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42:
699:) for the war economy. Groener negotiated with the civilian bureaucracy, unions and representatives of the employers. Despite his efforts to appear neutral to maximise output, he became the target of criticism. Factory owners resented him for accepting the unions as partners. Revolutionary groups used his strict admonishments against those who went on strike while soldiers died at the front to undermine his standing with the workers. The negotiations made the limits of Germany military power obvious to Groener and he began to doubt that Germany could win the war. This caused confrontations with the third
2099:
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396:
482:
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192:
2135:
1825:
852:, the Prussian Minister of War. Hindenburg followed Groener on this issue and when Hindenburg resigned, Groener succeeded him. Groener, who expected to be made a scapegoat, began actively cooperating in this process to save the popular von Hindenburg's reputation, something Ebert immediately noticed. OHL was dissolved as a condition of the treaty, and Groener temporarily took over command at Kolberg. He started to organise the establishment of the new peacetime (
423:
413:
2184:
1879:
808:, which was to remain secret for a number of years. Ebert agreed to suppress the Bolshevik revolutionaries and to maintain the traditional role of the armed forces as a pillar of the German state; Groener promised that the army would support the new government. For this act, Groener earned the enmity of many other military leaders, many of whom sought the retention of the monarchy.
801:. On 9 November, when the Kaiser suggested using the army to crush the revolution at home, Groener advised him to abdicate, because he had lost the confidence of the armed forces. Groener's goal was to preserve the monarchy, but under a different ruler. He was also in favour of accepting the armistice conditions put to the German government, despite their severe nature.
723:
as
Chancellor, Groener suggested that the state should intervene to limit corporate profits and the wage growth that resulted from booming war-related public demand. On 16 August 1917 he was recalled from his post and reassigned to an operational command. This was seen by the public as a response to
920:, Groener made an effort to integrate it into the society of the Weimar Republic. In 1930, Groener married Ruth Naeher-Glück (born 1894) in Berlin and had a son. This second marriage and the early birth date of his son undermined Groener's relationship with the conservative Hindenburg.
942:(SA storm troops). As Interior Minister he was asked to outlaw the SA, whilst his goal as Defence Minister was to integrate it into a national, non-partisan paramilitary force. In April 1932, under pressure from several German states, Groener outlawed the SA and
528:
Groener tried to integrate the military, which was dominated by an aristocratic and monarchistic officer corps, into the new republic. After resigning from the army in the summer of 1919, Groener served in several governments of the
483:
774:
After the dismissal of Erich
Ludendorff on 26 October 1918, Groener was recalled and on 29 October appointed as Ludendorff's successor as First Quartermaster General (Deputy Chief of the General Staff) under
616:. In 1912, as a lieutenant-colonel, Groener became head of the railway section at the General Staff. His plans for the extension of the railway network and for deployment routes were based the
3391:
870:. On 30 September, Groener resigned from the army, against the wishes of Ebert; Groener felt that his pact with the Social Democrats had cost him the trust of many of his fellow officers.
602:
in 1899 and was attached to the railway section, where he worked for the next 17 years. This was only interrupted for the usual assignments to other locations, from 1902 to 1904 he was
779:
Paul von
Hindenburg. The military situation was becoming untenable and social unrest and rebellion in the German armed forces and the civilian population threatened to break out into
488:; 22 November 1867 – 3 May 1939) was a German general and politician. His organisational and logistical abilities resulted in a successful military career before and during
3597:
960:
wanted to set up a cooperation with the two groups and worked on
Hindenburg, to have Groener dismissed. He also allied himself with the NSDAP. After a rhetorical defeat in the
3587:
2335:
783:. Groener started to prepare the withdrawal and demobilisation of the army. As the revolution spread through Germany in early November, Groener began to see the Emperor,
644:
The deployment of millions of troops to the frontier by rail boosted
Groener's reputation and he received numerous decorations in 1914. In June 1915, he was promoted to
3592:
1583:
787:, as an impediment to saving the monarchy and the integrity of the army. Privately, he felt the Kaiser should sacrifice himself in a hero's death at the front.
2035:
815:
on 11 November 1918. Despite a very tight schedule, the withdrawal was effected without problems. Groener organised the defence of the eastern borders of the
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3487:
3470:
3306:
3617:
2817:
2658:
2517:
878:
After his resignation from the army, Groener moved in and out of retirement during the 1920s. Not a member of any party, at Ebert's request he served as
3457:
1619:
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557:
as the son of Karl Eduard
Groener (1837–1893), regimental paymaster, and his wife Auguste (née Boleg, 1825–1907) on 22 November 1867. After attending
829:. Groener also planned for and expected the German peacetime army to be built up to 300,000 in the coming years, a plan that would be ruined by the
2328:
1273:
Eschenburg, Theodor. "The Role of the
Personality in the Crisis of the Weimar Republic: Hindenburg, Brüning, Groener, Schleicher", pages 3–50 from
581:
and from 1893 to 1896 attended the War
Academy at Berlin, where he finished top of his class. In 1899, Groener married Helene Geyer (1864–1926) in
1654:
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2726:
513:, Groener was reassigned to a field command. When Ludendorff was dismissed in October 1918, Groener succeeded him. Groener worked with the new
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756:. This task required him to deal with organisational and political challenges, in particular confrontations with the army high command of
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123:
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182:
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2021:
1391:
1358:
1344:
1286:
1029:
812:
612:, from 1908 to 1910 he was with the XIII Army Corps and in 1910 he became a battalion commander in Infantry Regiment 125 at
3572:
1434:
966:, Groener resigned on 13 May as Defence Minister, urged by Schleicher who told Groener that he had lost the trust of the
1323:. Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin for Dept. of History, University of Wisconsin, 1962. Available online:
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996:
732:
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2417:
2044:
769:
522:
56:
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860:), arguing in favour of a high share of former general staff officers among the new leadership, including in the
760:
and supervising, then reshuffling, the
Ukrainian government which needed help against Bolshevik revolutionaries.
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2712:
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728:
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690:
684:
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1629:
1624:
1543:
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924:
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735:, where he was able to observe trench warfare and the mood of the troops. In March 1918, he commanded the
2410:
1516:
1430:
911:
636:
625:
510:
416:
412:
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842:
should sign the Treaty of
Versailles. Groener supported signing as he was worried that the unity of the
804:
On the evening of 10 November, Groener contacted the new chancellor, Friedrich Ebert, and concluded the
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3166:
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784:
752:
650:. Due to his organisational skills, in December 1915 Groener was put in charge of food deliveries from
1405:
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1553:
744:
500:
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2868:
2215:
1905:
811:
Groener oversaw the retreat and demobilisation of the defeated German army after the signing of the
554:
533:
as minister of transportation, interior and defence. He was pushed out of the government in 1932 by
338:
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2402:
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673:
476:
3230:
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3110:
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2646:
2475:
2313:
1351:
Wilhelm Groener als Erster Generalquartiermeister: Die Politik der Obersten Heeresleitung 1918/19
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17:
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1295:. Edited by Friedrich Frhr. Hiller von Gaertringen. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1957.
1034:
894:
government resigned, Groener left politics and wrote military and political treatises, such as
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would be in danger if fighting was resumed, contradicting the officer corps and the views of
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218:
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1985:
1975:
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1980:
1945:
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1970:
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8:
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534:
286:
116:
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572:
525:. Under his command, the army bloodily suppressed popular uprisings throughout Germany.
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92:
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2433:
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651:
558:
1910:
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1422:
Wilhelm Groener Papers at the Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University
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2171:
1895:
1856:
1812:
1802:
1763:
1718:
1698:
680:
640:
Groener as deputy war minister of Prussia in 1917 (with his first wife on the left)
496:
175:
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3172:
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2391:
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2060:
1960:
1930:
1703:
1683:
1672:
1644:
1467:
1426:
1421:
995:. Groener died of natural causes in Bornstedt on 3 May 1939. He is buried in the
867:
794:
791:
757:
727:
Groener served for six months at the western front first as the commander of the
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530:
518:
514:
446:
298:
197:
130:
63:
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972:. When the Brüning government fell on 30 May, Groener also lost his position as
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3004:
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2013:
1990:
1955:
1861:
1841:
1728:
937:
334:
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2250:
2121:
1509:
907:
3541:
3100:
2963:
2841:
2465:
2455:
2240:
2200:
2161:
1797:
1748:
1608:
1337:
Wilhelm Groener: Reichswehrminister am Ende der Weimarer Republik (1928–1932)
945:
401:
262:
3229:
1915:
1688:
1409:(12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company.
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2811:
2761:
2747:
2652:
2608:
2594:
2505:
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2481:
2140:
2104:
2076:
2071:
1995:
1935:
1830:
1807:
1786:
1768:
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1733:
1713:
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1536:
1499:
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1278:
891:
672:(War Office) the department that managed the war economy and deputy of the
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238:
226:
222:
163:
104:
84:
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1374:
1330:
1314:
1300:
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and Ludwigsburg, where his father had been stationed, Groener entered the
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2225:
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1965:
1920:
1900:
1846:
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1649:
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489:
456:
330:
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1398:
885:
855:
798:
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between 1920 and 1923. His main achievement was the rebuilding of the
2898:
2230:
914:
on 20 January 1928, a post he held until 1932. Besides expanding the
613:
2432:
2343:
821:
until a peace treaty could be signed. The headquarters of OHL, at
2189:
1884:
982:
826:
740:
1235:
The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany
932:
836:
On 23 June 1919, Ebert asked OHL for an opinion on whether the
1191:
A genius for war: the German army and General Staff 1807-1945
654:. In May 1916, he joined the leadership of the newly created
538:
609:
1386:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan Publishing Company, 2005.
562:
1384:
The Nemesis of Power: German Army in Politics, 1918–1945
825:
from 14 November 1918 to 13 February 1919, was moved to
585:. They had a daughter, Dorothea Groener-Geyer (b.1900).
763:
3598:
Officers Crosses of the Military Merit Order (Bavaria)
705:(OHL, the supreme command of the German army), led by
1365:
Wilhelm Groener, Officering, and the Schlieffen Plan
1293:
Lebenserinnerungen: Jugend – Generalstab – Weltkrieg
790:
On 6 November, Groener reacted indignantly when the
1321:
General William Groener and the Imperial German Arm
1275:
Republic to Reich The Making Of The Nazi Revolution
693:, 1916), which laid down the conscription of men (
568:3. Württembergische Infanterie Regiment Nummer 121
3588:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class)
1591:
1237:, New York, NY, Simon & Schuster, 2011, p. 54
3539:
2043:
1149:. Deutsches Historisches Museum. Archived from
3593:Commanders of the Military Order of Max Joseph
3392:
3215:
3047:
2884:
2720:
2567:
2418:
2329:
2029:
1577:
3558:Burials at Stahnsdorf South-Western Cemetery
990:
973:
967:
961:
955:
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935:
915:
901:
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883:
861:
853:
843:
837:
816:
710:
694:
667:
661:
660:(War Food Ministry). In November 1916, as a
655:
645:
603:
576:
566:
504:
1309:. Frankfurt a. M.: Societäts-Verlag, 1955.
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3040:
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2727:
2713:
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2560:
2425:
2411:
2336:
2322:
2036:
2022:
1584:
1570:
866:. He also supported a senior position for
40:
3618:Military personnel from Baden-Württemberg
1427:Newspaper clippings about Wilhelm Groener
1204:
1202:
1200:
1002:
900:(1927). Hindenburg, Ebert's successor as
709:and Ludendorff. During the change at the
521:to foil a left-wing take-over during the
27:German general and politician (1867–1939)
1396:
1211:Die deutsche Revolution 1918/19 (German)
1037:, 2nd class with Crown and Swords (1917)
906:, appointed Groener as the successor of
635:
624:, the Chief of the General Staff of the
598:As a captain, he won appointment to the
1208:
14:
3568:People from the Kingdom of Württemberg
3540:
1307:General Groener: Soldat und Staatsmann
1197:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
999:, located between Potsdam and Berlin.
683:, Groener worked on the draft for the
210:25 June 1920 – 12 August 1923
76:20 January 1928 – 13 May 1932
3380:
3203:
3035:
2872:
2738:– 26 October 1921 to 14 November 1922
2708:
2555:
2406:
2317:
2017:
1565:
1248:"Südwestkirchhof Stahnsdorf (German)"
1188:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
989:in 1934, where he wrote his memoirs,
575:in 1884. In 1890, he was promoted to
537:, who was working on a pact with the
475:
143:9 October 1931 – 1 June 1932
2902:– 22 November 1922 to 12 August 1923
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1147:"Biografie Wilhelm Groener (German)"
1098:"Biografie Wilhelm Groener (German)"
764:End of the war and German revolution
3578:German Army generals of World War I
1369:(PhD) Georgetown University, 2006.
897:Das Testament des Grafen Schlieffen
873:
24:
3583:Lieutenant generals of Württemberg
3233:– 30 March 1930 to 10 October 1931
2345:Chiefs of the German General Staff
1490:Transportation Minister of Germany
1281:, New York: Pantheon Books, 1972.
1112:
1051:
1030:Military Merit Order (Württemberg)
588:
276:3 July 1919 – 7 July 1919
25:
3629:
1415:
1240:
1193:. United Kingdom: Hero Books Ltd.
1165:
997:Stahnsdorf South-Western Cemetery
797:suggested that the Kaiser should
258:Chief of the German General Staff
3523:
3410:– 10 October 1931 to 1 June 1932
3365:
3188:
3020:
2857:
2693:
2585:– 10 May 1921 to 22 October 1921
2540:
2182:
2133:
2097:
2053:
1877:
1823:
1779:
1665:
1601:
931:and favoured the banning of the
743:. On 28 March, he was appointed
421:
411:
394:
190:
3065:– 28 June 1928 to 27 March 1930
1040:Honorary citizen of Ludwigsburg
3613:Transport ministers of Germany
2372:Helmuth von Moltke the Younger
1227:
631:
13:
1:
3608:Interior ministers of Germany
2436:– 25 June 1920 to 10 May 1921
1635:Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg
1593:Interior Ministers of Germany
1353:. Boppard a.R.: Boldt, 1977.
1266:
1100:. Bayerische Staatsbibliothek
721:Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg
544:
506:Erster Generalquartiermeister
2357:Helmuth von Moltke the Elder
2045:Defence Ministers of Germany
1630:Arthur von Posadowsky-Wehner
1625:Karl Heinrich von Boetticher
1544:Interior Minister of Germany
1397:Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1922).
1339:. Munich: Oldenbourg, 1993.
1016:Military Order of Max Joseph
978:and left politics for good.
923:On 8 October 1931 he became
770:German Revolution of 1918–19
724:his views on social policy.
549:Wilhelm Groener was born in
523:German Revolution of 1918–19
7:
3573:Ministers of the Reichswehr
2190:Federal Republic of Germany
1885:Federal Republic of Germany
1517:Defence Minister of Germany
1431:20th Century Press Archives
1209:Haffner, Sebastian (2002).
657:Kriegsernährungsministerium
608:of Infantry Regiment 98 at
495:After a confrontation with
469:Karl Eduard Wilhelm Groener
318:Karl Eduard Wilhelm Groener
10:
3634:
2286:Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer
2271:Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg
2141:German Democratic Republic
1831:German Democratic Republic
1458:Chief of the General Staff
767:
753:Heeresgruppe Eichhorn-Kiew
593:
3521:
3415:
3363:
3238:
3186:
3070:
3018:
2907:
2855:
2743:
2691:
2590:
2538:
2441:
2352:
2304:
2180:
2131:
2095:
2051:
2004:
1875:
1821:
1777:
1663:
1599:
1554:Wilhelm Freiherr von Gayl
1550:
1541:
1533:
1523:
1514:
1506:
1496:
1487:
1479:
1474:
1464:
1455:
1447:
1442:
1380:Wheeler-Bennett, Sir John
1305:Groener-Geyer, Dorothea.
954:, his subordinate at the
739:during the occupation of
477:[ˈvɪlhɛlmˈɡʁøːnɐ]
462:
452:
442:
434:
407:
389:
384:
376:
368:
344:
313:
308:
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292:
280:
269:
256:
244:
232:
214:
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181:
169:
157:
147:
136:
122:
110:
98:
80:
69:
55:
51:
39:
32:
3514:Hans Schlange-Schöningen
1400:"Groener, Wilhelm"
1044:
925:acting Interior Minister
674:Prussian Minister of War
127:Minister of the Interior
3563:People from Ludwigsburg
1406:Encyclopædia Britannica
3603:German anti-communists
3408:Second Brüning cabinet
2994:Frederic von Rosenberg
1926:Hans-Dietrich Genscher
1250:. Märkische Allgemeine
1189:Dupuy, Trevor (1984).
1035:Order of the Red Eagle
1003:Decorations and awards
991:
974:
968:
962:
956:
944:
936:
916:
902:
896:
884:
862:
854:
844:
838:
817:
711:
695:
691:Auxiliary Services Act
668:
666:he became head of the
662:
656:
646:
641:
604:
577:
567:
555:Kingdom of Württemberg
505:
3231:First Brüning cabinet
3063:Second Müller cabinet
2446:Constantin Fehrenbach
2367:Alfred von Schlieffen
1867:Peter-Michael Diestel
1349:Rakenius, Gerhard W.
1319:Haeussler, Helmut H.
1025:with Swords (Bavaria)
957:Reichswehrministerium
927:in the government of
880:Minister of Transport
863:Reichswehrministerium
702:Oberste Heeresleitung
639:
622:Alfred von Schlieffen
501:Quartermaster general
473:German pronunciation:
435:Years of service
219:Constantin Fehrenbach
186:Minister of Transport
3494:Gottfried Treviranus
3352:Gottfried Treviranus
2736:Second Wirth cabinet
2377:Erich von Falkenhayn
2362:Alfred von Waldersee
2281:Ursula von der Leyen
1981:Hans-Peter Friedrich
1946:Friedrich Zimmermann
1640:Clemens von Delbrück
1023:Military Merit Order
890:. In 1923, when the
831:Treaty of Versailles
823:Schloss Wilhelmshöhe
3471:Ernst Trendelenburg
3336:Theodor von Guérard
3307:Ernst Trendelenburg
3279:Johann Viktor Bredt
3117:Theodor von Guérard
2583:First Wirth cabinet
2382:Paul von Hindenburg
2291:Christine Lambrecht
2246:Gerhard Stoltenberg
2206:Franz Josef Strauss
2116:Werner von Blomberg
2087:Kurt von Schleicher
1527:Kurt von Schleicher
1451:Paul von Hindenburg
1233:William L. Shirer,
1011:(11 September 1915)
952:Kurt von Schleicher
912:Minister of Defence
715:in July 1917, when
628:from 1891 to 1906.
535:Kurt von Schleicher
287:Paul von Hindenburg
117:Kurt von Schleicher
60:Minister of Defence
2818:Johannes Giesberts
2659:Johannes Giesberts
2518:Johannes Giesberts
2434:Fehrenbach cabinet
2276:Thomas de Maizière
2211:Kai-Uwe von Hassel
1986:Thomas de Maizière
1976:Thomas de Maizière
1744:Walter von Keudell
1475:Political offices
1363:Stoneman, Mark R.
1335:Hürter, Johannes.
1291:Groener, Wilhelm.
992:Lebenserinnerungen
806:Ebert-Groener pact
731:, and then of the
642:
578:Bataillonsadjutant
3532:
3531:
3374:
3373:
3197:
3196:
3127:Rudolf Hilferding
3085:Gustav Stresemann
3029:
3028:
2866:
2865:
2702:
2701:
2549:
2548:
2400:
2399:
2311:
2310:
2011:
2010:
1971:Wolfgang Schäuble
1951:Wolfgang Schäuble
1560:
1559:
1551:Succeeded by
1524:Succeeded by
1497:Succeeded by
1465:Succeeded by
1443:Military offices
1392:978-1-4039-1812-3
1359:978-3-486-81738-6
1345:978-3-486-55978-1
1287:978-0-394-47122-8
1014:Commander of the
981:Groener moved to
850:Walther Reinhardt
733:XXV Reserve Corps
686:Hilfsdienstgesetz
515:Social Democratic
466:
465:
355:Potsdam-Bornstedt
265:
16:(Redirected from
3625:
3527:
3479:
3466:
3458:Hermann Warmbold
3430:Hermann Dietrich
3420:Heinrich Brüning
3401:
3394:
3387:
3378:
3377:
3369:
3320:Paul Moldenhauer
3315:
3253:Hermann Dietrich
3243:Heinrich Brüning
3224:
3217:
3210:
3201:
3200:
3192:
3145:Hermann Dietrich
3133:Paul Moldenhauer
3107:Erich Koch-Weser
3056:
3049:
3042:
3033:
3032:
3024:
3008:
2893:
2886:
2879:
2870:
2869:
2861:
2845:
2826:
2772:Walther Rathenau
2729:
2722:
2715:
2706:
2705:
2697:
2684:Walther Rathenau
2667:
2576:
2569:
2562:
2553:
2552:
2544:
2526:
2472:Erich Koch-Weser
2427:
2420:
2413:
2404:
2403:
2338:
2331:
2324:
2315:
2314:
2266:Franz Josef Jung
2256:Rudolf Scharping
2216:Gerhard Schröder
2194:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2172:Rainer Eppelmann
2167:Theodor Hoffmann
2145:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2109:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2065:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2015:
2014:
1906:Gerhard Schröder
1896:Gustav Heinemann
1889:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1857:Friedrich Dickel
1835:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1813:Wilhelm Stuckart
1803:Heinrich Himmler
1791:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1764:Wilhelm von Gayl
1719:Wilhelm Sollmann
1699:Erich Koch-Weser
1677:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1613:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1586:
1579:
1572:
1563:
1562:
1534:Preceded by
1507:Preceded by
1480:Preceded by
1448:Preceded by
1440:
1439:
1410:
1402:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1244:
1238:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1206:
1195:
1194:
1186:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1153:on July 11, 2014
1143:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1094:
994:
977:
971:
965:
959:
949:
941:
929:Heinrich Brüning
919:
905:
899:
889:
874:Political career
865:
859:
847:
841:
820:
714:
698:
681:Erich Ludendorff
671:
665:
659:
649:
618:deployment plans
607:
583:Schwäbisch Gmünd
580:
573:Württemberg Army
570:
508:
497:Erich Ludendorff
487:
486:
485:
479:
474:
427:Württemberg Army
425:
415:
400:
398:
397:
385:Military service
351:
328:22 November 1867
327:
325:
309:Personal details
295:
283:
274:
260:
247:
235:
208:
196:
194:
193:
176:Wilhelm von Gayl
172:
160:
152:Heinrich Brüning
141:
113:
101:
93:Heinrich Brüning
74:
44:
30:
29:
21:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3528:
3519:
3473:
3460:
3452:Wilhelm Groener
3446:Adam Stegerwald
3411:
3405:
3375:
3370:
3361:
3309:
3301:Wilhelm Groener
3295:Adam Stegerwald
3234:
3228:
3198:
3193:
3184:
3173:Adam Stegerwald
3157:Wilhelm Groener
3066:
3060:
3030:
3025:
3016:
3002:
2958:Wilhelm Groener
2938:Heinrich Brauns
2922:Heinrich Albert
2903:
2897:
2867:
2862:
2853:
2839:
2831:Wilhelm Groener
2820:
2806:Gustav Radbruch
2800:Heinrich Brauns
2739:
2733:
2703:
2698:
2689:
2672:Wilhelm Groener
2661:
2637:Heinrich Brauns
2625:Georg Gradnauer
2619:Friedrich Rosen
2586:
2580:
2550:
2545:
2536:
2531:Hans von Raumer
2520:
2512:Wilhelm Groener
2500:Heinrich Brauns
2437:
2431:
2401:
2396:
2392:Hans von Seeckt
2387:Wilhelm Groener
2348:
2342:
2312:
2307:
2300:
2296:Boris Pistorius
2193:(1949–present)
2192:
2183:
2181:
2176:
2143:
2134:
2132:
2127:
2107:
2098:
2096:
2091:
2082:Wilhelm Groener
2063:
2061:Weimar Republic
2054:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2012:
2007:
2000:
1961:Manfred Kanther
1931:Werner Maihofer
1911:Hermann Höcherl
1888:(1949–present)
1887:
1878:
1876:
1871:
1833:
1824:
1822:
1817:
1789:
1780:
1778:
1773:
1759:Wilhelm Groener
1704:Georg Gradnauer
1684:Friedrich Ebert
1675:
1673:Weimar Republic
1666:
1664:
1659:
1645:Karl Helfferich
1611:
1602:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1556:
1547:
1539:
1529:
1520:
1512:
1502:
1493:
1485:
1470:
1468:Hans von Seeckt
1461:
1453:
1418:
1413:
1269:
1264:
1263:
1253:
1251:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1232:
1228:
1221:
1207:
1198:
1187:
1166:
1156:
1154:
1145:
1144:
1113:
1103:
1101:
1096:
1095:
1052:
1047:
1021:Officer of the
1005:
903:Reichspräsident
876:
868:Hans von Seeckt
795:Friedrich Ebert
792:Social Democrat
772:
766:
758:Austria-Hungary
717:Georg Michaelis
707:Paul Hindenburg
663:Generalleutnant
634:
596:
591:
589:Military career
547:
531:Weimar Republic
519:Friedrich Ebert
481:
480:
472:
447:Generalleutnant
395:
393:
377:Political party
353:
349:
335:Neckar District
329:
323:
321:
320:
319:
299:Hans von Seeckt
293:
281:
275:
270:
261:
245:
233:
225:
221:
209:
204:
198:Weimar Republic
191:
189:
188:
170:
158:
142:
137:
131:Weimar Republic
129:
111:
99:
91:
87:
75:
70:
64:Weimar Republic
62:
47:
46:Groener in 1928
35:
34:Wilhelm Groener
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3631:
3621:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3530:
3529:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3511:
3504:Georg Schätzel
3501:
3491:
3484:Martin Schiele
3481:
3468:
3455:
3449:
3443:
3437:
3427:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3404:
3403:
3396:
3389:
3381:
3372:
3371:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3349:
3342:Georg Schätzel
3339:
3333:
3326:Martin Schiele
3323:
3317:
3304:
3298:
3292:
3286:
3276:
3270:
3263:Julius Curtius
3260:
3250:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3227:
3226:
3219:
3212:
3204:
3195:
3194:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3176:
3170:
3163:Georg Schätzel
3160:
3154:
3151:Rudolf Wissell
3148:
3142:
3139:Robert Schmidt
3136:
3130:
3124:
3114:
3104:
3098:
3095:Julius Curtius
3092:
3082:
3075:Hermann Müller
3071:
3068:
3067:
3059:
3058:
3051:
3044:
3036:
3027:
3026:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3014:
2997:
2991:
2985:
2979:
2973:
2970:Andreas Hermes
2967:
2961:
2955:
2945:
2935:
2925:
2919:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2896:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2873:
2864:
2863:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2834:
2828:
2815:
2809:
2803:
2797:
2794:Robert Schmidt
2791:
2788:Andreas Hermes
2785:
2779:
2769:
2759:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2732:
2731:
2724:
2717:
2709:
2700:
2699:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2681:
2678:Andreas Hermes
2675:
2669:
2656:
2650:
2643:Eugen Schiffer
2640:
2634:
2631:Robert Schmidt
2628:
2622:
2616:
2606:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2579:
2578:
2571:
2564:
2556:
2547:
2546:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2528:
2515:
2509:
2503:
2497:
2494:Andreas Hermes
2491:
2485:
2479:
2469:
2463:
2453:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2430:
2429:
2422:
2415:
2407:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2341:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2318:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2236:Manfred Wörner
2233:
2228:
2223:
2221:Helmut Schmidt
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2197:
2195:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2157:Heinz Hoffmann
2154:
2148:
2146:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2119:
2112:
2110:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2068:
2066:
2049:
2048:
2041:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2018:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1991:Horst Seehofer
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1956:Rudolf Seiters
1953:
1948:
1943:
1941:Jürgen Schmude
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1892:
1890:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1862:Lothar Ahrendt
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1842:Karl Steinhoff
1838:
1836:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1794:
1792:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1729:Martin Schiele
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1680:
1678:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1616:
1614:
1597:
1596:
1589:
1588:
1581:
1574:
1566:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1549:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1522:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1495:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1463:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1424:
1417:
1416:External links
1414:
1412:
1411:
1394:
1377:
1361:
1347:
1333:
1317:
1303:
1289:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1239:
1226:
1219:
1196:
1164:
1111:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1032:
1028:Knight of the
1026:
1019:
1012:
1009:Pour le Mérite
1004:
1001:
938:Sturmabteilung
875:
872:
768:Main article:
765:
762:
745:chief of staff
633:
630:
595:
592:
590:
587:
546:
543:
464:
463:
460:
459:
454:
450:
449:
444:
440:
439:
436:
432:
431:
430:
429:
409:
408:Branch/service
405:
404:
391:
387:
386:
382:
381:
378:
374:
373:
370:
366:
365:
352:(aged 71)
346:
342:
341:
317:
315:
311:
310:
306:
305:
302:
301:
296:
290:
289:
284:
278:
277:
267:
266:
254:
253:
248:
242:
241:
236:
230:
229:
216:
212:
211:
201:
200:
179:
178:
173:
167:
166:
161:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
134:
133:
120:
119:
114:
108:
107:
102:
96:
95:
89:Hermann Müller
82:
78:
77:
67:
66:
53:
52:
49:
48:
45:
37:
36:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3630:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3536:
3526:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3450:
3447:
3444:
3441:
3438:
3435:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3422:(Chancellor,
3421:
3418:
3417:
3414:
3409:
3402:
3397:
3395:
3390:
3388:
3383:
3382:
3379:
3368:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3245:(Chancellor,
3244:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3232:
3225:
3220:
3218:
3213:
3211:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3191:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3164:
3161:
3159:(independent)
3158:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3101:Carl Severing
3099:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3077:(Chancellor,
3076:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3064:
3057:
3052:
3050:
3045:
3043:
3038:
3037:
3034:
3023:
3012:
3006:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2964:Rudolf Heinze
2962:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2929:
2928:Johann Becker
2926:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2916:Reichskanzler
2913:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2901:
2894:
2889:
2887:
2882:
2880:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2860:
2849:
2843:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2753:
2752:Reichskanzler
2749:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2737:
2730:
2725:
2723:
2718:
2716:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2696:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2599:Reichskanzler
2596:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2584:
2577:
2572:
2570:
2565:
2563:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2543:
2532:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2516:
2514:(independent)
2513:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2468:(independent)
2467:
2466:Walter Simons
2464:
2461:
2457:
2456:Rudolf Heinze
2454:
2451:
2448:(Chancellor,
2447:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2435:
2428:
2423:
2421:
2416:
2414:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2346:
2339:
2334:
2332:
2327:
2325:
2320:
2319:
2316:
2303:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2241:Rupert Scholz
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2201:Theodor Blank
2199:
2198:
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2191:
2179:
2173:
2170:
2168:
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2163:
2162:Heinz Kessler
2160:
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1798:Wilhelm Frick
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1655:Karl Trimborn
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1609:German Empire
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948:
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777:Field Marshal
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729:33rd Division
725:
722:
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712:Reichskanzlei
708:
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600:General Staff
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402:German Empire
392:
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367:
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263:German Empire
259:
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73:
68:
65:
61:
59:
54:
50:
43:
38:
31:
19:
3534:
3451:
3300:
3273:Joseph Wirth
3179:Joseph Wirth
3156:
2988:Rudolf Oeser
2957:
2948:Otto Gessler
2915:
2912:Wilhelm Cuno
2900:Cuno cabinet
2830:
2812:Otto Gessler
2782:Adolf Köster
2762:Gustav Bauer
2751:
2748:Joseph Wirth
2671:
2653:Otto Gessler
2609:Gustav Bauer
2598:
2595:Joseph Wirth
2511:
2506:Otto Gessler
2488:Ernst Scholz
2482:Joseph Wirth
2386:
2306:East Germany
2261:Peter Struck
2105:Nazi Germany
2081:
2077:Otto Gessler
2072:Gustav Noske
2006:East Germany
1996:Nancy Faeser
1936:Gerhart Baum
1808:Paul Giesler
1787:Nazi Germany
1769:Franz Bracht
1758:
1754:Joseph Wirth
1739:Wilhelm Külz
1714:Rudolf Oeser
1709:Adolf Köster
1694:Eduard David
1620:Karl Hofmann
1612:(1871–1918)
1542:
1537:Joseph Wirth
1515:
1500:Rudolf Oeser
1488:
1483:Gustav Bauer
1456:
1404:
1383:
1364:
1350:
1336:
1320:
1306:
1292:
1279:Hajo Holborn
1277:, edited by
1274:
1252:. Retrieved
1242:
1234:
1229:
1210:
1190:
1155:. Retrieved
1151:the original
1102:. Retrieved
980:
922:
877:
835:
810:
803:
789:
773:
751:
726:
700:
696:Arbeitszwang
685:
678:
647:Generalmajor
643:
605:Kompaniechef
597:
548:
527:
494:
468:
467:
453:Battles/wars
363:Nazi Germany
350:(1939-05-03)
294:Succeeded by
271:
251:Rudolf Oeser
246:Succeeded by
239:Gustav Bauer
227:Wilhelm Cuno
223:Joseph Wirth
205:
183:
171:Succeeded by
164:Joseph Wirth
138:
124:
112:Succeeded by
105:Otto Gessler
85:Wilhelm Marx
71:
57:
3553:1939 deaths
3548:1867 births
3474: [
3461: [
3310: [
3003: [
3000:Karl Stingl
2982:Karl Müller
2976:Hans Luther
2840: [
2821: [
2662: [
2521: [
2347:(1871–1919)
2251:Volker Rühe
2226:Georg Leber
2152:Willi Stoph
2122:Karl Dönitz
2118:(1933–1938)
1966:Otto Schily
1921:Ernst Benda
1901:Robert Lehr
1847:Willi Stoph
1734:Otto Geßler
1724:Karl Jarres
1650:Max Wallraf
1510:Otto Geßler
1213:. Kindler.
908:Otto Geßler
632:World War I
626:German Army
551:Ludwigsburg
511:German Army
490:World War I
457:World War I
417:German Army
380:Independent
369:Nationality
359:Brandenburg
339:Württemberg
331:Ludwigsburg
282:Preceded by
234:Preceded by
159:Preceded by
100:Preceded by
3542:Categories
2837:Anton Fehr
2144:(1949–90)
2108:(1933–45)
2064:(1918–33)
1916:Paul Lücke
1852:Karl Maron
1834:(1949–90)
1790:(1933–45)
1689:Hugo Preuß
1676:(1918–33)
1548:1931–1932
1521:1928–1932
1494:1920–1923
1267:References
969:Reichswehr
917:Reichswehr
886:Reichsbahn
856:Reichswehr
785:Wilhelm II
781:revolution
749:army group
545:Early life
517:president
390:Allegiance
348:3 May 1939
324:1867-11-22
215:Chancellor
148:Chancellor
81:Chancellor
3448:(Zentrum)
3440:Curt Joël
3432:(Deputy,
3338:(Zentrum)
3297:(Zentrum)
3289:Curt Joël
3275:(Zentrum)
3255:(Deputy,
3181:(Zentrum)
3175:(Zentrum)
2984:(Zentrum)
2972:(Zentrum)
2827:(Zentrum)
2802:(Zentrum)
2790:(Zentrum)
2764:(Deputy,
2680:(Zentrum)
2668:(Zentrum)
2639:(Zentrum)
2611:(Deputy,
2527:(Zentrum)
2502:(Zentrum)
2496:(Zentrum)
2484:(Zentrum)
2458:(Deputy,
2231:Hans Apel
1375:173237457
1331:610198939
1315:299954115
1301:942998885
987:Bornstedt
963:Reichstag
813:armistice
719:replaced
669:Kriegsamt
614:Stuttgart
559:gymnasium
509:) of the
438:1884–1919
272:In office
206:In office
139:In office
72:In office
799:abdicate
3424:Zentrum
3247:Zentrum
3121:Zentrum
2942:Zentrum
2756:Zentrum
2603:Zentrum
2450:Zentrum
1433:of the
1429:in the
1104:26 June
1018:Bavaria
983:Potsdam
827:Kolberg
747:of the
741:Ukraine
737:I Corps
652:Romania
594:Pre-war
571:of the
553:in the
18:Groener
3516:(CNBL)
3480:(DStP)
2187:
2138:
2124:(1945)
2102:
2058:
1882:
1828:
1784:
1670:
1606:
1390:
1373:
1357:
1343:
1329:
1313:
1299:
1285:
1254:29 May
1217:
1157:22 May
950:(SS).
399:
372:German
195:
3478:]
3465:]
3434:DStP)
3322:(DVP)
3316:(DDP)
3314:]
3153:(SPD)
3147:(DDP)
3141:(SPD)
3135:(DVP)
3129:(SPD)
3103:(SPD)
3097:(DVP)
3007:]
2990:(DDP)
2966:(DVP)
2844:]
2825:]
2814:(DDP)
2808:(SPD)
2796:(SPD)
2784:(SPD)
2686:(DDP)
2666:]
2655:(DDP)
2633:(SPD)
2627:(SPD)
2533:(DVP)
2525:]
2508:(DDP)
2490:(DVP)
1462:1919
1045:Notes
845:Reich
839:Reich
818:Reich
679:With
539:Nazis
184:Reich
125:Reich
58:Reich
3488:CNBL
3330:DNVP
2918:, -)
1388:ISBN
1371:OCLC
1355:ISBN
1341:ISBN
1327:OCLC
1311:OCLC
1297:OCLC
1283:ISBN
1256:2013
1215:ISBN
1159:2013
1106:2013
933:Nazi
892:Cuno
610:Metz
499:the
443:Rank
345:Died
314:Born
3508:BVP
3498:KVP
3467:(-)
3454:(-)
3442:(-)
3356:KVP
3346:BVP
3303:(-)
3291:(-)
3267:DVP
3257:DDP
3167:BVP
3111:DDP
3089:DVP
3079:SPD
3011:BVP
2996:(-)
2978:(-)
2960:(-)
2952:DDP
2932:DVP
2924:(-)
2833:(-)
2776:DDP
2766:SPD
2674:(-)
2647:DDP
2621:(-)
2613:SPD
2476:DDP
2460:DVP
1435:ZBW
910:as
620:of
563:Ulm
561:at
3544::
3476:de
3463:de
3312:de
3283:WP
3005:de
2848:BB
2842:de
2823:de
2774:((
2754:,
2664:de
2601:,
2523:de
1403:.
1382:.
1199:^
1167:^
1114:^
1053:^
833:.
676:.
541:.
492:.
361:,
357:,
337:,
333:,
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3490:)
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3281:(
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3265:(
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2645:(
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2605:)
2597:(
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2568:t
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2474:(
2462:)
2452:)
2426:e
2419:t
2412:v
2337:e
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2323:v
2037:e
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2023:v
1585:e
1578:t
1571:v
1258:.
1223:.
1161:.
1108:.
985:-
689:(
503:(
471:(
326:)
322:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
