9794: 9757: 9733: 9724: 9708: 9640: 9607: 9594: 9574: 9521: 9504: 9489: 9473: 9435: 9235: 9137: 9083: 8707:Heptner & Naumov 1998 8587:Wildlife Society Bulletin 7963:Werness, Hope B. (2007). 7040:10.1644/06-MAMM-A-119R1.1 7009:Heptner & Naumov 1998 6997:Heptner & Naumov 1998 6867:Heptner & Naumov 1998 6837:Heptner & Naumov 1998 6801:Heptner & Naumov 1998 6138:10.1186/s40555-015-0122-y 5769:. Wildlifenews.alaska.gov 5671:Heptner & Naumov 1998 5475:The Wolves of Isle Royale 5271:Heptner & Naumov 1998 5259:Heptner & Naumov 1998 5234:Wildlife Society Bulletin 5114:Heptner & Naumov 1998 5023:10.1017/S0952836905007430 4985:Heptner & Naumov 1998 4928:Heptner & Naumov 1998 4913:Heptner & Naumov 1998 4789:10.1007/s10592-013-0547-y 4553:10.1016/j.cub.2018.08.041 4207:10.1016/j.cub.2015.04.019 3758:10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.060 2910:, from the legend of the 2866:Relationships with humans 2679:Canada National Parks Act 2008:Yellowstone National Park 1887:European black nightshade 1505: 1382:jackal-wolf hybridization 1028:W. Christopher Wozencraft 1007:Subspecies of Canis lupus 896: 876: 869: 837: 805: 773: 741: 709: 677: 657: 650: 643: 636: 629: 622: 615: 608: 309: 300: 285: 280: 259: 252: 154:Scientific classification 152: 135: 113: 104: 86: 77: 53: 15903:Mammals of North America 14743:Stoat/Beringian ermine ( 14611:African clawless otter ( 14363:African striped weasel ( 14176:Yellow-throated marten ( 14052:Formosan ferret-badger ( 13756:Western mountain coati ( 13747:Eastern mountain coati ( 13664:Western lowland olingo ( 13646:Eastern lowland olingo ( 13474:Southern spotted skunk ( 13168:Southern elephant seal ( 13159:Northern elephant seal ( 12949:Pagophilus groenlandicus 11726:("dog-like" carnivorans) 11539:Stripe-necked mongoose ( 11160:Mungotictis decemlineata 10035:Herpailurus yagouaroundi 9482:("cat-like" carnivorans) 9263:British Columbian wolf ( 8881:Lopez, Barry H. (1978). 8845:. Detselig Enterprises. 8824:Rowman & Littlefield 8559:. In Serpell, J. (ed.). 8522:Shivik, John A. (2006). 7218:"Wolf Hunting in Alaska" 6240:. IUCN. pp. 24–25. 3847:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). 3494: 3259:(northern Scandinavia), 3170:, and others. Tolstoy's 3059:List of fictional wolves 2850:has roughly 650 wolves, 2686:contiguous United States 2661:Captive Mexican wolf at 2534:Two wolves feeding on a 2120:exoparasites, including 1667:Distribution and habitat 1017:In the third edition of 534:Proto-Indo-European root 452:and feeds on large wild 15923:Pleistocene carnivorans 14788:Yellow-bellied weasel ( 14043:Burmese ferret-badger ( 14025:Chinese ferret-badger ( 14016:Bornean ferret badger ( 14007:Vietnam ferret-badger ( 13492:Eastern spotted skunk ( 13483:Western spotted skunk ( 13213:Leptonychotes weddellii 12855:Subantarctic fur seal ( 12801:Australasian fur seal ( 11625:Black-footed mongoose ( 11607:Bushy-tailed mongoose ( 11556:White-tailed mongoose ( 11494:Indian brown mongoose ( 11476:Short-tailed mongoose ( 11467:Small Indian mongoose ( 11404:Flat-headed kusimanse ( 11377:Alexander's kusimanse ( 11353:Common dwarf mongoose ( 11320:Pousargues's mongoose ( 11182:Brown-tailed mongoose ( 11141:Grandidier's mongoose ( 10395:Arctogalidia trivirgata 9619:Sunda clouded leopard ( 9362:Alaskan Interior wolf ( 8927:Mech, L. David (1981). 8676:Mech & Boitani 2003 8441:Biological Conservation 8367:Mech & Boitani 2003 8355:Mech & Boitani 2003 8305:Mech & Boitani 2003 8293:Mech & Boitani 2003 8155:Mech & Boitani 2003 7922:Mech & Boitani 2003 7754:Larson, Greger (2017). 7742:Mech & Boitani 2003 7628:Mech & Boitani 2003 7605:. National Geographic. 7577:Mech & Boitani 2003 7482:Baskin, Leonid (2016). 7429:Mech & Boitani 2003 7388:. European Commission. 7173:Mech & Boitani 2003 7158:Mech & Boitani 2003 7146:Mech & Boitani 2003 7134:Mech & Boitani 2003 6930:Mech & Boitani 2003 6891:Mech & Boitani 2003 6879:Mech & Boitani 2003 6852:Mech & Boitani 2003 6825:Mech & Boitani 2003 6813:Mech & Boitani 2003 6749:Mech & Boitani 2003 6701:Mech & Boitani 2003 6593:Mech & Boitani 2003 6526:Mech & Boitani 2003 6479:Mech & Boitani 2003 6467:Mech & Boitani 2003 6396:Mech & Boitani 2003 6381:Mech & Boitani 2003 6369:Mech & Boitani 2003 6342:Mech & Boitani 2003 6327:Mech & Boitani 2003 6105:10.22621/cfn.v122i1.550 6062:Mech & Boitani 2003 6019:Mech & Boitani 2003 6004:Mech & Boitani 2003 5992:Mech & Boitani 2003 5980:Mech & Boitani 2003 5968:Mech & Boitani 2003 5890:Mech & Boitani 2003 5844:Mech & Boitani 2003 5788:McAllister, I. (2007). 5652:Mech & Boitani 2003 5569:Mech & Boitani 2003 5557:Mech & Boitani 2003 5472:Mech, L. David (1966). 5353:Hedrick, P. W. (2009). 5322:10.1126/science.1165448 5164:Encyclopedia of Mammals 5036:Mech & Boitani 2003 4864:Mech, L. David (1974). 4822:10.1126/science.aba9572 3966:Mech & Boitani 2003 3377:Human hunting of wolves 3242:A 1905 postcard of the 3053:In fable and literature 3033:has been widespread in 2922:associated wolves with 2605:classifies the wolf as 2590:Status and conservation 1733: 1636:(yellow to orange) and 1378:livestock guardian dogs 1260:homogenising ancestry. 1023:published in 2005, the 528: 517: 15276:Congolese spotted lion 14629:Congo clawless otter ( 14532:Hydrictis maculicollis 14530:Spotted-necked otter ( 14489:Southern river otter ( 14440:Pteronura brasiliensis 14203:European pine marten ( 13714:South American coati ( 13442:Palawan stink badger ( 12768:New Zealand sea lion ( 11833:Japanese raccoon dog ( 11530:Crab-eating mongoose ( 11485:Indian grey mongoose ( 11108:Ring-tailed vontsira ( 10919:(bone-crushing hyenas) 10614:Central African oyan ( 10175:Chinese mountain cat ( 9326:Mackenzie River wolf ( 8902:Marvin, Garry (2012). 8476:Acta Zoologica Fennica 8206:Grooms, Steve (2008). 6084:, and a Grizzly Bear, 6034:Wild cats of the world 5815:Fuller, T. K. (2019). 3935:Jhala, Yadvendradev V. 3803:"2-Origins of the dog" 3638:Linnæus, Carl (1758). 3509:Canus lupus familiaris 3487:are sometimes kept as 3406: 3387:Wolf hunting with dogs 3322: 3247: 3234:Predation on livestock 3122:Little Red Riding Hood 3106: 3099:Little Red Riding Hood 3072:The Boy Who Cried Wolf 2965:, the wolf represents 2915: 2795: 2721: 2690:Endangered Species Act 2669: 2538: 2507: 2424: 2394: 2283: 2221: 2010: 1934: 1754: 1694: 1629: 1519: 1434: 1402: 1321: 1149: 1050:New Guinea singing dog 402:Of all members of the 15821:Paleobiology Database 15376:Polecat–ferret hybrid 14869:Back-striped weasel ( 14815:Black-footed ferret ( 14587:Smooth-coated otter ( 14365:Poecilogale albinucha 14034:Javan ferret-badger ( 13920:Sumatran hog badger ( 13902:Northern hog badger ( 13596:Crab-eating raccoon ( 13501:Pygmy spotted skunk ( 13222:Lobodon carcinophagus 12958:Histriophoca fasciata 12751:Australian sea lion ( 12697:California sea lion ( 12446:American black bear ( 12188:Black-backed jackal ( 12179:Side-striped jackal ( 12019:Chrysocyon brachyurus 11443:Long-nosed mongoose ( 10716:Rusty-spotted genet ( 10553:Large-spotted civet ( 10402:Sulawesi palm civet ( 10331:Owston's palm civet ( 9905:Andean mountain cat ( 9381:Alaskan tundra wolf ( 8841:Graves, Will (2007). 8816:Busch, R. H. (2007). 8489:Backeryd, J. (2007). 8208:"The Mixed Legacy of 7648:(4). Wiley: 476–483. 7528:on September 23, 2007 7443:Ramsey, Morag (2015) 6080:, Killed by Cougars, 5817:"Ch3-What wolves eat" 5532:10536/DRO/DU:30085823 5161:; Norris, S. (2001). 4776:Conservation Genetics 4749:10.1093/jhered/esu014 4253:10.1101/gr.197517.115 4106:10.1007/13836_2018_27 3580:: e.T3746A247624660. 3400: 3317: 3279:Competition with dogs 3241: 3139:The Three Little Pigs 3096: 2895: 2790: 2768:, 1,100–2,400 in the 2764:, 1,700–2,240 in the 2720: 2660: 2594:Further information: 2533: 2505: 2419: 2388: 2282: 2217:Indian wolves at the 2216: 2051:electrolyte imbalance 2005: 1932: 1741: 1680: 1655:Black-coloured wolves 1623: 1513: 1431:Abruzzo National Park 1428: 1401:A North American wolf 1400: 1305: 1269:Late Pleistocene wolf 1254:population bottleneck 1204:Pleistocene megafauna 1141: 1132:Further information: 1128:Evolution of the wolf 1071:under the biological 1038:(Linnaeus, 1758) and 1011:Further information: 965:binomial nomenclature 468:, may infect wolves. 395:, to produce fertile 387:species, such as the 373:member of the family 334:), also known as the 36:Wolf (disambiguation) 15606:Fauna Europaea (new) 14684:Long-tailed weasel ( 14262:Lyncodon patagonicus 13911:Greater hog badger ( 13433:Sunda stink badger ( 13123:Hawaiian monk seal ( 12846:Guadalupe fur seal ( 12819:Antarctic fur seal ( 12810:Galápagos fur seal ( 12706:Galápagos sea lion ( 11824:Common raccoon dog ( 11676:Cape gray mongoose ( 11616:Jackson's mongoose ( 11576:Paracynictis selousi 11567:Cynictis penicillata 11191:Durrell's vontsira ( 10779:Giant forest genet ( 10571:Large Indian civet ( 10511:Small Indian civet ( 10120:Sunda leopard cat ( 9896:Southern tiger cat ( 9832:African golden cat ( 9509:African palm civet ( 9335:Baffin Island wolf ( 8335:Smithsonian Magazine 8245:Conservation Biology 7642:Conservation Biology 7579:, pp. 323, 327. 7501:10.3106/041.041.0402 7191:Justice Laws Website 7101:. pp. 217–218. 7093:Zimen, Erik (1981). 7027:Journal of Mammalogy 6944:Journal of Mammalogy 6678:The Wolves of Denali 6605:Mech, L. D. (1977). 6216:Journal of Taphonomy 5129:Miklosi, A. (2015). 4539:(21): 3441–3449.e5. 4340:V. (July 14, 2022). 3609:"Appendices | CITES" 3528:are included in the 3310:List of wolf attacks 2938:, were suckled by a 2762:Carpathian Mountains 2391:Tama Zoological Park 2178:, irritation of the 1979:localized extinction 1943:American black bears 1748:Denali National Park 1626:La Boissière-du-Doré 1244:), originating from 1242:Last Glacial Maximum 1236:to other wolves and 1142:Life restoration of 550:word for the animal 426:expressive behaviour 15948:Paraphyletic groups 15381:Polecat–mink hybrid 14727:M. aistoodonnivalis 14563:Hairy-nosed otter ( 14480:Neotropical otter ( 14260:Patagonian weasel ( 13723:White-nosed coati ( 12923:Cystophora cristata 12914:Erignathus barbatus 12647:Northern fur seal ( 12424:Helarctos malayanus 12060:Atelocynus microtis 11767:U. cinereoargenteus 11658:Egyptian mongoose ( 11585:Rhynchogale melleri 11583:Meller's mongoose ( 11574:Selous's mongoose ( 11558:Ichneumia albicauda 11512:Collared mongoose ( 11386:Angolan kusimanse ( 11270:Liberian mongoose ( 10623:West African oyan ( 10522:Civettictis civetta 10453:Golden palm civet ( 10411:Masked palm civet ( 10386:Arctictis binturong 10360:Hemigalus derbyanus 10358:Banded palm civet ( 10349:Hose's palm civet ( 10138:Rusty-spotted cat ( 9377:(taxonomy disputed) 9344:Northwestern wolf ( 8793:on December 8, 2015 8765:, pp. 121–140. 8678:, pp. 300–304. 8453:2014BCons.171..232L 8257:2002ConBi..16..809C 8138:Yellowstone Science 8110:, pp. 21, 123. 7760:Zoological Research 7701:2019PLoSO..1415019S 7654:1991ConBi...5..476J 7554:. Middle East Eye. 7431:, pp. 318–320. 7411:European Commission 7323:Nie, M. A. (2003). 7175:, pp. 321–324. 7148:, pp. 122–125. 6932:, pp. 119–121. 6903:Fox, M. W. (1978). 6869:, pp. 249–254. 6839:, pp. 234–238. 6775:1975AmSci..63..628P 6623:1977Sci...198..320M 6559:2007Ecogr..30...66J 6493:"Carnivora;Canidae" 6426:2015PLoSO..1037378M 6398:, pp. 2–3, 28. 6371:, pp. 202–208. 6344:, pp. 211–213. 6329:, pp. 208–211. 6064:, pp. 264–265. 5994:, pp. 263–264. 5982:, pp. 261–263. 5892:, pp. 266–268. 5736:2018MamBi..91...30G 5673:, pp. 213–231. 5601:2021PPP...57110368L 5571:, pp. 109–110. 5451:2008Letha..41..333S 5404:American Naturalist 5372:10.1038/hdy.2009.77 5314:2009Sci...323.1339A 5308:(5919): 1339–1343. 5261:, pp. 168–169. 4987:, pp. 164–270. 4915:, pp. 129–132. 4737:Journal of Heredity 4711:2010MamBi..75..341I 4657:2019iSci...20..110W 4545:2018CBio...28E3441G 4427:2020MolEc..29.1596L 4358:2022Natur.607..313B 4299:2021MolEc..30.6687H 4198:2015CBio...25.1515S 3999:2022NatSR..12.2882I 3968:, pp. 239–245. 3749:2015CBio...25.2158K 3707:, Inc. p. 390. 3524:Domestic and feral 2791:A wolf in southern 2782:former Soviet Union 2492:Hunting and feeding 2458:German Shepherd Dog 2381:Canine reproduction 2168:thorny-headed worms 2083:bovine tuberculosis 1354:African hunting dog 1319:West Siberian Laika 1198:muscle, and robust 1077:nominate subspecies 899:Black-backed jackal 879:Side-striped jackal 409:, the wolf is most 354:. More than thirty 107:Conservation status 15181:Lord Morton's mare 14842:European polecat ( 14675:Colombian weasel ( 14325:(African polecats) 13953:Caucasian badger ( 13881:(Eurasian badgers) 13331:(hog-nosed skunks) 13068:("southern seals") 12967:Halichoerus grypus 12898:("northern seals") 12770:Phocarctos hookeri 12675:Eumetopias jubatus 12673:Steller sea lion ( 12455:Asian black bear ( 12205:African wild dog ( 12159:(wolf-like canids) 11436:Atilax paludinosus 11395:Common kusimanse ( 11322:Dologale dybowskii 11294:Gambian mongoose ( 11078:Western falanouc ( 11069:Eastern falanouc ( 11038:Cryptoprocta ferox 10943:Parahyaena brunnea 10698:Johnston's genet ( 10653:Abyssinian genet ( 10605:(African linsangs) 10513:Viverricula indica 10444:Brown palm civet ( 10435:Asian palm civet ( 10342:Cynogale bennettii 10333:Chrotogale owstoni 10229:European wildcat ( 10220:Black-footed cat ( 9810:Leptailurus serval 9778:Asian golden cat ( 9544:(Asiatic linsangs) 9346:C. l. occidentalis 8219:International Wolf 8167:Jones, K. (2001). 7889:10.2108/zsj.26.765 7876:Zoological Science 6763:American Scientist 6703:, pp. 66–103. 6125:Zoological Studies 5131:"Ch. 5.5.2—Wolves" 5011:Journal of Zoology 3987:Scientific Reports 3705:Dover Publications 3429:), poisoning with 3410:Theodore Roosevelt 3407: 3323: 3248: 3187:Peter and the Wolf 3148:Russian literature 3107: 2958:'s faithful pets. 2916: 2906:feeding the twins 2888:Wolves in heraldry 2796: 2722: 2670: 2539: 2508: 2425: 2395: 2284: 2272:Wolf communication 2222: 2176:allergic reactions 2063:Bacterial diseases 2038:canine coronavirus 2011: 1967:niche partitioning 1935: 1875:lily of the valley 1755: 1742:A wolf carrying a 1718:(including Arctic 1695: 1630: 1520: 1435: 1403: 1374:Caucasus Mountains 1322: 1226:Indian plains wolf 1150: 1145:Canis mosbachensis 989:, and the wolf as 977:", and under this 61:Middle Pleistocene 15898:Mammals of Europe 15875: 15874: 15808:Open Tree of Life 15435:Taxon identifiers 15426: 15425: 15088:Jackal–dog hybrid 15000:Sheep–goat hybrid 14897: 14896: 14893: 14892: 14889: 14888: 14885: 14884: 14881: 14880: 14860:Siberian weasel ( 14851:American ermine ( 14779:Japanese weasel ( 14734:Mountain weasel ( 14718: 14641: 14640: 14427: 14412: 14411: 14408: 14407: 14396:Striped polecat ( 14346:Marbled polecat ( 14328: 14313: 14312: 14285: 14233: 14232: 14212:Japanese marten ( 14158:American marten ( 14151: 14009:M. cucphuongensis 14000: 13983: 13982: 13971:European badger ( 13944:Japanese badger ( 13884: 13837:American badger ( 13800: 13799: 13796: 13795: 13772: 13771: 13768: 13767: 13696: 13655:Northern olingo ( 13639: 13614:Cozumel raccoon ( 13589: 13513: 13512: 13467: 13426: 13334: 13315: 13257: 13256: 13253: 13252: 13249: 13248: 13245: 13244: 13241: 13240: 13231:Ommatophoca rossi 13204:Hydrurga leptonyx 13191: 13188:(Antarctic seals) 13161:M. angustirostris 13152: 13135: 13134: 13101:Monachus monachus 13088: 13071: 13056: 13055: 13052: 13051: 12901: 12884: 12867: 12866: 12729:Otaria flavescens 12718: 12717: 12629: 12597:Odobenus rosmarus 12561: 12560: 12557: 12556: 12553: 12552: 12549: 12548: 12512: 12489: 12488: 12485: 12484: 12387:Spectacled bear ( 12345: 12321: 12320: 12317: 12316: 12313: 12312: 12161: 12148: 12147: 12067:Crab-eating fox ( 12058:Short-eared dog ( 12006: 11991: 11978: 11977: 11860: 11802:Otocyon megalotis 11746: 11713: 11712: 11709: 11708: 11705: 11704: 11701: 11700: 11697: 11696: 11565:Yellow mongoose ( 11416: 11415: 11303:Banded mongoose ( 11272:Liberiictus kuhni 11226: 11207: 11206: 11203: 11202: 11090: 11089: 11016: 10985: 10984: 10981: 10980: 10977: 10976: 10921: 10882: 10848: 10847: 10844: 10843: 10840: 10839: 10812: 10811: 10808: 10807: 10804: 10803: 10800: 10799: 10752:Servaline genet ( 10671:Bourlon's genet ( 10646: 10607: 10583: 10582: 10465: 10464: 10437:P. hermaphroditus 10289: 10288: 10285: 10284: 10281: 10280: 10257: 10256: 10253: 10252: 10249: 10248: 10245: 10244: 10241: 10240: 10202:African wildcat ( 10159: 10158: 10129:Flat-headed cat ( 10069: 10068: 9853: 9852: 9790: 9789: 9704: 9703: 9700: 9699: 9628:Clouded leopard ( 9587: 9562:Spotted linsang ( 9546: 9511:Nandinia binotata 9393: 9392: 9364:C. l. pambasileus 9301:C. l. labradorius 9281:Hudson Bay wolf ( 9265:C. l. columbianus 9026:Death of a Legend 8994:978-0-226-25514-9 8969:978-0-226-51696-7 8944:978-0-8166-1026-6 8919:978-1-86189-879-1 8894:978-0-7432-4936-2 8884:Of Wolves and Men 8873:978-1-886106-81-9 8852:978-1-55059-332-7 8833:978-1-59921-069-8 8647:978-82-426-1292-2 8232:on June 21, 2010. 8086:, pp. 64–70. 8062:, pp. 38–45. 7834:10.7717/peerj.982 7108:978-0-285-62411-5 6893:, pp. 46–49. 6854:, pp. 42–46. 6739:, pp. 39–41. 6617:(4314): 320–321. 6595:, pp. 19–26. 6481:, pp. 12–13. 6356:, pp. 77–85. 6247:978-2-8317-0442-5 5724:Mammalian Biology 5522:10.1111/mam.12067 5485:978-1-4102-0249-9 5219:, pp. 19–20. 5174:978-0-7607-1969-5 5144:978-0-19-104572-1 5065:"Ch23: Gray wolf 4870:Mammalian Species 4816:(6516): 557–564. 4435:10.1111/mec.15329 4415:Molecular Ecology 4352:(7918): 313–320. 4307:10.1111/mec.16127 4293:(24): 6687–6700. 4287:Molecular Ecology 4192:(11): 1515–1519. 4115:978-3-030-04752-8 3860:978-0-8018-8221-0 3841:"Order Carnivora" 3837:Wozencraft, W. C. 3780:Harper, Douglas. 3720:, pp. 74–75. 3657:Harper, Douglas. 3513:Canus lupus dingo 3300:Attacks on humans 3257:domestic reindeer 3035:European folklore 2963:Chinese astronomy 2936:Romulus and Remus 2908:Romulus and Remus 2801:Arabian Peninsula 2774:Iberian peninsula 2770:Italian Peninsula 2736:II) and the 1992 2548:biting the throat 2546:, wolves kill by 2536:white-tailed deer 2317: 2299: 2180:intestinal mucosa 2139:Sarcoptes scabiei 2042:incubation period 2040:. In wolves, the 2026:canine parvovirus 1803:white-tailed deer 1673:Wolf distribution 1536:calcaneal tendons 1526:and long, coarse 1363:genetic admixture 1273:genetic admixture 1160:from the earlier 1062:mitochondrial DNA 1054:taxonomic synonym 957:published in his 951: 950: 941: 940: 926: 925: 914: 913: 855: 854: 823: 822: 791: 790: 759: 758: 727: 726: 695: 694: 314: 313: 147: 130: 93:Canis lupus lupus 27:Species of canine 16:(Redirected from 15955: 15868: 15867: 15855: 15854: 15842: 15841: 15829: 15828: 15816: 15815: 15803: 15802: 15790: 15789: 15777: 15776: 15767: 15766: 15754: 15753: 15751:NBNSYS0000005184 15741: 15740: 15728: 15727: 15715: 15714: 15702: 15701: 15689: 15688: 15676: 15675: 15663: 15662: 15650: 15649: 15637: 15636: 15624: 15623: 15614: 15613: 15601: 15600: 15588: 15587: 15575: 15574: 15562: 15561: 15549: 15548: 15539: 15538: 15526: 15525: 15513: 15512: 15503: 15502: 15490: 15489: 15477: 15476: 15475: 15462: 15461: 15460: 15430: 15429: 15406:ABC Islands bear 15336:Macropod hybrids 15313:Hybrid orangutan 15073:Dingo–dog hybrid 14924: 14917: 14910: 14901: 14900: 14833:Malayan weasel ( 14752:Steppe polecat ( 14725:Sichuan weasel ( 14717: 14716: 14712: 14652: 14651: 14589:L. perspicillata 14554:Eurasian otter ( 14431: 14430: 14426: 14425: 14421: 14332: 14331: 14327: 14326: 14322: 14301:Greater grison ( 14284: 14283: 14279: 14253: 14252: 14244: 14243: 14194:Nilgiri marten ( 14167:Pacific marten ( 14150: 14149: 14145: 14071: 14070: 14054:M. subaurantiaca 13999: 13998: 13997:(ferret-badgers) 13994: 13888: 13887: 13883: 13882: 13878: 13830: 13829: 13819: 13818: 13806: 13805: 13700: 13699: 13695: 13694: 13690: 13638: 13637: 13633: 13588: 13587: 13583: 13524: 13523: 13466: 13465: 13464:(spotted skunks) 13461: 13425: 13424: 13420: 13333: 13332: 13328: 13319: 13318: 13314: 13313: 13305: 13276: 13275: 13263: 13262: 13220:Crabeater seal ( 13195: 13194: 13190: 13189: 13185: 13151: 13150: 13149:(elephant seals) 13146: 13125:N. schauinslandi 13092: 13091: 13087: 13086: 13082: 13075: 13074: 13070: 13069: 13065: 12940: 12939: 12905: 12904: 12900: 12899: 12895: 12888: 12887: 12883: 12882: 12876: 12837:Brown fur seal ( 12812:A. galapagoensis 12699:Z. californianus 12666: 12665: 12633: 12632: 12628: 12627: 12613: 12583: 12582: 12575: 12567: 12566: 12511: 12510: 12506: 12500: 12499: 12415:Melursus ursinus 12406: 12405: 12349: 12348: 12344: 12341: 12334: 12333: 12301:Ethiopian wolf ( 12165: 12164: 12160: 12157: 12010: 12009: 12005: 12002: 11995: 11994: 11990: 11987: 11876:Blanford's fox ( 11859: 11852: 11793: 11792: 11751: 11750: 11745: 11742: 11735: 11734: 11727: 11719: 11718: 11521:Ruddy mongoose ( 11503:Javan mongoose ( 11434:Marsh mongoose ( 11427: 11426: 11406:C. platycephalus 11239: 11238: 11230: 11229: 11225: 11222: 11220: 11101: 11100: 11045:Malagasy civet ( 11029: 11028: 11020: 11019: 11015: 11010: 11003: 11002: 10998: 10925: 10924: 10920: 10917: 10886: 10885: 10881: 10878: 10871: 10870: 10867: 10866: 10854: 10853: 10818: 10817: 10645: 10642: 10606: 10603: 10594: 10593: 10504: 10503: 10500: 10489: 10488: 10484: 10471: 10470: 10377: 10376: 10319: 10318: 10308: 10307: 10295: 10294: 10089:Otocolobus manul 10080: 10079: 10002: 10001: 9878:Geoffroy's cat ( 9801: 9800: 9731: 9730: 9722: 9721: 9717: 9605: 9604: 9596: 9595: 9592: 9591: 9586: 9583: 9576: 9575: 9553:Banded linsang ( 9545: 9542: 9534: 9533: 9523: 9522: 9502: 9501: 9491: 9490: 9483: 9475: 9474: 9420: 9413: 9406: 9397: 9396: 9353:Greenland wolf ( 9283:C. l. hudsonicus 9203:C. l. familiaris 9183:Himalayan wolf ( 9174:Mongolian wolf ( 9167:C. l. campestris 9066: 9059: 9052: 9043: 9042: 8998: 8973: 8948: 8923: 8898: 8877: 8856: 8837: 8803: 8802: 8800: 8798: 8792: 8786:. Archived from 8781: 8772: 8766: 8760: 8751: 8745: 8739: 8738: 8736: 8734: 8716: 8710: 8704: 8698: 8697: 8685: 8679: 8673: 8667: 8666: 8664: 8662: 8656: 8639: 8628: 8611: 8610: 8593:(4): 1195–1208. 8581: 8575: 8574: 8552: 8546: 8545: 8543: 8519: 8513: 8512: 8510: 8508: 8503:on July 17, 2019 8502: 8495: 8486: 8480: 8479: 8471: 8465: 8464: 8437:Canis familiaris 8428: 8407: 8406: 8388: 8382: 8376: 8370: 8364: 8358: 8352: 8346: 8345: 8343: 8341: 8326: 8320: 8314: 8308: 8302: 8296: 8290: 8277: 8276: 8240: 8234: 8233: 8231: 8216: 8203: 8197: 8196: 8194: 8192: 8164: 8158: 8152: 8146: 8145: 8129: 8123: 8117: 8111: 8105: 8099: 8093: 8087: 8081: 8075: 8069: 8063: 8057: 8051: 8045: 8039: 8033: 8027: 8021: 8015: 8009: 8003: 7997: 7991: 7985: 7979: 7978: 7960: 7949: 7943: 7937: 7931: 7925: 7919: 7910: 7909: 7891: 7863: 7857: 7856: 7846: 7836: 7812: 7806: 7800: 7794: 7793: 7783: 7751: 7745: 7739: 7733: 7732: 7722: 7712: 7680: 7674: 7673: 7637: 7631: 7625: 7619: 7618: 7616: 7614: 7598: 7592: 7586: 7580: 7574: 7568: 7567: 7565: 7563: 7547: 7538: 7537: 7535: 7533: 7527: 7520: 7512: 7506: 7505: 7503: 7479: 7473: 7472: 7454: 7448: 7438: 7432: 7426: 7420: 7408: 7402: 7401: 7399: 7397: 7382: 7373: 7372: 7370: 7368: 7353: 7347: 7346: 7330: 7320: 7314: 7313: 7311: 7309: 7298: 7292: 7291: 7289: 7287: 7276: 7270: 7269: 7267: 7265: 7259: 7252: 7244: 7238: 7237: 7235: 7233: 7213: 7207: 7206: 7204: 7202: 7182: 7176: 7170: 7161: 7155: 7149: 7143: 7137: 7131: 7125: 7119: 7113: 7112: 7090: 7084: 7083:, p. 82–89. 7078: 7072: 7066: 7060: 7054: 7045: 7044: 7042: 7018: 7012: 7006: 7000: 6994: 6988: 6982: 6976: 6975: 6939: 6933: 6927: 6921: 6920: 6900: 6894: 6888: 6882: 6876: 6870: 6864: 6855: 6849: 6840: 6834: 6828: 6822: 6816: 6810: 6804: 6798: 6787: 6786: 6758: 6752: 6746: 6740: 6734: 6728: 6722: 6716: 6710: 6704: 6698: 6692: 6691: 6669: 6663: 6662: 6660: 6658: 6602: 6596: 6590: 6579: 6578: 6538: 6529: 6523: 6517: 6516: 6488: 6482: 6476: 6470: 6464: 6458: 6457: 6447: 6437: 6405: 6399: 6393: 6384: 6378: 6372: 6366: 6357: 6351: 6345: 6339: 6330: 6324: 6318: 6317: 6289: 6283: 6282: 6270: 6264: 6263: 6261: 6259: 6231: 6225: 6223: 6207: 6201: 6200: 6198: 6196: 6167: 6161: 6160: 6150: 6140: 6116: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6071: 6065: 6059: 6053: 6052: 6028: 6022: 6016: 6007: 6001: 5995: 5989: 5983: 5977: 5971: 5965: 5959: 5958: 5956: 5954: 5948: 5941: 5932: 5926: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5915: 5908: 5899: 5893: 5887: 5878: 5877: 5865: 5859: 5853: 5847: 5841: 5835: 5834: 5812: 5806: 5805: 5785: 5779: 5778: 5776: 5774: 5762: 5756: 5755: 5719: 5713: 5712: 5701:10.1002/ecy.2892 5680: 5674: 5668: 5655: 5649: 5640: 5634: 5628: 5627: 5625: 5623: 5578: 5572: 5566: 5560: 5554: 5545: 5544: 5534: 5524: 5499: 5490: 5489: 5469: 5463: 5462: 5434: 5428: 5427: 5399: 5393: 5392: 5374: 5350: 5344: 5343: 5333: 5292: 5286: 5280: 5274: 5268: 5262: 5256: 5250: 5249: 5229: 5220: 5214: 5208: 5202: 5196: 5190: 5179: 5178: 5159:Macdonald, D. W. 5155: 5149: 5148: 5126: 5117: 5111: 5102: 5096: 5087: 5086: 5060: 5039: 5033: 5027: 5026: 5006: 5000: 4994: 4988: 4982: 4943: 4937: 4931: 4925: 4916: 4910: 4904: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4881: 4861: 4852: 4851: 4833: 4800: 4794: 4793: 4791: 4767: 4761: 4760: 4732: 4723: 4722: 4693: 4687: 4686: 4676: 4636: 4630: 4629: 4619: 4609: 4600:(11): e1007745. 4584: 4575: 4574: 4564: 4523: 4514: 4513: 4495: 4471: 4465: 4464: 4454: 4421:(9): 1596–1610. 4405: 4396: 4395: 4385: 4336: 4327: 4326: 4281: 4275: 4274: 4264: 4231: 4220: 4219: 4209: 4177: 4171: 4170: 4160: 4150: 4126: 4120: 4119: 4093: 4082: 4081: 4071: 4043: 4037: 4036: 4026: 3978: 3969: 3963: 3957: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3943: 3930: 3924: 3923: 3913: 3903: 3879: 3873: 3872: 3833: 3827: 3826: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3777: 3771: 3770: 3760: 3743:(#16): 2158–65. 3727: 3721: 3715: 3709: 3708: 3694: 3688: 3687: 3675: 3669: 3668: 3654: 3648: 3647: 3635: 3624: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3605: 3599: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3589: 3559: 3533: 3522: 3516: 3505: 3485:wolf-dog hybrids 3403:Volgograd Oblast 3160:Nikolay Nekrasov 3126:Charles Perrault 2988:Tantric Buddhism 2912:founding of Rome 2747: 2743: 2735: 2646: 2618: 2487: 2486: 2482: 2479: 2473: 2472: 2468: 2465: 2453:gestation period 2319: 2318: 2301: 2300: 2281: 2232:consisting of a 2203:Social structure 2022:canine distemper 2006:Wolf with mange 1975:Russian Far East 1616: 1615: 1611: 1608: 1602: 1601: 1597: 1594: 1588: 1587: 1583: 1580: 1574: 1573: 1569: 1566: 1560: 1559: 1555: 1552: 1518:, northern India 1492: 1491: 1487: 1484: 1478: 1477: 1473: 1470: 1464: 1463: 1459: 1456: 1450: 1449: 1445: 1442: 1346:ghost population 1307:Wolf–dog hybrids 1188:Late Pleistocene 1112:Canis familiaris 1013:Pleistocene wolf 987:Canis familiaris 905: 885: 872: 871: 846: 840:African wild dog 814: 782: 750: 718: 686: 666: 653: 652: 646: 645: 639: 638: 632: 631: 625: 624: 618: 617: 611: 610: 604: 603: 594: 593: 567:Germanic peoples 560: 559: 544: 543: 531: 436:consisting of a 434:nuclear families 432:. It travels in 329: 305: 295: 265: 162: 161: 141: 124: 119: 118: 99:in Bardu, Norway 82: 71: 64: 57:Temporal range: 51: 50: 21: 15963: 15962: 15958: 15957: 15956: 15954: 15953: 15952: 15913:Holarctic fauna 15893:Mammals of Asia 15878: 15877: 15876: 15871: 15863: 15858: 15850: 15845: 15837: 15832: 15824: 15819: 15811: 15806: 15798: 15793: 15785: 15782:Observation.org 15780: 15772: 15770: 15762: 15757: 15749: 15744: 15736: 15731: 15723: 15718: 15710: 15705: 15697: 15692: 15684: 15679: 15671: 15666: 15658: 15653: 15645: 15640: 15632: 15627: 15619: 15617: 15609: 15604: 15596: 15591: 15583: 15578: 15570: 15565: 15557: 15552: 15544: 15542: 15534: 15529: 15521: 15516: 15508: 15506: 15498: 15493: 15485: 15480: 15471: 15470: 15465: 15456: 15455: 15450: 15437: 15427: 15422: 15385: 15360: 15340: 15322: 15289: 15256:Panthera hybrid 15197: 15150: 15146:Elephant hybrid 15132: 15118:Clymene dolphin 15104: 15044: 15016: 14961: 14960: 14933: 14928: 14898: 14877: 14853:M. richardsonii 14797:European mink ( 14714: 14713: 14711: 14701: 14693:American mink ( 14666:Amazon weasel ( 14637: 14595: 14571: 14538: 14521: 14497: 14446: 14423: 14422: 14420: 14404: 14371: 14354: 14324: 14323: 14321: 14309: 14292:Lesser grison ( 14281: 14280: 14278: 14268: 14229: 14147: 14146: 14144: 14134: 14110: 14086: 14060: 13996: 13995: 13993: 13979: 13928: 13880: 13879: 13877: 13869: 13845: 13826: 13813: 13792: 13764: 13731: 13692: 13691: 13689: 13681: 13635: 13634: 13632: 13622: 13585: 13584: 13582: 13572: 13539: 13509: 13476:S. angustifrons 13463: 13462: 13460: 13450: 13423:(stink badgers) 13422: 13421: 13419: 13409: 13401:Striped skunk ( 13376: 13370:C. semistriatus 13330: 13329: 13327: 13307: 13306: 13304: 13296: 13290:Ailurus fulgens 13270: 13237: 13187: 13186: 13184: 13176: 13148: 13147: 13145: 13131: 13107: 13084: 13083: 13081: 13067: 13066: 13064: 13048: 13006: 12973: 12929: 12897: 12896: 12894: 12880: 12878: 12877: 12875: 12863: 12776: 12759: 12735: 12714: 12681: 12655: 12622: 12617: 12615: 12614: 12612: 12608: 12603: 12577: 12573: 12545: 12525: 12508: 12507: 12481: 12430: 12395: 12371: 12342: 12340: 12330: 12309: 12238:Golden jackal ( 12222: 12196: 12158: 12156: 12144: 12075: 12069:Cerdocyon thous 12049: 12025: 12003: 12001: 11988: 11986: 11974: 11939:Rüppell's fox ( 11853: 11851: 11841: 11826:N. procyonoides 11808: 11800:Bat-eared fox ( 11782: 11747: 11743: 11729: 11725: 11693: 11678:H. pulverulenta 11633: 11591: 11547: 11514:U. semitorquata 11469:U. auropunctata 11451: 11412: 11361: 11328: 11311: 11278: 11261: 11223: 11221: 11216: 11215: 11199: 11166: 11149: 11116: 11110:Galidia elegans 11086: 11053: 11013: 11011: 11009: 10999: 10994: 10973: 10965:Spotted hyena ( 10949: 10932:Striped hyena ( 10918: 10916: 10908: 10879: 10877: 10861: 10836: 10796: 10734:Aquatic genet ( 10725:Pardine genet ( 10662:Angolan genet ( 10643: 10641: 10631: 10616:P. richardsonii 10604: 10602: 10579: 10562:Malayan civet ( 10528: 10520:African civet ( 10496: 10495: 10485: 10480: 10479: 10475: 10461: 10419: 10366: 10351:Diplogale hosei 10315: 10302: 10277: 10237: 10155: 10095: 10075: 10065: 10041: 10024: 9997: 9991: 9965:Eurasian lynx ( 9940: 9849: 9816: 9796: 9786: 9753: 9726: 9718: 9713: 9696: 9636: 9588: 9584: 9570: 9543: 9530: 9517: 9498: 9485: 9481: 9469: 9431: 9424: 9394: 9389: 9383:C. l. tundrarum 9328:C. l. mackenzii 9299:Labrador wolf ( 9292:C. l. irremotus 9274:C. l. crassodon 9237: 9231: 9214:Eurasian wolf ( 9139: 9133: 9079: 9070: 9032:Cry of the Wild 9005: 8995: 8970: 8945: 8920: 8895: 8874: 8853: 8834: 8812: 8807: 8806: 8796: 8794: 8790: 8779: 8773: 8769: 8761: 8754: 8746: 8742: 8732: 8730: 8717: 8713: 8705: 8701: 8686: 8682: 8674: 8670: 8660: 8658: 8654: 8648: 8637: 8629: 8614: 8582: 8578: 8571: 8553: 8549: 8520: 8516: 8506: 8504: 8500: 8493: 8487: 8483: 8478:(174): 259–264. 8472: 8468: 8429: 8410: 8403: 8389: 8385: 8377: 8373: 8365: 8361: 8353: 8349: 8339: 8337: 8327: 8323: 8315: 8311: 8303: 8299: 8291: 8280: 8241: 8237: 8229: 8214: 8204: 8200: 8190: 8188: 8165: 8161: 8153: 8149: 8130: 8126: 8118: 8114: 8106: 8102: 8094: 8090: 8082: 8078: 8070: 8066: 8058: 8054: 8046: 8042: 8034: 8030: 8022: 8018: 8010: 8006: 7998: 7994: 7986: 7982: 7975: 7961: 7952: 7944: 7940: 7932: 7928: 7920: 7913: 7864: 7860: 7813: 7809: 7801: 7797: 7752: 7748: 7740: 7736: 7695:(4): e0215019. 7681: 7677: 7638: 7634: 7626: 7622: 7612: 7610: 7599: 7595: 7587: 7583: 7575: 7571: 7561: 7559: 7548: 7541: 7531: 7529: 7525: 7518: 7514: 7513: 7509: 7480: 7476: 7455: 7451: 7439: 7435: 7427: 7423: 7409: 7405: 7395: 7393: 7384: 7383: 7376: 7366: 7364: 7363:. March 5, 2024 7355: 7354: 7350: 7343: 7321: 7317: 7307: 7305: 7300: 7299: 7295: 7285: 7283: 7278: 7277: 7273: 7263: 7261: 7257: 7250: 7246: 7245: 7241: 7231: 7229: 7214: 7210: 7200: 7198: 7183: 7179: 7171: 7164: 7156: 7152: 7144: 7140: 7132: 7128: 7120: 7116: 7109: 7091: 7087: 7079: 7075: 7067: 7063: 7059:, pp. 1–3. 7055: 7048: 7019: 7015: 7007: 7003: 6995: 6991: 6983: 6979: 6956:10.2307/1382426 6940: 6936: 6928: 6924: 6917: 6901: 6897: 6889: 6885: 6877: 6873: 6865: 6858: 6850: 6843: 6835: 6831: 6823: 6819: 6811: 6807: 6799: 6790: 6759: 6755: 6747: 6743: 6735: 6731: 6723: 6719: 6711: 6707: 6699: 6695: 6688: 6670: 6666: 6656: 6654: 6603: 6599: 6591: 6582: 6539: 6532: 6524: 6520: 6513: 6489: 6485: 6477: 6473: 6469:, pp. 1–2. 6465: 6461: 6420:(9). e0137378. 6406: 6402: 6394: 6387: 6379: 6375: 6367: 6360: 6352: 6348: 6340: 6333: 6325: 6321: 6290: 6286: 6271: 6267: 6257: 6255: 6248: 6232: 6228: 6208: 6204: 6194: 6192: 6185: 6168: 6164: 6117: 6113: 6072: 6068: 6060: 6056: 6049: 6029: 6025: 6017: 6010: 6002: 5998: 5990: 5986: 5978: 5974: 5966: 5962: 5952: 5950: 5946: 5939: 5933: 5929: 5919: 5917: 5913: 5906: 5900: 5896: 5888: 5881: 5866: 5862: 5854: 5850: 5842: 5838: 5831: 5813: 5809: 5802: 5786: 5782: 5772: 5770: 5763: 5759: 5720: 5716: 5681: 5677: 5669: 5658: 5650: 5643: 5635: 5631: 5621: 5619: 5579: 5575: 5567: 5563: 5555: 5548: 5500: 5493: 5486: 5470: 5466: 5435: 5431: 5400: 5396: 5351: 5347: 5293: 5289: 5281: 5277: 5269: 5265: 5257: 5253: 5230: 5223: 5215: 5211: 5203: 5199: 5191: 5182: 5175: 5156: 5152: 5145: 5127: 5120: 5112: 5105: 5097: 5090: 5083: 5061: 5042: 5034: 5030: 5007: 5003: 4995: 4991: 4983: 4946: 4938: 4934: 4926: 4919: 4911: 4907: 4897: 4895: 4879:10.2307/3503924 4862: 4855: 4801: 4797: 4768: 4764: 4733: 4726: 4694: 4690: 4637: 4633: 4585: 4578: 4533:Current Biology 4524: 4517: 4472: 4468: 4406: 4399: 4337: 4330: 4282: 4278: 4241:Genome Research 4232: 4223: 4186:Current Biology 4178: 4174: 4141:(1). e1004016. 4127: 4123: 4116: 4094: 4085: 4044: 4040: 3979: 3972: 3964: 3960: 3950: 3948: 3941: 3931: 3927: 3894:(1): e1004093. 3880: 3876: 3861: 3834: 3830: 3823: 3799: 3795: 3778: 3774: 3737:Current Biology 3728: 3724: 3716: 3712: 3695: 3691: 3676: 3672: 3655: 3651: 3636: 3627: 3617: 3615: 3607: 3606: 3602: 3592: 3590: 3560: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3536: 3523: 3519: 3506: 3502: 3497: 3481: 3475: 3395: 3389: 3381:Main articles: 3379: 3312: 3304:Main articles: 3302: 3281: 3236: 3224: 3200:The Jungle Book 3195:Rudyard Kipling 3134:sexual predator 3061: 3055: 2944:Norse mythology 2899:Capitoline Wolf 2890: 2884: 2878: 2873: 2868: 2854:has 10,000 and 2745: 2741: 2733: 2715: 2655: 2644: 2616: 2598: 2592: 2500: 2494: 2484: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2470: 2466: 2463: 2461: 2383: 2377: 2334: 2333: 2325: 2323: 2322: 2321: 2320: 2313: 2310: 2304: 2303: 2302: 2295: 2292: 2285: 2279: 2274: 2268: 2247:sexual maturity 2211: 2205: 2200: 2192: 2000: 1994: 1906: 1736: 1675: 1669: 1664: 1650:Rocky Mountains 1613: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1599: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1585: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1571: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1557: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1544:tissue-freezing 1508: 1495:Bergmann's rule 1489: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1475: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1461: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1447: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1395: 1338:Sinai Peninsula 1300: 1294: 1281:Tibetan Mastiff 1174:C. mosbachensis 1163:C. mosbachensis 1136: 1130: 1124: 1087:) based on the 1075:of "wolf", the 1015: 1009: 1003: 960:Systema Naturae 942: 927: 915: 856: 824: 792: 760: 728: 696: 592: 511: 505: 489:hunter-gatherer 287: 276: 267: 261: 248: 156: 148: 131: 120: 116: 109: 100: 73: 72: 65: 59: 55: 47: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 15961: 15951: 15950: 15945: 15940: 15935: 15930: 15925: 15920: 15915: 15910: 15905: 15900: 15895: 15890: 15873: 15872: 15870: 15869: 15856: 15843: 15830: 15817: 15804: 15791: 15778: 15768: 15755: 15742: 15729: 15716: 15703: 15690: 15677: 15664: 15651: 15638: 15625: 15615: 15602: 15593:Fauna Europaea 15589: 15576: 15563: 15550: 15540: 15527: 15514: 15504: 15491: 15478: 15463: 15447: 15445: 15439: 15438: 15424: 15423: 15421: 15420: 15419: 15418: 15413: 15408: 15397: 15395: 15387: 15386: 15384: 15383: 15378: 15372: 15370: 15362: 15361: 15359: 15358: 15352: 15350: 15342: 15341: 15339: 15338: 15332: 15330: 15324: 15323: 15321: 15320: 15315: 15310: 15305: 15299: 15297: 15291: 15290: 15288: 15287: 15286: 15285: 15284: 15283: 15278: 15273: 15268: 15263: 15253: 15248: 15243: 15238: 15233: 15228: 15223: 15218: 15207: 15205: 15199: 15198: 15196: 15195: 15194: 15193: 15188: 15183: 15178: 15173: 15162: 15160: 15152: 15151: 15149: 15148: 15142: 15140: 15134: 15133: 15131: 15130: 15125: 15120: 15114: 15112: 15106: 15105: 15103: 15102: 15101: 15100: 15095: 15090: 15085: 15083:Eastern coyote 15080: 15075: 15070: 15065: 15054: 15052: 15046: 15045: 15043: 15042: 15037: 15032: 15026: 15024: 15018: 15017: 15015: 15014: 15013: 15012: 15007: 15002: 14997: 14992: 14987: 14982: 14980:American Breed 14971: 14969: 14963: 14962: 14959: 14958: 14952: 14946: 14939: 14938: 14935: 14934: 14931:Mammal hybrids 14927: 14926: 14919: 14912: 14904: 14895: 14894: 14891: 14890: 14887: 14886: 14883: 14882: 14879: 14878: 14876: 14875: 14871:M. strigidorsa 14866: 14857: 14848: 14839: 14830: 14824:Least weasel ( 14821: 14812: 14803: 14794: 14785: 14776: 14770:Haida ermine ( 14767: 14758: 14754:M. eversmannii 14749: 14740: 14731: 14721: 14719: 14703: 14702: 14700: 14699: 14690: 14681: 14672: 14662: 14660: 14649: 14643: 14642: 14639: 14638: 14636: 14635: 14626: 14617: 14607: 14605: 14597: 14596: 14594: 14593: 14583: 14581: 14573: 14572: 14570: 14569: 14560: 14550: 14548: 14540: 14539: 14537: 14536: 14526: 14523: 14522: 14520: 14519: 14509: 14507: 14499: 14498: 14496: 14495: 14486: 14482:L. longicaudis 14477: 14471:Marine otter ( 14468: 14458: 14456: 14448: 14447: 14445: 14444: 14434: 14428: 14414: 14413: 14410: 14409: 14406: 14405: 14403: 14402: 14393: 14383: 14381: 14373: 14372: 14370: 14369: 14359: 14356: 14355: 14353: 14352: 14342: 14340: 14329: 14315: 14314: 14311: 14310: 14308: 14307: 14298: 14288: 14286: 14270: 14269: 14267: 14266: 14256: 14250: 14241: 14235: 14234: 14231: 14230: 14228: 14227: 14218: 14209: 14200: 14191: 14185:Beech marten ( 14182: 14173: 14164: 14154: 14152: 14136: 14135: 14133: 14132: 14122: 14120: 14112: 14111: 14109: 14108: 14098: 14096: 14088: 14087: 14085: 14084: 14074: 14068: 14062: 14061: 14059: 14058: 14049: 14040: 14031: 14022: 14013: 14003: 14001: 13985: 13984: 13981: 13980: 13978: 13977: 13968: 13962:Asian badger ( 13959: 13950: 13940: 13938: 13930: 13929: 13927: 13926: 13917: 13908: 13904:A. albogularis 13898: 13896: 13885: 13871: 13870: 13868: 13867: 13861:Honey badger ( 13857: 13855: 13847: 13846: 13844: 13843: 13833: 13827: 13822: 13815: 13814: 13802: 13801: 13798: 13797: 13794: 13793: 13791: 13790: 13789: 13788: 13782: 13780: 13774: 13773: 13770: 13769: 13766: 13765: 13763: 13762: 13753: 13743: 13741: 13733: 13732: 13730: 13729: 13720: 13710: 13708: 13697: 13683: 13682: 13680: 13679: 13670: 13661: 13652: 13642: 13640: 13624: 13623: 13621: 13620: 13611: 13602: 13598:P. cancrivorus 13592: 13590: 13574: 13573: 13571: 13570: 13566:B. sumichrasti 13561: 13551: 13549: 13541: 13540: 13538: 13537: 13527: 13521: 13515: 13514: 13511: 13510: 13508: 13507: 13498: 13489: 13480: 13470: 13468: 13452: 13451: 13449: 13448: 13439: 13429: 13427: 13411: 13410: 13408: 13407: 13398: 13392:Hooded skunk ( 13388: 13386: 13378: 13377: 13375: 13374: 13365: 13356: 13347: 13337: 13335: 13316: 13298: 13297: 13295: 13294: 13284: 13282: 13272: 13271: 13259: 13258: 13255: 13254: 13251: 13250: 13247: 13246: 13243: 13242: 13239: 13238: 13236: 13235: 13226: 13217: 13211:Weddell seal ( 13208: 13202:Leopard seal ( 13198: 13192: 13178: 13177: 13175: 13174: 13165: 13155: 13153: 13137: 13136: 13133: 13132: 13130: 13129: 13119: 13117: 13109: 13108: 13106: 13105: 13095: 13089: 13072: 13058: 13057: 13054: 13053: 13050: 13049: 13047: 13046: 13037: 13028: 13022:Caspian seal ( 13018: 13016: 13008: 13007: 13005: 13004: 12995: 12989:Spotted seal ( 12985: 12983: 12975: 12974: 12972: 12971: 12962: 12953: 12943: 12937: 12931: 12930: 12928: 12927: 12918: 12912:Bearded seal ( 12908: 12902: 12885: 12881:or true seals) 12879:(earless seals 12869: 12868: 12865: 12864: 12862: 12861: 12852: 12843: 12834: 12825: 12816: 12807: 12798: 12788: 12786: 12778: 12777: 12775: 12774: 12764: 12761: 12760: 12758: 12757: 12747: 12745: 12737: 12736: 12734: 12733: 12723: 12720: 12719: 12716: 12715: 12713: 12712: 12703: 12693: 12691: 12683: 12682: 12680: 12679: 12669: 12663: 12657: 12656: 12654: 12653: 12643: 12641: 12630: 12605: 12604: 12602: 12601: 12591: 12589: 12579: 12578: 12563: 12562: 12559: 12558: 12555: 12554: 12551: 12550: 12547: 12546: 12544: 12543: 12542: 12541: 12535: 12533: 12527: 12526: 12524: 12523: 12522: 12521: 12515: 12513: 12497: 12491: 12490: 12487: 12486: 12483: 12482: 12480: 12479: 12470: 12461: 12452: 12442: 12440: 12432: 12431: 12429: 12428: 12419: 12409: 12403: 12397: 12396: 12394: 12393: 12383: 12381: 12373: 12372: 12370: 12369: 12365:A. melanoleuca 12359: 12357: 12346: 12331: 12326: 12323: 12322: 12319: 12318: 12315: 12314: 12311: 12310: 12308: 12307: 12298: 12289: 12283:Eastern wolf ( 12280: 12271: 12265:African wolf ( 12262: 12253: 12247:Domestic dog ( 12244: 12234: 12232: 12224: 12223: 12221: 12220: 12211: 12201: 12198: 12197: 12195: 12194: 12185: 12175: 12173: 12162: 12150: 12149: 12146: 12145: 12143: 12142: 12133: 12127:Sechuran fox ( 12124: 12120:L. gymnocercus 12115: 12106: 12100:Darwin's fox ( 12097: 12087: 12085: 12077: 12076: 12074: 12073: 12064: 12054: 12051: 12050: 12048: 12047: 12037: 12035: 12027: 12026: 12024: 12023: 12013: 12007: 11992: 11980: 11979: 11976: 11975: 11973: 11972: 11963: 11954: 11945: 11936: 11927: 11918: 11909: 11900: 11891: 11882: 11873: 11869:V. bengalensis 11863: 11861: 11843: 11842: 11840: 11839: 11830: 11820: 11818: 11810: 11809: 11807: 11806: 11796: 11790: 11784: 11783: 11781: 11780: 11771: 11761: 11759: 11748: 11738: 11731: 11730: 11715: 11714: 11711: 11710: 11707: 11706: 11703: 11702: 11699: 11698: 11695: 11694: 11692: 11691: 11682: 11673: 11664: 11655: 11645: 11643: 11635: 11634: 11632: 11631: 11622: 11613: 11609:B. crassicauda 11603: 11601: 11593: 11592: 11590: 11589: 11580: 11571: 11562: 11552: 11549: 11548: 11546: 11545: 11536: 11527: 11518: 11509: 11500: 11491: 11482: 11473: 11463: 11461: 11453: 11452: 11450: 11449: 11440: 11430: 11424: 11418: 11417: 11414: 11413: 11411: 11410: 11401: 11392: 11383: 11373: 11371: 11363: 11362: 11360: 11359: 11350: 11340: 11338: 11330: 11329: 11327: 11326: 11316: 11313: 11312: 11310: 11309: 11300: 11290: 11288: 11280: 11279: 11277: 11276: 11266: 11263: 11262: 11260: 11259: 11249: 11247: 11236: 11227: 11209: 11208: 11205: 11204: 11201: 11200: 11198: 11197: 11188: 11178: 11176: 11168: 11167: 11165: 11164: 11154: 11151: 11150: 11148: 11147: 11143:G. grandidieri 11138: 11128: 11126: 11118: 11117: 11115: 11114: 11104: 11098: 11092: 11091: 11088: 11087: 11085: 11084: 11075: 11065: 11063: 11055: 11054: 11052: 11051: 11042: 11032: 11026: 11017: 11000: 10990: 10987: 10986: 10983: 10982: 10979: 10978: 10975: 10974: 10972: 10971: 10961: 10959: 10951: 10950: 10948: 10947: 10938: 10928: 10922: 10910: 10909: 10907: 10906: 10896: 10894: 10883: 10863: 10862: 10850: 10849: 10846: 10845: 10842: 10841: 10838: 10837: 10835: 10834: 10833: 10832: 10826: 10824: 10814: 10813: 10810: 10809: 10806: 10805: 10802: 10801: 10798: 10797: 10795: 10794: 10785: 10776: 10767: 10758: 10749: 10740: 10731: 10722: 10713: 10707:Letaba genet ( 10704: 10695: 10689:Common genet ( 10686: 10677: 10668: 10659: 10649: 10647: 10633: 10632: 10630: 10629: 10620: 10610: 10608: 10591: 10585: 10584: 10581: 10580: 10578: 10577: 10568: 10559: 10550: 10540: 10538: 10530: 10529: 10527: 10526: 10517: 10507: 10501: 10486: 10474: 10467: 10466: 10463: 10462: 10460: 10459: 10455:P. zeylonensis 10450: 10441: 10431: 10429: 10421: 10420: 10418: 10417: 10413:Paguma larvata 10408: 10399: 10390: 10380: 10374: 10368: 10367: 10365: 10364: 10355: 10346: 10337: 10327: 10325: 10316: 10311: 10304: 10303: 10291: 10290: 10287: 10286: 10283: 10282: 10279: 10278: 10276: 10275: 10274: 10273: 10267: 10265: 10259: 10258: 10255: 10254: 10251: 10250: 10247: 10246: 10243: 10242: 10239: 10238: 10236: 10235: 10226: 10217: 10208: 10199: 10190: 10184:Domestic cat ( 10181: 10171: 10169: 10161: 10160: 10157: 10156: 10154: 10153: 10144: 10140:P. rubiginosus 10135: 10126: 10117: 10113:P. bengalensis 10107: 10105: 10097: 10096: 10094: 10093: 10087:Pallas's cat ( 10083: 10077: 10071: 10070: 10067: 10066: 10064: 10063: 10053: 10051: 10043: 10042: 10040: 10039: 10029: 10026: 10025: 10023: 10022: 10012: 10010: 9999: 9993: 9992: 9990: 9989: 9980: 9974:Iberian lynx ( 9971: 9962: 9952: 9950: 9942: 9941: 9939: 9938: 9929: 9920: 9911: 9902: 9893: 9884: 9875: 9865: 9863: 9855: 9854: 9851: 9850: 9848: 9847: 9838: 9828: 9826: 9818: 9817: 9815: 9814: 9804: 9798: 9792: 9791: 9788: 9787: 9785: 9784: 9775: 9765: 9763: 9755: 9754: 9752: 9751: 9741: 9739: 9728: 9719: 9709: 9706: 9705: 9702: 9701: 9698: 9697: 9695: 9694: 9685: 9676: 9667: 9658: 9652:Snow leopard ( 9648: 9646: 9638: 9637: 9635: 9634: 9625: 9615: 9613: 9602: 9589: 9579: 9572: 9571: 9569: 9568: 9559: 9549: 9547: 9531: 9526: 9519: 9518: 9516: 9515: 9505: 9499: 9494: 9487: 9486: 9471: 9470: 9468: 9467: 9465:Laurasiatheria 9461: 9455: 9449: 9443: 9436: 9433: 9432: 9423: 9422: 9415: 9408: 9400: 9391: 9390: 9388: 9387: 9378: 9368: 9359: 9350: 9341: 9337:C. l. manningi 9332: 9323: 9317:Eastern wolf ( 9314: 9305: 9296: 9287: 9278: 9269: 9260: 9254:Mexican wolf ( 9251: 9241: 9239: 9233: 9232: 9230: 9229: 9225:C. l. pallipes 9220: 9211: 9201:Domestic dog ( 9198: 9189: 9180: 9171: 9162: 9156:Arabian wolf ( 9153: 9143: 9141: 9135: 9134: 9132: 9131: 9123: 9115: 9109: 9103: 9097: 9091: 9084: 9081: 9080: 9069: 9068: 9061: 9054: 9046: 9040: 9039: 9021: 9020:(January 2009) 9011: 9004: 9003:External links 9001: 9000: 8999: 8993: 8974: 8968: 8949: 8943: 8924: 8918: 8910:Reaktion Books 8899: 8893: 8878: 8872: 8857: 8851: 8838: 8832: 8822:(3 ed.). 8811: 8808: 8805: 8804: 8767: 8752: 8750:, p. 108. 8740: 8711: 8709:, p. 267. 8699: 8680: 8668: 8646: 8612: 8576: 8569: 8547: 8514: 8481: 8466: 8408: 8402:978-0199663217 8401: 8383: 8371: 8369:, p. 306. 8359: 8357:, p. 307. 8347: 8321: 8319:, p. 173. 8309: 8307:, p. 309. 8297: 8295:, p. 305. 8278: 8251:(3): 809–814. 8235: 8210:Never Cry Wolf 8198: 8159: 8157:, p. 294. 8147: 8124: 8122:, p. 162. 8112: 8100: 8098:, p. 263. 8088: 8076: 8074:, p. 259. 8064: 8052: 8050:, p. 123. 8040: 8028: 8016: 8014:, p. 110. 8004: 8002:, p. 133. 7992: 7980: 7974:978-0826419132 7973: 7950: 7948:, p. 128. 7938: 7936:, p. 210. 7926: 7924:, p. 292. 7911: 7882:(11): 765–70. 7858: 7807: 7805:, p. 232. 7795: 7766:(3): 115–116. 7746: 7744:, p. 328. 7734: 7675: 7632: 7630:, p. 327. 7620: 7593: 7591:, p. 231. 7581: 7569: 7539: 7507: 7494:(4): 173–180. 7474: 7449: 7433: 7421: 7403: 7374: 7348: 7341: 7315: 7293: 7271: 7239: 7208: 7177: 7162: 7160:, p. 230. 7150: 7138: 7126: 7124:, p. 185. 7114: 7107: 7099:Souvenir Press 7085: 7073: 7061: 7046: 7033:(3): 595–605. 7013: 7011:, p. 240. 7001: 6999:, p. 233. 6989: 6977: 6950:(4): 879–889. 6934: 6922: 6916:978-0894642029 6915: 6895: 6883: 6871: 6856: 6841: 6829: 6827:, p. 175. 6817: 6805: 6803:, p. 248. 6788: 6769:(6): 628–637. 6753: 6741: 6729: 6717: 6705: 6693: 6686: 6664: 6597: 6580: 6530: 6518: 6511: 6483: 6471: 6459: 6400: 6385: 6383:, p. 164. 6373: 6358: 6346: 6331: 6319: 6284: 6265: 6246: 6226: 6202: 6183: 6162: 6111: 6076:"Gray Wolves, 6066: 6054: 6047: 6023: 6021:, p. 265. 6008: 6006:, p. 266. 5996: 5984: 5972: 5970:, p. 269. 5960: 5927: 5894: 5879: 5860: 5858:, p. 180. 5848: 5846:, p. 109. 5836: 5830:978-0785837381 5829: 5807: 5801:978-0520254732 5800: 5780: 5757: 5714: 5675: 5656: 5654:, p. 201. 5641: 5639:, p. 172. 5629: 5573: 5561: 5559:, p. 107. 5546: 5515:(4): 255–269. 5491: 5484: 5464: 5445:(4): 333–347. 5429: 5416:10.1086/284670 5410:(5): 755–760. 5394: 5365:(6): 435–436. 5345: 5287: 5275: 5273:, p. 168. 5263: 5251: 5240:(3): 821–830. 5221: 5209: 5197: 5180: 5173: 5150: 5143: 5118: 5116:, p. 174. 5103: 5088: 5081: 5040: 5038:, p. 112. 5028: 5017:(3): 249–270. 5001: 4989: 4944: 4932: 4930:, p. 166. 4917: 4905: 4853: 4795: 4782:(2): 405–417. 4762: 4724: 4705:(4): 341–347. 4688: 4631: 4576: 4515: 4466: 4397: 4328: 4276: 4247:(2): 163–173. 4221: 4172: 4121: 4114: 4083: 4038: 3970: 3958: 3925: 3874: 3859: 3828: 3821: 3793: 3772: 3722: 3710: 3689: 3670: 3649: 3625: 3600: 3544: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3535: 3534: 3517: 3499: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3477:Main article: 3474: 3471: 3378: 3375: 3301: 3298: 3280: 3277: 3235: 3232: 3223: 3220: 3215:Hollywood film 3210:Never Cry Wolf 3184:. The musical 3176:and Chekhov's 3054: 3051: 2952:Geri and Freki 2928:Ancient Romans 2920:Ancient Greeks 2880:Main article: 2877: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2844:Andhra Pradesh 2832:Madhya Pradesh 2726:European Union 2714: 2711: 2667:reintroduction 2654: 2651: 2641:are listed in 2591: 2588: 2552:carotid artery 2496:Main article: 2493: 2490: 2376: 2373: 2324: 2311: 2306: 2305: 2293: 2290:Wolves howling 2288: 2287: 2286: 2277: 2276: 2275: 2270:Main article: 2267: 2264: 2230:nuclear family 2224:The wolf is a 2204: 2201: 2191: 2188: 2034:papillomatosis 2014:Viral diseases 1996:Main article: 1993: 1990: 1986:striped hyenas 1971:Siberian tiger 1957:, such as the 1905: 1902: 1735: 1732: 1671:Main article: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1624:Wolves in the 1507: 1504: 1499:Arabian wolves 1394: 1391: 1370:Italian wolves 1334:golden jackals 1330:African wolves 1296:Main article: 1293: 1290: 1228:are part of a 1222:Himalayan wolf 1126:Main article: 1123: 1120: 1066:subspecies of 1005:Main article: 1002: 999: 949: 948: 944: 943: 939: 938: 929: 928: 924: 923: 917: 916: 912: 911: 908: 907: 895: 892: 891: 888: 887: 875: 870: 868: 865: 864: 858: 857: 853: 852: 849: 848: 836: 833: 832: 826: 825: 821: 820: 817: 816: 804: 801: 800: 794: 793: 789: 788: 785: 784: 772: 769: 768: 762: 761: 757: 756: 753: 752: 744:Ethiopian wolf 740: 737: 736: 730: 729: 725: 724: 721: 720: 708: 705: 704: 698: 697: 693: 692: 689: 688: 676: 673: 672: 669: 668: 656: 651: 649: 644: 642: 637: 635: 630: 628: 623: 621: 616: 614: 609: 607: 602: 599: 598: 591: 588: 524:Proto-Germanic 504: 501: 454:hooved mammals 356:subspecies of 312: 311: 307: 306: 298: 297: 290:Subspecies of 283: 282: 278: 277: 268: 257: 256: 250: 249: 242: 240: 236: 235: 228: 224: 223: 218: 214: 213: 208: 204: 203: 198: 194: 193: 188: 184: 183: 178: 174: 173: 168: 164: 163: 150: 149: 136: 133: 132: 114: 111: 110: 105: 102: 101: 87: 84: 83: 75: 74: 58: 56: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15960: 15949: 15946: 15944: 15941: 15939: 15936: 15934: 15931: 15929: 15926: 15924: 15921: 15919: 15916: 15914: 15911: 15909: 15906: 15904: 15901: 15899: 15896: 15894: 15891: 15889: 15886: 15885: 15883: 15866: 15861: 15857: 15853: 15848: 15844: 15840: 15835: 15831: 15827: 15822: 15818: 15814: 15809: 15805: 15801: 15796: 15792: 15788: 15783: 15779: 15775: 15769: 15765: 15760: 15756: 15752: 15747: 15743: 15739: 15734: 15730: 15726: 15721: 15717: 15713: 15708: 15704: 15700: 15695: 15691: 15687: 15682: 15678: 15674: 15669: 15665: 15661: 15656: 15652: 15648: 15643: 15639: 15635: 15630: 15626: 15622: 15616: 15612: 15607: 15603: 15599: 15594: 15590: 15586: 15581: 15577: 15573: 15568: 15564: 15560: 15555: 15551: 15547: 15541: 15537: 15532: 15528: 15524: 15519: 15515: 15511: 15505: 15501: 15496: 15492: 15488: 15483: 15479: 15474: 15468: 15464: 15459: 15453: 15449: 15448: 15446: 15444: 15440: 15436: 15431: 15417: 15414: 15412: 15409: 15407: 15404: 15403: 15402: 15399: 15398: 15396: 15394: 15393: 15388: 15382: 15379: 15377: 15374: 15373: 15371: 15369: 15368: 15363: 15357: 15354: 15353: 15351: 15349: 15348: 15343: 15337: 15334: 15333: 15331: 15329: 15325: 15319: 15316: 15314: 15311: 15309: 15306: 15304: 15301: 15300: 15298: 15296: 15292: 15282: 15279: 15277: 15274: 15272: 15269: 15267: 15264: 15262: 15259: 15258: 15257: 15254: 15252: 15251:Serengeti cat 15249: 15247: 15244: 15242: 15239: 15237: 15234: 15232: 15229: 15227: 15224: 15222: 15219: 15217: 15214: 15213: 15212: 15209: 15208: 15206: 15204: 15200: 15192: 15189: 15187: 15184: 15182: 15179: 15177: 15174: 15172: 15169: 15168: 15167: 15164: 15163: 15161: 15159: 15158: 15153: 15147: 15144: 15143: 15141: 15139: 15135: 15129: 15126: 15124: 15121: 15119: 15116: 15115: 15113: 15111: 15107: 15099: 15096: 15094: 15091: 15089: 15086: 15084: 15081: 15079: 15076: 15074: 15071: 15069: 15066: 15064: 15061: 15060: 15059: 15056: 15055: 15053: 15051: 15047: 15041: 15038: 15036: 15033: 15031: 15028: 15027: 15025: 15023: 15019: 15011: 15008: 15006: 15003: 15001: 14998: 14996: 14993: 14991: 14988: 14986: 14983: 14981: 14978: 14977: 14976: 14973: 14972: 14970: 14968: 14964: 14957: 14953: 14951: 14947: 14945: 14941: 14940: 14936: 14932: 14925: 14920: 14918: 14913: 14911: 14906: 14905: 14902: 14874: 14872: 14867: 14865: 14863: 14858: 14856: 14854: 14849: 14847: 14845: 14840: 14838: 14836: 14831: 14829: 14827: 14822: 14820: 14818: 14813: 14811: 14809: 14808:M. lutreolina 14804: 14802: 14800: 14795: 14793: 14791: 14786: 14784: 14782: 14777: 14775: 14773: 14768: 14766: 14764: 14759: 14757: 14755: 14750: 14748: 14746: 14741: 14739: 14737: 14732: 14730: 14728: 14723: 14722: 14720: 14710: 14709: 14704: 14698: 14696: 14691: 14689: 14687: 14682: 14680: 14678: 14673: 14671: 14669: 14664: 14663: 14661: 14659: 14658: 14653: 14650: 14648: 14644: 14634: 14632: 14627: 14625: 14623: 14618: 14616: 14614: 14609: 14608: 14606: 14604: 14603: 14598: 14592: 14590: 14585: 14584: 14582: 14580: 14579: 14574: 14568: 14566: 14561: 14559: 14557: 14552: 14551: 14549: 14547: 14546: 14541: 14535: 14533: 14528: 14527: 14524: 14518: 14516: 14511: 14510: 14508: 14506: 14505: 14500: 14494: 14492: 14487: 14485: 14483: 14478: 14476: 14474: 14469: 14467: 14465: 14464:L. canadensis 14460: 14459: 14457: 14455: 14454: 14449: 14443: 14441: 14438:Giant otter ( 14436: 14435: 14432: 14429: 14419: 14415: 14401: 14399: 14394: 14392: 14390: 14385: 14384: 14382: 14380: 14379: 14374: 14368: 14366: 14361: 14360: 14357: 14351: 14349: 14344: 14343: 14341: 14339: 14338: 14333: 14330: 14320: 14316: 14306: 14304: 14299: 14297: 14295: 14290: 14289: 14287: 14277: 14276: 14271: 14265: 14263: 14258: 14257: 14254: 14251: 14249: 14245: 14242: 14240: 14236: 14226: 14224: 14219: 14217: 14215: 14210: 14208: 14206: 14201: 14199: 14197: 14196:M. gwatkinsii 14192: 14190: 14188: 14183: 14181: 14179: 14174: 14172: 14170: 14165: 14163: 14161: 14156: 14155: 14153: 14143: 14142: 14137: 14131: 14129: 14124: 14123: 14121: 14119: 14118: 14113: 14107: 14105: 14100: 14099: 14097: 14095: 14094: 14089: 14083: 14081: 14076: 14075: 14072: 14069: 14067: 14063: 14057: 14055: 14050: 14048: 14046: 14041: 14039: 14037: 14036:M. orientalis 14032: 14030: 14028: 14023: 14021: 14019: 14014: 14012: 14010: 14005: 14004: 14002: 13992: 13991: 13986: 13976: 13974: 13969: 13967: 13965: 13960: 13958: 13956: 13951: 13949: 13947: 13942: 13941: 13939: 13937: 13936: 13931: 13925: 13923: 13918: 13916: 13914: 13909: 13907: 13905: 13900: 13899: 13897: 13895: 13894: 13889: 13886: 13876: 13872: 13866: 13864: 13859: 13858: 13856: 13854: 13853: 13848: 13842: 13840: 13839:Taxidea taxus 13835: 13834: 13831: 13828: 13825: 13820: 13816: 13812: 13807: 13803: 13786: 13785: 13784: 13783: 13781: 13779: 13775: 13761: 13759: 13754: 13752: 13750: 13749:N. meridensis 13745: 13744: 13742: 13740: 13739: 13734: 13728: 13726: 13721: 13719: 13717: 13712: 13711: 13709: 13707: 13706: 13701: 13698: 13688: 13684: 13678: 13676: 13671: 13669: 13667: 13662: 13660: 13658: 13653: 13651: 13649: 13644: 13643: 13641: 13631: 13630: 13625: 13619: 13617: 13612: 13610: 13608: 13603: 13601: 13599: 13594: 13593: 13591: 13581: 13580: 13575: 13569: 13567: 13562: 13560: 13558: 13553: 13552: 13550: 13548: 13547: 13542: 13536: 13534: 13529: 13528: 13525: 13522: 13520: 13516: 13506: 13504: 13499: 13497: 13495: 13490: 13488: 13486: 13481: 13479: 13477: 13472: 13471: 13469: 13459: 13458: 13453: 13447: 13445: 13440: 13438: 13436: 13435:M. javanensis 13431: 13430: 13428: 13418: 13417: 13412: 13406: 13404: 13399: 13397: 13395: 13390: 13389: 13387: 13385: 13384: 13379: 13373: 13371: 13366: 13364: 13362: 13361:C. leuconotus 13357: 13355: 13353: 13352:C. humboldtii 13348: 13346: 13344: 13339: 13338: 13336: 13326: 13325: 13320: 13317: 13311: 13303: 13299: 13293: 13291: 13286: 13285: 13283: 13281: 13277: 13273: 13269: 13264: 13260: 13234: 13232: 13227: 13225: 13223: 13218: 13216: 13214: 13209: 13207: 13205: 13200: 13199: 13196: 13193: 13183: 13179: 13173: 13171: 13166: 13164: 13162: 13157: 13156: 13154: 13144: 13143: 13138: 13128: 13126: 13121: 13120: 13118: 13116: 13115: 13110: 13104: 13102: 13097: 13096: 13093: 13090: 13080: 13076: 13073: 13063: 13059: 13045: 13043: 13040:Baikal seal ( 13038: 13036: 13034: 13031:Ringed seal ( 13029: 13027: 13025: 13020: 13019: 13017: 13015: 13014: 13009: 13003: 13001: 12998:Harbor seal ( 12996: 12994: 12992: 12987: 12986: 12984: 12982: 12981: 12976: 12970: 12968: 12963: 12961: 12959: 12956:Ribbon seal ( 12954: 12952: 12950: 12945: 12944: 12941: 12938: 12936: 12932: 12926: 12924: 12921:Hooded seal ( 12919: 12917: 12915: 12910: 12909: 12906: 12903: 12893: 12889: 12886: 12874: 12870: 12860: 12858: 12857:A. tropicalis 12853: 12851: 12849: 12844: 12842: 12840: 12835: 12833: 12831: 12826: 12824: 12822: 12817: 12815: 12813: 12808: 12806: 12804: 12799: 12797: 12795: 12790: 12789: 12787: 12785: 12784: 12783:Arctocephalus 12779: 12773: 12771: 12766: 12765: 12762: 12756: 12754: 12749: 12748: 12746: 12744: 12743: 12738: 12732: 12730: 12725: 12724: 12721: 12711: 12709: 12708:Z. wollebaeki 12704: 12702: 12700: 12695: 12694: 12692: 12690: 12689: 12684: 12678: 12676: 12671: 12670: 12667: 12664: 12662: 12658: 12652: 12650: 12645: 12644: 12642: 12640: 12639: 12634: 12631: 12625: 12620: 12616:(eared seals: 12611: 12606: 12600: 12598: 12593: 12592: 12590: 12588: 12584: 12580: 12576: 12568: 12564: 12539: 12538: 12537: 12536: 12534: 12532: 12528: 12519: 12518: 12517: 12516: 12514: 12505: 12501: 12498: 12496: 12492: 12478: 12476: 12471: 12469: 12467: 12462: 12460: 12458: 12457:U. thibetanus 12453: 12451: 12449: 12448:U. americanus 12444: 12443: 12441: 12439: 12438: 12433: 12427: 12425: 12420: 12418: 12416: 12411: 12410: 12407: 12404: 12402: 12398: 12392: 12390: 12385: 12384: 12382: 12380: 12379: 12374: 12368: 12366: 12363:Giant panda ( 12361: 12360: 12358: 12356: 12355: 12350: 12347: 12339: 12335: 12332: 12329: 12324: 12306: 12304: 12299: 12297: 12295: 12290: 12288: 12286: 12281: 12279: 12277: 12272: 12270: 12268: 12263: 12261: 12259: 12254: 12252: 12250: 12249:C. familiaris 12245: 12243: 12241: 12236: 12235: 12233: 12231: 12230: 12225: 12219: 12217: 12212: 12210: 12208: 12207:Lycaon pictus 12203: 12202: 12199: 12193: 12191: 12186: 12184: 12182: 12177: 12176: 12174: 12172: 12171: 12166: 12163: 12155: 12151: 12141: 12139: 12134: 12132: 12130: 12125: 12123: 12121: 12116: 12114: 12112: 12107: 12105: 12103: 12098: 12096: 12094: 12089: 12088: 12086: 12084: 12083: 12078: 12072: 12070: 12065: 12063: 12061: 12056: 12055: 12052: 12046: 12044: 12039: 12038: 12036: 12034: 12033: 12028: 12022: 12020: 12015: 12014: 12011: 12008: 12000: 11996: 11993: 11985: 11981: 11971: 11969: 11964: 11962: 11960: 11955: 11953: 11951: 11946: 11944: 11942: 11937: 11935: 11933: 11928: 11926: 11924: 11919: 11917: 11915: 11910: 11908: 11906: 11903:Tibetan fox ( 11901: 11899: 11897: 11892: 11890: 11888: 11883: 11881: 11879: 11874: 11872: 11870: 11865: 11864: 11862: 11857: 11850: 11849: 11844: 11838: 11836: 11835:N. viverrinus 11831: 11829: 11827: 11822: 11821: 11819: 11817: 11816: 11811: 11805: 11803: 11798: 11797: 11794: 11791: 11789: 11785: 11779: 11777: 11776:U. littoralis 11772: 11770: 11768: 11763: 11762: 11760: 11758: 11757: 11752: 11749: 11741: 11736: 11732: 11728: 11720: 11716: 11690: 11688: 11683: 11681: 11679: 11674: 11672: 11670: 11665: 11663: 11661: 11656: 11654: 11652: 11651:H. flavescens 11647: 11646: 11644: 11642: 11641: 11636: 11630: 11628: 11623: 11621: 11619: 11614: 11612: 11610: 11605: 11604: 11602: 11600: 11599: 11594: 11588: 11586: 11581: 11579: 11577: 11572: 11570: 11568: 11563: 11561: 11559: 11554: 11553: 11550: 11544: 11542: 11541:U. vitticolla 11537: 11535: 11533: 11528: 11526: 11524: 11519: 11517: 11515: 11510: 11508: 11506: 11501: 11499: 11497: 11492: 11490: 11488: 11483: 11481: 11479: 11474: 11472: 11470: 11465: 11464: 11462: 11460: 11459: 11454: 11448: 11446: 11445:Xenogale naso 11441: 11439: 11437: 11432: 11431: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11419: 11409: 11407: 11402: 11400: 11398: 11393: 11391: 11389: 11384: 11382: 11380: 11375: 11374: 11372: 11370: 11369: 11364: 11358: 11356: 11351: 11349: 11347: 11342: 11341: 11339: 11337: 11336: 11331: 11325: 11323: 11318: 11317: 11314: 11308: 11306: 11301: 11299: 11297: 11292: 11291: 11289: 11287: 11286: 11281: 11275: 11273: 11268: 11267: 11264: 11258: 11256: 11251: 11250: 11248: 11246: 11245: 11240: 11237: 11235: 11231: 11228: 11219: 11218:sensu stricto 11214: 11210: 11196: 11194: 11189: 11187: 11185: 11180: 11179: 11177: 11175: 11174: 11169: 11163: 11161: 11156: 11155: 11152: 11146: 11144: 11139: 11137: 11135: 11130: 11129: 11127: 11125: 11124: 11119: 11113: 11111: 11106: 11105: 11102: 11099: 11097: 11093: 11083: 11081: 11076: 11074: 11072: 11067: 11066: 11064: 11062: 11061: 11056: 11050: 11048: 11047:Fossa fossana 11043: 11041: 11039: 11034: 11033: 11030: 11027: 11025: 11021: 11018: 11008: 11004: 11001: 10997: 10993: 10988: 10970: 10968: 10963: 10962: 10960: 10958: 10957: 10952: 10946: 10944: 10941:Brown hyena ( 10939: 10937: 10935: 10934:Hyaena hyaena 10930: 10929: 10926: 10923: 10915: 10911: 10905: 10903: 10898: 10897: 10895: 10893: 10892: 10887: 10884: 10876: 10872: 10868: 10864: 10860: 10855: 10851: 10830: 10829: 10828: 10827: 10825: 10823: 10819: 10815: 10793: 10791: 10786: 10784: 10782: 10777: 10775: 10773: 10768: 10766: 10764: 10761:Hausa genet ( 10759: 10757: 10755: 10750: 10748: 10746: 10741: 10739: 10737: 10732: 10730: 10728: 10723: 10721: 10719: 10714: 10712: 10710: 10705: 10703: 10701: 10696: 10694: 10692: 10687: 10685: 10683: 10678: 10676: 10674: 10669: 10667: 10665: 10664:G. angolensis 10660: 10658: 10656: 10655:G. abyssinica 10651: 10650: 10648: 10640: 10639: 10634: 10628: 10626: 10621: 10619: 10617: 10612: 10611: 10609: 10601: 10600: 10595: 10592: 10590: 10586: 10576: 10574: 10569: 10567: 10565: 10564:V. tangalunga 10560: 10558: 10556: 10551: 10549: 10547: 10542: 10541: 10539: 10537: 10536: 10531: 10525: 10523: 10518: 10516: 10514: 10509: 10508: 10505: 10502: 10499: 10498:sensu stricto 10494: 10490: 10487: 10483: 10478: 10472: 10468: 10458: 10456: 10451: 10449: 10447: 10442: 10440: 10438: 10433: 10432: 10430: 10428: 10427: 10422: 10416: 10414: 10409: 10407: 10405: 10400: 10398: 10396: 10391: 10389: 10387: 10382: 10381: 10378: 10375: 10373: 10372:Paradoxurinae 10369: 10363: 10361: 10356: 10354: 10352: 10347: 10345: 10343: 10340:Otter civet ( 10338: 10336: 10334: 10329: 10328: 10326: 10324: 10320: 10317: 10314: 10309: 10305: 10301: 10296: 10292: 10271: 10270: 10269: 10268: 10266: 10264: 10260: 10234: 10232: 10231:F. silvestris 10227: 10225: 10223: 10218: 10216: 10214: 10209: 10207: 10205: 10200: 10198: 10196: 10191: 10189: 10187: 10182: 10180: 10178: 10173: 10172: 10170: 10168: 10167: 10162: 10152: 10150: 10149:P. viverrinus 10147:Fishing cat ( 10145: 10143: 10141: 10136: 10134: 10132: 10127: 10125: 10123: 10122:P. javanensis 10118: 10116: 10114: 10111:Leopard cat ( 10109: 10108: 10106: 10104: 10103: 10098: 10092: 10090: 10085: 10084: 10081: 10078: 10072: 10062: 10060: 10055: 10054: 10052: 10050: 10049: 10044: 10038: 10036: 10031: 10030: 10027: 10021: 10019: 10014: 10013: 10011: 10009: 10008: 10003: 10000: 9994: 9988: 9986: 9981: 9979: 9977: 9972: 9970: 9968: 9963: 9961: 9959: 9958:L. canadensis 9956:Canada lynx ( 9954: 9953: 9951: 9949: 9948: 9943: 9937: 9935: 9930: 9928: 9926: 9921: 9919: 9917: 9912: 9910: 9908: 9903: 9901: 9899: 9894: 9892: 9890: 9885: 9883: 9881: 9876: 9874: 9872: 9867: 9866: 9864: 9862: 9861: 9856: 9846: 9844: 9839: 9837: 9835: 9830: 9829: 9827: 9825: 9824: 9819: 9813: 9811: 9806: 9805: 9802: 9799: 9793: 9783: 9781: 9780:C. temminckii 9776: 9774: 9772: 9767: 9766: 9764: 9762: 9761: 9756: 9750: 9748: 9745:Marbled cat ( 9743: 9742: 9740: 9738: 9737: 9732: 9729: 9723: 9720: 9716: 9715:sensu stricto 9712: 9707: 9693: 9691: 9686: 9684: 9682: 9677: 9675: 9673: 9668: 9666: 9664: 9659: 9657: 9655: 9650: 9649: 9647: 9645: 9644: 9639: 9633: 9631: 9626: 9624: 9622: 9617: 9616: 9614: 9612: 9611: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9597: 9593: 9590: 9582: 9577: 9573: 9567: 9565: 9564:P. pardicolor 9560: 9558: 9556: 9551: 9550: 9548: 9541: 9540: 9535: 9532: 9529: 9524: 9520: 9514: 9512: 9507: 9506: 9503: 9500: 9497: 9492: 9488: 9484: 9476: 9472: 9466: 9462: 9460: 9456: 9454: 9450: 9448: 9444: 9442: 9438: 9437: 9434: 9429: 9421: 9416: 9414: 9409: 9407: 9402: 9401: 9398: 9386: 9384: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9369: 9367: 9365: 9360: 9358: 9356: 9351: 9349: 9347: 9342: 9340: 9338: 9333: 9331: 9329: 9324: 9322: 9320: 9315: 9313: 9311: 9306: 9304: 9302: 9297: 9295: 9293: 9288: 9286: 9284: 9279: 9277: 9275: 9270: 9268: 9266: 9261: 9259: 9257: 9256:C. l. baileyi 9252: 9250: 9248: 9245:Arctic wolf ( 9243: 9242: 9240: 9234: 9228: 9226: 9223:Indian wolf ( 9221: 9219: 9217: 9212: 9210: 9208: 9207:C. familiaris 9204: 9199: 9197: 9195: 9190: 9188: 9186: 9181: 9179: 9177: 9172: 9170: 9168: 9165:Steppe wolf ( 9163: 9161: 9159: 9154: 9152: 9150: 9147:Tundra wolf ( 9145: 9144: 9142: 9136: 9130: 9129: 9124: 9122: 9121: 9116: 9114: 9110: 9108: 9104: 9102: 9098: 9096: 9092: 9090: 9086: 9085: 9082: 9078: 9075: 9067: 9062: 9060: 9055: 9053: 9048: 9047: 9044: 9038: 9034: 9033: 9028: 9027: 9022: 9019: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9006: 8996: 8990: 8986: 8982: 8981: 8975: 8971: 8965: 8961: 8957: 8956: 8950: 8946: 8940: 8936: 8932: 8931: 8925: 8921: 8915: 8911: 8907: 8906: 8900: 8896: 8890: 8886: 8885: 8879: 8875: 8869: 8865: 8864: 8858: 8854: 8848: 8844: 8839: 8835: 8829: 8825: 8821: 8820: 8814: 8813: 8789: 8785: 8778: 8771: 8764: 8759: 8757: 8749: 8744: 8728: 8724: 8723: 8715: 8708: 8703: 8695: 8691: 8684: 8677: 8672: 8653: 8649: 8643: 8636: 8635: 8627: 8625: 8623: 8621: 8619: 8617: 8608: 8604: 8600: 8596: 8592: 8588: 8580: 8572: 8570:9780521425377 8566: 8562: 8558: 8551: 8542: 8537: 8533: 8529: 8525: 8518: 8499: 8492: 8485: 8477: 8470: 8462: 8458: 8454: 8450: 8446: 8442: 8438: 8434: 8427: 8425: 8423: 8421: 8419: 8417: 8415: 8413: 8404: 8398: 8394: 8387: 8381:, p. 45. 8380: 8375: 8368: 8363: 8356: 8351: 8336: 8332: 8325: 8318: 8313: 8306: 8301: 8294: 8289: 8287: 8285: 8283: 8274: 8270: 8266: 8262: 8258: 8254: 8250: 8246: 8239: 8228: 8224: 8220: 8213: 8211: 8202: 8186: 8182: 8178: 8174: 8172: 8163: 8156: 8151: 8143: 8139: 8135: 8128: 8121: 8116: 8109: 8104: 8097: 8092: 8085: 8080: 8073: 8068: 8061: 8056: 8049: 8044: 8038:, p. 50. 8037: 8032: 8026:, p. 47. 8025: 8020: 8013: 8008: 8001: 7996: 7990:, p. 78. 7989: 7984: 7976: 7970: 7966: 7959: 7957: 7955: 7947: 7942: 7935: 7930: 7923: 7918: 7916: 7907: 7903: 7899: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7881: 7877: 7873: 7871: 7862: 7854: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7826: 7822: 7818: 7811: 7804: 7799: 7791: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7773: 7769: 7765: 7761: 7757: 7750: 7743: 7738: 7730: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7702: 7698: 7694: 7690: 7686: 7679: 7671: 7667: 7663: 7659: 7655: 7651: 7647: 7643: 7636: 7629: 7624: 7608: 7604: 7597: 7590: 7585: 7578: 7573: 7557: 7553: 7546: 7544: 7524: 7517: 7511: 7502: 7497: 7493: 7489: 7485: 7478: 7470: 7466: 7462: 7461: 7453: 7446: 7442: 7437: 7430: 7425: 7418: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7391: 7387: 7381: 7379: 7362: 7358: 7352: 7344: 7338: 7334: 7329: 7328: 7319: 7303: 7297: 7281: 7275: 7256: 7249: 7243: 7227: 7223: 7219: 7212: 7196: 7192: 7188: 7181: 7174: 7169: 7167: 7159: 7154: 7147: 7142: 7136:, p. 58. 7135: 7130: 7123: 7118: 7110: 7104: 7100: 7096: 7089: 7082: 7077: 7070: 7065: 7058: 7053: 7051: 7041: 7036: 7032: 7028: 7024: 7017: 7010: 7005: 6998: 6993: 6986: 6981: 6973: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6938: 6931: 6926: 6918: 6912: 6908: 6907: 6899: 6892: 6887: 6881:, p. 47. 6880: 6875: 6868: 6863: 6861: 6853: 6848: 6846: 6838: 6833: 6826: 6821: 6814: 6809: 6802: 6797: 6795: 6793: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6764: 6757: 6751:, p. 90. 6750: 6745: 6738: 6733: 6727:, p. 38. 6726: 6721: 6715:, p. 59. 6714: 6709: 6702: 6697: 6689: 6687:0-8166-2959-5 6683: 6679: 6675: 6668: 6652: 6648: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6628: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6601: 6594: 6589: 6587: 6585: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6537: 6535: 6528:, p. 38. 6527: 6522: 6514: 6512:9780801825255 6508: 6504: 6500: 6499: 6494: 6487: 6480: 6475: 6468: 6463: 6455: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6404: 6397: 6392: 6390: 6382: 6377: 6370: 6365: 6363: 6355: 6350: 6343: 6338: 6336: 6328: 6323: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6288: 6280: 6276: 6269: 6253: 6249: 6243: 6239: 6238: 6230: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6206: 6190: 6186: 6184:1-55963-080-9 6180: 6176: 6175: 6166: 6158: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6122: 6115: 6106: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6087: 6083: 6082:Puma concolor 6079: 6070: 6063: 6058: 6050: 6048:0-226-77999-8 6044: 6040: 6036: 6035: 6027: 6020: 6015: 6013: 6005: 6000: 5993: 5988: 5981: 5976: 5969: 5964: 5945: 5938: 5931: 5912: 5905: 5898: 5891: 5886: 5884: 5875: 5871: 5870:Carbyn, L. N. 5864: 5857: 5852: 5845: 5840: 5832: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5811: 5803: 5797: 5793: 5792: 5784: 5768: 5761: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5718: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5679: 5672: 5667: 5665: 5663: 5661: 5653: 5648: 5646: 5638: 5633: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5589: 5584: 5577: 5570: 5565: 5558: 5553: 5551: 5542: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5509:Mammal Review 5506: 5498: 5496: 5487: 5481: 5477: 5476: 5468: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5433: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5398: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5349: 5341: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5291: 5285:, p. 22. 5284: 5279: 5272: 5267: 5260: 5255: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5228: 5226: 5218: 5213: 5207:, p. 18. 5206: 5201: 5195:, p. 19. 5194: 5189: 5187: 5185: 5176: 5170: 5166: 5165: 5160: 5154: 5146: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5125: 5123: 5115: 5110: 5108: 5101:, p. 23. 5100: 5095: 5093: 5084: 5082:0-8018-7416-5 5078: 5074: 5070: 5068: 5059: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5047: 5045: 5037: 5032: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5005: 4999:, p. 14. 4998: 4993: 4986: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4942:, p. 13. 4941: 4936: 4929: 4924: 4922: 4914: 4909: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4866:"Canis lupus" 4860: 4858: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4799: 4790: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4766: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4743:(3): 345–53. 4742: 4738: 4731: 4729: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4692: 4684: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4635: 4627: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4594:PLOS Genetics 4591: 4583: 4581: 4572: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4522: 4520: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4470: 4462: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4404: 4402: 4393: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4335: 4333: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4280: 4272: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4217: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4176: 4168: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4135:PLOS Genetics 4132: 4125: 4117: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4098:Paleogenomics 4092: 4090: 4088: 4079: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4061: 4060:10.1206/574.1 4057: 4053: 4049: 4042: 4034: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3977: 3975: 3967: 3962: 3947: 3940: 3936: 3929: 3921: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3888:PLOS Genetics 3885: 3878: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3856: 3852: 3851: 3846: 3845:Wilson, D. E. 3842: 3838: 3832: 3824: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3809: 3804: 3797: 3789: 3788: 3783: 3776: 3768: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3726: 3719: 3714: 3706: 3702: 3701: 3693: 3685: 3681: 3674: 3666: 3665: 3660: 3653: 3645: 3641: 3640:"Canis Lupus" 3634: 3632: 3630: 3614: 3610: 3604: 3588: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3574: 3569: 3567: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3545: 3531: 3527: 3521: 3514: 3510: 3504: 3500: 3492: 3490: 3486: 3480: 3470: 3468: 3467:Kyrgyz Tajgan 3464: 3459: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3443: 3438: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3411: 3404: 3399: 3394: 3388: 3384: 3374: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3363:Mediterranean 3358: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3327: 3320: 3316: 3311: 3307: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3286: 3276: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3252: 3245: 3240: 3231: 3229: 3219: 3216: 3212: 3211: 3206: 3202: 3201: 3196: 3191: 3189: 3188: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3174: 3173:War and Peace 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3156:Anton Chekhov 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3140: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3118: 3114: 3113: 3105: 3101: 3100: 3095: 3091: 3089: 3085: 3084:New Testament 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3060: 3050: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3015: 3013: 3012:Kwakwakaʼwakw 3009: 3005: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2968: 2964: 2959: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2900: 2894: 2889: 2883: 2863: 2861: 2860:Japanese wolf 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2828:Uttar Pradesh 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2804: 2802: 2794: 2789: 2785: 2783: 2778: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2766:Baltic states 2763: 2758: 2754: 2753:Great Britain 2749: 2739: 2731: 2727: 2719: 2710: 2708: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2682: 2680: 2675: 2674:First Nations 2668: 2664: 2659: 2653:North America 2650: 2648: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2612: 2608: 2607:Least Concern 2604: 2597: 2587: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2559: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2537: 2532: 2528: 2526: 2520: 2517: 2513: 2504: 2499: 2489: 2459: 2454: 2449: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2392: 2387: 2382: 2372: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2358: 2354: 2349: 2345: 2340: 2332: 2330: 2309: 2291: 2273: 2266:Communication 2263: 2261: 2256: 2251: 2248: 2243: 2240: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2226:social animal 2220: 2215: 2210: 2199: 2198:Dog behaviour 2194: 2187: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2140: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2114: 2113:, and death. 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2075:leptospirosis 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1989: 1987: 1982: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1959:Eurasian lynx 1956: 1951: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1931: 1927: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1912: 1901: 1899: 1895: 1890: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1815: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1774: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1753: 1749: 1746:hindquarter, 1745: 1740: 1731: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1704:British Isles 1701: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1659: 1656: 1651: 1647: 1646:Gloger's rule 1642: 1639: 1635: 1627: 1622: 1618: 1545: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1517: 1512: 1503: 1500: 1496: 1432: 1427: 1423: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1399: 1390: 1388: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1366: 1364: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1342: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1299: 1289: 1287: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1213: 1212:spotted hyena 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1184: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1170: 1165: 1164: 1159: 1155: 1147: 1146: 1140: 1135: 1129: 1119: 1117: 1116:IUCN Red List 1113: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1089:type specimen 1086: 1082: 1081:Eurasian wolf 1078: 1074: 1070: 1069: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1042: 1037: 1033: 1030:listed under 1029: 1026: 1022: 1021: 1014: 1008: 998: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 971: 966: 962: 961: 956: 955:Carl Linnaeus 946: 945: 937: 936: 931: 930: 922: 921:2.62 mya 919: 918: 910: 909: 906: 904: 900: 894: 893: 890: 889: 886: 884: 880: 874: 873: 867: 866: 863: 862:3.06 mya 860: 859: 851: 850: 847: 845: 841: 835: 834: 831: 830:2.74 mya 828: 827: 819: 818: 815: 813: 809: 803: 802: 799: 798:1.92 mya 796: 795: 787: 786: 783: 781: 777: 776:Golden jackal 771: 770: 767: 766:1.62 mya 764: 763: 755: 754: 751: 749: 745: 739: 738: 735: 734:1.32 mya 732: 731: 723: 722: 719: 717: 713: 707: 706: 703: 702:1.10 mya 700: 699: 691: 690: 687: 685: 681: 675: 674: 671: 670: 667: 665: 661: 655: 654: 648: 647: 641: 640: 634: 633: 627: 626: 620: 619: 613: 612: 606: 605: 601: 600: 596: 595: 587: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 563: 561: 553: 549: 545: 542: 535: 530: 525: 521: 520: 516: 510: 500: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 473:Least Concern 469: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 422:social nature 419: 416: 412: 408: 405: 400: 398: 394: 393:golden jackal 390: 386: 382: 381: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 359: 353: 352:North America 349: 345: 342:, is a large 341: 337: 333: 325: 324: 319: 308: 304: 299: 296: 294: 293: 284: 279: 275: 271: 266: 264: 258: 255: 254:Binomial name 251: 247: 246: 245:C. lupus 241: 238: 237: 234: 233: 229: 226: 225: 222: 219: 216: 215: 212: 209: 206: 205: 202: 199: 196: 195: 192: 189: 186: 185: 182: 179: 176: 175: 172: 169: 166: 165: 160: 155: 151: 145: 139: 134: 128: 123: 122:Least Concern 112: 108: 103: 98: 94: 90: 89:Eurasian wolf 85: 81: 76: 69: 62: 52: 49: 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 15442: 15401:Ursid hybrid 15390: 15365: 15356:Iron Age pig 15345: 15328:Macropodinae 15246:Savannah cat 15211:Felid hybrid 15166:Equid hybrid 15155: 15138:Elephantidae 15058:Canid hybrid 14975:Bovid hybrid 14870: 14861: 14852: 14843: 14834: 14825: 14816: 14807: 14798: 14789: 14780: 14771: 14762: 14753: 14744: 14735: 14726: 14706: 14694: 14685: 14676: 14667: 14655: 14630: 14621: 14612: 14600: 14588: 14576: 14565:L. sumatrana 14564: 14555: 14543: 14531: 14514: 14502: 14490: 14481: 14472: 14463: 14451: 14439: 14397: 14388: 14376: 14364: 14348:V. peregusna 14347: 14335: 14302: 14293: 14273: 14261: 14248:Lyncodontini 14239:Ictonychinae 14223:M. zibellina 14222: 14213: 14204: 14195: 14186: 14178:M. flavigula 14177: 14168: 14160:M. americana 14159: 14139: 14127: 14115: 14103: 14091: 14080:Eira barbara 14079: 14053: 14045:M. personata 14044: 14035: 14026: 14017: 14008: 13988: 13972: 13963: 13955:M. canescens 13954: 13945: 13933: 13921: 13912: 13903: 13891: 13862: 13850: 13838: 13757: 13748: 13736: 13724: 13715: 13703: 13674: 13665: 13656: 13647: 13627: 13615: 13606: 13597: 13577: 13565: 13564:Cacomistle ( 13556: 13544: 13533:Potos flavus 13532: 13502: 13493: 13484: 13475: 13455: 13443: 13434: 13414: 13402: 13393: 13381: 13369: 13360: 13351: 13342: 13322: 13289: 13230: 13221: 13212: 13203: 13169: 13160: 13140: 13124: 13112: 13100: 13085:(monk seals) 13041: 13032: 13023: 13011: 12999: 12990: 12978: 12966: 12957: 12948: 12922: 12913: 12856: 12848:A. townsendi 12847: 12838: 12830:A. philippii 12829: 12820: 12811: 12802: 12794:A. australis 12793: 12781: 12769: 12752: 12740: 12728: 12707: 12698: 12686: 12674: 12648: 12636: 12596: 12475:U. maritimus 12474: 12473:Polar bear ( 12465: 12464:Brown bear ( 12456: 12447: 12435: 12423: 12414: 12413:Sloth bear ( 12388: 12376: 12364: 12352: 12302: 12293: 12284: 12275: 12273: 12266: 12257: 12248: 12239: 12227: 12216:Cuon alpinus 12215: 12206: 12190:L. mesomelas 12189: 12180: 12168: 12137: 12128: 12119: 12118:Pampas fox ( 12110: 12101: 12092: 12080: 12068: 12059: 12043:S. venaticus 12042: 12030: 12018: 12017:Maned wolf ( 11999:Cerdocyonina 11967: 11966:Fennec fox ( 11958: 11949: 11941:V. rueppelli 11940: 11931: 11922: 11913: 11912:Arctic fox ( 11905:V. ferrilata 11904: 11895: 11894:Corsac fox ( 11886: 11877: 11868: 11867:Bengal fox ( 11846: 11834: 11825: 11813: 11801: 11775: 11774:Island fox ( 11766: 11754: 11687:H. sanguinea 11686: 11677: 11668: 11660:H. ichneumon 11659: 11650: 11638: 11626: 11617: 11608: 11596: 11584: 11575: 11566: 11557: 11540: 11531: 11522: 11513: 11504: 11495: 11487:U. edwardsii 11486: 11478:U. brachyura 11477: 11468: 11456: 11444: 11435: 11405: 11396: 11387: 11379:C. alexandri 11378: 11366: 11354: 11345: 11333: 11321: 11304: 11296:M. gambianus 11295: 11283: 11271: 11255:S. suricatta 11254: 11242: 11217: 11192: 11183: 11171: 11159: 11142: 11133: 11121: 11109: 11079: 11070: 11058: 11046: 11037: 11014:carnivorans) 10995: 10966: 10954: 10942: 10933: 10901: 10889: 10859:Herpestoidea 10822:Herpestoidea 10789: 10781:G. victoriae 10780: 10771: 10770:Cape genet ( 10762: 10754:G. servalina 10753: 10744: 10743:King genet ( 10736:G. piscivora 10735: 10726: 10717: 10708: 10700:G. johnstoni 10699: 10690: 10681: 10672: 10663: 10654: 10636: 10625:P. leightoni 10624: 10615: 10597: 10572: 10563: 10555:V. megaspila 10554: 10546:V. civettina 10545: 10533: 10521: 10512: 10497: 10481: 10454: 10445: 10436: 10424: 10412: 10403: 10394: 10385: 10359: 10350: 10341: 10332: 10230: 10221: 10213:F. margarita 10212: 10203: 10194: 10193:Jungle cat ( 10185: 10176: 10164: 10148: 10139: 10131:P. planiceps 10130: 10121: 10112: 10102:Prionailurus 10100: 10088: 10058: 10046: 10034: 10033:Jaguarundi ( 10017: 10005: 9984: 9975: 9966: 9957: 9945: 9933: 9924: 9915: 9906: 9897: 9888: 9880:L. geoffroyi 9879: 9870: 9869:Pampas cat ( 9858: 9842: 9833: 9821: 9809: 9779: 9770: 9758: 9747:P. marmorata 9746: 9734: 9714: 9689: 9680: 9671: 9662: 9653: 9641: 9629: 9620: 9608: 9563: 9554: 9537: 9510: 9463:Superorder: 9457:Infraclass: 9382: 9372: 9363: 9354: 9345: 9336: 9327: 9319:C. l. lycaon 9318: 9310:C. l. ligoni 9309: 9300: 9291: 9282: 9273: 9264: 9255: 9247:C. l. arctos 9246: 9224: 9215: 9206: 9202: 9193: 9185:C. l. chanco 9184: 9176:C. l. chanco 9175: 9166: 9157: 9148: 9127: 9126: 9118: 9073: 9031: 9025: 8979: 8954: 8929: 8904: 8883: 8862: 8842: 8818: 8810:Bibliography 8795:. Retrieved 8788:the original 8783: 8770: 8743: 8731:. Retrieved 8721: 8714: 8702: 8693: 8689: 8683: 8671: 8659:. Retrieved 8633: 8590: 8586: 8579: 8560: 8550: 8531: 8527: 8517: 8505:. Retrieved 8498:the original 8484: 8475: 8469: 8444: 8440: 8436: 8435:) and dogs ( 8432: 8392: 8386: 8374: 8362: 8350: 8340:December 16, 8338:. Retrieved 8334: 8324: 8312: 8300: 8248: 8244: 8238: 8227:the original 8222: 8218: 8209: 8201: 8189:. Retrieved 8180: 8176: 8170: 8162: 8150: 8141: 8137: 8127: 8115: 8103: 8091: 8079: 8067: 8055: 8043: 8031: 8019: 8007: 7995: 7983: 7964: 7941: 7929: 7879: 7875: 7869: 7861: 7824: 7820: 7810: 7798: 7763: 7759: 7749: 7737: 7692: 7688: 7678: 7645: 7641: 7635: 7623: 7613:November 19, 7611:. Retrieved 7596: 7584: 7572: 7562:November 11, 7560:. Retrieved 7532:September 2, 7530:. Retrieved 7523:the original 7510: 7491: 7488:Mammal Study 7487: 7477: 7459: 7452: 7440: 7436: 7424: 7415: 7406: 7396:September 2, 7394:. Retrieved 7365:. Retrieved 7360: 7351: 7326: 7318: 7306:. Retrieved 7296: 7284:. Retrieved 7274: 7264:September 1, 7262:. Retrieved 7242: 7230:. Retrieved 7221: 7211: 7199:. Retrieved 7190: 7180: 7153: 7141: 7129: 7117: 7094: 7088: 7076: 7071:, p. 7. 7064: 7030: 7026: 7016: 7004: 6992: 6987:, p. 4. 6980: 6947: 6943: 6937: 6925: 6905: 6898: 6886: 6874: 6832: 6820: 6815:, p. 5. 6808: 6766: 6762: 6756: 6744: 6732: 6720: 6708: 6696: 6677: 6667: 6655:. Retrieved 6614: 6610: 6600: 6553:(1): 66–76. 6550: 6546: 6542: 6521: 6497: 6486: 6474: 6462: 6417: 6413: 6403: 6376: 6349: 6322: 6297: 6293: 6287: 6278: 6274: 6268: 6258:November 22, 6256:. Retrieved 6236: 6229: 6219: 6215: 6205: 6195:November 22, 6193:. Retrieved 6173: 6165: 6128: 6124: 6114: 6095: 6091: 6086:Ursus arctos 6085: 6081: 6077: 6069: 6057: 6033: 6026: 5999: 5987: 5975: 5963: 5951:. Retrieved 5930: 5918:. Retrieved 5897: 5873: 5863: 5851: 5839: 5820: 5810: 5790: 5783: 5771:. Retrieved 5760: 5727: 5723: 5717: 5692: 5688: 5678: 5632: 5620:. Retrieved 5592: 5586: 5576: 5564: 5512: 5508: 5474: 5467: 5442: 5438: 5432: 5407: 5403: 5397: 5362: 5358: 5348: 5305: 5301: 5290: 5278: 5266: 5254: 5237: 5233: 5212: 5200: 5163: 5153: 5134: 5072: 5066: 5031: 5014: 5010: 5004: 4992: 4935: 4908: 4896:. Retrieved 4869: 4813: 4809: 4798: 4779: 4775: 4765: 4740: 4736: 4702: 4698: 4691: 4648: 4644: 4634: 4597: 4593: 4536: 4532: 4483: 4479: 4469: 4418: 4414: 4349: 4345: 4290: 4286: 4279: 4244: 4240: 4189: 4185: 4175: 4138: 4134: 4124: 4097: 4051: 4047: 4041: 3990: 3986: 3961: 3949:. Retrieved 3945: 3928: 3891: 3887: 3877: 3849: 3831: 3807: 3796: 3785: 3775: 3740: 3736: 3725: 3713: 3703:. New York, 3699: 3692: 3683: 3679: 3673: 3662: 3652: 3643: 3616:. Retrieved 3612: 3603: 3591:. Retrieved 3577: 3571: 3565: 3530:phylogenetic 3520: 3512: 3508: 3503: 3482: 3455:hunted using 3439: 3427:Fox Terriers 3408: 3383:Wolf hunting 3371:Central Asia 3359: 3328: 3324: 3318: 3294: 3290: 3282: 3267:(Mongolia), 3253: 3249: 3225: 3208: 3205:Farley Mowat 3198: 3192: 3185: 3177: 3171: 3137: 3130:Big Bad Wolf 3110: 3108: 3104:Gustave Doré 3097: 3062: 3016: 2992: 2960: 2917: 2897: 2848:Heilongjiang 2805: 2797: 2779: 2755:by 1684, in 2750: 2723: 2707:Mexican wolf 2683: 2671: 2599: 2578:lining. The 2560: 2540: 2521: 2509: 2450: 2426: 2421:Iberian wolf 2396: 2375:Reproduction 2361: 2335: 2326: 2308:Rallying cry 2252: 2244: 2223: 2193: 2184:malnutrition 2174:, toxic and 2172:constipation 2137: 2115: 2101:, vomiting, 2071:Lyme disease 2012: 1983: 1952: 1936: 1924:corsac foxes 1907: 1891: 1871:mountain-ash 1827:insectivores 1816: 1775: 1759:pack hunters 1756: 1696: 1691:Sassoferrato 1683:Italian wolf 1643: 1631: 1540: 1534:down to the 1521: 1516:Spiti Valley 1436: 1404: 1367: 1343: 1323: 1298:Canid hybrid 1286:Mexican wolf 1262: 1216: 1185: 1181: 1178:mosbachensis 1177: 1173: 1167: 1161: 1157: 1154:phylogenetic 1151: 1143: 1111: 1101:domesticated 1093:paleogenomic 1084: 1067: 1045: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1018: 1016: 990: 986: 968: 958: 952: 932: 920: 897: 877: 861: 838: 829: 806: 797: 774: 765: 742: 733: 712:African wolf 710: 701: 678: 659: 658: 574: 571:Anglo-Saxons 569:such as the 564: 555: 551: 537: 512: 497:Wolf attacks 470: 466:rabies virus 418:game hunting 406: 401: 384: 378: 357: 339: 335: 331: 322: 321: 317: 315: 291: 286: 262: 260: 244: 243: 231: 92: 48: 40: 15733:NatureServe 15655:iNaturalist 15500:canis-lupus 15487:Canis_lupus 15473:Canis lupus 15467:Wikispecies 15443:Canis lupus 15303:Denisova 11 15093:Sulimov dog 14862:M. sibirica 14844:M. putorius 14817:M. nigripes 14799:M. lutreola 14772:M. haidarum 14668:N. africana 14631:A. congicus 14622:A. cinereus 14613:A. capensis 14513:Sea otter ( 14491:L. provocax 14398:I. striatus 14319:Ictonychini 14214:M. melampus 14126:Wolverine ( 14104:P. pennanti 14027:M. moschata 14018:M. everetti 13964:M. leucurus 13922:A. hoevenii 13913:A. collaris 13863:M. capensis 13758:N. olivacea 13673:Olinguito ( 13629:Bassaricyon 13616:P. pygmaeus 13546:Bassariscus 13519:Procyonidae 13494:S. putorius 13485:S. gracilis 13403:M. mephitis 13394:M. macroura 13288:Red panda ( 13268:Musteloidea 13229:Ross seal ( 13182:Lobodontini 13114:Neomonachus 13042:P. sibirica 13000:P. vitulina 12965:Grey seal ( 12947:Harp seal ( 12839:A. pusillus 12803:A. forsteri 12638:Callorhinus 12572:Pinnipedia 12531:Musteloidea 12303:C. simensis 12267:C. lupaster 12136:Hoary fox ( 12129:L. sechurae 12102:L. fulvipes 12093:L. culpaeus 11989:(true dogs) 11948:Swift fox ( 11923:V. macrotis 11815:Nyctereutes 11724:Caniformia 11669:H. ochracea 11627:B. nigripes 11618:B. jacksoni 11505:U. javanica 11422:Herpestinae 11397:C. obscurus 11388:C. ansorgei 11368:Crossarchus 11224:(mongooses) 11213:Herpestidae 11193:S. durrelli 11184:S. concolor 11134:G. fasciata 11071:E. goudotii 10992:Herpestidae 10902:P. cristata 10763:G. thierryi 10718:G. maculata 10682:G. cristata 10673:G. bourloni 10426:Paradoxurus 10384:Binturong ( 10323:Hemigalinae 10300:Viverroidea 10263:Viverroidea 10222:F. nigripes 10074:Leopard cat 10059:P. concolor 9976:L. pardinus 9925:L. tigrinus 9916:L. pardalis 9907:L. jacobita 9898:L. guttulus 9871:L. colocola 9630:N. nebulosa 9600:Pantherinae 9480:Feliformia 9373:C. l. rufus 9355:C. l. orion 9216:C. l. lupus 9194:C. l. dingo 9158:C. l. arabs 9149:C. l. albus 8784:Wild Sentry 8763:Graves 2007 8447:: 232–245. 8433:Canis lupus 8379:Graves 2007 8171:Canis Lupus 8144:(1): 37–41. 8120:Marvin 2012 8108:Graves 2007 8084:Marvin 2012 8060:Marvin 2012 8036:Marvin 2012 8024:Marvin 2012 7988:Marvin 2012 7946:Marvin 2012 7361:www.fws.gov 7232:October 30, 7201:October 30, 6657:January 10, 6543:Canis lupus 6354:Graves 2007 6281:(7): 27–29. 6222:(1): 17–32. 6131:(41): e41. 6078:Canis lupus 5953:October 29, 5069:and allies" 5067:Canis lupus 4872:(37): 1–6. 4651:: 110–118. 4486:: 281–307. 3993:(1): 2882. 3718:Marvin 2012 3680:Die Sprache 3618:January 14, 3566:Canis lupus 3489:exotic pets 3483:Wolves and 3423:Bloodhounds 3419:sighthounds 3367:Middle East 3331:habituation 3306:Wolf attack 3244:Hexham wolf 3152:Leo Tolstoy 2998:Pawnee and 2836:Maharashtra 2702:Great Lakes 2397:Wolves are 2355:and raised 2255:territorial 2253:Wolves are 2087:listeriosis 2067:brucellosis 2047:dehydration 1938:Brown bears 1911:Custer Wolf 1898:Cannibalism 1867:raspberries 1863:blueberries 1811:wild horses 1628:Zoo, France 1617: in). 1528:guard hairs 1393:Description 1169:C. etruscus 1097:sister taxa 1085:C. l. lupus 1073:common name 1025:mammalogist 991:Canis lupus 515:Old English 509:Wolf (name) 446:territorial 415:cooperative 411:specialized 358:Canis lupus 323:Canis lupus 292:Canis lupus 281:Subspecies 263:Canis lupus 140:Appendix II 66:(400,000–0 15928:Scavengers 15882:Categories 15318:Koolakamba 15236:Kellas cat 15216:Bengal cat 14990:Dwarf Lulu 14835:M. nudipes 14826:M. nivalis 14790:M. kathiah 14745:M. erminea 14736:M. altaica 14686:N. frenata 14677:N. felipei 14647:Mustelinae 14389:I. libycus 14303:G. vittata 14169:M. caurina 13946:M. anakuma 13824:Mustelidae 13811:Mustelidae 13787:see below↓ 13778:Mustelidae 13675:B. neblina 13586:(raccoons) 13557:B. astutus 13555:Ringtail ( 13531:Kinkajou ( 13503:S. pygmaea 13444:M. marchei 13302:Mephitidae 13170:M. leonina 13062:Monachinae 13033:P. hispida 13024:P. caspica 12821:A. gazella 12753:N. cinerea 12649:C. ursinus 12587:Odobenidae 12540:see below↓ 12520:see below↓ 12504:Pinnipedia 12422:Sun bear ( 12389:T. ornatus 12378:Tremarctos 12354:Ailuropoda 12292:Red wolf ( 12258:C. latrans 12181:L. adustus 12138:L. vetulus 12111:L. griseus 12041:Bush dog ( 11932:V. pallida 11930:Pale fox ( 11914:V. lagopus 11885:Cape fox ( 11765:Gray fox ( 11523:U. smithii 11355:H. parvula 11346:H. hirtula 11234:Mungotinae 11123:Galidictis 11096:Galidiinae 11024:Euplerinae 11007:Eupleridae 10996:sensu lato 10967:C. crocuta 10900:Aardwolf ( 10831:see below↓ 10772:G. tigrina 10745:G. poensis 10727:G. pardina 10709:G. letabae 10691:G. genetta 10589:Genettinae 10573:V. zibetha 10493:Viverrinae 10482:sensu lato 10477:Viverrinae 10446:P. jerdoni 10313:Viverridae 10272:see below↓ 10211:Sand cat ( 10018:A. jubatus 9843:C. caracal 9736:Pardofelis 9555:P. linsang 9496:Feliformia 9371:Red wolf ( 9238:subspecies 9140:subspecies 9077:subspecies 9037:Bill Mason 8748:Lopez 1978 8696:: 162–166. 8661:August 16, 8534:(3): 253. 8528:BioScience 8096:Lopez 1978 8072:Lopez 1978 8048:Lopez 1978 8012:Busch 2007 8000:Lopez 1978 7934:Lopez 1978 7803:Busch 2007 7589:Busch 2007 7342:0816639787 6737:Lopez 1978 6725:Lopez 1978 6713:Busch 2007 5595:: 110368. 5283:Lopez 1978 5217:Lopez 1978 5205:Lopez 1978 5193:Lopez 1978 5099:Lopez 1978 3822:0521415292 3540:References 3447:Kazakhstan 3431:strychnine 3391:See also: 3164:Ivan Bunin 3112:Ysengrimus 3057:See also: 3019:Greek myth 2886:See also: 2871:In culture 2399:monogamous 2379:See also: 2329:media help 2234:mated pair 2219:Mysore Zoo 2207:See also: 2196:See also: 2164:roundworms 2148:protozoans 1992:Infections 1948:wolverines 1914:also kill 1883:cowberries 1879:bilberries 1853:, melons, 1728:topography 1716:grasslands 1712:shrublands 1700:extirpated 1311:Kadzidłowo 1265:divergence 1196:temporalis 1079:being the 1046:hallstromi 1036:familiaris 1001:Subspecies 933:3.50 507:See also: 438:mated pair 346:native to 97:Polar Park 15295:Hominidae 15022:Camelidae 14781:M. itatsi 14715:(weasels) 14578:Lutrogale 14515:E. lutris 14473:L. felina 14282:(grisons) 14205:M. martes 14148:(martens) 14066:Guloninae 13852:Mellivora 13725:N. narica 13666:B. medius 13657:B. gabbii 13648:B. alleni 13636:(olingos) 13605:Raccoon ( 13457:Spilogale 13343:C. chinga 13324:Conepatus 13280:Ailuridae 13079:Monachini 12991:P. largha 12661:Otariinae 12624:sea lions 12619:fur seals 12610:Otariidae 12495:Mustelida 12466:U. arctos 12328:Arctoidea 12285:C. lycaon 12240:C. aureus 12170:Lupulella 12082:Lycalopex 11959:V. vulpes 11957:Red fox ( 11921:Kit fox ( 11896:V. corsac 11640:Herpestes 11253:Meerkat ( 11012:(Malagasy 10914:Hyaeninae 10875:Hyaenidae 10790:G. felina 10204:F. lybica 10016:Cheetah ( 9934:L. wiedii 9923:Oncilla ( 9889:L. guigna 9860:Leopardus 9841:Caracal ( 9834:C. aurata 9769:Bay cat ( 9690:P. pardus 9688:Leopard ( 9663:P. tigris 9621:N. diardi 9539:Prionodon 9439:Kingdom: 9428:Carnivora 9236:New World 9138:Old World 9125:Species: 9107:Carnivora 9087:Kingdom: 9074:gray wolf 8797:March 21, 8317:Mech 1981 7286:March 23, 7122:Mech 1981 6547:Ecography 6300:: 85–87. 5856:Mech 1981 5730:: 30–33. 5709:0012-9658 5637:Mech 1981 5622:April 23, 5617:0031-0182 4997:Mech 1981 4940:Mech 1981 4848:225956269 4443:0962-1083 4374:0028-0836 4323:237147842 4069:2246/5999 4054:: 1–218. 4015:2045-2322 3613:cites.org 3349:oblasts, 3285:sympatric 3263:(India), 3222:Conflicts 3021:tells of 3004:Milky Way 3002:call the 3000:Blackfoot 2840:Karnataka 2820:Rajasthan 2732:(Appendix 2556:mouselike 2438:domiciles 2369:urination 2364:preputial 2190:Behaviour 2160:tapeworms 2152:helminths 2118:arthropod 2107:hematuria 2079:tularemia 2057:shock or 2055:endotoxic 1831:waterfowl 1807:mule deer 1797:, moose, 1791:wild boar 1763:ungulates 1687:Apennines 1524:undercoat 1387:gene flow 1326:gene flow 1258:gene flow 1208:dire wolf 1200:premolars 1182:C. lupus. 1122:Evolution 660:Gray wolf 503:Etymology 462:Pathogens 450:carnivore 340:grey wolf 336:gray wolf 239:Species: 211:Carnivora 177:Kingdom: 171:Eukaryota 63:– present 18:Grey wolf 15834:Species+ 15738:2.105212 15725:14000738 15673:11407661 15507:BioLib: 15452:Wikidata 15308:Humanzee 15241:Pumapard 15123:Wholphin 14956:Mammalia 14950:Chordata 14944:Animalia 14942:Kingdom 14761:Ferret ( 14695:N. vison 14556:L. lutra 14424:(otters) 14418:Lutrinae 14275:Galictis 14187:M. foina 14102:Fisher ( 13990:Melogale 13973:M. meles 13893:Arctonyx 13738:Nasuella 13716:N. nasua 13693:(coatis) 13607:P. lotor 13383:Mephitis 13142:Mirounga 12892:Phocinae 12873:Phocidae 12742:Neophoca 12688:Zalophus 12595:Walrus ( 12294:C. rufus 12276:C. lupus 12256:Coyote ( 12091:Culpeo ( 12032:Speothos 11968:V. zerda 11950:V. velox 11887:V. chama 11598:Bdeogale 11496:U. fusca 11335:Helogale 11305:M. mungo 11244:Suricata 11173:Salanoia 11080:E. major 11060:Eupleres 10891:Proteles 10880:(hyenas) 10644:(genets) 10195:F. chaus 10186:F. catus 10177:F. bieti 10057:Cougar ( 10007:Acinonyx 9985:L. rufus 9983:Bobcat ( 9932:Margay ( 9914:Ocelot ( 9887:Kodkod ( 9808:Serval ( 9771:C. badia 9760:Catopuma 9670:Jaguar ( 9654:P. uncia 9643:Panthera 9610:Neofelis 9528:Feloidea 9459:Eutheria 9453:Mammalia 9447:Chordata 9445:Phylum: 9441:Animalia 9111:Family: 9101:Mammalia 9095:Chordata 9093:Phylum: 9089:Animalia 8727:Archived 8652:Archived 8607:86058778 8507:July 17, 8273:84878446 8191:July 28, 8185:Archived 7906:27005517 7898:19877836 7870:Temminck 7853:26082870 7827:: e982. 7790:28585433 7729:30969994 7689:PLOS ONE 7607:Archived 7556:Archived 7419:page 50. 7390:Archived 7367:March 6, 7255:Archived 7226:Archived 7195:Archived 6972:52063038 6651:Archived 6647:22125487 6639:17770508 6575:62800394 6454:26398784 6414:PLOS ONE 6314:85957777 6252:Archived 6189:Archived 6157:31966128 5944:Archived 5920:July 26, 5911:Archived 5773:July 25, 5752:91073874 5541:31174275 5424:85236511 5381:19603061 5359:Heredity 5340:19197024 4898:July 30, 4892:Archived 4840:33122379 4757:24622972 4683:31563851 4645:iScience 4626:30419012 4571:30344120 4510:26721918 4502:27912242 4461:31840921 4392:35768506 4315:34398980 4271:26680994 4216:26004765 4167:24453982 4078:83594819 4033:35217686 3951:March 6, 3920:24453989 3869:62265494 3839:(2005). 3782:"canine" 3767:26234211 3686:: 13–18. 3451:Mongolia 3435:trapping 3415:coursing 3405:, Russia 3228:cortisol 3178:Peasants 3102:(1883), 3076:cry wolf 3047:Dena'ina 3031:werewolf 2976:Buddhism 2972:Hinduism 2940:she-wolf 2904:she-wolf 2852:Xinjiang 2808:Pakistan 2643:Appendix 2639:Pakistan 2615:Appendix 2611:Red List 2516:muskoxen 2446:railways 2440:, paved 2239:Cortisol 2099:anorexia 1859:cherries 1787:roe deer 1783:red deer 1724:pastures 1708:wetlands 1634:ochreous 1514:Wolf in 1411:rib cage 1328:between 1250:Beringia 1232:that is 1224:and the 1158:C. lupus 1068:C. lupus 1056:for the 1032:C. lupus 590:Taxonomy 573:took on 485:agrarian 481:pastoral 391:and the 270:Linnaeus 217:Family: 201:Mammalia 191:Chordata 187:Phylum: 181:Animalia 167:Domain: 127:IUCN 3.1 15860:ZooBank 15800:1506689 15712:1005943 15634:5219173 15367:Mustela 15266:Liliger 15231:Chausie 15226:Caraval 15203:Felidae 15191:Zebroid 15128:Narluga 15110:Cetacea 15098:Wolfdog 15068:Coywolf 15050:Canidae 15040:Huarizo 14985:Beefalo 14967:Bovidae 14948:Phylum 14763:M. furo 14708:Mustela 14657:Neogale 14504:Enhydra 14378:Ictonyx 14337:Vormela 14294:G. cuja 14221:Sable ( 14128:G. gulo 14093:Pekania 14078:Tayra ( 13875:Melinae 13687:Nasuina 13579:Procyon 12935:Phocini 12574:(seals) 12509:(seals) 12401:Ursinae 12343:(bears) 12338:Ursidae 12214:Dhole ( 12004:(zorro) 11878:V. cana 11788:Vulpini 11756:Urocyon 11740:Canidae 11532:U. urva 11036:Fossa ( 10956:Crocuta 10638:Genetta 10535:Viverra 10076:lineage 9998:lineage 9967:L. lynx 9823:Caracal 9797:lineage 9795:Caracal 9727:lineage 9725:Bay cat 9711:Felinae 9672:P. onca 9661:Tiger ( 9581:Felidae 9451:Class: 9430:species 9426:Extant 9192:Dingo ( 9117:Genus: 9113:Canidae 9105:Order: 9099:Class: 9072:Extant 8733:May 14, 8449:Bibcode 8253:Bibcode 7844:4465947 7781:5460078 7720:6457547 7697:Bibcode 7670:2386069 7650:Bibcode 7308:May 10, 6964:1382426 6783:1200478 6771:Bibcode 6619:Bibcode 6611:Science 6555:Bibcode 6445:4580640 6422:Bibcode 6148:6661435 5732:Bibcode 5689:Ecology 5597:Bibcode 5447:Bibcode 5439:Lethaia 5389:5228987 5331:2903542 5310:Bibcode 5302:Science 5246:3784236 4888:3503924 4831:7116352 4810:Science 4707:Bibcode 4674:6817678 4653:Bibcode 4617:6231604 4562:6224481 4541:Bibcode 4452:7317801 4423:Bibcode 4383:9279150 4354:Bibcode 4295:Bibcode 4262:4728369 4194:Bibcode 4158:3894170 4024:8881584 3995:Bibcode 3911:3894154 3745:Bibcode 3593:June 2, 3355:Ukraine 3351:Karelia 3347:Irkutsk 3339:Belarus 3335:grazing 3273:turkeys 3182:Borzois 3117:Reynard 3043:witches 2993:In the 2824:Haryana 2816:Gujarat 2780:In the 2757:Ireland 2713:Eurasia 2684:In the 2621:of the 2609:on its 2580:kidneys 2576:stomach 2483:⁄ 2469:⁄ 2430:magpies 2407:Oestrus 2393:, Japan 2357:hackles 2353:posture 2111:icterus 2091:anthrax 1963:cougars 1894:carrion 1855:berries 1835:lizards 1819:rodents 1799:caribou 1744:caribou 1693:, Italy 1662:Ecology 1612:⁄ 1598:⁄ 1584:⁄ 1570:⁄ 1556:⁄ 1488:⁄ 1474:⁄ 1460:⁄ 1446:⁄ 1433:, Italy 1407:Canidae 1315:spaniel 1277:Basenji 1246:Siberia 1230:lineage 1218:Genomic 983:jackals 541:wĺ̥kʷos 475:by the 458:carrion 430:howling 397:hybrids 375:Canidae 348:Eurasia 227:Genus: 221:Canidae 207:Order: 197:Class: 142: ( 125: ( 15938:Wolves 15813:247341 15771:NZOR: 15686:180596 15618:FEIS: 15598:305289 15572:CANILU 15559:328607 15543:ECOS: 15495:ARKive 15458:Q18498 15271:Marozi 15078:Dogxim 15063:Coydog 15010:Żubroń 15005:Yakalo 14954:Class 14453:Lontra 14141:Martes 13416:Mydaus 13310:skunks 12274:Wolf ( 12154:Canina 11984:Canini 11848:Vulpes 11744:(dogs) 11285:Mungos 10599:Poiana 9681:P. leo 9679:Lion ( 9585:(cats) 9023:Watch 8991: 8966: 8941: 8916: 8891: 8870: 8849: 8830: 8644: 8605: 8567: 8399: 8271: 7971: 7904: 7896: 7851: 7841: 7788: 7778: 7727: 7717: 7668: 7339: 7335:–119. 7105: 6970: 6962: 6913: 6781: 6684: 6645: 6637: 6573: 6509: 6452: 6442: 6312: 6244: 6181: 6155: 6145: 6098:: 76. 6045: 5827: 5798: 5750: 5707: 5615: 5539: 5482: 5422: 5387: 5379: 5338: 5328: 5244: 5171: 5141: 5079: 4886: 4846: 4838: 4828: 4755: 4681: 4671: 4624: 4614: 4569: 4559: 4508: 4500: 4459: 4449: 4441: 4390: 4380: 4372: 4346:Nature 4321: 4313: 4269: 4259: 4214: 4165: 4155: 4112: 4076: 4031: 4021: 4013: 3918: 3908: 3867: 3857: 3819: 3765: 3659:"wolf" 3463:Borzoi 3458:eagles 3442:fladry 3433:, and 3365:, the 3269:cattle 3265:horses 3068:fables 3039:Navajo 3023:Lycaon 2995:Pawnee 2967:Sirius 2950:, and 2948:Fenrir 2924:Apollo 2793:Israel 2746: 2744:II and 2742: 2740:(Annex 2734: 2696:. The 2645: 2627:Bhutan 2617: 2584:spleen 2574:, and 2525:beaver 2434:ravens 2403:litter 2344:growls 2182:, and 2156:flukes 2132:, and 2103:anemia 2059:sepsis 2053:, and 2036:, and 2018:rabies 1955:felids 1920:Arctic 1839:snakes 1752:Alaska 1720:tundra 1532:elbows 1506:Pelage 1419:molars 1417:. Its 1415:hyenas 1358:coyote 1052:—as a 680:Coyote 583:suffix 579:prefix 558:lúkʷos 532:. The 529:wulfaz 493:rabies 389:coyote 371:extant 344:canine 332:wolves 15826:44860 15787:70056 15668:IRMNG 15660:42048 15580:EUNIS 15523:12514 15392:Ursus 15281:Tigon 15261:Liger 15221:Blynx 15176:Kunga 15171:Hinny 15157:Equus 15035:Bukht 14602:Aonyx 14545:Lutra 13935:Meles 13705:Nasua 12980:Phoca 12437:Ursus 12229:Canis 11856:foxes 10166:Felis 9128:lupus 9120:Canis 8912:Ltd. 8791:(PDF) 8780:(PDF) 8690:Ambio 8655:(PDF) 8638:(PDF) 8603:S2CID 8501:(PDF) 8494:(PDF) 8269:S2CID 8230:(PDF) 8215:(PDF) 7902:S2CID 7821:PeerJ 7666:JSTOR 7526:(PDF) 7519:(PDF) 7258:(PDF) 7251:(PDF) 6968:S2CID 6960:JSTOR 6643:S2CID 6571:S2CID 6310:S2CID 5947:(PDF) 5940:(PDF) 5914:(PDF) 5907:(PDF) 5748:S2CID 5695:(2). 5537:S2CID 5420:S2CID 5385:S2CID 5242:JSTOR 4884:JSTOR 4844:S2CID 4506:S2CID 4319:S2CID 4074:S2CID 3942:(PDF) 3843:. In 3495:Notes 3343:Kirov 3261:goats 3142:and " 3088:Jesus 3080:Bible 3064:Aesop 3008:crest 2984:quail 2980:Vedic 2856:Tibet 2812:India 2635:Nepal 2631:India 2572:lungs 2568:liver 2564:heart 2544:sheep 2512:bison 2442:roads 2348:barks 2144:mange 2134:mites 2126:ticks 2122:fleas 2095:fever 1843:frogs 1823:hares 1779:moose 1771:moose 1638:rusty 1350:dhole 1238:split 1234:basal 1192:snout 1109:feral 1058:dingo 1048:—the 1041:dingo 995:canid 979:genus 970:Canis 808:Dhole 577:as a 552:lupus 548:Latin 527:* 442:packs 407:Canis 404:genus 385:Canis 380:Canis 367:dingo 232:Canis 144:CITES 138:CITES 95:) at 15852:3356 15839:4442 15795:OBIS 15764:9612 15759:NCBI 15699:3746 15694:IUCN 15681:ITIS 15642:GISD 15629:GBIF 15621:calu 15585:1367 15567:EPPO 15546:4488 15536:QLXL 15518:BOLD 15510:1857 15186:Mule 15030:Cama 14117:Gulo 13013:Pusa 11458:Urva 10048:Puma 9996:Puma 9947:Lynx 9029:and 9018:ADFG 8989:ISBN 8964:ISBN 8939:ISBN 8914:ISBN 8905:Wolf 8889:ISBN 8868:ISBN 8847:ISBN 8828:ISBN 8799:2016 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