470:
50:
863:'big belly') is obviously an exonym (based on a misunderstanding of the sign language form for 'falling water'), though it is commonly used by the people themselves at Fort Belknap, while the indigenous name is ʔɔʔɔɔ̋ɔ́niinénnɔh meaning 'white clay people'. The term White Clay is commonly used in English today at Fort Belknap, along with Gros Ventre. Another name that has been used in the past for this group of people is Atsina, but this is another exonym (from the Blackfeet), and not used by the Gros Ventre themselves.
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576:
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862:
The Gros Ventre or White Clay people currently occupy the Fort
Belknap Reservation in northcentral Montana, north of the Missouri River. Earlier, in the eighteenth century, they seem to have been located primarily farther to the north, around the Saskatchewan River. The name Gros Ventre (French for
610:
In 1888, the Fort
Belknap Indian Reservation was established by an act of Congress on May 1, 1888 (Stat., L., XXV, 113). The Blackfoot, Gros Ventre, and Assiniboine tribes ceded a combined 17,500,000 acres of their joint reservation and agreed to live on three smaller reservations. These are now
667:
The reservation government of Fort
Belknap has an elected community council with 4 Gros Ventre members and 4 Assiniboine, for a total of 8 elected members of the council. The officers of the council are the President, Vice President, and Secretary-Treasurer, with the Secretary-Treasurer being
390:
After they migrated to
Montana, the Arapaho moved southwards to the Wyoming and Colorado area. The Cheyenne who migrated with the Gros Ventre and Arapaho also migrated onwards. The Gros Ventre were reported living in two north–south tribal groups – the so-called
607:. Much of the traditional ceremonies were lost through the course of time following the establishment of the mission. Two sacred pipes, The Feathered Pipe and The Flat Pipe, still remain central to the traditional spiritual beliefs of the Gros Ventres.
546:. Fort Belknap was a substation post, with half of the structure being a trading post. A block house stood to the left of the stockade gate. At the right was a warehouse and an issue building, where the tribe received their rations and annuity goods.
515:
tribes. The Gros
Ventres signed the treaty as part of the Blackfoot Confederacy, whose territory near the Three Fork area became a common hunting ground for the combined peoples. A common hunting ground north of the Missouri River on the
383:. During the migration, the large tribe split into the Arapaho and the Gros Ventre, possibly near Devil's Lake. These groups, along with the Cheyenne, were among the last to migrate into Montana, due to pressure from the
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724:
226:
430:
The Gros Ventre acquired horses in the mid-18th century. The earliest known contact of Gros Ventre with settlers was around 1754, between the north and south forks of the
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655:. Many celebrated the move, over a century after bison were nearly made extinct by White settlers and the government. The Assiniboine and Gros Ventre tribes at the
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820:
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In 1876, the fort was discontinued and the Gros Ventre and
Assiniboine people receiving annuities at the post were instructed to go to the agency at
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appointed by the president and confirmed by the council. The secretary-treasurer, as the only appointed officer, may not vote on council matters.
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By 1904, there were only 535 Gros Ventre tribe members remaining. The tribe has since revived, with a substantial increase in population.
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1024:
508:
651:. There are numerous other bison herds outside Yellowstone, but the herd transferred is one of the very few not cross-bred with
647:
were transferred to prairie on the Fort Peck Indian
Reservation, to be released to a 2,100-acre game preserve 25 miles north of
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and North Dakota. In Ojibwa oral history they are known as the "men of the olden time" that occupied the lands surrounding the
825:
783:
565:
was re-established, and the Gros
Ventres, and remaining Assiniboines were again allowed to receive supplies at Fort Belknap.
214:
534:. This trading post was built for the Gros Ventres and Assiniboines, but because it was on a favorite hunting ground of the
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415:(American or southern group) of 40 tipis (400 population) living in close contact with bands (which would become the later
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275:
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455:
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542:, which was established on the south side of the Milk River, about one mile southwest of the present town site of
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222:
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557:. The Assiniboines readily did so, but the Gros Ventres refused, fearing coming into conflict with the nearby
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416:
356:
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After their split from the Gros
Ventres, the Arapaho, who considered the Gros Ventres inferior, called them
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834:
616:
592:
562:
539:
517:
299:, meaning "beggars." Other interpretations of the term have been "hunger," "waterfall," and "big bellies."
27:
1495:
591:. Pressure from miners and mining companies forced the tribes to cede sections of the mountains in 1885.
434:. Exposure to smallpox severely reduced their numbers. Around 1793, in response to attacks by well-armed
348:
283:
938:
History of the Ojibwa People, Willlian W. Warren, Minnesota
Historical Press, St. Paul, MN, 1885, p.178
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In 1868, the United States government established a trading post called Fort Browning near the mouth of
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1388:
644:
879:
953:
482:"Maximilian, Prince of Wied’s Travels in the Interior of North America, during the years 1832–1834"
915:
439:
20:
1480:
600:
588:
1052:"Constitution of the Fort Belknap Indian Community of the Fort Belknap Reservation of Montana"
520:
included the Assiniboine and Sioux. In 1861, the Gros Ventres left the Blackfoot Confederacy.
1152:
488:
380:
1330:
462:, the Europeans painted portraits and recorded their meeting with the Gros Ventre, near the
1475:
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696:
690:
496:
344:
320:
210:
94:
8:
702:
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White Eagle, "the last major Chief of the Gros Ventre people", died "at the mouth of the
554:
352:
49:
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1340:
1320:
1247:
1168:
1029:
846:
776:
Tribal Names of the Americas: Spelling Variants and Alternative Forms, Cross-Referenced
550:
431:
424:
400:
469:
367:
dialect, which had speakers among the Northern Arapaho as recently as the late 1920s.
1300:
1002:
982:
957:
919:
850:
779:
336:
106:
561:. They chose to forfeit their annuities rather than move to Fort Peck. In 1878, the
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trading posts that were providing guns to the Cree and Assiniboine in what is now
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193:
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491:, after which they moved to north-central Montana and southern Canada. In 1855,
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463:
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In 1832, the Gros Ventre made contact with the German explorer and naturalist,
404:
950:
Shared Symbols, Contested Meanings: Gros Ventre Culture and History, 1778–1984
1469:
1177:
979:
Montana Book of Days-365 Days-365 Stories-The Short Course in Montana History
604:
492:
311:
region 3,000 years ago, where they lived an agrarian lifestyle, cultivating
569:
443:
375:
In the early 18th century, the combined tribe came under pressure from the
247:
means "White Clay People". It has a variety of transliterations, including
842:
1295:
1290:
711:
527:, the Gros Ventres fought the Blackfoot but in 1867, they were defeated.
524:
477:
459:
376:
332:
308:
230:
1121:
223:
Fort Belknap Indian Community of the Fort Belknap Reservation of Montana
1405:
504:
420:
821:"Gros Ventre Ethnogeography and Place Names: A Diachronic Perspective"
675:
were ratified on September 25, 1935, and adopted on October 19, 1935.
1285:
512:
408:
328:
286:. They were once known as the "Gros Ventres of the Prairies", as the
110:
1414:
1401:
1357:
725:
List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States
575:
340:
127:
595:
came to Fort Belknap in 1862 to convert the Gros Ventre people to
1003:"American Bison (Bison bison) | U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service"
599:. In 1887, St. Paul's Mission was established at the foot of the
580:
316:
287:
218:
123:
652:
474:
Camp of the Gros Ventres of the Prairies on the upper Missouri.
384:
819:
Cowell, Andrew; Taylor, Allan; Brockie, Terry (January 2016).
912:
A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples
558:
535:
507:) to make peace between the United States and the Blackfoot,
312:
1114:
Sing an Owl Dance Song for George Chandler (Archived at the
910:
Pritzker, Barry M. (2000). "Chapter Six: The Great Plains".
435:
307:
The Gros Ventres are believed to have lived in the western
160:
687:(c. 1896–2007), fluent speaker of the Gros Ventre language
339:. They were closely associated with the ancestors of the
290:
were similarly called the "Gros Ventres of the Missouri".
166:
1103:
981:. Missoula, MT: Historic Montana Publishing. p. 42.
438:
and Assiniboines, large groups of Gros Ventre burned two
154:
875:
403:
on the Upper Saskatchewan River and roamed between the
1379:
War against the Crow and Gros Ventre (circa 1861–1867)
1110:
Cultural Heritage of the Fort Belknap Indian Community
538:, it was abandoned in 1871. The government then built
181:
169:
221:. Today, the Gros Ventre people are enrolled in the
172:
163:
157:
818:
151:
1025:"Rarest Native Animals Find Haven on Tribal Lands"
399:) of 260 tipis (2,500 population) traded with the
355:. There is evidence that, together with bands of
242:
39:
1467:
1400:Peace with the Cree, circa 1871, (symbolized by
1411:US land annexation, migration to Canada (1874)
579:Gros Ventre moving camp on horses rigged with
351:, much like the Arapaho, and is grouped as an
16:Native American group of north-central Montana
1137:
714:(b. 1967), clinical and cultural psychologist
294:
19:"Atsina" redirects here. For other uses, see
774:Clark, Patricia Roberts (21 October 2009).
1364:1775–1782 North American smallpox epidemic
1144:
1130:
197:; meaning "big belly"), also known as the
1193:Amskapi Pikuni, South Piegan or Blackfeet
1151:
699:(1940–2003), Blackfoot-Gros Ventre author
1022:
909:
814:
812:
810:
808:
574:
468:
282:, which was mistakenly interpreted from
769:
767:
379:, and started a migration to the upper
229:with 7,000 members, also including the
1468:
947:
693:(1937–2013), anthropologist and author
678:
1183:Piikani, Northern Peigan or Blackfoot
1125:
976:
805:
773:
659:also received a portion of the herd.
323:-speaking people who lived along the
192:
1450:
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903:
901:
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897:
764:
587:In 1884, gold was discovered in the
458:. Along with the naturalist painter
343:. They spoke the now nearly extinct
78:Regions with significant populations
755:
737:
671:The constitution and bylaws of the
419:) and roamed the headwaters of the
353:Arapahoan language (Arapaho-Atsina)
13:
1486:Native American history of Montana
1023:Schweber, Nate (August 25, 2014).
948:Fowler, Loretta (August 6, 2018).
882:from the original on June 16, 2023
241:The name used by the Gros Ventre,
48:
14:
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1491:Native American tribes in Montana
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1264:Fort Belknap Indian Reservation
1104:Fort Belknap Indian Reservation
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1016:
995:
970:
941:
876:"Fort Belknap Indian Community"
673:Fort Belknap Indian Reservation
657:Fort Belknap Indian Reservation
634:
626:
621:Fort Belknap Indian Reservation
532:Peoples Creek on the Milk River
449:
370:
359:, a southern tribal group, the
932:
868:
792:
746:
495:, Territorial Governor of the
217:tribe located in northcentral
59:, a Gros Ventre man, photo by
1:
1421:Starvation winter (1883–1884)
1383:Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)
1374:Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851)
778:. McFarland. pp. 10–11.
730:
662:
395:(Canadian or northern group,
345:Gros Ventre language (Atsina)
1258:Blackfeet Indian Reservation
835:University of Nebraska Press
617:Fort Peck Indian Reservation
518:Fort Peck Indian Reservation
487:The Gros Ventres joined the
315:. With the ancestors of the
28:Gros Ventre (disambiguation)
7:
1369:1837–1838 smallpox epidemic
826:Anthropological Linguistics
718:
499:, signed a treaty (11
10:
1512:
977:Smith, Jeffrey J. (2003).
860:– via ResearchGate.
476:(circa 1832): aquatint by
349:Plains Algonquian language
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227:federally recognized tribe
25:
18:
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1389:Battle of the Belly River
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645:Yellowstone National Park
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1391:(against the Cree, 1870)
954:Cornell University Press
427:(Lewis and Clark 1806).
236:
1426:Sweetgrass Hills Treaty
916:Oxford University Press
572:" on February 9, 1881.
319:, they formed a single
295:
243:
83:United States (Montana)
40:
21:Atsina (disambiguation)
601:Little Rocky Mountains
589:Little Rocky Mountains
584:
484:
113:, traditional religion
53:
1211:Gros Ventre or Atsina
1153:Blackfoot Confederacy
843:10.1353/anl.2016.0025
613:Blackfoot Confederacy
578:
489:Blackfoot Confederacy
472:
381:Missouri River Valley
209:, are a historically
118:Related ethnic groups
52:
1326:Gros Ventre language
1188:Siksika or Blackfoot
952:(Digital ed.).
918:. pp. 297–319.
691:George Horse Capture
497:Washington Territory
440:Hudson's Bay Company
411:, and the so-called
347:, a closely related
26:For other uses, see
1417:(with Canada, 1877)
1360:(circa 1730s-1800s)
1217:Tsuutʼina or Sarcee
679:Notable Gros Ventre
563:Fort Belknap Agency
73:3,682 (2000 census)
44:
1496:Algonquian peoples
1397:(by US Army, 1870)
1341:Blackfoot religion
1331:Tsuutʼina language
1321:Blackfoot language
1169:Blackfoot-speaking
1106:, official website
1030:The New York Times
639:In March 2012, 63
585:
485:
432:Saskatchewan River
425:North Platte River
423:, a branch of the
401:North West Company
231:Assiniboine people
194:[ɡʁovɑ̃tʁ]
54:
36:
1463:
1462:
1309:
1308:
1225:
1224:
1213:(circa 1793–1861)
1160:Tribes or Nations
785:978-0-7864-5169-2
597:Roman Catholicism
523:Allying with the
456:Prince Maximilian
337:Mississippi River
244:ʔɔʔɔɔ̋ɔ́niinénnɔh
133:
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107:Roman Catholicism
41:ʔɔʔɔɔ̋ɔ́niinénnɔh
1503:
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1428:(with USA, 1887)
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1077:"BYLAWS OF FBIC"
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68:Total population
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1266:(Gros Ventres)
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1199:
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1185:
1180:
1178:Kanai or Blood
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288:Hidatsa people
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1274:
1248:Reservations
1246:
1210:
1202:
1167:
1083:. Retrieved
1071:
1059:. Retrieved
1046:
1034:. Retrieved
1028:
1018:
1006:. Retrieved
997:
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870:
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830:
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799:
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761:Pritzker 320
757:
752:Pritzker 304
748:
743:Pritzker 319
739:
670:
666:
638:
635:21st century
630:
627:20th century
609:
586:
570:Judith River
567:
548:
540:Fort Belknap
529:
522:
486:
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466:in Montana.
453:
450:19th century
444:Saskatchewan
429:
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371:18th century
363:, spoke the
360:
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136:
134:
56:
33:Ethnic group
1476:Gros Ventre
1296:Siksika 146
1291:Piikani 147
1239:Communities
697:James Welch
478:Karl Bodmer
460:Karl Bodmer
397:Hahá-tonwan
333:head waters
309:Great Lakes
280:Gros Ventre
137:Gros Ventre
95:Gros Ventre
1470:Categories
1406:Poundmaker
1385:(with USA)
1376:(with USA)
988:0966335562
731:References
663:Government
555:Wolf Point
421:Loup River
365:Besawunena
321:Algonquian
213:-speaking
211:Algonquian
207:White Clay
1356:War with
1286:Blood 148
851:151520012
703:Jamie Fox
551:Fort Peck
513:Nez Perce
409:Bow River
329:Minnesota
265:Aa'ninena
111:Sun Dance
93:English,
88:Languages
1445:Category
1415:Treaty 7
1408:in 1873)
1402:Crowfoot
1358:Shoshone
1279:(Canada)
1276:Reserves
1085:June 18,
1061:June 18,
1036:June 18,
1008:June 18,
886:June 18,
880:Archived
878:. 2023.
856:June 18,
719:See also
619:and the
509:Flathead
405:Missouri
341:Cheyenne
296:Hitúnĕna
269:Aaninena
257:Haaninin
249:A'aninin
199:A'aninin
128:Cheyenne
101:Religion
1455:Commons
1350:History
1314:Culture
837:: 132.
603:, near
593:Jesuits
581:travois
361:Staetan
335:of the
317:Arapaho
303:History
253:Aaniiih
219:Montana
190:French:
124:Arapaho
37:Aaniiih
985:
960:
922:
849:
800:Achena
782:
653:cattle
649:Poplar
615:, the
503:
385:Ojibwe
377:Ojibwe
276:French
267:, and
261:Aainen
203:Atsina
1080:(PDF)
1055:(PDF)
847:S2CID
833:(2).
643:from
559:Sioux
536:Sioux
501:Stat.
313:maize
237:Names
205:, or
185:-vont
1251:(US)
1087:2023
1063:2023
1038:2023
1010:2023
983:ISBN
958:ISBN
920:ISBN
888:2023
858:2023
780:ISBN
605:Hays
553:and
525:Crow
511:and
436:Cree
407:and
274:The
225:, a
183:GROH
135:The
839:doi
798:Or
705:,
505:657
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176:/
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170:n
167:ɒ
164:v
158:r
155:ɡ
152:ˈ
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23:.
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