236:
591:
the oval characterized by a straight line across the upper side of the eye, is known at
Chichen Itza. Also typical of both the MCM and paintings at Chichen Itza is the casual attention to underdrawing; in both, the final painted line deviates from the sketch. The style of the MCM hieroglyphs is simple but competent, consistent and controlled for long columns of day signs. Both the underdrawing and the finished work suggests that a single scribe, using at least two brushes, one brush for thicker, viscous pigments used for the day signs, and a finer instrument to handle the human figures and other elements of each scene.
61:
334:, it originally consisted of twenty pages; the first eight and the last two are now missing. Folio 8 has the tallest fragment, measuring 19 centimeters (7.5 in), and its pages are typically 12.5 centimeters (4.9 in) wide. The red frame lines at the bottom of pages four through eight indicates that the dimensions were once substantially taller, and that the scribe prepared a space for text under the figure on each page. Accordingly, the manuscript would once have measured 250 centimeters (98.4 in), roughly the size of the
3147:
660:
636:
624:
612:
672:
648:
31:
551:(1965.782); this sun god sets the temple in front of him afire with a dart launched from his atlatl. A death god appears on page 6, almost certainly a version of Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli, as first identified by John Carlson. He wields a massive knife and has decapitated another deity that he holds by the hair. The death deity has a jagged flint blade in his nasal cavity, similar to a depiction at the Temple of the Warriors,
2120:
351:
587:
loosely followed by the subsequent final painting. The discovery of ring numbers in the Xultun paintings, dating to 800 CE, provided evidence that ring numbers were in use for centuries, and not unique to the
Dresden Codex. The proportions of the human figures are similar to those known from Terminal Classic and Early Postclassic fine orange ceramics, typically with a ringstand support.
536:
later on page 8. On page 8, the count in the “ring” is 16, three bars and one dot; this is added to the sum yielded by the 11 dots, which note periods of 20, or 220 days, to total 236 days: 236 is the period of Venus's visibility as
Morning Star. The book would have served as a guide to precise knowledge in the hands of a Maya priest in the late 11th or early 12th century.
567:
Finally, although once thought to be fragments of two different pages, Page 10 can now be recognized as a single page, and the depiction of the third and final skeletal death deity, probably
Tlalhuizcalpantecuhtli again. The deity has launched an atlatl dart into a body of water to strike a gastropod, very much like images from the
566:
Although sometimes identified as a maize deity, the Page 9 god is the craggy mountain deity or personified mountain from which a maize kernel or a maize god could emerge, like the representation discovered at Tancah in 1974. In the MCM the mountain deity prepares to hurl a stone and takes a captive.
445:
The
English Mayanist J. Eric S. Thompson cast doubt upon the authenticity of the MCM in 1975, although he did not see the manuscript himself. As Victoria Bricker and Harvey Bricker have argued, the contents of the MCM have not been copied directly from any known codices, and yet they are consistent
523:
Although both front and back (recto and verso) of the MCM were prepared for painting, only one side was completed as a ritual manuscript. Each recto page features a standing deity facing left. The left-hand side of each page is marked by a column of repeated day signs; where this column is complete
341:
Its authenticity was disputed at the time of its discovery, but has been upheld by multiple studies. In 2018, a team of scientists coordinated by the
National Institute for Anthropology and History demonstrated conclusively that the document dates to the period between 1021 and 1154 CE. The Mexican
590:
Saeko
Yanigasawa has demonstrated that the style of the MCM most closely relates to that of Mixtec codices, which may have drawn on hybrid works like the MCM, and other scholars have noted that headdresses known from the Mixtec manuscripts are first known in the MCM. The rounded eye, as opposed to
535:
It is these synodic periods that are spelled out in the MCM ring numbers. For example, page 7 shows a bar and three dots inside the “ring,” so that the reader counts forward 8 days from the Lamat day (e.g.10 Lamat, in the second position) to the Kib day (e.g. 5 Kib, in the second position), 8 days
510:
Mexican scientific study has also shown that the codex was subjected to at least three periods of high moisture conditions. Furthermore, tiny arthropods took up residence in the MCM at some point, yielding crisply chewed edges that detractors of the manuscript misconstrued as scissor cuts. Looters
449:
Various campaigns of scientific testing of the manuscript have taken place, beginning with a radiocarbon test in 1972 which yielded a date of 1035–1431; a subsequent test in 2012 produced a date of 1050–1284. In 2007, the
Instituto de Física de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México subjected
599:
The MCM was first shown at the
Grolier Club from April 20 to June 5, 1971. Prior to the first exhibit in 1971 at The Grolier Club, the MCM was in the possession of a private collector in Mexico. The MCM first appeared at an auction in the late 1960s. The MCM was exhibited at the Museo Nacional de
586:
The radiocarbon date of the codex places it squarely in the Early
Postclassic period, when both Tula and Chichen Itza were waning in power and when all of Mesoamerica was in decline. The workmanship of the MCM relates to late paintings at Chichen Itza, in which outlines and underdrawing are only
562:
Venus passages, and this may further link him to Tlalhuizcalpantecuhtli, god of the Morning Star in Central Mexico. The shining tree may be issuing radiant jade disks. Page 8 has been identified as a bird deity, with some serpent qualities; he wears a thick belt and tezcacuitlapilli over a hide
441:
photographer Enrico Ferorrelli in 1987, along with a full set of hand-drawn and uncopyrighted drawings for dissemination, and a thorough analysis of the context, content, and iconography of the codex. Coe et al. also demonstrated that the paper is three-ply, which lent itself to the screen-fold
393:
state; the compass of the plane was covered with a cloth but Sáenz recognized his approximate location. At the airstrip he was shown the codex along with some other looted Maya artifacts and was told that he could take the items back to Mexico City for authentication before purchasing them. The
531:
Mesoamerican peoples paid close attention to Venus, understood to be a dangerous and warlike entity (XRF Mesoamerican calendars). Venus's cycle was broken down by synodic periods as follows: 90 days of invisibility in superior conjunction (SC), 250 days of visibility as Evening Star, 8 days of
514:
In 2015, ahead of the INAH study, Coe, Houston, Miller and Taube published a full study of the codex. They presented further arguments in support of the authenticity of the document and came to the conclusion that only a Maya priest could have made the work. Despite subsequent publication of a
394:
antiquities expert that Sáenz consulted declared that the artifacts were fakes but Sáenz later purchased the codex and permitted Michael Coe to display the codex at the Grolier Club in 1971. In 1976, the United States-Mexico Artifacts Treaty of 1970 was invoked by the
1369:
446:
with an authentic and accurate prehispanic calendar. Although other scholars have argued for and against the codex, the arguments against the manuscript's authenticity became irrelevant in the face of Mexican scientific analysis.
478:
O) measuring between 0.2 mm-0.3 mm, in order to form a smooth writing surface. The Mexican studies have also proven that the pigment is contemporaneous with the paper; further work has shown that the pigments include
1991:
Stuart, David, 2010 Shinning Stones: Observations on the Ritual Meaning of Early Maya Stela. The Place of Stone Monuments: Context, Use and Meaning in Mesoamerica's Preclassic Transition. Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks.
515:
critical review of Coe et al.’s arguments, teams of scientists under the auspices of Mexico's National Institute of Anthropology and History were preparing the studies that would declare the MCM to be authentic in 2018.
1413:
Solís, Corina, Miguel Ángel Martínez Carrillo, María Rodríguez-Ceja, Efraín Rafael Chávez-Lomelí, José Andrés (2018). "Datación del Códice Maya de México con radiocarbono y espectrometría de masa con aceleradores".
1972:
Solís, Corina, Miguel Ángel Martínez Carillo, María Rodríguez-Ceja, Efraín Rafael Chávez-Lomelí, and José Andrés, 2018 Datación del Códice Maya de México con adiocarbon y espectrometría de masa con aceleradores.
458:. Tests under the sponsorship of INAH yielded additional radiocarbon dates, leading to a consensus that the manuscript dates to the 11th or 12th century. Additional scientific study has demonstrated that the
1953:
Ruvalcaba, J. L., S. Zetina, H. Calvo del Castillo, E. Hernández, M. Meeren, and L. Sotelo, 2008 The Grolier Codex: A Non Destructive Study of a Possible Maya Document using Imaging and Ion Beam Techniques.
1144:
532:
invisibility in inferior conjunction (IC), and 236 days of visibility as Morning Star, for a total of 584 days. Five Venus cycles equals 8 solar years of 365 days, providing for numerological opportunities.
539:
The first eight pages of the codex are now lost, as are the last two, but the page numbering today refers to the pages now in existence. Page 1 depicts K’awiil, who takes a captive. Page 2 depicts a
558:
The enigmatic deity of Page 7 stands in front of a shining tree, or what David Stuart first called the "Shiner". His headdress is very close to the headdresses worn by the five deities in the
1796:
2012-2013 The Twenty Masks of Venus: A Brief Report of Study and Commentary on the Thirteenth-Century Maya Grolier Codex, a Fragment of a 104-Year Hybrid-Style Maya Divinatory Venus Almanac.
547:
60b. K’awiil repeats on Page 4, this time taking a captive. Page 5 features a version of a solar deity known from Dresden 55a, and as the face of an Early Postclassic Maya mask at the
1921:
Instituto Nacional de Antroplogía e Historia, 2018 Boletín N0. 299: INAH Ratifica al Códice Maya de Mexico, antes llamado Grolier, como elmanuscrito auténtico más antiguo d América.
1306:"The Twenty Masks of Venus: A Brief Report of Study and Commentary on the Thirteenth-Century Maya Grolier Codex, a Fragment of a 104-Year Hybrid-Style Maya Divinatory Venus Almanac"
1492:
Sánchez Hernández, Ricardo, and Alba Azucena Barrios Ruiz (2018). "Caraterización mineralógica y química de la imprimatura y los pigmentos del Códice Maya de México".
1963:
Sánchez Hernández, Ricardo, and Alaba Azucena Barrios Ruiz, 2018 Caraterización mineralógica y química de la imprimatura y los pigmentos del Códice Mayade México. In
398:. This resulted in the seizure of the codex and its return to Mexico. Sáenz donated the codex to the Mexican government and it is currently kept in the vault of the
543:, the god most commonly known as Kimi among the Maya. The deity of Page 3 is not easily identifiable, but the blackened eyes of the captive are like those seen on
1805:
2014 The Grolier Codex: An Authentic 13th-Century Maya Divinatory Venus Almanac: New Revelations on the Oldest Surviving Book on Paper in the Ancient Americas.
524:
these total thirteen in all. Ring numbers across the upper margin link the days of the Venus cycle, recorded in a hybrid system that incorporates both the
1531:
Gutiérrez, Gerardo, and Mariana Lujan Sanders (2018). "Materialidad y paleta de colores del Códice Maya de México por fluorescencia de rayos X (XRF)".
410:
would make it the only pre-Columbian codex discovered in the course of the 20th century, except for some codex fragments excavated by archaeologists.
366:
in the 1960s, along with a mosaic mask, a wooden box, a knife handle, as well as a child's sandal and a piece of rope, along with some blank pages of
1787:
Carlson John B., 1983 The Grolier Codex: A Preliminary Report on the Content and Authenticity of a Thirteenth-Century Maya Venus Almanac. In
1598:
1556:
1517:
1478:
1439:
1399:
875:
798:
316:
2747:
1453:
Gutiérrez, Gerardo, and Baltazar Brito Guadarrama (2018). "Fechamiento AMS 14C del Códice Maya de México: el libro más antiguo de Mesoamérica".
918:
1912:
Gutiérrez, Gerardo, and Baltazar Brito Guadarrama, 2018 Fechamiento AMS 14C del Códice Maya de México: el libro más antiguo de Mesoamérica.
2962:
1091:
266:
326:
The MCM first appeared in a private collection in the 1960s and was shown at "The Maya Scribe and His World", an exhibition held at the
2170:
1791:, edited by Anthony F. Aveni and Gordon Brotherston, pp. 27– 57. International Series 174, British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.
3547:
2077:
385:. In 1965, the Mexican collector Dr. Josué Sáenz was taken by two men on a light plane to a remote airstrip in the foothills of the
2737:
370:(pre-Columbian fig-bark paper). Saenz lent the manuscript to the Grolier Club and later presented the book to the Mexican nation.
3230:
710:"Boletín 299: INAH ratifica al Códice Maya de México, antes llamado Grolier, como el manuscrito auténtico más antiguo de América"
1815:
2967:
3898:
1672:
1582:
1540:
1501:
1462:
1423:
1009:
901:
782:
1573:
Pedraza-Lara, Carlos, and Margarita Ojeda (2018). "Observaciones sobre el Códice Maya de México en aspectos entomológicos".
511:
handled the codex roughly, tearing apart the pages. Today only pages four, five, and six remain attached to one another.
362:
The first Mexican owner, Josué Saenz, claimed that the manuscript had been recovered from a cave in the Mexican state of
1944:
Pedraza-Lara, Carlos, and Margarita Ojeda, 2018 Observaciones sobre el Códice Maya de México en aspectos entomológicos.
1697:
1647:
859:
2977:
450:
the codex to non-destructive testing in an effort to determine its authenticity, and identified the key ingredient of
1216:
403:
3220:
3094:
1822:(in Spanish). Mexico City, Mexico: Editorial Raíces. X (55): 70–79. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-02-06.
174:
1885:
Farriss, Nancy R. Arthur G. Miller, and Arlen F. Chase, 1975 Late Maya Mural Paintings from Quintana Roo, Mexico.
3797:
3787:
3356:
3032:
2912:
2857:
259:
3812:
578:
Two more pages would have followed these ten, to complete the full Venus cycle recorded in the surviving pages.
3888:
3075:
3134:
1636:"The Grolier Codex: A Preliminary report on the content and authenticity of a 13th century Maya Venus almanac"
1370:"The Grolier Codex: A Non Destructive Study of a Possible Maya Document Using Imaging and Ion Beam Techniques"
206:
3893:
3124:
2952:
2070:
216:
17:
3822:
3772:
3114:
1328:
197:
3129:
1118:
709:
421:, published by the Grolier Club in 1973. The MCM was subsequently published various times, by detractors (
221:
3119:
3007:
430:
211:
1279:
3777:
3536:
3225:
3181:
2812:
2772:
2042:
1170:
399:
395:
342:
studies confirm that it is the oldest surviving codex from Mexico and the oldest book of the Americas.
252:
140:
42:
1203:
330:
in New York City in 1971, hence its original name. An almanac that charts the movements of the planet
3792:
3452:
3351:
3334:
3324:
2982:
1935:
Martínez del Campo Lanz, Sofía, 2002 New Questions Concerning the Authenticity of the Grolier Codex.
100:
2852:
2827:
442:
format. A new facsimile, based on new photography, was published by the Mexican government in 2018.
3757:
2063:
1663:
Yanagisawa, Saeko (2018). "El Códice Maya de México es un Códice de la Tradición Mixteca-Puebla?".
548:
2887:
2257:
3252:
2696:
2006:
Yanagisawa, Saeko, 2018 El Códice Maya de México es un Códice de la Tradición Mixteca-Puebla? In
1688:
Stuart, David (2010). "Shinning Stones: Observations on the Ritual Meaning of Early Maya Stela".
944:
386:
2140:
1751:
Bower, Jessica (2016). "The Mayan Written Word: History, Controversy, and Library Connections".
373:
The codex is said to have been found enclosed in a wooden box in a dry cave in the highlands of
2872:
2557:
2552:
1368:
Ruvalcaba, J. L., S. Zetina, H. Calvo del Castillo, E. Arroyo, E. Hernández, M. Vander (2008).
378:
3522:
2932:
2104:
1764:
3883:
3747:
3655:
3329:
3242:
3193:
3109:
3012:
2366:
1690:
The Place of Stone Monuments: Context, Use and Meaning in Mesoamerica's Preclassic Transition
1393:
188:
3782:
2897:
2108:
844:
3625:
3515:
3210:
3176:
3042:
3022:
3002:
2992:
2987:
2922:
2882:
2867:
2862:
2837:
2742:
2717:
2547:
1340:
892:
Martínez del Campo Lanz, Sofía (2018). "El Lenguaje Intrínseco del Códice Maya de México".
659:
568:
3807:
3767:
1827:
Bonello, Deborah, 2018 Mexican historians prove authenticity of looted ancient Maya text.
970:
635:
8:
3727:
3484:
3425:
3368:
2927:
2842:
2691:
2274:
2247:
2198:
2031:
438:
422:
2208:
1872:
Coe, Michael, Mary Miller, Stephen Houston, and Karl Taube, 2015 The Fourth Maya Codex.
1344:
381:; it was said to have been found with a turquoise mask that is now in the collection of
60:
3762:
3590:
3529:
3361:
3289:
3068:
2782:
2511:
2371:
2351:
2178:
2128:
2037:
High resolution photos of the Grolier Codex from the Justin Kerr Precolumbian Portfolio
2001:
2. Berkeley: University of Berkeley of California Archaeological Research Facility, 27.
1592:
1550:
1511:
1472:
1433:
869:
792:
671:
647:
623:
611:
426:
240:
3630:
3161:
3084:
3027:
2832:
2663:
2491:
2446:
2346:
2306:
1693:
1668:
1667:. Ciudad de México: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. pp. 283–300.
1643:
1578:
1536:
1535:. Ciudad de México: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. pp. 185–204.
1497:
1496:. Ciudad de México: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. pp. 119–164.
1458:
1457:. Ciudad de México: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. pp. 267–282.
1419:
1418:. Ciudad de México: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. pp. 109–118.
1256:
1212:
1005:
897:
855:
778:
559:
294:
286:
110:
50:
3802:
2331:
2049:
1577:. Ciudad de México: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. pp. 93–108.
1171:"Archaeologist who explored the ancient civilizations of Mexico and Central America"
3832:
3605:
3188:
2997:
2817:
2757:
2727:
2722:
2653:
2416:
2376:
2296:
2237:
2225:
1782:
The Associated Press, 2018 Oldest Surviving Maya book declared authentic. CBC.
1760:
1381:
1348:
896:. Ciudad de México: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. pp. 15–42.
130:
3146:
2942:
2658:
1004:. Ciudad de México: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. pp. 1–14.
3857:
3712:
3585:
3570:
3380:
3346:
3237:
3171:
3104:
2892:
2822:
2787:
2608:
2381:
2316:
2203:
2188:
2086:
2027:
Justin Kerr's Pictures of the MCM originally published by Michael D. Coe in 1973.
1982:
Stevenson, Mark, 2018 Expertos de México autentican códice maya hace 1.000 años.
1612:
Love, Bruce (August 2017). "Authenticity of the Grolier Codex remains in doubt".
540:
467:
183:
80:
3508:
2501:
2336:
1926:
Martínez del Campo Lanz, 2018 El Lenguaje Intrínseco del Códice Maya de México.
1736:
Farris, Nancy R. (1975). "Late Maya Mural Paintings from Quintana Roo, Mexico".
3852:
3620:
3274:
2937:
2767:
2401:
563:
skirt, and he has shot the temple in front of him with a dart from his atlatl.
414:
382:
115:
95:
3862:
2807:
2732:
2582:
2456:
1845:
Brito Guadarrama, Baltazar, 2018 El Códice Maya de México. Códice Grolier. In
1353:
1000:
Brito Guadarama, Baltazar (2018). "El Códice Maya de México. Códice Grolier".
528:
numeration of the Maya and the single dots used in Central Mexico and Oaxaca.
3877:
3842:
3837:
3470:
3390:
3341:
3299:
3279:
3264:
3200:
3061:
2802:
2577:
2396:
2391:
2361:
2356:
2321:
2311:
2100:
1385:
1092:"Michael Coe: influential archaeologist helped unlock secrets of Mesoamerica"
707:
544:
525:
437:
published the first full-sized facsimile in 2015, using photographs taken by
335:
155:
135:
120:
90:
2957:
2496:
2242:
2036:
2026:
1233:
3722:
3660:
3650:
3645:
3465:
3459:
3314:
3304:
3284:
3037:
3017:
2877:
2762:
2752:
2628:
2592:
2521:
2461:
2451:
2262:
2230:
2150:
2145:
688:
600:
Antropología of Mexico City for three weeks in September and October 2018.
572:
552:
500:
480:
455:
355:
327:
320:
290:
165:
160:
75:
70:
30:
1903:
González Tirado, Carolusa, 2018 La Materialidad del Códice Maya de México.
425:, Milbrath, Baudez, among them) and by proponents (Stuart, Carlson). Coe,
3697:
3615:
3491:
3294:
3247:
2972:
2947:
2917:
2907:
2797:
2792:
2777:
2712:
2668:
2648:
2623:
2526:
2506:
2466:
2252:
2021:
125:
85:
3430:
2562:
2267:
2183:
1836:
Bricker, Harvey M., and Victoria R. Bricker, 2011 Venus and Mercury. In
3269:
3215:
2847:
2643:
2618:
2587:
2567:
2542:
2326:
2155:
1789:
Calendars in Mesoamerica and Peru: Native American Computations of Time
1640:
Calendars in Mesoamerica and Peru: Native American computations of time
434:
406:
in Mexico City and not on public display. The claimed discovery of the
150:
145:
3610:
2633:
2050:
13th century Maya codex, long shrouded in controversy, proves genuine.
2032:
Maya Hieroglyphic Writing: The Ancient Maya Codices by Randa Marhenke.
1997:
Thompson, J. Eric S. 1975 The Grolier Codex. In John A. Graham (ed.),
34:
Page 6 of the Maya Codex of Mexico, depicting a death god with captive
3580:
3501:
3205:
2686:
2572:
2486:
2481:
2386:
1894:
Gent, George, 1971 Manuscript Could Change Views on Mayas’ Religion.
1145:"Michael Coe, influential archaeologist and Maya Scholar, dies at 90"
496:
451:
417:, published the first half-size recto-side facsimile of the codex in
105:
3415:
3053:
2613:
2220:
1305:
919:"Mexican historians prove authenticity of looted ancient Mayan text"
773:
Bricker, Harvy M., Victoria R. Bricker (2011). "Venus and Mercury".
3847:
3707:
3692:
3675:
3670:
3259:
2441:
2426:
2421:
2406:
2301:
2291:
2193:
2159:
1714:
1635:
741:
484:
462:
paper surface was prepared on both sides with a thin foundation of
3410:
2055:
777:. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. pp. 219–229.
3737:
3702:
3595:
3166:
2471:
2431:
2411:
2341:
2286:
504:
390:
374:
363:
3420:
1257:"New Questions Concerning the Authenticity of the Grolier Codex"
708:
Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (30 August 2018).
3687:
3635:
3600:
3405:
2516:
2436:
2119:
843:
Coe, Michael, Mary Miller, Stephen Houston, Karl Taube (2015).
463:
350:
971:"Expertos de México autentican códice maya de hace 1.000 años"
854:. San Francisco: Precolumbia Mesoweb Press. pp. 116–167.
3732:
3717:
3665:
3575:
3565:
3560:
3435:
575:
codices (Codex Nuttall 16, 34, 75, 80; Codex Borgia 12, 53).
459:
367:
331:
3400:
3373:
2476:
1854:
Buckley, James, 1973 Isotopes’ Radiocarbon Measurements X.
1642:. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports. pp. 27–57.
1119:"Michael Coe, Maya Scholar and Codebreaker, Is Dead at 90"
891:
323:, and the only one that still resides in the Americas.
1692:. Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks. pp. 283–298.
1232:
Thompson, J. Eric S. (1975). Graham, John A. (ed.).
942:
1840:. American Philosophical Society, pp. 219–229.
1388:– via MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive.
742:"Manuscript Could Change Views of Maya's Religion"
345:
1491:
3875:
1880:. Precolumbian Mesoweb Press. San Francisco, CA.
1800:, XXV, pp. 1–29. University of Texas Press.
1211:. New York: The Grolier Club. pp. 150–153.
2043:Authenticating the oldest book in the Americas.
1357:– via The University of Arizona Journals.
999:
945:"Oldest surviving Maya book declared authentic"
402:, after being kept for years in a vault in the
319:of Mexico. It is one of only four known extant
317:National Institute of Anthropology and History
3069:
2071:
1042:Markenke 2012. Yates 2012. Baudez 2002, p. 3.
1027:
260:
1597:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1572:
1555:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1516:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1477:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1438:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1398:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1303:
1050:
1048:
874:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
797:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2010:. Ciudad de México: INAH. pp. 283–300.
3076:
3062:
2078:
2064:
1814:Baudez, Claude-François (May–June 2002), "
1662:
309:, in 2018 it was "officially" renamed the
267:
253:
2022:INAH Overview of The Maya Codex of Mexico
1530:
1452:
1367:
1352:
1072:Marhenke 2012. Yates 2012. Johnston 1977.
1045:
968:
1937:Latin American Indian Literature Journal
1767:– via EBSCOhost Humanities Source.
1261:Latin American Indian Literature Journal
1254:
1231:
349:
29:
2963:Romances de los señores de Nueva España
2008:El Códice Maya de México, antes Grolier
1975:El Códice Maya de México, antes Grolier
1965:El Códice Maya de México, antes Grolier
1946:El Códice Maya de México, antes Grolier
1928:El Códice Maya de México, antes Grolier
1914:El Códice Maya de México, antes Grolier
1905:El Códice Maya de México, antes Grolier
1849:.INAH, Ciudad de México. pp. 1–14.
1847:El Códice Maya de México, antes Grolier
1712:
1665:El Códice Maya de México, antes Grolier
1575:El Códice Maya de México, antes Grolier
1533:El Códice Maya de México, antes Grolier
1494:El Códice Maya de México, antes Grolier
1455:El Códice Maya de México, antes Grolier
1416:El Códice Maya de México, antes Grolier
1326:
1168:
1116:
943:The Associated Press (31 August 2018).
916:
894:El Códice Maya de México, antes Grolier
772:
14:
3876:
1735:
1687:
1329:"Isotopes' Radiocarbon Measurements X"
1277:
3083:
3057:
2059:
1753:The International Journal of the Book
1750:
1629:
1627:
1568:
1566:
1412:
1299:
1297:
1267:(1): 50–83 – via Research Gate.
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1143:Smith, Harrison (30 September 2019).
1142:
838:
836:
834:
832:
830:
828:
354:The Codex was first displayed at the
1633:
1611:
995:
993:
991:
887:
885:
826:
824:
822:
820:
818:
816:
814:
812:
810:
808:
768:
766:
764:
762:
739:
735:
733:
2085:
1765:10.18848/1447-9516/CGP/v14i03/15-25
1201:
1169:Houston, Stephen (3 October 2019).
917:Bonello, Deborah (31 August 2018).
842:
24:
2052:September 7, 2016 - news.brown.edu
1740:. 2 (1/2): 5–10 – via JSTOR.
1624:
1563:
1294:
1238:Studies in Ancient Mesoamerica, II
1188:
1081:Ruvalcaba et al 2007, pp. 299–300.
969:Stevenson, Mark (30 August 2018).
25:
3910:
2858:Lienzo de Coixtlahuaca I & II
2103:: Ometēcuthli and Omecihuātl (or
2015:
988:
882:
805:
759:
730:
3145:
2118:
2045:January 18, 2017 - news.yale.edu
1278:Baudez, Claude-François (2002).
1024:Coe 1999, p. 200. Marhenke 2012.
670:
658:
646:
634:
622:
610:
234:
59:
3033:Codex Vindobonensis Mexicanus I
2913:Oztoticpac Lands Map of Texcoco
2863:Lienzo de Santa María Nativitas
1999:Studies in Ancient Mesoamerica,
1744:
1729:
1706:
1681:
1656:
1605:
1524:
1485:
1446:
1406:
1361:
1320:
1271:
1248:
1244:: 1–9 – via eScholarship.
1225:
1162:
1136:
1117:Roberts, Sam (8 October 2019).
1110:
1084:
1075:
1066:
1057:
1036:
1018:
413:Following the 1971 exhibition,
346:Modern history and authenticity
2873:Lienzo de Zacatepec I & II
1725:(4): 2–7 – via Academia.
1304:Carlson, John B. (2012–2013).
1290:(55): 70–79 – via issuu.
962:
936:
910:
740:Gent, George (21 April 1971).
701:
499:fashioned from indigo dye and
404:Museo Nacional de Antropología
13:
1:
1865:The Maya Scribe and his World
1838:Astronomy in the Maya Codices
1775:
1205:The Maya Scribe and His World
775:Astronomy in the Maya Codices
594:
419:The Maya Scribe and His World
3899:Archaeological controversies
1887:Journal of Field Archaeology
1738:Journal of Field Archaeology
1316:: 1–29 – via academia.
694:
198:Spanish conquest of the Maya
7:
3008:Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca
2868:Lienzo de Santiago Ihuitlan
1280:"Venus y el Códice Grolier"
682:
503:, and browns prepared with
358:in New York, hence its name
10:
3915:
3798:Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil
2968:Codex Santa Maria Asunción
2748:Boban Aztec Calendar Wheel
1956:Materials Research Society
603:
518:
396:Attorney General of Mexico
3821:
3746:
3546:
3453:Annals of the Cakchiquels
3444:
3389:
3313:
3154:
3143:
3093:
2983:Codex Telleriano-Remensis
2773:Mapas de Cuauhtinchan 1-4
2743:Codices Becker I & II
2705:
2677:
2601:
2535:
2169:
2127:
2116:
2093:
1977:. Ciudad de México: INAH.
1967:. Ciudad de México: INAH.
1948:. Ciudad de México: INAH.
1930:. Ciudad de México: INAH.
1916:. Ciudad de México: INAH.
1907:. Ciudad de México: INAH.
1889:, 2 (1/2). pp. 5–10.
1816:Venus y el Códice Grolier
1713:Carlson, John B. (2014).
1634:John, Carlson B. (1983).
1354:10.1017/S003382220000120X
2923:Plano en papel de maguey
2733:Codices Azoyú I & II
1386:10.1557/proc-1047-y06-07
1255:Milbrath, Susan (2002).
1202:Coe, Michael D. (1973).
1002:El Códice Maya de México
581:
549:Art Institute of Chicago
297:type. Long known as the
41:This article is part of
3813:Yuknoom Yichʼaak Kʼahkʼ
3773:Kʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Yopaat
2718:Aubin Manuscript no. 20
1327:Buckley, James (1973).
845:"The Fourth Maya Codex"
27:Pre-Columbian Maya book
2853:Lienzo Antonio de León
1863:Coe, Michael D., 1973
1809:, 22(4). pp. 2–7.
359:
241:Mesoamerica portal
35:
3889:Forgery controversies
3788:Kʼinich Yax Kʼukʼ Moʼ
3778:Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal
3537:Título de Totonicapán
3110:Classic Maya collapse
3013:Codex Totomixtlahuaca
2953:Relación de Michoacán
2903:Códice Maya de México
2888:Matrícula de Tributos
2813:Codex Fejérváry-Mayer
2258:Tlāhuizcalpantecuhtli
1063:Vitelli 1977, p. 461.
1033:Milbrath 2002, p. 51.
353:
312:Códice Maya de México
189:Classic Maya collapse
33:
3894:Archaeological theft
3793:Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk I
3516:Ritual of the Bacabs
3177:Twin-pyramid complex
3043:Codex Zouche-Nuttall
2993:Anales de Tlatelolco
2883:Codex Magliabechiano
2133:(Four Tezcatlipocas)
1984:The Associated Press
1820:Arqueología Mexicana
1284:Arqueología Mexicana
483:, red produced from
282:Maya Codex of Mexico
3758:Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil
3728:Xmucane and Xpiacoc
3523:Songs of Dzitbalché
2933:Codex Porfirio Díaz
2928:Primeros Memoriales
2843:Codex Ixtlilxochitl
2838:Humboldt fragment 1
2828:Códice de Huichapan
2738:Badianus Manuscript
2692:The Stinking Corpse
1867:. The Grolier Club.
1715:"The Grolier Codex"
1345:1973Radcb..15..280B
1234:"The Grolier Codex"
1149:The Washington Post
439:National Geographic
423:J. Eric S. Thompson
389:near Tortuguero in
3783:Kʼinich Yat Ahk II
3591:Howler monkey gods
2898:Crónica Mexicayotl
2783:Codex Chimalpopoca
2372:Itzpapalotlcihuatl
2352:Huitztlampaehecatl
2213:Tezcatlipoca (see
2179:Lords of the Night
1896:The New York Times
1807:The Smoking Mirror
1719:The Smoking Mirror
1123:The New York Times
852:Maya Archaeology 3
746:The New York Times
427:Stephen D. Houston
360:
36:
3871:
3870:
3808:Yuknoom Chʼeen II
3768:Itzam Kʼan Ahk II
3086:Maya civilization
3051:
3050:
3028:Codex Vaticanus B
2988:Tira de Tepechpan
2833:Codex Huexotzinco
2778:Codex Chimalpahin
2697:Use of entheogens
2664:Tlillan-Tlapallan
2558:Centzon Tōtōchtin
2553:Centzonhuītznāhua
2279:Acuecueyotl (see
2134:
1992:Pp. 283–298.
1858:, 15(2), 280–298.
1674:978-607-539-158-8
1584:978-607-539-158-8
1542:978-607-539-158-8
1503:978-607-539-158-8
1464:978-607-539-158-8
1425:978-607-539-158-8
1011:978-607-539-158-8
903:978-607-539-158-8
784:978-0-87169-265-8
277:
276:
52:Maya civilization
16:(Redirected from
3906:
3833:Lady Eveningstar
3825:
3750:
3550:
3393:
3317:
3149:
3115:Spanish conquest
3097:
3087:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3055:
3054:
2998:Codex Tlatelolco
2818:Codex Florentine
2758:Codex Borbonicus
2728:Codex Azcatitlan
2723:Aubin Tonalamatl
2654:Thirteen Heavens
2417:Mictlanpachecatl
2377:Itzpapalotltotec
2297:Chalchiuhtotolin
2238:Lords of the Day
2132:
2122:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2057:
2056:
1874:Maya Archaeology
1798:Archaeoastronomy
1769:
1768:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1631:
1622:
1621:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1596:
1588:
1570:
1561:
1560:
1554:
1546:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1515:
1507:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1476:
1468:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1437:
1429:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1397:
1389:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1310:Archaeoastronomy
1301:
1292:
1291:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1210:
1199:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1098:. 8 October 2019
1088:
1082:
1079:
1073:
1070:
1064:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1043:
1040:
1034:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1016:
1015:
997:
986:
985:
983:
981:
966:
960:
959:
957:
955:
940:
934:
933:
931:
929:
914:
908:
907:
889:
880:
879:
873:
865:
849:
840:
803:
802:
796:
788:
770:
757:
756:
754:
752:
737:
728:
727:
725:
723:
714:
705:
674:
662:
650:
638:
626:
614:
400:National Library
293:manuscript of a
269:
262:
255:
239:
238:
237:
63:
53:
38:
37:
21:
3914:
3913:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3903:
3874:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3858:Wak Chanil Ajaw
3823:
3817:
3748:
3742:
3548:
3542:
3440:
3391:
3385:
3357:Human sacrifice
3315:
3309:
3172:Triadic pyramid
3150:
3141:
3105:Preclassic Maya
3095:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3052:
3047:
2893:Codex Mexicanus
2823:Codex Huamantla
2798:Codex Cozcatzin
2788:Codex Colombino
2701:
2679:
2673:
2597:
2548:Centzonmīmixcōa
2531:
2382:Itztlacoliuhqui
2281:Chalchiuhtlicue
2204:Piltzintecuhtli
2189:Chalchiuhtlicue
2165:
2141:Huītzilōpōchtli
2131:
2123:
2114:
2089:
2087:Aztec mythology
2084:
2048:Gillian Kiley,
2041:Mike Cummings,
2018:
2013:
1778:
1773:
1772:
1749:
1745:
1734:
1730:
1711:
1707:
1700:
1686:
1682:
1675:
1661:
1657:
1650:
1632:
1625:
1610:
1606:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1571:
1564:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1529:
1525:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1490:
1486:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1451:
1447:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1411:
1407:
1391:
1390:
1374:MRS Proceedings
1366:
1362:
1325:
1321:
1302:
1295:
1276:
1272:
1253:
1249:
1230:
1226:
1219:
1208:
1200:
1189:
1179:
1177:
1167:
1163:
1153:
1151:
1141:
1137:
1127:
1125:
1115:
1111:
1101:
1099:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1012:
998:
989:
979:
977:
967:
963:
953:
951:
941:
937:
927:
925:
915:
911:
904:
890:
883:
867:
866:
862:
847:
841:
806:
790:
789:
785:
771:
760:
750:
748:
738:
731:
721:
719:
712:
706:
702:
697:
685:
678:
675:
666:
663:
654:
651:
642:
639:
630:
627:
618:
615:
606:
597:
584:
521:
494:
490:
477:
473:
468:calcium sulfate
348:
273:
235:
233:
226:
184:Preclassic Maya
51:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3912:
3902:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3829:
3827:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3803:Yoʼnal Ahk III
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3754:
3752:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3639:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3554:
3552:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3533:
3526:
3519:
3512:
3505:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3489:
3482:
3475:
3463:
3456:
3448:
3446:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3397:
3395:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3369:Social classes
3366:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3327:
3321:
3319:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3231:Maritime trade
3228:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3158:
3156:
3152:
3151:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3112:
3107:
3101:
3099:
3091:
3090:
3081:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3058:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3023:Anales de Tula
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2938:Mapa Quinatzin
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2768:Codex Boturini
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2683:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2631:
2629:Huēyi Teōcalli
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2402:Malinalxochitl
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2277:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2248:Mictēcacihuātl
2245:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2199:Mictlāntēcutli
2196:
2191:
2186:
2175:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2137:
2135:
2125:
2124:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2105:Tōnacātēcuhtli
2097:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2083:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2017:
2016:External links
2014:
2012:
2011:
2003:
2002:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1987:
1979:
1978:
1969:
1968:
1960:
1959:
1950:
1949:
1941:
1940:
1932:
1931:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1909:
1908:
1900:
1899:
1891:
1890:
1882:
1881:
1869:
1868:
1860:
1859:
1851:
1850:
1842:
1841:
1833:
1832:
1824:
1823:
1811:
1810:
1802:
1801:
1793:
1792:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1743:
1728:
1705:
1699:978-0884023647
1698:
1680:
1673:
1655:
1649:978-0860542230
1648:
1623:
1604:
1583:
1562:
1541:
1523:
1502:
1484:
1463:
1445:
1424:
1405:
1360:
1339:(2): 280–298.
1319:
1293:
1270:
1247:
1224:
1217:
1187:
1161:
1135:
1109:
1083:
1074:
1065:
1056:
1044:
1035:
1026:
1017:
1010:
987:
961:
935:
909:
902:
881:
861:978-0985931704
860:
804:
783:
758:
729:
699:
698:
696:
693:
692:
691:
684:
681:
680:
679:
676:
669:
667:
664:
657:
655:
652:
645:
643:
640:
633:
631:
628:
621:
619:
616:
609:
605:
602:
596:
593:
583:
580:
520:
517:
492:
488:
475:
471:
415:Michael D. Coe
383:Dumbarton Oaks
347:
344:
275:
274:
272:
271:
264:
257:
249:
246:
245:
244:
243:
228:
227:
225:
224:
219:
214:
209:
201:
200:
194:
193:
192:
191:
186:
178:
177:
171:
170:
169:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
65:
64:
56:
55:
47:
46:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3911:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3843:Lady of Tikal
3841:
3839:
3838:Lady of Itzan
3836:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3820:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3763:Haʼ Kʼin Xook
3761:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3745:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3530:Título Cʼoyoi
3527:
3525:
3524:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3494:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3443:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3388:
3382:
3379:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3367:
3363:
3362:Death rituals
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3340:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3312:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3153:
3148:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3092:
3088:
3079:
3074:
3072:
3067:
3065:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2978:Mapa Sigüenza
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2943:Codex Ramírez
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2803:Codex Dresden
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2578:Ehecatotontli
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2397:Macuilxochitl
2395:
2393:
2392:Macuiltochtli
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2362:Ilamatecuhtli
2360:
2358:
2357:Huixtocihuatl
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2322:Cihuatecayotl
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2276:
2275:Acolnahuacatl
2273:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2110:
2109:Tōnacācihuātl
2106:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2081:
2076:
2074:
2069:
2067:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2009:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1829:The Telegraph
1826:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1739:
1732:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1709:
1701:
1695:
1691:
1684:
1676:
1670:
1666:
1659:
1651:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1628:
1619:
1615:
1608:
1600:
1594:
1586:
1580:
1576:
1569:
1567:
1558:
1552:
1544:
1538:
1534:
1527:
1519:
1513:
1505:
1499:
1495:
1488:
1480:
1474:
1466:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1441:
1435:
1427:
1421:
1417:
1409:
1401:
1395:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1364:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1323:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1300:
1298:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1274:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1251:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1228:
1220:
1218:0-8139-0568-0
1214:
1207:
1206:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1176:
1172:
1165:
1150:
1146:
1139:
1124:
1120:
1113:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1078:
1069:
1060:
1051:
1049:
1039:
1030:
1021:
1013:
1007:
1003:
996:
994:
992:
976:
972:
965:
950:
946:
939:
924:
923:The Telegraph
920:
913:
905:
899:
895:
888:
886:
877:
871:
863:
857:
853:
846:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
821:
819:
817:
815:
813:
811:
809:
800:
794:
786:
780:
776:
769:
767:
765:
763:
747:
743:
736:
734:
718:
711:
704:
700:
690:
687:
686:
673:
668:
661:
656:
649:
644:
637:
632:
625:
620:
613:
608:
607:
601:
592:
588:
579:
576:
574:
570:
564:
561:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
537:
533:
529:
527:
516:
512:
508:
506:
502:
498:
486:
482:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
447:
443:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
411:
409:
408:Grolier Codex
405:
401:
397:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
371:
369:
365:
357:
352:
343:
339:
337:
336:Dresden Codex
333:
329:
324:
322:
318:
315:(CMM) by the
314:
313:
308:
307:
302:
301:
300:Grolier Codex
296:
295:pre-Columbian
292:
288:
284:
283:
270:
265:
263:
258:
256:
251:
250:
248:
247:
242:
232:
231:
230:
229:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
204:
203:
202:
199:
196:
195:
190:
187:
185:
182:
181:
180:
179:
176:
173:
172:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
77:
74:
72:
69:
68:
67:
66:
62:
58:
57:
54:
49:
48:
44:
40:
39:
32:
19:
18:Grolier Codex
3884:Maya codices
3723:Vucub Caquix
3682:
3651:Ah-Muzen-Cab
3642:Post-Classic
3631:Moon goddess
3535:
3528:
3521:
3514:
3509:Rabinal Achí
3507:
3500:
3492:
3485:
3478:
3477:
3471:
3460:Chilam Balam
3458:
3451:
3162:Architecture
3038:Codex Xolotl
3018:Codex Tudela
3003:Mapa Tloztin
2902:
2878:Codex Madrid
2763:Codex Borgia
2753:Codex Bodley
2678:Beliefs and
2637:
2593:Xiuhtotontli
2522:Yacatecuhtli
2502:Xōchiquetzal
2462:Tlacotzontli
2452:Temazcalteci
2447:Tēcciztēcatl
2347:Huēhuecoyōtl
2337:Coyolxāuhqui
2307:Chicomecōātl
2280:
2263:Tlaltecuhtli
2231:Xiuhtecuhtli
2215:Creator gods
2214:
2151:Tezcatlipoca
2146:Quetzalcoatl
2129:Creator gods
2007:
1998:
1983:
1974:
1964:
1955:
1945:
1936:
1927:
1913:
1904:
1895:
1886:
1877:
1873:
1864:
1855:
1846:
1837:
1828:
1819:
1806:
1797:
1788:
1759:(3): 15–25.
1756:
1752:
1746:
1737:
1731:
1722:
1718:
1708:
1689:
1683:
1664:
1658:
1639:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1574:
1532:
1526:
1493:
1487:
1454:
1448:
1415:
1408:
1394:cite journal
1377:
1373:
1363:
1336:
1332:
1322:
1313:
1309:
1287:
1283:
1273:
1264:
1260:
1250:
1241:
1237:
1227:
1204:
1178:. Retrieved
1175:The Guardian
1174:
1164:
1152:. Retrieved
1148:
1138:
1126:. Retrieved
1122:
1112:
1100:. Retrieved
1095:
1086:
1077:
1068:
1059:
1038:
1029:
1020:
1001:
978:. Retrieved
974:
964:
952:. Retrieved
948:
938:
926:. Retrieved
922:
912:
893:
851:
774:
749:. Retrieved
745:
720:. Retrieved
716:
703:
689:Maya codices
598:
589:
585:
577:
565:
557:
553:Chichen Itza
538:
534:
530:
522:
513:
509:
501:palygorskite
456:palygorskite
448:
444:
418:
412:
407:
387:Sierra Madre
372:
361:
356:Grolier Club
340:
328:Grolier Club
325:
321:Maya codices
311:
310:
305:
304:
299:
298:
281:
280:
278:
111:Architecture
3863:Yohl Ikʼnal
3698:Hun Hunahpu
3616:Kinich Ahau
3606:Jaguar gods
2973:Selden Roll
2948:Codex Reese
2918:Paris Codex
2908:Codex Osuna
2808:Codex Durán
2793:Codex Cospi
2713:Aubin Codex
2649:Teotihuacan
2624:Chicomoztoc
2583:Tiānquiztli
2527:Zacatzontli
2507:Xochitlicue
2467:Tlalocayotl
2457:Tepoztēcatl
2367:Ītzpāpālōtl
2253:Nanahuatzin
2226:Tlazōlteōtl
2209:Tepēyōllōtl
2094:Primordials
1856:Radiocarbon
1620:(4): 88–95.
1333:Radiocarbon
1054:Yates 2012.
560:Vaticanus B
526:bar-and-dot
431:Mary Miller
306:Sáenz Codex
289:screenfold
285:(MCM) is a
3878:Categories
3713:Qʼuqʼumatz
3586:Hero Twins
3571:Death gods
3445:Literature
3381:Households
3347:Priesthood
2958:Codex Ríos
2848:Codex Laud
2644:Tamoanchan
2638:Underworld
2619:Cemanahuac
2588:Tzitzimitl
2568:Cihuateteo
2543:Ahuiateteo
2497:Xōchipilli
2327:Cipactonal
2317:Cihuacōātl
2243:Citlālicue
2156:Xipe Totec
1776:References
1180:22 October
1154:22 October
1128:22 October
1102:22 October
980:18 October
954:18 October
928:18 October
751:18 October
722:18 October
595:Exhibition
481:lamp black
435:Karl Taube
379:Tortuguero
3853:Sak Kʼukʼ
3683:Popol Vuh
3621:Maize god
3581:Goddess I
3502:Popol Vuh
3352:Sacrifice
3335:Midwifery
3325:Childhood
3275:Mythology
3238:Languages
3125:Guatemala
2687:Five Suns
2573:Civateteo
2487:Tonantzin
2482:Toltecatl
2387:Ixtlilton
2332:Cōātlīcue
1939:, 18 (1).
1818:" (PDF).
1593:cite book
1551:cite book
1512:cite book
1473:cite book
1434:cite book
1096:Yale News
870:cite book
793:cite book
695:Footnotes
541:death god
505:cochineal
497:Maya blue
452:Maya blue
217:Guatemala
116:Astronomy
101:Sacrifice
96:Mythology
81:Languages
3848:Lady Xoc
3708:Jacawitz
3693:Camazotz
3676:Yum Kaax
3671:Kukulkan
3431:Tzolkʼin
3392:Calendar
3342:Religion
3300:Textiles
3280:Numerals
3265:Medicine
3260:Mayanist
3201:Ceramics
3194:Graffiti
2680:practice
2659:Tlālōcān
2563:Cintēteo
2442:Patecatl
2427:Opochtli
2422:Mixcoatl
2407:Mayahuel
2312:Chīmalmā
2302:Chantico
2292:Atlacoya
2268:Tōnatiuh
2194:Cinteotl
2184:Centeōtl
2160:Camaxtle
2101:Ōmeteōtl
683:See also
485:hematite
156:Medicine
136:Textiles
121:Calendar
91:Religion
43:a series
3738:Zipacna
3703:Huracan
3611:Kʼawiil
3596:Itzamna
3557:Classic
3549:Deities
3479:Grolier
3472:Dresden
3466:Codices
3316:Society
3305:Warfare
3243:Classic
3221:Economy
3211:Cuisine
3182:Revival
3167:E-Group
3135:Yucatán
3120:Chiapas
3096:History
2706:Codices
2634:Mictlān
2609:Anahuac
2492:Xilonen
2472:Tlilhua
2432:Oxomoco
2412:Metztli
2342:Ehecatl
2287:Atlahua
2171:Deities
1958:, 1047.
1614:Mexicon
1341:Bibcode
975:AP News
604:Gallery
569:Nuttall
545:Dresden
519:Content
391:Tabasco
375:Chiapas
364:Chiapas
212:Chiapas
207:Yucatán
175:History
166:Warfare
161:Cuisine
86:Writing
76:Society
3824:Queens
3688:Awilix
3636:Yopaat
3601:Ixchel
3486:Madrid
3416:Kʼatun
3406:Baktun
3295:Stelae
3285:People
3248:Script
3206:Cities
3155:Topics
2669:Tōllān
2614:Aztlán
2602:Places
2536:Groups
2517:Xolotl
2512:Xocotl
2437:Painal
2221:Tláloc
1696:
1671:
1646:
1581:
1539:
1500:
1461:
1422:
1215:
1008:
900:
858:
781:
717:gob.mx
677:Page 9
665:Page 8
653:Page 7
641:Page 6
629:Page 4
617:Page 1
573:Borgia
464:gypsum
433:, and
126:Stelae
106:Cities
71:People
45:on the
3749:Kings
3733:Xquic
3718:Tohil
3666:Ixtab
3576:God L
3566:Chaac
3561:Bacab
3493:Paris
3436:Winal
3411:Haabʼ
3330:Women
3290:Sites
3270:Music
3226:Trade
3216:Dance
3130:Petén
2636:(The
1209:(PDF)
848:(PDF)
713:(PDF)
582:Style
470:(CaSO
466:, or
460:amate
377:near
368:amate
332:Venus
291:codex
222:Petén
151:Dance
146:Music
141:Trade
3661:Chin
3656:Akna
3646:Acat
3421:Kʼin
3401:Ajaw
3374:Ajaw
3253:List
2477:Toci
2158:(or
2107:and
1694:ISBN
1669:ISBN
1644:ISBN
1599:link
1579:ISBN
1557:link
1537:ISBN
1518:link
1498:ISBN
1479:link
1459:ISBN
1440:link
1420:ISBN
1400:link
1378:1047
1213:ISBN
1182:2019
1156:2019
1130:2019
1104:2019
1006:ISBN
982:2019
956:2019
930:2019
898:ISBN
876:link
856:ISBN
799:link
779:ISBN
753:2019
724:2019
571:and
287:Maya
279:The
3626:Mam
3426:Tun
3189:Art
1878:III
1761:doi
1382:doi
1349:doi
1314:XXV
949:CBC
495:),
487:(Fe
474:•2H
303:or
131:Art
3880::
1876:,
1757:14
1755:.
1723:22
1721:.
1717:.
1638:.
1626:^
1618:39
1616:.
1595:}}
1591:{{
1565:^
1553:}}
1549:{{
1514:}}
1510:{{
1475:}}
1471:{{
1436:}}
1432:{{
1396:}}
1392:{{
1380:.
1376:.
1372:.
1347:.
1337:15
1335:.
1331:.
1312:.
1308:.
1296:^
1288:10
1286:.
1282:.
1265:18
1263:.
1259:.
1242:27
1240:.
1236:.
1190:^
1173:.
1147:.
1121:.
1094:.
1047:^
990:^
973:.
947:.
921:.
884:^
872:}}
868:{{
850:.
807:^
795:}}
791:{{
761:^
744:.
732:^
715:.
555:.
507:.
454:,
429:,
338:.
3077:e
3070:t
3063:v
2640:)
2283:)
2217:)
2162:)
2111:)
2079:e
2072:t
2065:v
1986:.
1898:.
1831:.
1763::
1702:.
1677:.
1652:.
1601:)
1587:.
1559:)
1545:.
1520:)
1506:.
1481:)
1467:.
1442:)
1428:.
1402:)
1384::
1351::
1343::
1221:.
1184:.
1158:.
1132:.
1106:.
1014:.
984:.
958:.
932:.
906:.
878:)
864:.
801:)
787:.
755:.
726:.
493:3
491:O
489:2
476:2
472:4
268:e
261:t
254:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
