Grigore Filipescu - Knowledge

1242: 1668: 5267: 1908: 1419:, the LVȚ ran as an ally of Iorga's Democratic Nationalists. Again turning his attention to the West, Filipescu repeatedly asked Prime Minister Iorga to make him Ambassador to Switzerland, and also sought high offices for LVȚ figures. Such moves were blocked by Carol, Titulescu, and other members of the establishment. On October 1, 1931, he relinquished his prefecture to a League subordinate, Toma Metaxa. His trip to France, which took place that month, was allegedly a mission assigned by Iorga, who was hoping that Filipescu could talk French newspaper owners into being less critical of his government. 1153:, Filipescu slapped the supervisor, Teodor Herman. The manner fueled much controversy, as Herman was also a priest. This incident endangered the seat he still held in the Assembly, when his colleagues voted to have his immunity removed. Filipescu openly admitted to his deed and asked to be tried by a jury, but also stated that he did not recognize the Assembly's legitimacy, deeming it fraudulent. Eventually, the matter was dropped, as consensus was never reached. 1864:' official visit to Romania, which occurred, embarrassingly, just as Carol was preparing to have his favorite Tătărescu stand for reelection. Filipescu also reunited with Averescu and Cantacuzino-Grănicerul during secret talks organized by Carol in November. These negotiations also involved the PNC, the Radical Peasants' Party, and Georgists, seeking to coalesce a right-wing monarchist "national union", that would form government. On November 13, 1937, ahead of 28: 1399:. A nationalist deputy, Leon Scridon, also accused Filipescu of running errands for Hungarian and Jewish entrepreneurs, and publicized alleged proof of mismanagement. For his part, Filipescu noted that the Romanian state was habitually cheating on the company's American shareholders, diverting investments and forcing them to accept redundant employees. From his managerial position, Filipescu also obtained 2025:, this was a spurious list "of those who contributed, evidently without so wishing, to the legitimizing of the communist regime". In a 1986 piece, party historian Vasile Bobocescu lauded Filipescu for his "realistic position" on the issue of fascism, which implied "correcting some of his own political ideas". Discussion of Filipescu's other political contributions followed the 1775:, which was a leftist dissidence of the Iron Guard. Through I. Valoda, the Crusaders described him as the "Romanian figure who is staunchest in his fight for the truth". As paraphrased by Valoda, Filipescu had argued that the "black internationalism" of fascism was the same as "communist tyranny". Filipescu's condemnation of Italian, German and Portuguese participation at the 1046:, Ionescu was charged with forming a new government, and Filipescu, who assured him of having a parliamentary majority, persuaded him to accept. His hope was to form a new party comprising elements of the two conservative parties plus dissidents from the People's Party (PP, as the LP was then known) and the PNR. While Ionescu only lasted a month as premier, he became close to 1513:, only had 69. He gave a speech on "common sense in politics", presenting his group as Romania's only truthful party, and the only one which addressed the worldwide perils engulfing Romania. Filipescu also continued to exercise an intellectual influence over the political class with his stance on debt and, in 1933, sparked a national debate over the need to restore the 917:, Filipescu relied on work by various journalists, including Anestin, Pisani, and Mircea Ștefănescu. The latter recalls that, by 1920, the newspaper was nearly bankrupt, relying on handouts from Filipescu's political friends. The enterprise served Filipescu politically: in 1919, it published a dossier on Marghiloman's wartime stances. Filipescu and 1760:. He noted that Romanian far-right groups were farcical, in that they had no respect for property rights, proposing instead a nationalism that was both "civilized" and "generous". Filipescu insisted that the best defense against communism was not fascism, but rather a "strengthened coalition of the moderate parties." He supported the 1609:. At the Telephone Palace, Filipescu switched from spying on behalf of the king to intercepting the royal court itself, obtaining information which made its way Maniu and Titulescu. In December 1934, the issue of intercepts erupted into national scandal, with claims that American spies were acting as ITT staff. This rumor prompted 1521:. Throughout 1933, he opposed the new PNȚ government, chaired by Vaida-Voevod, arguing that the PNȚ itself was in reality two parties: a Carlist one, formed around Vaida-Voevod, and a more populist one, under Maniu's guidance (which Filipescu now identified as preferable). He viewed government credit policies as "economic 682:(PNL). Filipescu Jr first rose to prominence during the earliest stages of World War I, when Romania was still a neutral country: in late 1914, he joined a commission headed by Colonel Vasile Rudeanu, which was tasked with negotiating arms deals in Italy, France, and Switzerland. According to the PNL press, he was in a 1300:, Filipescu declared himself an enemy of "demagoguery", but also acknowledged that Romania was ripe for democracy; he also denounced the PNL's "dictatorship", and claimed to expose the government's incompetence. He himself ran for Assembly seats, on a shared PP–PND ticket. He was assigned first places on the list for 2007:—despite pleas from the surviving Filipescus and Blarembergs. Filipescu was survived by his mother until 1954, and by his widow until 1971. Though the Filipescu male line was widely seen as extinguished with his death, an adoptive nephew, Nicolae Vlad Filipescu, carried on the legacy from his new home in Paris. 1944:

surrounded by his mother, wife and private secretary. Filipescu's body was cremated in Geneva, and the ashes were initially due to be buried on the spot, in accordance with his reported last wish. The decision was reversed, and they were soon after returned to Bucharest. A funeral service was held at the city's

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electoral law. Filipescu is traveling to Paris in the next few days. His instructions are that universal, equal, secret suffrage should be introduced, along with mandatory voting. would make it completely impossible for to get into government though parliamentary methods." Appearing as a defense witness for

1387:, completed in 1933, and back then the tallest building in Romania. This assignment became the focus of additional controversy, with critics noting that, although the company was profitable, and the third-largest ITT subsidiary, services had improved only by a slim margin. He was denounced by the PNȚ's 1887:

newspaper, engaging in a polemic with the Conservative Costin G. Sturdza, published allegations according to which Filipescu was acting on behalf of industrialist Oskar Kaufmann, and that he had practiced blackmail throughout his career. The piece also alleged that Filipescu was no longer welcomed in

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and Filipescu first clashed when the latter tried to impose Xeni as the party president. Moreover, in December 1923, Filipescu and Iorga had a publicized quarrel, which began when Iorga criticized the late Nicolae Filipescu. The incensed son threatened him with a duel. By 1924, Iorga notes, Filipescu

2021:, died in prison as punishment for his missionary work. Filipescu's own politics were revisited by later communist historiographers. They posthumously granted him recognition as one of the anti-fascist intellectuals who had formed a "broad front" with the Communist Party. As later noted by historian 1467:

Filipescu's adamant views on contentious topics contributed to his political alienation. Reportedly, in late 1931, he escaped unharmed after shots were fired at his automobile. By 1932, the PC was losing its support base on the right, with Cantacuzino-Grănicerul and other cadres migrating toward the

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from the royal family, reluctantly voting with the majority. As such, during his final months, Filipescu was again in conflict with the king. Addressing his party colleagues in October 1937, he demanded that the PNL government step down and be replaced by a Mihalache cabinet. Also then, he depicted

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While valued by the Western media, Filipescu had a fairly negative image in his own country, where, he noted, the major current of thought was pro-Laval and pro-Mussolini. In that context, Filipescu also began challenging the Romanian far-right's claim to an intellectual monopoly on anti-communism,

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On October 9, 1923, Filipescu had been voted in as honorary president for the PNR section in Dolj. He also sat on a 150-member executive committee and headed the PNR's Bucharest chapter, but did not hold a leading position within the party. He also did not get along very well with the Transylvanian

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and in Bucharest, where he also sponsored a reconciliation banquet. An anti-Filipescu wing of the Ionescu Conservatives, under Iulian Vrăbiescu, survived and joined the PND, hampering negotiations over a merger between the latter and the PNR. Initially, Filipescu was visibly involved in PNR caucus,

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mocked him for having "taken aim at anything but votes". This episode prompted the scattered opposition to begin attempts at fusion. In November 1922, the PNR absorbed the remnants of Ionescu's formation, thus extending its reach into the Old Kingdom. Filipescu was persuaded to do the same, helping

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were ever revived after their patron's death, with Maria and Ioana Filipescu preserving copyright of the newspaper title. As Romania entered World War II alongside Germany, SART continued to be under American management. In 1941, ITT resold its shares to the Romanian state. This allowed the ITT to

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was also challenged, and the plan was to use pistols followed by swords. A bullet hit the latter's pants, while Brătianu and Filipescu made peace. His relations with other politicians were inconsistent: Argetoianu, Titulescu, Maniu and many others veered between being his friends and his enemies.

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as leader. Throughout this period, Filipescu was still focused on attacking Știrbey and the Brătianus. However, he soon found himself at odds with Averescu, who had asked him to be lenient on Știrbey. Instead, together with his followers, Filipescu left the PP for a second and final time, in March

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agents to search the Telephone Palace and Filipescu's home. His subordinates were rounded up by police in August 1935, after allegations that they "had taken advantage of the maze of complicated foreign exchange regulations, or defrauded the company to the tune of 100 million lei." Widely seen as

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which harmed Filipescu's private interests) and, later, of extravagance. Averescu objected to Filipescu's rebellious plans, and the latter quit the LP (according to Averescu and Argetoianu's accounts, he was in fact thrown out of the movement by Averescu, who objected to his factionalism; Anestin

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pushed the PC into the underground. In March 1938, Filipescu indefinitely suspended party activities, noting that the group was rendered irrelevant by the "great upheavals facing our continent"; his open letter "liberated his friends from all obligation toward either him or his politics". As his

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signaled a period of uncertainty, and seemed to ensure a pretext for Carol's authoritarianism. By then, Filipescu and Maniu were mainly visible as the sworn enemies of the king, whom they had come to see as an autocratic figure, forcing them into talks about forming the democratic opposition. As

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In August 1938, Filipescu entered a hospital in Geneva. Twelve days later, following a heart attack, he was successfully operated upon. His continued weakness required a blood transfusion, which was again accepted by his organism. However, a second transfusion proved fatal. When he died, he was

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articles censured the Romanian upper class for cultivating the Iron Guard, informing them that this was a political and social suicide; he "pointed out that such a movement stands as a reaction to the complete immorality of public life and politics, in addition to idealists and gullible folk,

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s Alexandru Vișan, a Conservative Party member who had once been Filipescu's secretary, escaped Romania and settled in the West, where he emerged as a critic of the regime. In 1951, the communist press retaliated by alleging that Vișan was a plagiarist and spy. Repression directly touched the

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Despite their anti-fascism, Filipescu's Conservatives closely followed the Maniu party line, which brought them into a "non-aggression pact" with the Iron Guard—and against Carol's PNL favorites. After various disputes, Filipescu was assigned an eligible position on the PNȚ Ilfov list for the

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found themselves increasingly isolated, and, in January 1927, dissented from the PNȚ on the issue of collaboration with government forces, to engage in direct talks with Averescu. In April, they defected to the PP. Once reunited with Averescu, Filipescu "was assigned to collect data for a new

1799:(PNC), but failed to attract crucial support from other left-wing groups. On the PNȚ's left, Lupu paid homage to Filipescu as an "English-style conservative, the heir to a tradition of purest Romanianism", adding: "I would like to see them claiming that Mr Grigore Filipescu is a communist." 1874:

resumed its attacks on Filipescu, noting: "the national-peasantist party is the only Romanian political party—other than Titulescu's ridiculous pawn, Griguță Filipescu—to call for an alliance with the Soviets." On November 26, Maniu sent Filipescu a letter, informing him "that, since

1689:, the PC was a strong defender "of economic and financial orthodoxy against the temptations of a coming world", "head-turning censorship" with Filipescu's "cruel wit". On February 18, 1936, Filipescu reiterated his opposition to Nazism with a public conference in Bucharest's 1904:, which stated: "Grigore Filipescu was truly affectionate toward the countryside folk. As much agricultural land as he owned, he refused to sell it for a large price to speculator agriculturalists. He opted instead for selling it to the peasants at a much reduced price." 1939:

s effective closure. A heart condition inherited from his father forced him to retire from politics and spend time raising race horses and farming. During April, the SART staff announced that he was still a member of the board, but ailing, and therefore largely absent.

1233:. Government ordered a recount (described in opposition newspapers as a "trick"), which resulted in his being defeated. During the by-elections of September, which witnessed a steady climb for the PNL, Filipescu himself openly accused Averescu of collusion and fraud. 1332:, who had been harshly critical of the Romanian Regency regime. Adding to the ambiguities was that Știrbey also supported the returning king, as did Filipescu's German enemies. In late 1930, Filipescu intercepted and published a letter from the German Ambassador 1556:

informed him that a return was only possible once voters will have lost their memory of his "sins". The national race was won by the PNL, with Duca being confirmed as Prime Minister. The PC managed to win three senatorial seats, with Filipescu elected in

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was slated to appear, the financier convinced Filipescu not to run the story. Such episodes infuriated the writing staff, who reacted to one such case by vandalizing their own editorial office; Filipescu would not fire them, but instead blamed Pisani.

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cultivation in eastern Romania. Filipescu Jr grew up conscious of his boyar privilege, arguing that his paternal family "has always known how to love the peasants with all its heart, how to defend and guide them. He pointed out that the first peasant

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By early 1920, Filipescu had also renewed his contact with Ionescu, affiliating with the reestablished Conservative-Democratic Party (known then just as the "Democratic Party"), and being included on its executive committee in April 1920. Before the

425:. This cause brought him an international reputation, but failed to win him popularity at home. In his final years, before his death from unsuccessful blood transfusion in Geneva, Filipescu stood out as a critic of King Carol, joining efforts with 1561:. In all three precincts, the PNL had withdrawn its candidates, leading the PNȚ's newspapers to claim that Filipescu and Duca had a secret pact. Filipescu also ran, unsuccessfully, for a deputy seat in Ilfov during the by-elections of 1934. 1204:

s attacks on Știrbey was disastrous for the party. Often friendly toward Maniu, Știrbey was persuaded to maneuver in favor of Averescu, who unexpectedly became Prime Minister in March 1926. According to a disputed account by socialist leader

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Filipescu was critical of Premier Duca's order to ban the Iron Guard, arguining that the movement was largely harmless, and that its ranks included at least some "enthusiastic, clear-minded youths". In early 1934, Duca's assassination by an

937:. Blank's involvement would fuel the suspicions of antisemitic groups that the newspaper was a tool of the Jews. While Blank's influence was exaggerated, he did have a say in the editorial policy. For instance, when an article critical of 1875:

national-peasantist and conservative parties have had a similar attitude toward current topics, he has reserved a number of candidacies for him, in both Chamber and Senate". Vaida-Voevod, who had split with the PNȚ, and, as leader of the

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newspaper in 1885, and in September 1918, the son decided to revive the moribund outfit, buying the trademark from its nominal owner, Timoleon Pisani. Adversaries from the PNL also speculated that Filipescu was behind another newspaper,

1748:, and called this line "detrimental to Romania's interest." He was similarly outraged that Averescu was still taking pride in having befriended Mussolini, who, Averescu argued, could still be persuaded to change his mind about Hungary. 1188:

had ceased publication in August 1923, but was revived in February 1926. In fact, it was Filipescu's personal newspaper and always mirrored his views. His favorite targets were the royal camarilla, in particular Queen Marie, her lover

762:, whom he slapped or at least threatened. As a result, Brătianu was compelled to pay vom dem Bussche a sympathy visit. In June, Filipescu Jr appeared with the pro-Entente "National Action" rally at Dacia Hall, alongside guest speakers 1720:

and the Soviet Union, which would help secure borders threatened by revisionism and keep the peace. The same speech proposed a mutual assistance pact between the Soviets and Romania (nevertheless, Filipescu also militated for better

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newspaper characterized his tenure as "permanent furlough". Grigore was reportedly incensed by these accusations, as well as by PNL-mounted attacks on his Nicolae. On November 4, 1915, his attempt to crash the Bucharest offices of

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right-wing critics argued, the party was by then inconsistent, drawn into alliances with the left, and ultimately "useless and ridiculous." In May, due to financial problems caused by press restrictions, Filipescu also announced

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having managed to impose on the new party his and Ionescu's pro-Entente, anti-German foreign policy. He spent the period circulating leaks from Mârzescu and other PNL whistle-blowers, who informed him about Brătianu's sale of

1324:, Știrbey's enemy, on the throne. As noted by one of its members, the industrialist Alfred Cerchez, the League had the Carlist agenda for a primary objective. Carol returned triumphantly in 1930, after a campaign in which 1406:

By April 1931, Filipescu and the LVȚ were backing the Maniu government, being opposed to the dissolution of Parliament—as demanded by the other opposition parties. In return, Filipescu asked and obtained for himself the

5163: 604:; they had no children. By 1910, the younger Filipescu was also a promoter of sports. This passion ran in the family: Constantin Blaremberg had enjoyed horse racing, and pioneered sports journalism with the newspaper 1659:. It drew attention to the non-Romanian origin of most defendants; it also asserted that "communism has folded itself neatly under the label of 'anti-fascism'", like "sleazy dives" pretending to be cultural circles. 1831:. Protopopescu noted that even French anti-fascists were confused about the "immense cretin" Filipescu, since they wrongly credited him as a "former foreign minister of Romania". Also in 1937, Filipescu joined the 4556:"Grigore Filipescu feltűnést keltő cikke: A gárdáról, a vasfűzőről és a német példáról. A bucurești szalonok a vasgárda mellett. 'Ma keserűen sírnak azok, akik Németországban tíz évvel ezelőtt hitlerizáltak'", in 1050:, who won multiple seats in the Assembly. He ceded one of them to Ionescu, who in turn handed it to Filipescu. Following Ionescu's death later in 1922, Filipescu approached Iorga in an attempt to merge with his 1725:). The Filipescu plan was inoperable by November 1936, when Italy openly expressed support for a revision of borders in Central Europe; this prompted Filipescu to present evidence of Mussolini's collusion with 1352:. Filipescu's own support for Carlism was read by Western observers as a form of right-wing extremism. Around 1930, he was referred to in the English-speaking media as a "Baby Fascist" or a Romanian replica of 949:, but the latter refused. In advance of by-elections scheduled to be held in Moldavia, Filipescu wished to organize agitation, protests and street battles. Reportedly, he also played a part in organizing the 1002:

served as Ionescu's mouthpiece; within a few months, as Ionescu took to supporting the PP, Filipescu's paper drew attention with its attacks on the PNR leadership, whom it accused of disloyalty toward

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arguing that war and fascism carried the added risk of making the world ripe for a communist takeover. He later also argued that agitation by fascist groups would only strengthen the left, citing the

1709:; as he put it: "This is all the more true as the pacifist action has enlisted even a conservative such as Grigore Filipescu, whose familial past constitutes a most impressive lesson in patriotism". 1619:

Throughout those years, Filipescu was frequently in Paris and Geneva, where he gave interviews and wrote for local newspapers. His Francophile sympathies were commented on by 1918, and in March 1935,

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contrarily argues that he left because of Averescu's talks with Stere). Filipescu, still seen as an "ardent Averescan", tried to negotiate the LP's arrival to power by talking directly to Romania's

2251:"Marea întruniri a partidului național român din Băilești Dolj. Sosirea dlor deputați Gr. Filipescu și părintele Man în gară — Plecarea spre Băltești — Cuvântările — Consfătuirea din Craiova", in 1375:(SART), partly privatized in 1929, serving from 1930 until his death. He also presided over the Tobacco Monopoly and a number of other commercial enterprises. His term at SART saw the purchase of 846:, it was Filipescu who organized the torchlight parade of January 1918, in which Averescu was hailed as "tomorrow's government leader". Various Labor Party figures soon drifted toward Averescu's 1597:

In August 1934, Filipescu hosted in Bucharest a grand reception in honor of Maniu. By then, the groups involved had agreed on several demands, including that Carol should renounce his mistress,

871:; this was eventually signed by Averescu's Conservative replacement, Marghiloman. Filipescu was included on the team of negotiators under Take Ionescu, but his presence there was vetoed by the 4796:

Constantin I. Stan, "Pactul de neagresiune electorală: Iuliu Maniu – Corneliu Zelea Codreanu – Gheorghe Brătianu (25 noiembrie 1937) și consecințele lui", in Doru Sinaci, Emil Arbonie (eds.),

879:, he "commanded upon a unit of street-sweepers and toilet-cleaners. He was as invested and as cowardly as his father had been courageous." From this period, he earned a derogatory nickname, 1821:. During the resulting trial for libel, Filipescu was able to produce evidence that Manoilescu, despite being antisemitic, had not refused bribes from Jewish businesses. Another Guardist, 686:

for serving as a functionary (in the Ministry of Agriculture and Royal Domains) to August 15, 1915, while also joining the staff of Delaunay House, which operated public contracts at the

612:, both as spectator and as participant. In November 1911 he organized the largest athletic event in Romania up to that date, himself taking part in matches. The following year, alongside 1779:(organized by the Iron Guard in January 1937) drew notice from the Swiss, French and Dutch press. The event also reconciled him with Carol, who took advice from Filipescu and the PNȚ's 883:("Filipescu-Broom"). The PNL press also accused Filipescu of being a draft-avoider; Filipescu reacted with a virulent letter to PNL's Duca, his relative. The two dueled with pistols in 1879:, allied himself with the PNL, commented at the time that only Maniu "can preserve a balance between Dr Lupu and Gr Filipescu, between extreme socialism and half-witted conservatism". 1130:

were also present at a public protest in May, during which they found themselves engaged in a scuffle with Army soldiers. This resulted in their indictment by the public prosecutor in

842:, his direct superior, as an ideal leader for a new anti-establishment, anti-PNL, political movement: popular and easily manipulated. According to the hostile recollections of PNL man 368:

Known as an antagonist who fought duels with his political rivals, Filipescu switched parties frequently, hoping to coalesce the conservative groups around himself. He served terms in

1529:, he established an "Anti-Bolshevik Front", which toured Romanian cities to explain why relief was disastrous. On August 7, members of the Front for Urban Debt-clearance stormed into 5061:

Vasile Bobocescu, "Lupta poporului român, în frunte cu comuniștii, în anii 1933—1937, împotriva pericolului fascismului, pentru apărarea independenței și integrității naționale", in

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of Ilfov. This office was widely seen as beneath his prestige and competence, but he explained that he cold contribute to regional prosperity. He took over on May 13, replacing the

5333: 4126: 1803: 1792: 1210: 856:. He was also credited with having drawn his father-in-law into the League, and to have ensured a state of equilibrium between the Laborites and the far-right circles led by 4390: 651:

petroleum pipeline. In late 1912, he left for New York City, where he studied the American pipeline system. During his trip there, he obtained an interview with former

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One of Filipescu's keynote speeches was held in Paris in May of that year, and published in brochure form, proposing a Europe-wide bloc composed of France, Italy, the

5343: 4614:"Politica Municipală. Ce vor face național-țărăniștii în primăriile Capitalei, dacă vin la putere. Disolvări, alți primari, alte alegeri. Locțiitorii de primari", in 724:, still preserved neutrality. With his networking between Romania and France, Filipescu had helped his father by denouncing the mainline Conservatives. He focused on 4820:"Mari frământări la alcătuirea listelor de candidați. Tineri transformați în senatori și surprize peste tot. Și totuș, d. dr. Lupu nu și-a tăiat incă beregata", in 1923:, reportedly suspended Filipescu from his position at the SART. Over the following weeks, Carol led a clampdown against democratic and far-right parties alike. His 758:; during this incident, Filipescu was reportedly strip-searched. This incident branched into another controversy, when Nicolae Filipescu ran into German Ambassador 2746: 3532: 1455:

has been addressing me Gypsy swearwords." That year, the most famous of Filipescu's duels, covered by newspapers in the United States, Spain and France, involved

825:. According to Anestin, the local commander ignored Filipescu's request for active duty, and had him dispatched to a behind-the-trenches position, in a makeshift 1241: 691: 3384:

szerint Averescu általános, egyenlő, titkos és kötelező választásról szóló törvényt készít elő. Az érvényben lévő törvényből törlik a 'Mussolini'-szakaszt", in

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also tried to convince both Argetoianu and Iorga to re-establish the defunct PC, but personal acrimony between the latter two precluded the plan from fruition.

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added that, though he had only taken up writing as one of his many hobbies, his deceased boss had emerged as "one of the best journalists." Neither the PC nor

671: 1621: 742:, Grigore backed Nicolae's "arduous interventionist campaign", expressing regret that Romania had failed to strike the Central Powers in conjunction with the 5368: 1860:

Together with Maniu, Filipescu welcomed back to the country the self-exiled Titulescu, and tightened cooperation against Carol. Allegedly, they masterminded

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and his wife Maria Blaremberg; he had a brother, Constantin, and three sisters, as well as an adoptive brother, Vlad Stolojan-Filipescu. He came from an old

5245: 4287: 3243: 1194: 1174: 658:. According to Filipescu, his interlocutor was well versed in Romanian history, could speak some Romanian, and closely followed developments in the ongoing 5253: 5229: 5196: 1333: 926: 4798:

90 de ani de administrație românească în Arad: culegere de studii și comunicări. 90 de ani de administrație și învățământ de stat românesc în Transilvania

4055: 1552: 5458: 4363:"Reacțiunea Ardealului. Și d. dr. Petru Groza, președintele Frontului plugarilor, răspunde discursului dela Milano — Dela redacția noastră din Cluj", in 4021: 3419:"Mára várják az ítéletet Stefanov Boris kommunista perében. Vaida-Voivod Sándor, Grigore Filipescu és Mihalache tanúvallomása a tegnapi tárgyaláson", in 2934: 875:

delegation. Posted at Averescu's Bacău headquarters, and was allegedly entrusted with the sanitation department in that city. According to notes kept by

2178: 1102:, who had a preference for Brătianu and the PNL. At a PNR gathering on March 19, Filipescu "reject the charge of anti-dynastism, but emphasize that the 789:

to form the Conservative-Nationalist Party. The elder Filipescu died later that year, as Romania entered World War I an Entente ally; shortly after, an

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constitution", be overturned; they were then chased out by the royal guards' regiment. During the debates over the constitution, he allegedly released

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Filipescu's stances resulted in him being expelled from the Assembly for a ten-day interval, on March 13, 1923, and also collided with the policies of

887:, but purposefully missed. Filipescu remained an ardent practitioner of dueling (a method he had picked up from his father) and a habitual litigator. 5127: 4726: 4108: 2206: 1795:, the PC, the PNȚ, and the Social Democrats were allied, with underground support from the communists. They sought to contain the Iron Guard and the 1127: 1055: 900: 601: 333: 5348: 4584:"Viața politică. Buletin intern. Semnificația alegerilor comunale. Un interview al d-lui dr. N. Lupu. Și un articol al d-lui Grigore Filipescu", in 2403:, Vol. XX, Issue 1, January 2016, pp. 95–96; Vasile Popa, "Activitatea misiunilor militare române în perioada neutralității armate (1914–1916)", in 929:. In exchange for backing from the latter two, the newspaper owners were confirmed on the administrative board of Marmorosch Blank, alongside Duca, 592:, which, as he wrote in 1912, gave him the certainty that socialism would eventually win. In 1909, Filipescu married Ioana (born 1890), daughter of 5438: 5328: 4321: 3084:"Viharos politikai tüntetés a fővárosban. Az egyesült ellenzék néggyülése, Puskatussal verték szét a tüntetőket. Vajda Sándor is megsebesült? — Az 1686: 1309: 1349: 852: 5413: 5204: 5024: 3200:

Scrutator, "Cine a contribuit, în 1926, la soluția unui guvern Averescu. Câteva interesante precizări istorice. Dintr'un carnet 'indiscret'", in

2148: 2120: 2034: 1693:. This was interrupted by a small group of youths who taunted him with chants of: "Long live Germany! Long live Hitler!" Also in 1936, he joined 1477: 523:

was the eldest, and Constantin, Filipescu's grandfather, was the second born. Married to Maria Băleanu, he inherited most of the Ghica estate in

417:

Although suspected of harboring authoritarian tendencies, Filipescu was a public critic of fascism, who supported a continental alliance against

4186: 945:

For a while, Filipescu was seen as leading the LP from behind the scenes while Argetoianu was a more public face; both men also tried to co-opt

1289:, Filipescu decried political repression, and argued that "in today's difficult economic situation, should be asked to provide their input." 1218: 930: 437:

president, in which capacity he served from 1930 to the time of his death. This assignment was also marked by scandals involving his confirmed

4960: 4762: 4601: 4586: 4504: 4341: 3901: 3725: 3494: 3319: 3141: 5488: 5383: 1690: 767: 2788: 1844:". He demanded that the state allocate its resources to combating fascism and defending the Jews. As leader of the PNȚ's "centrist" caucus, 1694: 1526: 4459:"D. Grigore Filipescu despre problemele politice la ordinea zilei. Declarațiile făcute la întrunirea de eri a partidului conservator", in 3027:"Amânarea 'sine die' a fuziunii dela Craiova. Intransigență în ambele tabere. D. Argetoianu la Craiova. Condițiile viitoarei fuziuni", in 5483: 5448: 5433: 4232:"Mindenki gyanús. A megindult romániai panamahullám újabb fejleményei — A monopóliumos Telefontársaság és a posztószállítók üzletei", in 1217:, Filipescu presented himself as the head of a "Conservative Group", which signed its own alliance pact with the Peasants' Party and the 675: 350: 211: 4801: 1431:, and a direct successor to his father's own Conservative Party. On March 10, 1932, the League became the Conservative Party (PC), with 5428: 5323: 2907:"Ultima oră. Ruptura Averescano–Takistă — Bazele acordului. — Ultimele schimbări. — Ruptura. — Discursurile de la clubul democrat", in 2464: 2449: 2434: 2338: 705: 1825:, argued that France's right-wing circles, beyond a number of salons, were with Manoilescu—who was still quoted as a reference by the 1476:

into reviving the Vlad Țepeș League. Filipescu had already taken a stand against far-right violence when, in July 1930, he asked that

5443: 5373: 3864: 1550:, but was soundly defeated, assuring public opinion that he would still return. Commenting on these developments, the PND newspaper 1061:

The inauguration in January of a new PNL cabinet, again headed by Brătianu, consecrated a defeat for the conservative groups in the

5398: 4035: 3401: 2806: 2664: 2631: 632:, designed as marksmanship practice. He was also passionate about horse racing, operating the Filipescu Stables, which won him the 2220: 1776: 1651:

celebrated when Constantinescu-Iași and other communists were rounded up by police in early 1936, also announcing its support for

643:

While it appears Filipescu never practiced law, as an engineer he worked on several projects, the most important of which was the

5498: 4694: 4001: 3967: 3334: 3105: 1578:'s government to report on its policies after Duca's assassins had been tried and sentenced; this effort was backed by the PNȚ's 746:. However, he noted that the PNL's neutralism had "some arguments in its favor." In April 1916, Grigore and his wife traveled to 5468: 4667:"Intrunirea partidului conservator. D. Gr. Filipescu despre problema succesiunii și despre pericolul mișcărilor extremiste", in 2029:. In 2005, philologist Elvira Sorohan rediscovered Filipescu's speech on common sense as a "lesson in rhetorical elegance" and 1435:

as its political organ. The group thus withdrew its support for the Iorga cabinet, explicitly rejecting its plan to tackle the

1308:

and Ilfov. The bloc won five seats in all, none of which went to Filipescu—in Dâmbovița, all seats were taken by the PNȚ, with

1051: 687: 679: 5453: 5408: 5191: 5139: 5040: 4809: 4734: 3007: 2497: 1361: 1266: 536: 1806:, taking a seat in the Yellow Sector of Bucharest on April 15, and then becoming widely tipped as a potential deputy to the 1448: 962: 847: 362: 223: 1768:, which he identified as "less of a fight between two doctrines, and more of a fight between Germany and Great Britain." 5478: 5418: 5393: 759: 1149:

was arrested, Filipescu was reportedly threatened and had his tires slashed. Later that year, during local elections at

580:, earning a qualification as a lawyer. During that interval, he had left-wing sympathies, attending events organized by 5503: 2210: 1726: 863:

During that interval, with Conservative-Nationalist backing, Averescu briefly served as Prime Minister of the Romanian

1840:

fascism as "more redolent of Bolshevism than of the conservative doctrine", and rejected all violent solution to the "

1786:

In February–March, Filipescu showed his solidarity with Mihalache, who was being marginalized by PNȚ "centrists". His

1740:—an act that Filipescu saw as predictive for destruction wrought by hatred. He became critical of Barthou's successor 1591: 975: 5388: 5353: 5098: 5084: 5004: 4996: 4571:

Gh. I. Ioniță, "Succesele forțelor democratice din România în alegerile comunale și județene din anii 1936—1937", in

4268: 663: 562: 365:. Filipescu served as the latter group's tactician and campaigner, but had irreconcilable differences with Averescu. 4502:"Viața politică. 'Să privim realitatea în față'. D. Gr. Filipescu despre consecințele evenimentelor din Franța", in 2041:

as afterthoughts of Romanian conservatism—by then, the "statist, autarkist, nationalist" PNL had won its "victory".

1975: 463: 2571:"Incidentul Filipescu-von dem Busche. — D. von dem Busche dat afară dela Jockey-Club de d. Nicolae Filipescu", in 1705:; Titulescu was its president. In that context, Groza underscored that pacifism was also a patriotic duty against 4532:

S. S., "Ultima oră. Situația politică după audiențele d-lor I. Mihalache și Gr. Filipescu. Măsuri de ordine", in

1258: 1197:

and, when not allied with him, Maniu. Journalist Calman Blumenfeld-Scrutator argues that the PNR's disregard for

3261:"Ziua de eri la Cameră. Numeroase incidente. Discursurile raportorului și ministrului de finanțe la Adresă", in 2238:

Ioan de pe Văcarea, "Trebuința unei noui orientări în afacerile noastre economice. Pentru Țara Oltului. II", in

5403: 1883:

Assembly, third behind Maniu and Lupu. He was elected, beginning his last term in parliament. In January 1938,

1865: 1722: 1543: 1416: 1297: 1226: 1062: 1007: 983: 652: 1667: 561:

in Romania was formed on his grandfather's estate". He was also quoted as saying that, in the aftermath of a

1489: 1427:

At a League congress in November 1931, Filipescu announced that the LVȚ was primarily a replica of Britain's

950: 895: 814: 786: 377: 331:; October 1, 1886 – August 25, 1938) was a Romanian politician, journalist and engineer, the chief editor of 228: 4760:"Viața politică. Intrevederile d-lui Iuliu Maniu. Scrisoarea d-lui Iuliu Maniu către Grigore Filipescu", in 3934: 1987:

repatriate its assets just as Romania and the US declared war on each other. The Filipescu family estate in

1702: 1625:

republished an article of his in which Filipescu decried the possibility of an alliance between Romania and

542:

During Grigore Filipescu's youth, his father was increasing his wealth as an industrialist, establishing an

406:

legislation. Withdrawing from government, Filipescu remained one of the few politicians who still supported

5378: 1924: 1214: 1162: 1111: 733: 337:

daily between 1918 and 1938. He was the scion of an aristocratic conservative family, son of the statesman

5266: 4279: 2831:"Dela Cameră. Iarăși alegerea dela Dej. Votul a fost nul la ridicarea imunității d-lui Gr. Filipescu", in 1638: 1498:, which also noted that Filipescu had little in the way of practical solutions against fascist agitation. 1245:

The first-ever call from Bucharest to New York City, on December 25, 1931. Filipescu, as president of the

1030:, he used illegal methods, such as distributing tobacco, which was in short supply, to the inhabitants of 500:. On his mother's side, Grigore descended from the Franco–Russian Blarembergs and, collaterally, from the 5463: 5363: 3965:"Politica d-lui Maniu sau politica d-lui Vaida. Pentru care se manifestă partidul național-țărănist", in 3872: 2026: 1403:. This allowed him to spy on behalf of Carol, who consequently protected Filipescu against all backlash. 1273: 513: 388:(later branded "Conservative Party"), which was instrumental in ensuring the ascendancy to the throne of 381: 238: 1898:, after having sold it to the local peasants at an exorbitant sum. The latter claim was contradicted by 1570:

early as 1933, rumor spread that they were both turning republican, joining hands with the more radical

458:

on October 1, 1886 (some sources have January 30, 1884). Grigore was the first of five children born to

5493: 5473: 5423: 5076: 2489: 2004: 1928: 1836: 1587: 1384: 1123: 954: 868: 1501:

On October 23, 1932, supported by Maniu and the PNȚ as "government's only candidate", Filipescu won a

565:, "the Filipescu estate granted the most well-arranged deals—allowing peasants to keep two thirds ". 5144: 1206: 1107: 1043: 961:, with an offer to challenge government censorship. Filipescu also had a rivalry with Titulescu, the 797:. Grigore followed the Romanian administration and saw action on the front, advancing to the rank of 396: 2273:

Florian Tănăsescu, Marian Ștefan, "Grupurile socialiste române de la Paris la început de secol", in

5103:

Narcis Dorin Ion, "Istoria unei vechi reședințe domnești. Palatul Ghica din Căciulați (Ilfov)", in

1832: 1796: 1730: 1286: 520: 282: 843: 527:, which later went to the Filipescus. Grigore's cousins on the Ghica side included philanthropist 1895: 1761: 1575: 1566: 1428: 1080: 1065:. During that campaign, Filipescu announced that he was traveling with a revolver; an epigram by 987: 467: 373: 233: 3347:"Ultima oră. Alegerile parțiale. D. Gr. Filipescu despre rezultatul alegerilor de Duminică", in 1907: 1456: 569: 5358: 5237: 5173:"The Romanian Telephone Company under the Administration of Grigore Filipescu (1930–1938)", in 4778: 4699: 4519: 2960:"Alegerea de la Sighet. Cum a fost ales Grigore Filipescu — Ce spune candidatul socialist", in 1945: 1772: 1757: 1753: 1344:. Beyond its monarchist agenda, the LVȚ was eclectic and factionalized, including in its ranks 1340:

and defended Știrbey. Filipescu, who demanded a duel, accused von Mutius of being the agent of

1317: 1099: 934: 822: 790: 481: 385: 43: 4640: 3507:"Destrămarea averescanilor. Gr. Filipescu și prietenii dsale părăsesc partidul poporului", in 2932:, "Tovarășii de astăzi și judecata de ieri. — Câteva spicuiri dintr'o colecție de gazetă", in 1822: 433:. His parallel career as a civil servant and businessman had culminated in his appointment as 4859:"Inaugurarea nouei centrale telefonice automate la Oradea. Cuvântarea d-lui D. Tănăsescu" in 3939: 2225: 1706: 1345: 1301: 1088: 918: 802: 725: 713: 369: 358: 346: 218: 721: 5318: 5313: 5032: 4783: 4421:"Caleidoscopul vieții intelectuale. Litere, știință, artă. Conferință despre 'Franța'", in 3156: 2386: 2371: 1510: 1485: 1376: 1222: 1106:

present at the court should be removed". Also that day, he led a group of peasants to the

995: 695: 683: 593: 589: 581: 287: 1602: 1031: 547: 8: 4040: 3406: 2669: 2215: 2145:

Istoriile domnilor Țării-Românești cuprinzînd istoria munteană de la început până la 1688

1444: 1321: 613: 577: 407: 392: 5068: 4234: 4166:"Acțiunea comună a partidelor de opoziție împotriva stării de asediu și a cenzurii", in 2104:, p. 201. Târgoviște: Tipografia și Legătoria de Cărți Viitorul, Elie Angelescu, 1897. 1845: 1827: 1254: 1014:, which was held in September 1920. He initially lost by over 300 votes to a socialist, 1011: 4975: 4068:"Ultima Oră. Rezultatele alegerilor de senatorii consiliilor comunale și județene", in 1807: 1737: 1656: 1583: 1341: 839: 751: 743: 738: 655: 597: 585: 516: 354: 342: 277: 179: 1949: 1142: 1115: 576:, graduating in 1907. Upon becoming an engineer, he studied at the law faculty of the 5281: 5187: 5135: 5118: 5094: 5080: 5036: 5000: 4805: 4730: 4291: 4264: 3565:"Un incident à Bucarest entre le ministre d'Allemagne et un journaliste roumain", in 3284: 3182:"Partidul național în Dolj. Câteva întruniri. — Constituirea comitetului doljan", in 3003: 2493: 2152: 2128: 2105: 2000: 1818: 1765: 1697:'s International Peace Campaign, serving as vice president of its chapter, alongside 1502: 1460: 1408: 1400: 1368: 1262: 1126:, which had to be evacuated, due to the unbearable odor. Filipescu and his colleague 1076: 785:

Also in 1916, upon Grigore's intercession, Nicolae merged his faction with Ionescu's

771: 600:. The couple lived on Nicolae Filipescu Street, in Bucharest, in a house designed by 532: 459: 430: 338: 267: 257: 127: 80: 1630: 1391:, who audited the Company and found that Filipescu took a monthly salary of 100,000 476:

Nicolae Filipescu and Safta Hrisoscoleu, who were also the maternal grandparents of

1436: 1357: 1356:. However, a keen observer of foreign politics, Filipescu was a frequent critic of 1272:

The merger with the Peasantists did take place in October 1926, giving rise to the

1119: 971: 946: 891: 794: 667: 659: 621: 509: 411: 5091:

Legiunea 'Arhanghelul Mihail': o contribuție la problema fascismului internațional

3552:și campania de presă pentru revenirea în țară a principelui Carol, 1929–1930", in 3332:

L. T. A., "Al doilea scandal electoral. Falsificarea rezultatului alegerilor", in

1992: 1912: 1647:, accused Filipescu of being a "reactionary" enemy of his antifascist initiative. 1547: 1506: 1190: 524: 148: 3723:"Campania electorală. Instalarea d-lui Gr. Filipescu la prefectura de Ilfov", in 3248: 2275: 2125:

Din vremea renașterii naționale a țării românești: Boierii Golești. II: 1834–1849

1841: 1606: 1579: 1571: 1558: 1388: 1380: 1305: 1250: 1157:

colleagues, a sentiment that deepened in him and other former Ionescu partisans (

1095: 1003: 876: 872: 806: 709:

newspaper resulted in his being pummeled and lightly injured by his adversaries.

617: 389: 153: 5210:

Nicolae Trohani, "Ziaristul Timoleon Pisani (1868–1943). Schiță biografică", in

3154:"Alegerea dela Romanați. Abuzurile administrației: răniri, bătăi, arestări", in 1015: 5105:

Monumentul, X: Lucrările Simpozionului Național Monumentul – Tradiție și Viitor

4326: 2991: 2384:"Știri. 22 Februarie 1913. Fostul președinte Roosevelt vorbește românește", in 2018: 1953: 1876: 1717: 1713: 1582:

and Mihail Mora. As Conservative leader, he drafted a strategy against Carol's

1328:

represented the moderate side. Filipescu debated with the more radical Carlist

1282: 1170: 1165:

began. Filipescu was an enthusiastic of the unification, as early as 1924—when

1145:, when Filipescu had another row with the Gendarmes: while his party colleague 958: 938: 922: 798: 717: 674:. At the beginning of his political career, Filipescu belonged to his father's 528: 353:. After serving on the front, and behind the lines to 1918, as aide to General 272: 2399:

István Koszta, "Ködoszlás. A román dilemma. Gorlice/Tarnów előtt és után", in

1729:, leading back to 1928. At the time, he had established a society named after 1637:. At the time, Filipescu was still highly critical of peace with the Soviets: 1395:, more than three times what a minister made—and, effectively, a lifeline for 831:; Filipescu simply got bored, asking (and obtaining) that he be dispatched to 5307: 5110: 3276: 2929: 2509: 2486:"Germanofilii". Elita intelectuală românească în anii Primului Război Mondial 2140: 1920: 1849: 1780: 1733: 1598: 1473: 1230: 1047: 910: 755: 399: 2717:

Marcel Proca, "Bârladul în Primul Război Mondial. Mărturii documentare", in

1492:. That "extreme" approach was criticized at the time by the left-wing paper 1146: 4747: 4645: 4439:"'Primejdia' comunistă. Precizările d-lor Gr. Filipescu și V. Iamandi", in 3118:

Nicolae Scărlătescu, "Din însemnările unui fost stenograf parlamentar", in

2527:"Romînia în fața aliaților. Declarațiile d-lui Gr. N. Filipescu făcute lui 1996: 1870: 1745: 1741: 1677: 1634: 1633:, who was trying to talk Romania out of a defensive rapprochement with the 1626: 1514: 1392: 1353: 1131: 991: 763: 729: 501: 466:

family on his father's side: the Filipescus had founded the eponymous town

422: 418: 324: 84: 5122: 4295: 3764:"Ultima Oră. D. Gr. Filipescu a demisionat de la prefectura de Ilfov", in 3288: 2804:

Mircea Ștefănescu, "Carnet. din Vreme în Vreme. Luni, marți & Co", in

1988: 1611: 1546:, but registered dismal results. Filipescu tried out for a deputy seat in 1539:, seeking to prevent Filipescu from stating his case against debt relief. 978:

were exploring the possibility of forming a Republican Party of Romania.

648: 4988: 4901:"Discursurile parlamentare ale lui Gr. Filipescu vor apare în volum", in 3693:

Sever (Calman Blumenfeld-Scrutator), "Glose politice... Se dizolvă?", in

2626: 2481: 2156: 2109: 2030: 2022: 1979: 1861: 1698: 1643: 1586:, which legalized political censorship, and invited the PP, the PNȚ, the 1440: 1329: 1178: 1071: 810: 492: 477: 438: 426: 403: 262: 199: 4669: 4558: 4534: 4461: 4441: 4423: 4408: 4365: 4168: 4153: 3886: 3766: 3710: 3695: 3479: 3464: 3449: 3434: 3410:, September 2009; Popescu (2012), p. 28. See also Moldovan, pp. 259, 282 3364: 3349: 3263: 3202: 3184: 3090: 3071: 3029: 2833: 2588: 2573: 2533: 2514: 2323: 1494: 1006:. Filipescu then ran as an Averescu favorite in the by-election for the 813:, who was his employee, Filipescu presented himself for action with the 27: 4074:, December 30, 1933, p. 6; "Fapte divserse. Miluiți și chiulangii", in 2369:"Știri. 20 Decemvrie v. 1912. Conducta de patrol Băicoi–Constanța", in 1999:, then was requisitioned for storage space. By 1948, with the onset of 1672: 1652: 1522: 1469: 1372: 1246: 966: 864: 857: 625: 573: 551: 434: 62: 3618:"De ce candidează d. Gr. Filipescu. In loc de manifest electoral", in 3139:] vremea campaniei opoziției. Cazul a doi deputați anchetați", in 3120: 1616:

compromised by the affair, Filipescu was again protected by the king.

1293: 644: 637: 395:, the banished heir. The League participated in the coalition backing 345:. During the early stages of World War I, he and his father led a pro- 4927: 4308: 4070: 3567: 2432:"Ultima oră. Scrisoarea d-lui Nicolae Filipescu — O interpelare", in 2087: 1900: 1518: 1103: 1023: 712:

At that stage, the Filipescus supported a Romanian alliance with the

505: 497: 486: 455: 175: 1817:

s targeted attacks on a Guard sympathizer, the economic doctrinaire

1177:, a political diarist and confidant of the PNR leaders, writes that 1169:

mockingly announced that he would celebrate the merger by wearing a

357:, Filipescu Jr. became his political adviser. He had a stint in the 4903: 4876: 4861: 1852:, with both of them coaxing Carol to accept Mihalache's candidacy. 1137:

The "Ighiu recipe" was again alleged in the March 1924 election at

543: 2500:; Rusu Abrudeanu, pp. 45, 47–48, 56, 86, 107, 183; Trohani, p. 225 1671:

Filipescu as a vector for political corruption. Caricature in the

832: 809:

and other left-wing defectors from the PNL. As later recounted by

557: 5201:

Pacostea Rusească. Note istorice, impresii, documente și scrisori

2999: 1890: 1536: 1225:, one of thirteen elected on the "United Opposition" ticket. The 609: 568:

After attending primary school in Bucharest, Grigore was sent to

504:. His great-grandfather, Colonel Vladimir de Blaremberg, claimed 372:

and held several other public commissions as an affiliate of the

1138: 884: 4629:

Românul. Organ al Partidului Național-Țărănesc din Județul Arad

4517:

I. Valoda, "Cărți–probleme–idei. Internaționalismul negru", in

2468:, November 5, 1915, p. 3; "Șugubețe. 'Ia-l de pe mine'...", in 1970: 1531: 1367:

Reconciling with Titulescu, who supported similar views at the

827: 747: 629: 472: 195: 4781:, "Cartelul electoral cu guvernul și atitudinea Fr. Rom.", in 4261:

Pour le mérite und Hakenkreuz: Hermann Göring im Dritten Reich

1221:. Newspapers of that period record him as a councilor for the 1018:, finding himself ridiculed over this in the PNR's own organ, 1629:. In December 1935, he visited Berlin and had a meeting with 1229:

saw Filipescu announced as the winner of an Assembly seat in

1084: 1022:. He was given a chance to take the supplementary seat after 818: 5186:, Vol. III. Bucharest: Fundația Europeană Titulescu, 2012. 4658:

Popescu (2012), p. 33. See also Călinescu & Savu, p. 344

3103:"Cetățenii în fața baionetelor. Capitala lagăr militar", in 1964:

Filipescu's death was mourned in central newspapers such as

1509:, taking 147 mayoral votes; his main rival, D. Noica of the 1472:, an openly fascist movement, or trying to persuade General 1320:(LVȚ) in June 1929, amidst a campaign he supported to place 1087:, denouncing fraud and being chased away at gunpoint by the 965:, whom he accused of irresponsibility (allegedly because of 5168:

Analele Universității din București. Seria Științe Politice

5029:

Spiritul conservator. De la Barbu Catargiu la Nicolae Iorga

4874:"Urna cu cenușa lui Gr. Filipescu va fi adusă în țară", in 2037:

described the "bizarre political figure" Filipescu and his

1848:

claimed that Filipescu conspired with Jewish industrialist

1791:

profiteers from all parties have now appeared." During the

1348:

or fascist sympathizers such as Cantacuzino-Grănicerul and

480:, Grigore's later rival in politics. His great-granduncle, 5132:

Memoriile unui politician din perioada interbelică. Vol. I

4133:, August 2011. See also Călinescu & Savu, pp. 109, 162 3999:"D. Gr. Filipescu împiedicat să vorbească la Craiova", in 2996:

Rumânii fericiți. Vot și putere de la 1831 până în prezent

441:

of political targets, and also his alleged mismanagement.

4476: 4127:"Guvernul Tătărescu. Ultimul liberal sau primul carlist?" 4102: 3982: 3580:

Heinen, pp. 175, 255, 370, 376. See also Moldovan, p. 259

3571:, December 18, 1930, p. 3. See also Popescu (2012), p. 36 3226: 3135: 2782: 1150: 4187:"Înființarea și activitatea gărzilor Iuliu Maniu (1934)" 3492:"Totalizarea rezultatelor alegerilor pentru Cameră", in 1083:. In February 1923, he was active in the by-election of 4100:

Grigore Filipescu, "Dizolvarea Gărzii de fer [

3283:, p. 145. Bucharest: Editura Națională Ciornei, 1939. 2100:

Paulina Brătescu, Ion Moruzi, C. Alessandrescu (eds.),

1574:. From his position in the Senate, Filipescu pressured 974:. In September 1919, it was widely rumored that he and 793:

prompted the Ententist administration to withdraw into

550:. This investment greatly contributed to the spread of 3779:"Francia lapokat tiltanak ki Románia területéről", in 3317:"Cum va fi compus Consiliul general al Capitalei", in 1182:

opposed the PNR–PND fusion "for the principle of it".

1034:, or using government terror against his adversaries. 519:. Their union produced three sons, of whom politician 298:

Engineer, civil administrator, journalist, businessman

5164:"Grigore N. Filipescu (1886–1938): Repere biografice" 4599:"Rezultatele alegerilor municipale din Capitală", in 3462:

Campania electorală. Noui candidaturi. Caliacra", in

3447:"Ultima Oră. Candidaturile iorghisto–averescane", in 1919:

Also in January 1938, the new PNC government, led by

1517:

to more manageable levels—in practice, a push toward

1054:(PND), but negotiations ultimately collapsed. He and 5218: 4575:, Issue 4/1965, pp. 793–794. See also Popescu, p. 27 4263:, pp. 136–137. Munich: R. Oldenbourg Verlag, 1986. 4087:"Alegerile parlamentare în Săptămâna Patimilor", in 3980:

Ioachim Tolciu, "Legea Bancară și soartea [

3914:"Ultima oră. D. Grigore Filipescu ales senator", in 1991:

was sold at public auction in June 1939; the one at

1161:) when negotiations for a merger with the left-wing 5334:

Conservative Party (Romania, 1880–1918) politicians

5134:. Cluj-Napoca: Presa Universitară Clujeană, 2016. 3755:, pp. 93, 180, 210, 233–234, 243–244, 261, 272, 278 1974:as the demise of a "cavalier", "the last authentic 1641:, of the underground communists and the pro-Soviet 4474:"Oamenii politici răspund dlui Musolini [ 4406:Liviu P. Nasta, "'Frăția' Romei cu Budapesta", in 3986:] băncilor românești din Ardeal și Banat", in 1360:'s Italy, which caused him to decline the post of 4958:"Campania electorală. Intruniri zădărnicite", in 3477:"Candidaturile averescano–iorgiste la Ilfov", in 2462:"Agresiunea samsarului Grigore N. Filipescu", in 2321:Don Pedro, "Din Sinaia. Concursul de pistol", in 2264:Popescu (2012), pp. 18–19. See also Potra, p. 563 1134:(the charges were finally lifted in June 1925). 835:, which was a center of command and of politics. 716:, whereas the mainstream PC sympathized with the 5305: 5149:Socialismul în România. 1835 – 6 septembrie 1940 4019:"Insemnări. Decesul partidului conservator", in 3511:, Issue 1/1929, p. 4; Popescu (2012), pp. 20, 29 3376: 3374: 3160:, Issue 33/1924, p. 4. See also Moldovan, p. 158 3051:Moldovan, pp. 170–171, 183–184, 187–188, 207–208 2555:. Grav incident Filipescu – von dem Basche", in 2336:"Cronica sportivă. Alergările dela Băneasa", in 2143:, "Prefață", in Constantin Căpitanul Filipescu, 1042:In December 1921, after Averescu's departure as 754:, but were arrested there and expelled from the 5117:. Bucharest: Editura Naționala Ciornei, 1939. 3820:, pp. 233–234, 239, 243, 278, 314–315, 342, 354 2547: 2545: 2543: 2288:Popescu (2012), p. 18. See also Trohani, p. 226 1855: 1736:, recently assassinated by political extremist 909:, put out in October by a former Germanophile, 838:Around that time, Filipescu identified General 728:, who stood accused of plotting to establish a 4973:"Mr. Truman megválogatja 'sajtóembereit'", in 4745:"Național-țărăniștii sprijină comunismul", in 3281:Memorii. Vol. IV: Încoronarea și boala regelui 2405:Revista Document. Buletinul Arhivelor Militare 1542:The PC formed a cartel with the PP during the 1371:, Filipescu became the first president of the 994:, as two of its very few affiliates from the " 5344:People's Party (interwar Romania) politicians 4627:Crax., "Două achitări cu tâlc resunător", in 4435: 4433: 3371: 508:lineage, but was more likely an illegitimate 5369:Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Romania) 5065:, Vol. XXXII, Issue 3, 1986, pp. 73–87. 4523:, Vol. III, Issue 96, December 6, 1936, p. 3 4455: 4453: 4451: 4391:"La minorité bulgare en Roumanie est loyale" 3614: 3612: 3308:Petrescu, pp. 389–394; Popescu (2012), p. 27 2656: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2601:Popescu (2012), p. 21; Rusu Abrudeanu, p. 45 2540: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2069: 890:Filipescu was again in Bucharest during the 777: 4324:, "La situation politique en Roumanie", in 4211:Popescu (2012), p. 33 and (2015), pp. 93–95 4015: 4013: 4011: 3926: 3924: 3196: 3194: 2800: 2798: 2415: 2413: 1253:staff on the right; to his left, ministers 1070:with negotiations between the two sides in 5459:Romanian military personnel of World War I 5175:Studia Universitatis Petru Maior. Historia 5170:, Vol. 14 (2012), Issue 2, pp. 17–46. 4993:History and Myth in Romanian Consciousness 4430: 4219: 4217: 3804:Heinen, p. 175; Popescu (2012), pp. 20, 29 2827: 2825: 2747:"Duelul la români – între onoare și femei" 2622: 2620: 2618: 2616: 1835:and took part in the meeting that removed 1110:, demanding that the PNL's proposal for a 5339:Conservative-Democratic Party politicians 5115:Memorii. Vol. V: Agonia regală și regența 5056:Bulletin Périodique de la Presse Roumaine 4774: 4772: 4448: 4330:, Vol. VI, November–December 1935, p. 618 4053:Tr. Dimitriu-Șoimu, "Pentru d. Cotă", in 4036:"Alexandru Averescu, omul politic (VIII)" 3631:Popescu (2012), pp. 32, 33; Potra, p. 563 3609: 3554:Revista Română de Jurnalism și Comunicare 2647: 2567: 2565: 2296: 2294: 2147:, pp. XXX–XXXI, XXXVI–XXXVII. Bucharest: 2066: 2033:. Three years later, political scientist 2017:Filipescu family when a Catholic cousin, 1484:reporter who had tried to kill the PNL's 1422: 608:. Filipescu himself was a great lover of 454:The future politician native was born in 140:October 23, 1932 – December 1937 4008: 3921: 3884:"Note" and Kix, "Năzbâtii. Soluția", in 3432:"Intrunirea averescană din Focșani", in 3191: 3124:, Vol. VI, Issue 3, February 1957, p. 23 2795: 2729: 2727: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2410: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2102:Dicționar geografic al județului Prahova 1906: 1666: 1451:, recalled that "ever since the Relief, 1240: 990:(PNR), a rising conservative group from 678:(PC), which competed for power with the 588:. He witnessed Rakovsky's disputes with 470:, ca. 1600. His great-grandparents were 449: 5439:Members of the Romanian Orthodox Church 5329:Leaders of political parties in Romania 4995:, p. 76. Budapest & New York City: 4888: 4886: 4246: 4244: 4214: 4151:"Interpelarea d-lui Gr. Filipescu", in 3851:Heinen, pp. 175, 254, 255, 333–334, 376 3602: 3600: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3533:"Armenii în masoneria românească (III)" 3088:tudósítójától. A hétfői népgyűlés", in 2822: 2613: 1459:, who had insulted Filipescu in print. 732:cabinet and of consciously undermining 690:, and serving on the steering board of 421:and a pragmatic rapprochement with the 5414:Romanian racehorse owners and breeders 5306: 4769: 4547:Călinescu & Savu, pp. 337, 343–344 4306:"Intețirea propagandei comuniste", in 3402:"Alexandru Averescu, omul politic (V)" 2863: 2861: 2792:, October 3 and October 15, 1918, p. 1 2681: 2679: 2665:"Alexandru Averescu, omul politic (I)" 2629:, "Pe răboj... Grigore Filipescu", in 2562: 2551:"Serviciul telegrafic și telefonic al 2512:, "Pățania d-lui Al. Marghiloman", in 2447:"Ultima oră. Ultime informațiuni", in 2356: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2308: 2306: 2291: 1783:on how to handle the fascist crisis. 4044:, December 2009; Heinen, pp. 153, 465 2724: 2719:Acta Musei Tutovensis. Memorialistică 2706: 2161: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2003:, the estate and its collection were 1802:Filipescu ran on the PNȚ list in the 1777:funerals of Ion Moța and Vasile Marin 5489:Businesspeople in telecommunications 5384:20th-century Romanian civil servants 5349:National Peasants' Party politicians 4883: 4723:Partidul Național-Creștin: 1935–1937 4241: 3816:, pp. 9, 12; Heinen, p. 175; Iorga, 3708:I. M., "Gestul d-lui Filipescu", in 3597: 3583: 2219:, July 2009; Mihai Sorin Rădulescu, 1771:Filipescu earned accolades from the 1079:, and, in the Assembly, initiated a 986:, Filipescu and Ionescu entered the 921:eventually co-opted two financiers, 666:, Filipescu would later receive the 662:. For his merits in building up the 44:Vlad Țepeș League/Conservative Party 5214:, Vol. XIV, 2002, pp. 214–238. 4354:Bobocescu, p. 83; Petrescu, pp. 444 4181:Călinescu & Savu, pp. 225–226; 2858: 2676: 2345: 2303: 2211:"Vladimir Ghika și Cortina de fier" 1866:parliamentary elections in December 1756:being followed by the consolidated 1685:According to the French journalist 1443:, and defending the core tenets of 951:general strike on December 25, 1918 760:Hilmar von dem Bussche-Haddenhausen 736:. In a January 1916 interview with 512:. Vladimir had married a sister of 13: 5484:Recipients of the Legion of Honour 5449:Prisoners and detainees of Germany 5434:Romanian people of Russian descent 3380:"Új választójogot kap Románia. Az 2050: 1605:be removed from the leadership of 1236: 14: 5515: 5429:Romanian people of French descent 5324:20th-century Romanian politicians 4997:Central European University Press 4712:Călinescu & Savu, pp. 360–361 4643:, "Oamenii noștri în Franța", in 1662: 1336:, in which the latter excoriated 1304:, and less eligible positions in 1227:legislative elections of May 1926 97:May 13 – October 1, 1931 5444:Romanian prisoners and detainees 5374:Members of the Senate of Romania 5265: 5018: 5009: 4982: 4967: 4952: 4943: 4934: 4925:"Mica Publicitate. Vânzări", in 4919: 4910: 4895: 4868: 4853: 4840: 4833:Alcaz, "Pază la cerșetori!", in 4827: 4824:, Issue 302, December 1937, p. 6 4814: 4790: 4754: 4739: 4715: 4706: 4685: 4676: 4661: 4652: 4634: 4621: 4608: 4593: 4578: 4565: 4550: 4541: 4526: 4511: 4496: 4487: 4468: 4415: 4400: 4381: 4372: 4357: 4348: 4333: 4315: 4300: 4273: 4253: 4226: 4205: 4196: 4175: 4160: 4145: 4136: 4115: 4094: 4081: 4062: 4047: 4028: 3993: 3974: 3959: 3946: 3908: 3899:"Ultima Oră. Știri diverse", in 3893: 3878: 3854: 3845: 3832: 3823: 3807: 3798: 3786: 3773: 3758: 3745: 3732: 3717: 3702: 3687: 3678: 3665: 3656: 3647: 3644:. See also Popescu (2012), p. 33 3634: 3625: 3574: 3559: 3362:"Ultima Oră. Știri diverse", in 3246:, "Cîteva zile dintr-un an", in 2085:I. L., "†Grigore Filipescu", in 402:, but spoke out against Iorga's 26: 5399:20th-century Romanian engineers 5093:. Bucharest: Humanitas, 2006. 4846:"Két szenzációs értesülés", in 3542: 3523: 3514: 3501: 3486: 3471: 3456: 3441: 3426: 3413: 3391: 3356: 3341: 3326: 3311: 3302: 3293: 3270: 3255: 3237: 3218: 3209: 3176: 3163: 3148: 3127: 3112: 3097: 3078: 3063: 3054: 3045: 3036: 3021: 3012: 2985: 2976: 2967: 2954: 2941: 2923: 2914: 2901: 2888: 2879: 2870: 2849: 2840: 2813: 2774: 2765: 2756: 2736: 2697: 2688: 2638: 2604: 2595: 2580: 2521: 2503: 2475: 2456: 2441: 2426: 2393: 2378: 2363: 2330: 2315: 2282: 2267: 2258: 2245: 2127:, pp. 44, 279, 297. Bucharest: 1995:hosted the diplomatic corps of 1429:Conservative and Unionist Party 1383:, then the construction of the 976:Gheorghe Cantacuzino-Grănicerul 341:and a collateral descendant of 75:1930 – August 25, 1938 56:June 1929 – March 1938 5499:Romanian expatriates in France 4802:Vasile Goldiș University Press 4618:, Issue 285, August 1937, p. 4 2232: 2197: 2188: 2134: 2114: 2094: 1978:". Writing in September 1943, 791:invasion by the Central Powers 572:. In 1902, he enrolled in the 563:peasants' revolt in early 1907 384:. In 1929, he founded his own 1: 5071:(contributor: Al. Gh. Savu), 5048: 3684:Popescu (2015), pp. 91, 94–95 3622:, Issue 266, March 1937, p. 4 1793:local elections of early 1937 1594:to join him in this effort. 1037: 1026:, which he won. According to 894:and the period leading up to 869:peace with the Central Powers 787:Conservative-Democratic Party 694:, which supplied oat for the 378:Conservative-Democratic Party 361:, merged into Averescu's own 5454:People deported from Germany 5409:Romanian male sport shooters 5151:. Bucharest: Dacia Traiana, 5073:Însemnări politice 1916–1939 5058:, No. 102, December 3, 1931. 4682:Călinescu & Savu, p. 357 4339:"Viața politică. Știri", in 4142:Călinescu & Savu, p. 162 3956:, Issue 43/1933, pp. 349–350 3738:Heinen, pp. 153–154; Iorga, 2179:"Cine au fost Blarembergii?" 1856:Downfall, disease, and death 1417:legislative election of June 1052:Democratic Nationalist Party 596:and a representative of the 444: 7: 5469:Lycée Louis-le-Grand alumni 4725:, pp. 199, 205. Bucharest: 4121:Popescu (2015), pp. 93–94; 4025:, Issue 5/1938, pp. 165–166 3990:, Issues 33–34/1935, p. 247 3952:"Refacerea creditului", in 2938:, Issue 8/1922, pp. 257–259 2703:Rusu Abrudeanu, pp. 368–371 2027:Romanian Revolution of 1989 1952:; the burial took place at 1415:prefect C. Nicolau. In the 1276:(PNȚ). Filipescu and other 720:; a PNL cabinet, headed by 640:Racecourse (October 1915). 537:Minister of Foreign Affairs 32:Filipescu in or around 1936 10: 5520: 5479:University of Paris alumni 5419:Politicians from Bucharest 5394:Romanian newspaper editors 4880:, September 5, 1938, p. 11 4573:Studii. Revistă de Istorie 4493:Popescu (2012), pp. 38, 40 4284:Pagini de luptă din trecut 3867:O lai Beza, o lai frate... 3742:, pp. 78, 85, 117, 122–123 3353:, September 15, 1926, p. 4 2855:Popescu (2012), pp. 23, 24 2762:Popescu (2012), pp. 34, 36 2610:Popescu (2012), pp. 21, 22 2586:"Ultime informațiuni", in 2407:, Issue 2/2014, pp. 30, 36 1925:authoritarian constitution 1723:Bulgaria–Romania relations 1703:Constantin Rădulescu-Motru 1385:Bucharest Telephone Palace 1373:Romanian Telephone Company 1292:Speaking at a PP rally in 1247:Romanian Telephone Company 821:, at some point after the 435:Romanian Telephone Company 63:Romanian Telephone Company 5504:Burials at Bellu Cemetery 5274: 5263: 5222: 5145:Constantin Titel Petrescu 5107:, 2008, pp. 203–223. 4979:, December 26, 1951, p. 3 4964:, December 21, 1933, p. 8 4949:Ion, pp. 208–209, 213–216 4907:, November 30, 1938, p. 9 4766:, November 27, 1937, p. 8 4751:, November 13, 1937, p. 1 4538:, February 24, 1937, p. 8 4445:, November 27, 1936, p. 3 4427:, November 27, 1936, p. 2 4412:, November 28, 1936, p. 1 4378:Popescu (2012), pp. 31–32 4369:, November 10, 1936, p. 5 4280:Petre Constantinescu-Iași 4223:Popescu (2015), pp. 94–95 4202:Popescu (2015), pp. 93–94 4112:, December 12, 1933, p. 1 4091:, Issues 14–16/1934, p. 6 4078:, December 31, 1933, p. 1 4059:, December 23, 1933, p. 2 3905:, October 13, 1932, p. 11 3875:release, February 2, 2016 3829:Popescu (2012), pp. 37–38 3653:Popescu (2015), pp. 90–91 3509:Chemarea Tinerimei Române 3498:, December 17, 1932, p. 3 3483:, November 30, 1928, p. 4 3468:, November 26, 1928, p. 3 3453:, November 23, 1928, p. 6 3423:, February 11, 1928, p. 4 3206:, December 24, 1936, p. 5 3169:"Note și informații", in 2982:Popescu (2012), pp. 25–26 2973:Popescu (2012), pp. 24–25 2898:, September 5, 1919, p. 1 2846:Popescu (2012), pp. 19–20 2694:Popescu (2012), pp. 22–23 2644:Popescu (2012), pp. 22–24 2635:, September 5, 1943, p. 2 2592:, June 3, 1916, Section C 2472:, November 11, 1915, p. 1 2221:"Un pictor fin de siècle" 1959: 1639:Petre Constantinescu-Iași 1249:, is in the middle, with 1207:Constantin Titel Petrescu 1108:Royal Palace of Bucharest 898:. His father had founded 801:, while also joining the 310: 302: 294: 253: 245: 205: 185: 169: 164: 160: 144: 133: 125: 115: 101: 90: 79: 68: 60: 49: 41: 37: 25: 18: 5389:Diplomats from Bucharest 5354:Romanian anti-communists 4837:, January 14, 1938, p. 1 4695:"Titulescu te Boekarest" 4673:, October 26, 1937, p. 5 4465:, December 8, 1936, p. 6 4397:, Issues 1–2/1937, p. 18 3971:, February 4, 1933, p. 1 3918:, October 25, 1932, p. 4 3783:, October 20, 1931, p. 6 3368:, January 13, 1927, p. 4 3267:, December 2, 1923, p. 2 3188:, October 11, 1923, p. 2 3069:"Ultime Informații", in 2837:, February 5, 1925, p. 4 2453:, October 26, 1915, p. 3 2438:, November 6, 1915, p. 3 2342:, October 18, 1915, p. 4 2242:, Issue 29/1915, pp. 1–2 2044: 1797:National Christian Party 1746:rapprochement with Italy 1287:Romanian Communist Party 1274:National Peasants' Party 1114:, whom they called the " 734:France–Romania relations 546:in his other estate, at 521:Nicolae Moret Blaremberg 382:National Peasants' Party 283:Nicolae Moret Blaremberg 239:National Peasants' Party 5184:Pro și contra Titulescu 5177:, 2015, pp. 89–98. 4865:, April 24, 1938, p. 25 4850:, January 4, 1938, p. 1 4649:, August 30, 1937, p. 1 4238:, August 18, 1935, p. 8 3770:, October 1, 1931, p. 6 3173:, Issue 12/1924, p. 348 2721:, Vol. III, 2018, p. 98 2537:, January 3, 1916, p. 2 2518:, August 29, 1915, p. 1 2091:, August 27, 1938, p. 1 1868:, the Iron Guard daily 1804:local election of April 1588:Radical Peasants' Party 1285:, jailed leader of the 1219:Social Democratic Party 1081:motion of no confidence 988:Romanian National Party 823:battle of November 1916 628:dueling competition of 598:Cantacuzene aristocrats 374:Romanian National Party 234:Romanian National Party 5238:Alecu Filipescu-Vulpea 4931:, June 14, 1939, p. 14 4779:Alexandru Vaida-Voevod 4700:Bataviaasch Nieuwsblad 4605:, April 19, 1937, p. 1 4590:, March 21, 1937, p. 6 4484:, Issue 106/1936, p. 3 4172:, March 14, 1935, p. 5 4157:, April 18, 1934, p. 5 4034:Gheorghe I. Florescu, 4005:, August 8, 1933, p. 3 3873:Agenția de presă RADOR 3814:Bulletin Périodique... 3793:Bulletin Périodique... 3714:, April 26, 1931, p. 1 3699:, April 26, 1931, p. 1 3400:Gheorghe I. Florescu, 3323:, March 21, 1926, p. 3 3252:, July 1973, pp. 76–77 3230:] informații", in 3109:, March 20, 1923, p. 2 3094:, March 20, 1923, p. 2 3075:, March 22, 1923, p. 3 3033:, March 18, 1925, p. 4 2964:, Issue 206/1920, p. 1 2951:, Issue 193/1920, p. 1 2947:"Puneri la punct", in 2911:, April 22, 1920, p. 2 2810:, July 18, 1943, p. 12 2663:Gheorghe I. Florescu, 2375:, Issue 281/1912, p. 3 2255:, March 16, 1923, p. 3 1948:, and a second one at 1916: 1888:his family's original 1773:Crusade of Romanianism 1682: 1657:prosecution at Craiova 1544:December 1933 election 1423:Antifascist mainstream 1346:national conservatives 1316:Filipescu founded the 1269: 935:Alexandru Vaida-Voevod 698:. A satirical note in 680:National Liberal Party 624:, he took part in the 482:Alecu Filipescu-Vulpea 349:dissident wing of the 216:National Action (1916) 5404:Romanian male fencers 4916:Popescu (2015), p. 91 4892:Popescu (2012), p. 41 4787:, Issue 93/1937, p. 1 4562:, March 3, 1937, p. 3 4520:Cruciada Românismului 4508:, June 27, 1937, p. 7 4345:, March 2, 1936, p. 8 4312:, March 9, 1936, p. 5 4286:, p. 270. Bucharest: 4250:Popescu (2012), p. 30 3890:, July 24, 1930, p. 1 3662:Popescu (2015), p. 94 3606:Popescu (2012), p. 21 3594:Popescu (2012), p. 40 3556:, Issue 4/2006, p. 62 3438:, April 3, 1928, p. 3 3299:Popescu (2012), p. 20 3215:Popescu (2012), p. 27 3060:Moldovan, pp. 133–144 3042:Popescu (2012), p. 26 3018:Moldovan, pp. 129–130 2867:Popescu (2012), p. 24 2819:Rusu Abrudeanu, p. 47 2685:Popescu (2012), p. 22 2577:, April 7, 1916, p. 2 2559:, April 7, 1916, p. 2 2423:, July 18, 1915, p. 1 2390:, Issue 43/1913, p. 3 2360:Popescu (2012), p. 19 2327:, July 17, 1912, p. 2 2312:Popescu (2012), p. 34 2063:Popescu (2012), p. 18 1910: 1707:Hungarian irredentism 1670: 1567:Iron Gard death squad 1244: 919:Constantin Argetoianu 844:Gheorghe Gh. Mârzescu 726:Alexandru Marghiloman 692:Marmorosch Blank Bank 590:Romanian nationalists 450:Early life and career 5033:Editura Curtea Veche 5031:, p. 74. Bucharest: 4784:Gazeta Transilvaniei 4631:, Issue 1/1937, p. 2 4395:Glasul Minorităților 3935:"Nevoia de elocință" 3729:, May 14, 1931, p. 7 3539:, Issue 9/2007, p. 3 3520:Heinen, pp. 175, 475 3388:, May 19, 1927, p. 5 3338:, June 5, 1926, p. 1 3234:, June 1, 1924, p. 3 3224:"Ultimile [ 3157:Gazeta Transilvaniei 3145:, June 4, 1925, p. 1 2488:. p. 39. Bucharest: 2419:"Mici Polemici", in 2387:Gazeta Transilvaniei 2372:Gazeta Transilvaniei 1754:French riots of 1934 1511:Agrarian Union Party 1486:Constantin Angelescu 1457:Gheorghe I. Brătianu 1377:controlling interest 1008:Assembly of Deputies 984:election of May 1920 805:, formed in 1917 by 778:People's League and 696:Romanian Land Forces 684:conflict of interest 672:Order of Ferdinand I 594:Matei B. Cantacuzino 570:Lycée Louis-le-Grand 317:Grigore N. Filipescu 288:Matei B. Cantacuzino 20:Grigore N. Filipescu 5379:Prefects of Romania 4976:Romániai Magyar Szó 4641:Dragoș Protopopescu 4041:Convorbiri Literare 3407:Convorbiri Literare 2885:Potra, pp. 123, 144 2670:Convorbiri Literare 2216:Convorbiri Literare 1929:single-party regime 1823:Dragoș Protopopescu 1449:Minister of Finance 1445:economic liberalism 1401:intercepts of calls 1067:Ion Ionescu-Quintus 963:Minister of Finance 896:Germany's surrender 578:University of Paris 408:economic liberalism 5464:Romanian duellists 5364:Romanian pacifists 5254:Ioan Al. Filipescu 5230:Iordache Filipescu 5197:Ion Rusu Abrudeanu 4703:, December 1, 1937 2279:, July 1975, p. 10 2001:Romanian communism 1917: 1896:Filipeștii de Târg 1808:Mayor of Bucharest 1738:Vlado Chernozemski 1683: 1681:daily, August 1937 1584:state of emergency 1576:Gheorghe Tătărescu 1447:. Argetoianu, the 1342:German revisionism 1334:Gerhard von Mutius 1270: 1077:Romanian passports 927:Jean Chrissoveloni 840:Alexandru Averescu 752:Kingdom of Bavaria 744:Gallipoli Campaign 722:Ion I. C. Brătianu 676:Conservative Party 664:local oil industry 656:Theodore Roosevelt 614:Crown Prince Carol 586:Christian Rakovsky 574:Zürich Polytechnic 535:, who was briefly 517:Alexandru II Ghica 468:Filipeștii de Târg 355:Alexandru Averescu 351:Conservative Party 343:Alexandru II Ghica 329:Grégoire Filipesco 280:(great-granduncle) 278:Alexandru II Ghica 212:Conservative Party 180:Kingdom of Romania 5494:Telephone tapping 5474:ETH Zurich alumni 5424:Romanian nobility 5301: 5300: 5290:Grigore Filipescu 5282:Nicolae Filipescu 5192:978-606-8091-13-6 5140:978-973-595-971-5 5041:978-973-669-521-6 4822:Gazeta Municipală 4810:978-973-664-392-7 4735:978-606-748-256-0 4616:Gazeta Municipală 3988:Revista Economică 3954:Revista Economică 3620:Gazeta Municipală 3548:Romina Surugiu, " 3171:Revista Teologică 3008:978-973-46-2201-6 2894:"Informații", in 2786:] Notes", in 2498:978-973-50-2635-6 2129:Monitorul Oficial 1915:, 2013 photograph 1819:Mihail Manoilescu 1810:. The period saw 1766:Spanish Civil War 1603:Gavrilă Marinescu 1592:Georgist Liberals 1461:Mihail R. Sturdza 1369:League of Nations 1318:Vlad Țepeș League 1263:Dimitrie I. Ghika 1215:Bucharest Commune 1124:the Assembly hall 1032:Sighetu Marmației 892:resumption of war 772:Nicolae Titulescu 548:Filipești-Surdila 533:Dimitrie I. Ghika 460:Nicolae Filipescu 431:Nicolae Titulescu 386:Vlad Țepeș League 339:Nicolae Filipescu 321:Griguță Filipescu 314: 313: 268:Dimitrie I. Ghika 258:Nicolae Filipescu 249:Ioana Cantacuzino 226:(1918, 1927–1929) 128:Senate of Romania 61:President of the 5511: 5275:Later Filipescus 5269: 5246:Mitică Filipescu 5223:Boyars Filipescu 5220: 5219: 5162: 5157:Andrei Popescu, 5156: 5069:Armand Călinescu 5063:Anale de Istorie 5043: 5022: 5016: 5015:Bobocescu, p. 80 5013: 5007: 4986: 4980: 4971: 4965: 4956: 4950: 4947: 4941: 4940:Ion, pp. 212–213 4938: 4932: 4923: 4917: 4914: 4908: 4899: 4893: 4890: 4881: 4872: 4866: 4857: 4851: 4844: 4838: 4831: 4825: 4818: 4812: 4800:, p. 272. Arad: 4794: 4788: 4776: 4767: 4758: 4752: 4743: 4737: 4719: 4713: 4710: 4704: 4693: 4689: 4683: 4680: 4674: 4665: 4659: 4656: 4650: 4638: 4632: 4625: 4619: 4612: 4606: 4597: 4591: 4582: 4576: 4569: 4563: 4554: 4548: 4545: 4539: 4530: 4524: 4515: 4509: 4500: 4494: 4491: 4485: 4472: 4466: 4457: 4446: 4437: 4428: 4419: 4413: 4404: 4398: 4389: 4385: 4379: 4376: 4370: 4361: 4355: 4352: 4346: 4337: 4331: 4319: 4313: 4304: 4298: 4288:Editura Politică 4277: 4271: 4257: 4251: 4248: 4239: 4235:Budapesti Hírlap 4230: 4224: 4221: 4212: 4209: 4203: 4200: 4194: 4184: 4179: 4173: 4164: 4158: 4149: 4143: 4140: 4134: 4124: 4119: 4113: 4098: 4092: 4089:Unirea Poporului 4085: 4079: 4066: 4060: 4051: 4045: 4032: 4026: 4017: 4006: 3997: 3991: 3978: 3972: 3963: 3957: 3950: 3944: 3940:România Literară 3933:Elvira Sorohan, 3932: 3928: 3919: 3912: 3906: 3897: 3891: 3882: 3876: 3863:Silvia Iliescu, 3862: 3858: 3852: 3849: 3843: 3836: 3830: 3827: 3821: 3811: 3805: 3802: 3796: 3790: 3784: 3777: 3771: 3762: 3756: 3749: 3743: 3736: 3730: 3721: 3715: 3706: 3700: 3691: 3685: 3682: 3676: 3669: 3663: 3660: 3654: 3651: 3645: 3640:Popescu (2015), 3638: 3632: 3629: 3623: 3616: 3607: 3604: 3595: 3592: 3581: 3578: 3572: 3563: 3557: 3546: 3540: 3531: 3527: 3521: 3518: 3512: 3505: 3499: 3490: 3484: 3475: 3469: 3460: 3454: 3445: 3439: 3430: 3424: 3417: 3411: 3399: 3395: 3389: 3378: 3369: 3360: 3354: 3345: 3339: 3330: 3324: 3315: 3309: 3306: 3300: 3297: 3291: 3274: 3268: 3259: 3253: 3244:Valeriu Braniște 3241: 3235: 3222: 3216: 3213: 3207: 3198: 3189: 3180: 3174: 3167: 3161: 3152: 3146: 3133:"După [ 3131: 3125: 3116: 3110: 3101: 3095: 3082: 3076: 3067: 3061: 3058: 3052: 3049: 3043: 3040: 3034: 3025: 3019: 3016: 3010: 2998:, p. 337. Iași: 2989: 2983: 2980: 2974: 2971: 2965: 2958: 2952: 2945: 2939: 2927: 2921: 2920:Moldovan, p. 129 2918: 2912: 2905: 2899: 2892: 2886: 2883: 2877: 2876:Petrescu, p. 318 2874: 2868: 2865: 2856: 2853: 2847: 2844: 2838: 2829: 2820: 2817: 2811: 2802: 2793: 2780:"Blok [ 2778: 2772: 2769: 2763: 2760: 2754: 2745:Dorona Tomescu, 2744: 2740: 2734: 2731: 2722: 2715: 2704: 2701: 2695: 2692: 2686: 2683: 2674: 2662: 2658: 2645: 2642: 2636: 2624: 2611: 2608: 2602: 2599: 2593: 2584: 2578: 2569: 2560: 2549: 2538: 2525: 2519: 2507: 2501: 2479: 2473: 2460: 2454: 2445: 2439: 2430: 2424: 2417: 2408: 2397: 2391: 2382: 2376: 2367: 2361: 2358: 2343: 2334: 2328: 2319: 2313: 2310: 2301: 2298: 2289: 2286: 2280: 2271: 2265: 2262: 2256: 2249: 2243: 2236: 2230: 2226:România Literară 2205: 2201: 2195: 2194:Ion, pp. 207–208 2192: 2186: 2176: 2172: 2159: 2138: 2132: 2118: 2112: 2098: 2092: 2083: 2064: 2061: 2015: 1938: 1911:Ghica Palace in 1846:Armand Călinescu 1828:Action Française 1816: 1762:Spanish Republic 1437:Great Depression 1362:Foreign Minister 1358:Benito Mussolini 1298:campaign of 1928 1255:Victor Vâlcovici 1203: 1195:D. R. Ioanițescu 1175:Valeriu Braniște 1120:hydrogen sulfide 1112:new constitution 1012:Maramureș County 947:Constantin Stere 881:Filipescu-Mătură 873:Austro-Hungarian 795:Western Moldavia 668:Legion of Honour 622:Alexandru Davila 496:to the court of 484:, had served as 412:Great Depression 306:Filipescu-Mătură 229:Democratic Party 192: 165:Personal details 138: 118: 104: 95: 73: 54: 30: 16: 15: 5519: 5518: 5514: 5513: 5512: 5510: 5509: 5508: 5304: 5303: 5302: 5297: 5270: 5261: 5217: 5212:Muzeul Național 5160: 5154: 5128:Victor Moldovan 5051: 5046: 5023: 5019: 5014: 5010: 4987: 4983: 4972: 4968: 4957: 4953: 4948: 4944: 4939: 4935: 4924: 4920: 4915: 4911: 4900: 4896: 4891: 4884: 4873: 4869: 4858: 4854: 4845: 4841: 4832: 4828: 4819: 4815: 4795: 4791: 4777: 4770: 4759: 4755: 4744: 4740: 4727:Editura Paideia 4721:Ion Mezarescu, 4720: 4716: 4711: 4707: 4691: 4690: 4686: 4681: 4677: 4666: 4662: 4657: 4653: 4639: 4635: 4626: 4622: 4613: 4609: 4598: 4594: 4583: 4579: 4570: 4566: 4555: 4551: 4546: 4542: 4531: 4527: 4516: 4512: 4501: 4497: 4492: 4488: 4473: 4469: 4458: 4449: 4438: 4431: 4420: 4416: 4405: 4401: 4387: 4386: 4382: 4377: 4373: 4362: 4358: 4353: 4349: 4338: 4334: 4320: 4316: 4305: 4301: 4278: 4274: 4258: 4254: 4249: 4242: 4231: 4227: 4222: 4215: 4210: 4206: 4201: 4197: 4182: 4180: 4176: 4165: 4161: 4150: 4146: 4141: 4137: 4125:Bogdan Vârșan, 4122: 4120: 4116: 4099: 4095: 4086: 4082: 4067: 4063: 4056:Neamul Românesc 4052: 4048: 4033: 4029: 4018: 4009: 3998: 3994: 3979: 3975: 3964: 3960: 3951: 3947: 3943:, Issue 44/2005 3930: 3929: 3922: 3913: 3909: 3898: 3894: 3883: 3879: 3860: 3859: 3855: 3850: 3846: 3837: 3833: 3828: 3824: 3812: 3808: 3803: 3799: 3791: 3787: 3778: 3774: 3763: 3759: 3750: 3746: 3737: 3733: 3722: 3718: 3707: 3703: 3692: 3688: 3683: 3679: 3670: 3666: 3661: 3657: 3652: 3648: 3639: 3635: 3630: 3626: 3617: 3610: 3605: 3598: 3593: 3584: 3579: 3575: 3564: 3560: 3547: 3543: 3529: 3528: 3524: 3519: 3515: 3506: 3502: 3491: 3487: 3476: 3472: 3461: 3457: 3446: 3442: 3431: 3427: 3418: 3414: 3397: 3396: 3392: 3379: 3372: 3361: 3357: 3346: 3342: 3331: 3327: 3316: 3312: 3307: 3303: 3298: 3294: 3275: 3271: 3260: 3256: 3249:Magazin Istoric 3242: 3238: 3223: 3219: 3214: 3210: 3199: 3192: 3181: 3177: 3168: 3164: 3153: 3149: 3132: 3128: 3117: 3113: 3102: 3098: 3083: 3079: 3068: 3064: 3059: 3055: 3050: 3046: 3041: 3037: 3026: 3022: 3017: 3013: 2990: 2986: 2981: 2977: 2972: 2968: 2959: 2955: 2946: 2942: 2928: 2924: 2919: 2915: 2906: 2902: 2893: 2889: 2884: 2880: 2875: 2871: 2866: 2859: 2854: 2850: 2845: 2841: 2830: 2823: 2818: 2814: 2803: 2796: 2779: 2775: 2771:Trohani, p. 226 2770: 2766: 2761: 2757: 2742: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2725: 2716: 2707: 2702: 2698: 2693: 2689: 2684: 2677: 2660: 2659: 2648: 2643: 2639: 2625: 2614: 2609: 2605: 2600: 2596: 2585: 2581: 2570: 2563: 2550: 2541: 2526: 2522: 2508: 2504: 2480: 2476: 2461: 2457: 2446: 2442: 2431: 2427: 2418: 2411: 2398: 2394: 2383: 2379: 2368: 2364: 2359: 2346: 2335: 2331: 2320: 2316: 2311: 2304: 2299: 2292: 2287: 2283: 2276:Magazin Istoric 2272: 2268: 2263: 2259: 2250: 2246: 2237: 2233: 2229:, Issue 17/2009 2207:Andrei Brezianu 2203: 2202: 2198: 2193: 2189: 2185:, November 2015 2174: 2173: 2162: 2139: 2135: 2119: 2115: 2099: 2095: 2084: 2067: 2062: 2051: 2047: 2013: 1962: 1950:Batiștei Church 1936: 1858: 1842:Jewish Question 1837:Prince Nicholas 1814: 1727:Regency Hungary 1665: 1607:Romanian Police 1580:Grigore Gafencu 1572:Nicolae L. Lupu 1553:Neamul Românesc 1425: 1389:Virgil Madgearu 1381:ITT Corporation 1267:Foreign Affairs 1251:ITT Corporation 1239: 1237:LVȚ and Carlism 1201: 1163:Peasants' Party 1143:Romanați County 1128:Vasile Hortopan 1116:Brătianu family 1063:March elections 1056:Constantin Xeni 1040: 1004:Greater Romania 955:Socialist Party 877:Radu R. Rosetti 867:, and sued for 848:People's League 807:George Diamandy 783: 714:Entente nations 618:Ottokar Czernin 602:Ion D. Berindey 582:Barbu Lăzăreanu 452: 447: 319:(also known as 290:(father-in-law) 286: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 237: 232: 227: 222: 217: 215: 207: 206:Other political 194: 190: 189:August 25, 1938 174: 173:October 1, 1886 154:Durostor County 152: 139: 134: 116: 108: 102: 96: 91: 74: 69: 55: 50: 33: 21: 12: 11: 5: 5517: 5507: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5299: 5298: 5296: 5295: 5287: 5278: 5276: 5272: 5271: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5259: 5251: 5243: 5235: 5226: 5224: 5216: 5215: 5208: 5194: 5182:George Potra, 5180: 5179: 5178: 5171: 5152: 5142: 5125: 5108: 5101: 5089:Armin Heinen, 5087: 5066: 5059: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5044: 5017: 5008: 4981: 4966: 4951: 4942: 4933: 4918: 4909: 4894: 4882: 4867: 4852: 4839: 4826: 4813: 4789: 4768: 4753: 4738: 4714: 4705: 4684: 4675: 4660: 4651: 4633: 4620: 4607: 4592: 4577: 4564: 4549: 4540: 4525: 4510: 4495: 4486: 4467: 4447: 4429: 4414: 4399: 4380: 4371: 4356: 4347: 4332: 4327:Revue de Paris 4322:Georges Oudard 4314: 4299: 4272: 4252: 4240: 4225: 4213: 4204: 4195: 4193:, Issue 3/2011 4191:Caiete Silvane 4174: 4159: 4144: 4135: 4114: 4093: 4080: 4061: 4046: 4027: 4007: 3992: 3973: 3958: 3945: 3920: 3907: 3892: 3877: 3853: 3844: 3831: 3822: 3806: 3797: 3785: 3772: 3757: 3744: 3731: 3716: 3701: 3686: 3677: 3664: 3655: 3646: 3633: 3624: 3608: 3596: 3582: 3573: 3558: 3541: 3522: 3513: 3500: 3485: 3470: 3455: 3440: 3425: 3412: 3390: 3370: 3355: 3340: 3325: 3310: 3301: 3292: 3269: 3254: 3236: 3217: 3208: 3190: 3175: 3162: 3147: 3126: 3111: 3096: 3077: 3062: 3053: 3044: 3035: 3020: 3011: 2992:Cristian Preda 2984: 2975: 2966: 2953: 2940: 2922: 2913: 2900: 2887: 2878: 2869: 2857: 2848: 2839: 2821: 2812: 2794: 2773: 2764: 2755: 2735: 2723: 2705: 2696: 2687: 2675: 2646: 2637: 2612: 2603: 2594: 2579: 2561: 2539: 2520: 2502: 2474: 2455: 2440: 2425: 2409: 2392: 2377: 2362: 2344: 2329: 2314: 2302: 2290: 2281: 2266: 2257: 2244: 2231: 2196: 2187: 2177:Eugen Marola, 2160: 2133: 2113: 2093: 2065: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2019:Vladimir Ghika 1961: 1958: 1954:Bellu cemetery 1946:Russian Church 1877:Romanian Front 1857: 1854: 1731:French Premier 1718:Balkan Entente 1714:Little Entente 1687:Georges Oudard 1664: 1663:Final projects 1661: 1631:Hermann Göring 1622:L'Ouest-Éclair 1424: 1421: 1310:Cezar Spineanu 1283:Boris Stefanov 1238: 1235: 1211:in March–April 1044:Prime Minister 1039: 1036: 959:Ilie Moscovici 953:, approaching 939:Liviu Rebreanu 923:Aristide Blank 799:Sub-lieutenant 782: 776: 718:Central Powers 529:Vladimir Ghika 451: 448: 446: 443: 397:Prime Minister 363:People's Party 312: 311: 308: 307: 304: 300: 299: 296: 292: 291: 273:Vladimir Ghika 255: 251: 250: 247: 243: 242: 224:People's Party 209: 203: 202: 193:(aged 51) 187: 183: 182: 171: 167: 166: 162: 161: 158: 157: 146: 142: 141: 131: 130: 126:Member of the 123: 122: 119: 113: 112: 105: 99: 98: 88: 87: 77: 76: 66: 65: 58: 57: 47: 46: 42:Leader of the 39: 38: 35: 34: 31: 23: 22: 19: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5516: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5359:Anti-fascists 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5311: 5309: 5294: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5280: 5279: 5277: 5273: 5268: 5258: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5228: 5227: 5225: 5221: 5213: 5209: 5206: 5205:Editura Socec 5203:. Bucharest: 5202: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5176: 5172: 5169: 5165: 5161:(in Romanian) 5159: 5158: 5155:(in Romanian) 5153: 5150: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5111:Nicolae Iorga 5109: 5106: 5102: 5100: 5099:973-50-1158-1 5096: 5092: 5088: 5086: 5085:973-28-0164-6 5082: 5078: 5075:. Bucharest: 5074: 5070: 5067: 5064: 5060: 5057: 5054: 5053: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5025:Ioan Stanomir 5021: 5012: 5006: 5005:963-9116-96-3 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4985: 4978: 4977: 4970: 4963: 4962: 4955: 4946: 4937: 4930: 4929: 4922: 4913: 4906: 4905: 4898: 4889: 4887: 4879: 4878: 4871: 4864: 4863: 4856: 4849: 4843: 4836: 4830: 4823: 4817: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4793: 4786: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4773: 4765: 4764: 4757: 4750: 4749: 4742: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4718: 4709: 4702: 4701: 4696: 4688: 4679: 4672: 4671: 4664: 4655: 4648: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4630: 4624: 4617: 4611: 4604: 4603: 4596: 4589: 4588: 4581: 4574: 4568: 4561: 4560: 4553: 4544: 4537: 4536: 4529: 4522: 4521: 4514: 4507: 4506: 4499: 4490: 4483: 4479: 4478: 4471: 4464: 4463: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4444: 4443: 4436: 4434: 4426: 4425: 4418: 4411: 4410: 4403: 4396: 4392: 4384: 4375: 4368: 4367: 4360: 4351: 4344: 4343: 4336: 4329: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4311: 4310: 4303: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4276: 4270: 4269:3-486-53122-0 4266: 4262: 4259:Alfred Kube, 4256: 4247: 4245: 4237: 4236: 4229: 4220: 4218: 4208: 4199: 4192: 4188: 4183:(in Romanian) 4178: 4171: 4170: 4163: 4156: 4155: 4148: 4139: 4132: 4128: 4123:(in Romanian) 4118: 4111: 4110: 4105: 4104: 4097: 4090: 4084: 4077: 4073: 4072: 4065: 4058: 4057: 4050: 4043: 4042: 4037: 4031: 4024: 4023: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4004: 4003: 3996: 3989: 3985: 3984: 3977: 3970: 3969: 3962: 3955: 3949: 3942: 3941: 3936: 3931:(in Romanian) 3927: 3925: 3917: 3911: 3904: 3903: 3896: 3889: 3888: 3881: 3874: 3870: 3868: 3861:(in Romanian) 3857: 3848: 3841: 3835: 3826: 3819: 3815: 3810: 3801: 3794: 3789: 3782: 3776: 3769: 3768: 3761: 3754: 3748: 3741: 3735: 3728: 3727: 3720: 3713: 3712: 3705: 3698: 3697: 3690: 3681: 3674: 3668: 3659: 3650: 3643: 3637: 3628: 3621: 3615: 3613: 3603: 3601: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3577: 3570: 3569: 3562: 3555: 3551: 3545: 3538: 3534: 3530:(in Romanian) 3526: 3517: 3510: 3504: 3497: 3496: 3489: 3482: 3481: 3474: 3467: 3466: 3459: 3452: 3451: 3444: 3437: 3436: 3429: 3422: 3421:Brassói Lapok 3416: 3409: 3408: 3403: 3398:(in Romanian) 3394: 3387: 3386:Aradi Közlöny 3383: 3377: 3375: 3367: 3366: 3359: 3352: 3351: 3344: 3337: 3336: 3329: 3322: 3321: 3314: 3305: 3296: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3277:Nicolae Iorga 3273: 3266: 3265: 3258: 3251: 3250: 3245: 3240: 3233: 3229: 3228: 3221: 3212: 3205: 3204: 3197: 3195: 3187: 3186: 3179: 3172: 3166: 3159: 3158: 3151: 3144: 3143: 3138: 3137: 3130: 3123: 3122: 3115: 3108: 3107: 3100: 3093: 3092: 3087: 3081: 3074: 3073: 3066: 3057: 3048: 3039: 3032: 3031: 3024: 3015: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2988: 2979: 2970: 2963: 2957: 2950: 2944: 2937: 2936: 2931: 2926: 2917: 2910: 2904: 2897: 2891: 2882: 2873: 2864: 2862: 2852: 2843: 2836: 2835: 2828: 2826: 2816: 2809: 2808: 2801: 2799: 2791: 2790: 2785: 2784: 2777: 2768: 2759: 2752: 2748: 2743:(in Romanian) 2739: 2733:Potra, p. 123 2730: 2728: 2720: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2700: 2691: 2682: 2680: 2672: 2671: 2666: 2661:(in Romanian) 2657: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2641: 2634: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2607: 2598: 2591: 2590: 2583: 2576: 2575: 2568: 2566: 2558: 2554: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2536: 2535: 2530: 2524: 2517: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2471: 2467: 2466: 2459: 2452: 2451: 2444: 2437: 2436: 2429: 2422: 2416: 2414: 2406: 2402: 2396: 2389: 2388: 2381: 2374: 2373: 2366: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2341: 2340: 2333: 2326: 2325: 2318: 2309: 2307: 2297: 2295: 2285: 2278: 2277: 2270: 2261: 2254: 2248: 2241: 2235: 2228: 2227: 2222: 2218: 2217: 2212: 2208: 2204:(in Romanian) 2200: 2191: 2184: 2180: 2175:(in Romanian) 2171: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2141:Nicolae Iorga 2137: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2121:George Fotino 2117: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2097: 2090: 2089: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2054: 2049: 2042: 2040: 2036: 2035:Ioan Stanomir 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2012: 2008: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1993:Moara Vlăsiei 1990: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1972: 1967: 1957: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1941: 1935: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1921:Octavian Goga 1914: 1913:Moara Vlăsiei 1909: 1905: 1903: 1902: 1897: 1893: 1892: 1886: 1880: 1878: 1873: 1872: 1867: 1863: 1853: 1851: 1850:Max Auschnitt 1847: 1843: 1838: 1834: 1833:Crown Council 1830: 1829: 1824: 1820: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1800: 1798: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1782: 1781:Ion Mihalache 1778: 1774: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1758:Popular Front 1755: 1749: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1734:Louis Barthou 1732: 1728: 1724: 1719: 1715: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1680: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1660: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1645: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1623: 1617: 1614: 1613: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1599:Elena Lupescu 1595: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1568: 1562: 1560: 1555: 1554: 1549: 1548:Brăila County 1545: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1533: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1507:Vlașca County 1504: 1499: 1497: 1496: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1478:Gheorghe Beza 1475: 1474:Ion Antonescu 1471: 1465: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1420: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1365: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1314: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1290: 1288: 1284: 1279: 1275: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1243: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1223:Yellow Sector 1220: 1216: 1213:, before the 1212: 1208: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1191:Barbu Știrbey 1187: 1183: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1171:peasant shirt 1168: 1164: 1160: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1135: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1096:Romanian King 1092: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1064: 1059: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1048:Nicolae Iorga 1045: 1035: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 979: 977: 973: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 943: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 911:Alfred Hefter 908: 903: 902: 897: 893: 888: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 861: 859: 855: 854: 849: 845: 841: 836: 834: 830: 829: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 781: 775: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 756:German Empire 753: 749: 745: 741: 740: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 710: 708: 707: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 654: 650: 646: 641: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 566: 564: 560: 559: 553: 549: 545: 540: 538: 534: 531:and diplomat 530: 526: 525:Moara Vlăsiei 522: 518: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 494: 489: 488: 483: 479: 475: 474: 469: 465: 461: 457: 442: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 415: 413: 409: 405: 401: 400:Nicolae Iorga 398: 394: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 366: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 335: 330: 326: 322: 318: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 213: 210: 204: 201: 197: 188: 184: 181: 177: 172: 168: 163: 159: 155: 150: 149:Vlașca County 147: 143: 137: 132: 129: 124: 120: 114: 111: 106: 100: 94: 89: 86: 82: 78: 72: 67: 64: 59: 53: 48: 45: 40: 36: 29: 24: 17: 5292: 5289: 5284: 5256: 5248: 5240: 5232: 5211: 5200: 5183: 5174: 5167: 5148: 5131: 5114: 5104: 5090: 5072: 5062: 5055: 5028: 5020: 5011: 4992: 4984: 4974: 4969: 4959: 4954: 4945: 4936: 4926: 4921: 4912: 4902: 4897: 4875: 4870: 4860: 4855: 4847: 4842: 4834: 4829: 4821: 4816: 4797: 4792: 4782: 4761: 4756: 4748:Buna Vestire 4746: 4741: 4722: 4717: 4708: 4698: 4687: 4678: 4668: 4663: 4654: 4646:Buna Vestire 4644: 4636: 4628: 4623: 4615: 4610: 4600: 4595: 4585: 4580: 4572: 4567: 4557: 4552: 4543: 4533: 4528: 4518: 4513: 4503: 4498: 4489: 4481: 4475: 4470: 4460: 4440: 4422: 4417: 4407: 4402: 4394: 4383: 4374: 4364: 4359: 4350: 4340: 4335: 4325: 4317: 4307: 4302: 4283: 4275: 4260: 4255: 4233: 4228: 4207: 4198: 4190: 4177: 4167: 4162: 4152: 4147: 4138: 4130: 4117: 4107: 4101: 4096: 4088: 4083: 4075: 4069: 4064: 4054: 4049: 4039: 4030: 4022:Țara Noastră 4020: 4000: 3995: 3987: 3981: 3976: 3966: 3961: 3953: 3948: 3938: 3915: 3910: 3900: 3895: 3885: 3880: 3866: 3856: 3847: 3839: 3834: 3825: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3800: 3792: 3788: 3780: 3775: 3765: 3760: 3752: 3747: 3739: 3734: 3724: 3719: 3709: 3704: 3694: 3689: 3680: 3672: 3667: 3658: 3649: 3641: 3636: 3627: 3619: 3576: 3566: 3561: 3553: 3549: 3544: 3536: 3525: 3516: 3508: 3503: 3493: 3488: 3478: 3473: 3463: 3458: 3448: 3443: 3433: 3428: 3420: 3415: 3405: 3393: 3385: 3381: 3363: 3358: 3348: 3343: 3333: 3328: 3318: 3313: 3304: 3295: 3280: 3272: 3262: 3257: 3247: 3239: 3231: 3225: 3220: 3211: 3201: 3183: 3178: 3170: 3165: 3155: 3150: 3140: 3134: 3129: 3119: 3114: 3104: 3099: 3089: 3085: 3080: 3070: 3065: 3056: 3047: 3038: 3028: 3023: 3014: 2995: 2987: 2978: 2969: 2961: 2956: 2948: 2943: 2935:Țara Noastră 2933: 2925: 2916: 2908: 2903: 2895: 2890: 2881: 2872: 2851: 2842: 2832: 2815: 2805: 2787: 2781: 2776: 2767: 2758: 2750: 2738: 2718: 2699: 2690: 2668: 2640: 2630: 2606: 2597: 2587: 2582: 2572: 2556: 2552: 2532: 2528: 2523: 2513: 2505: 2485: 2477: 2469: 2463: 2458: 2448: 2443: 2433: 2428: 2420: 2404: 2400: 2395: 2385: 2380: 2370: 2365: 2337: 2332: 2322: 2317: 2284: 2274: 2269: 2260: 2252: 2247: 2239: 2234: 2224: 2214: 2199: 2190: 2182: 2149:I. V. Socecu 2144: 2136: 2124: 2116: 2101: 2096: 2086: 2038: 2010: 2009: 2005:nationalized 1997:Vichy France 1983: 1969: 1965: 1963: 1942: 1933: 1918: 1899: 1889: 1884: 1881: 1871:Buna Vestire 1869: 1859: 1826: 1811: 1801: 1787: 1785: 1770: 1750: 1742:Pierre Laval 1711: 1684: 1678:Buna Vestire 1676: 1648: 1642: 1635:Soviet Union 1627:Nazi Germany 1620: 1618: 1610: 1596: 1563: 1551: 1541: 1530: 1515:country risk 1500: 1493: 1490:put to death 1481: 1466: 1452: 1432: 1426: 1412: 1405: 1396: 1366: 1354:Adolf Hitler 1337: 1325: 1322:Prince Carol 1315: 1291: 1277: 1271: 1259:Public Works 1198: 1185: 1184: 1166: 1158: 1155: 1136: 1132:Ilfov County 1093: 1060: 1041: 1027: 1019: 1016:Ioan Flueraș 999: 992:Transylvania 980: 967:direct taxes 944: 931:Toma Stelian 914: 906: 899: 889: 880: 862: 851: 837: 826: 784: 779: 764:Take Ionescu 737: 730:Germanophile 711: 704: 699: 688:War Ministry 653:US President 642: 633: 605: 567: 556: 541: 502:Ghica family 491: 485: 471: 453: 423:Soviet Union 419:Nazi Germany 416: 367: 332: 328: 320: 316: 315: 285:(granduncle) 208:affiliations 191:(1938-08-25) 145:Constituency 135: 117:Succeeded by 110:(ad interim) 109: 92: 85:Ilfov County 70: 51: 5319:1938 deaths 5314:1886 births 5293:(1886–1938) 5285:(1862–1916) 5257:(1809–1863) 5249:(1808–1843) 5241:(1775–1856) 5233:(1765–1855) 4989:Lucian Boia 4480:]", in 4388:(in French) 4185:Marin Pop, 4106:]", in 3781:Pécsi Napló 2753:, June 2011 2627:Ion Anestin 2482:Lucian Boia 2401:Székelyföld 2300:Ion, p. 208 2031:Europeanism 2023:Lucian Boia 1980:Ion Anestin 1862:Yvon Delbos 1699:Petru Groza 1691:Sala Dalles 1644:Amicii URSS 1601:, and that 1480:, a former 1441:debt relief 1350:Amos Frâncu 1330:Nae Ionescu 1296:before the 1179:Iuliu Maniu 1100:Ferdinand I 1089:Gendarmerie 1072:Dolj County 996:Old Kingdom 972:Queen Marie 853:Îndreptarea 811:Ion Anestin 803:Labor Party 768:Ioan Pangal 634:Peril Jaune 478:Ion G. Duca 439:wiretapping 427:Iuliu Maniu 410:during the 404:debt relief 359:Labor Party 263:Ion G. Duca 241:(1926–1927) 236:(1920–1926) 221:(1917–1918) 219:Labor Party 200:Switzerland 156:(1933–1937) 151:(1932–1933) 121:Toma Metaxa 103:Preceded by 5308:Categories 5049:References 5035:, 2008. 4692:(in Dutch) 2673:, May 2009 2529:Le Journal 1695:Lord Cecil 1673:Iron Guard 1653:Ana Pauker 1527:Aurel Vlad 1523:Bolshevism 1470:Iron Guard 1413:ad-interim 1409:prefecture 1147:Ilie Lazăr 1038:PNR return 865:rump state 858:A. C. Cuza 739:Le Journal 660:Balkan War 626:wax bullet 380:, and the 370:Parliament 295:Profession 107:C. Nicolau 5123:935564396 5079:, 1990. 5077:Humanitas 4999:, 2001. 4961:Dimineața 4928:Universul 4804:, 2010. 4763:Dimineața 4729:, 2018. 4602:Dimineața 4587:Dimineața 4505:Dimineața 4342:Dimineața 4309:Universul 4296:490649093 4290:, 1972. 4076:Dreptatea 4071:Dreptatea 3902:Dimineața 3840:Memorii V 3818:Memorii V 3753:Memorii V 3740:Memorii V 3726:Dimineața 3673:Memorii V 3568:Le Figaro 3495:Dimineața 3320:Dimineața 3289:493904950 3142:Dimineața 3002:, 2011. 2490:Humanitas 2151:, 1902. 2088:Dreptatea 1989:Postăvari 1966:Dreptatea 1901:Dreptatea 1744:over his 1612:Siguranța 1519:austerity 1505:seat for 1302:Dâmbovița 1104:camarilla 1024:ballotage 957:militant 815:Chasseurs 649:Constanța 636:Award at 552:sunflower 498:Wallachia 487:Logothete 456:Bucharest 445:Biography 325:Francized 254:Relations 176:Bucharest 136:In office 93:In office 71:In office 52:In office 4904:Curentul 4877:Curentul 4862:Curentul 4848:Dunántúl 4670:Adevărul 4559:Új Kelet 4535:Adevărul 4482:Acțiunea 4462:Adevărul 4442:Adevărul 4424:Adevărul 4409:Adevărul 4366:Adevărul 4169:Adevărul 4154:Adevărul 4131:Historia 3887:Adevărul 3767:Adevărul 3711:Adevărul 3696:Adevărul 3550:Cuvântul 3480:Adevărul 3465:Adevărul 3450:Adevărul 3435:Adevărul 3382:Adeverul 3365:Adevărul 3350:Adevărul 3264:Adevărul 3203:Adevărul 3185:Adevărul 3091:Új Kelet 3086:Új Kelet 3072:Adevărul 3030:Adevărul 2834:Adevărul 2789:Mișcarea 2751:Historia 2589:Adevărul 2574:Adevărul 2534:Adevărul 2515:Adevărul 2492:, 2010. 2470:Viitorul 2465:Viitorul 2450:Viitorul 2435:Viitorul 2339:Viitorul 2324:Adevărul 2240:Olteanul 2183:Historia 2157:38610972 2110:55568758 1590:and the 1559:Durostor 1525:"; with 1495:Adevărul 1306:Caliacra 817:outside 706:Viitorul 670:and the 544:oil mill 506:Huguenot 393:Carol II 303:Nickname 275:(cousin) 270:(cousin) 265:(cousin) 260:(father) 5207:, 1920. 3842:, p. 30 3838:Iorga, 3751:Iorga, 3675:, p. 27 3671:Iorga, 3121:Flacăra 3000:Polirom 2553:Opiniei 1891:demesne 1764:in the 1537:Craiova 1313:1929. 1294:Focșani 1278:takiști 1159:takiști 750:in the 645:Câmpina 638:Băneasa 610:fencing 606:Sportul 510:Bourbon 214:(1910s) 81:Prefect 5190: 5138: 5121: 5097: 5083: 5039: 5003: 4835:Patria 4808: 4733: 4294: 4267: 3916:Opinia 3795:, p. 6 3642:passim 3537:Ararat 3287: 3232:Opinia 3006: 2962:Patria 2949:Patria 2909:Opinia 2896:Opinia 2807:Vremea 2632:Vremea 2557:Opinia 2531:", in 2496: 2421:Opinia 2253:Patria 2155: 2131:, 1939 2108: 1971:Timpul 1960:Legacy 1885:Patria 1716:, the 1535:hall, 1532:Ramuri 1503:Senate 1231:Tutova 1167:Opinia 1028:Patria 1020:Patria 933:, and 828:bordei 770:, and 748:Lindau 700:Opinia 630:Sinaia 620:, and 514:Prince 473:Hatman 376:, the 347:Allied 246:Spouse 231:(1920) 196:Geneva 5166:, in 4697:, in 4393:, in 4189:, in 4129:, in 4109:Epoca 4038:, in 4002:Lupta 3968:Lupta 3937:, in 3535:, in 3404:, in 3335:Lupta 3106:Lupta 2930:Alfa. 2749:, in 2667:, in 2510:A. B. 2223:, in 2213:, in 2181:, in 2045:Notes 2039:Epoca 2014:' 2011:Epoca 1984:Epoca 1976:boyar 1937:' 1934:Epoca 1815:' 1812:Epoca 1788:Epoca 1649:Epoca 1488:, be 1482:Epoca 1453:Epoca 1439:with 1433:Epoca 1397:Epoca 1338:Epoca 1326:Epoca 1202:' 1199:Epoca 1186:Epoca 1141:, in 1122:into 1085:Ighiu 1000:Epoca 915:Epoca 913:. At 907:Arena 901:Epoca 833:Bacău 819:Oituz 780:Epoca 558:obște 464:boyar 334:Epoca 5188:ISBN 5136:ISBN 5119:OCLC 5095:ISBN 5081:ISBN 5037:ISBN 5001:ISBN 4806:ISBN 4731:ISBN 4292:OCLC 4265:ISBN 3285:OCLC 3004:ISBN 2494:ISBN 2153:OCLC 2106:OCLC 1968:and 1927:and 1701:and 1261:and 1139:Balș 925:and 885:Iași 584:and 490:and 429:and 390:King 186:Died 170:Born 4477:sic 4103:sic 3983:sic 3227:sic 3136:sic 2783:sic 1675:'s 1655:'s 1393:lei 1379:by 1265:of 1257:of 1151:Dej 1091:. 1010:in 998:". 493:Ban 327:as 83:of 5310:: 5199:, 5147:, 5130:, 5113:, 5027:, 4991:, 4885:^ 4771:^ 4450:^ 4432:^ 4282:, 4243:^ 4216:^ 4010:^ 3923:^ 3871:, 3611:^ 3599:^ 3585:^ 3373:^ 3279:, 3193:^ 2994:, 2860:^ 2824:^ 2797:^ 2726:^ 2708:^ 2678:^ 2649:^ 2615:^ 2564:^ 2542:^ 2484:, 2412:^ 2347:^ 2305:^ 2293:^ 2209:, 2163:^ 2123:, 2068:^ 2052:^ 1956:. 1894:, 1364:. 1209:, 1193:, 1173:. 1098:, 860:. 774:. 766:, 616:, 539:. 414:. 323:, 198:, 178:, 3869:" 3865:" 647:–

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Index