Gross domestic product

5023:, Alkerwi A, Al-Raddadi R, Amare AT, Amberbir A, Amegah AK, Amini E, Amrock SM, Anjana RM, Ärnlöv J, Asayesh H, Banerjee A, Barac A, Baye E, Bennett DA, Beyene AS, Biadgilign S, Biryukov S, Bjertness E, Boneya DJ, Campos-Nonato I, Carrero JJ, Cecilio P, Cercy K, Ciobanu LG, Cornaby L, Damtew SA, Dandona L, Dandona R, Dharmaratne SD, Duncan BB, Eshrati B, Esteghamati A, Feigin VL, Fernandes JC, Fürst T, Gebrehiwot TT, Gold A, Gona PN, Goto A, Habtewold TD, Hadush KT, Hafezi-Nejad N, Hay SI, Horino M, Islami F, Kamal R, Kasaeian A, Katikireddi SV, Kengne AP, Kesavachandran CN, Khader YS, Khang YH, Khubchandani J, Kim D, Kim YJ, Kinfu Y, Kosen S, Ku T, Defo BK, Kumar GA, Larson HJ, Leinsalu M, Liang X, Lim SS, Liu P, Lopez AD, Lozano R, Majeed A, Malekzadeh R, Malta DC, Mazidi M, McAlinden C, McGarvey ST, Mengistu DT, Mensah GA, Mensink GB, Mezgebe HB, Mirrakhimov EM, Mueller UO, Noubiap JJ, Obermeyer CM, Ogbo FA, Owolabi MO, Patton GC, Pourmalek F, Qorbani M, Rafay A, Rai RK, Ranabhat CL, Reinig N, Safiri S, Salomon JA, Sanabria JR, Santos IS, Sartorius B, Sawhney M, Schmidhuber J, Schutte AE, Schmidt MI, Sepanlou SG, Shamsizadeh M, Sheikhbahaei S, Shin MJ, Shiri R, Shiue I, Roba HS, Silva DA, Silverberg JI, Singh JA, Stranges S, Swaminathan S, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Tadese F, Tedla BA, Tegegne BS, Terkawi AS, Thakur JS, Tonelli M, Topor-Madry R, Tyrovolas S, Ukwaja KN, Uthman OA, Vaezghasemi M, Vasankari T, Vlassov VV, Vollset SE, Weiderpass E, Werdecker A, Wesana J, Westerman R, Yano Y, Yonemoto N, Yonga G, Zaidi Z, Zenebe ZM, Zipkin B, Murray CJ (July 2017). 2272:

simplicity in the outlines of the object measured. Measurements of national income are subject to this type of illusion and resulting abuse, especially since they deal with matters that are the center of conflict of opposing social groups where the effectiveness of an argument is often contingent upon oversimplification. All these qualifications upon estimates of national income as an index of productivity are just as important when income measurements are interpreted from the point of view of economic welfare. But in the latter case additional difficulties will be suggested to anyone who wants to penetrate below the surface of total figures and market values. Economic welfare cannot be adequately measured unless the personal distribution of income is known. And no income measurement undertakes to estimate the reverse side of income, that is, the intensity and unpleasantness of effort going into the earning of income. The welfare of a nation can, therefore, scarcely be inferred from a measurement of national income as defined above.

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It counts napalm and counts nuclear warheads and armored cars for the police to fight the riots in our cities. It counts Whitman's rifle and Speck's knife, and the television programs which glorify violence in order to sell toys to our children. Yet the gross national product does not allow for the health of our children, the quality of their education or the joy of their play. It does not include the beauty of our poetry or the strength of our marriages, the intelligence of our public debate or the integrity of our public officials. It measures neither our wit nor our courage, neither our wisdom nor our learning, neither our compassion nor our devotion to our country, it measures everything in short, except that which makes life worthwhile. And it can tell us everything about America except why we are proud that we are Americans.

2118: 1990: 1901: 2424: 1869: 38: 2167:. For instance, although computers today are less expensive and more powerful than computers from the past, GDP treats them as the same products by only accounting for their monetary value. The introduction of new products is also difficult to measure accurately and is not reflected in GDP although it may increase the standard of living. For example, even the richest person in 1900 could not purchase standard products, such as antibiotics and cell phones, that an average consumer can buy today, since such modern conveniences did not exist then. 2327:

where GDP growth is strong yet political liberties are heavily restricted. GDP does not account for the distribution of income among the residents of a country, because GDP is merely an aggregate measure. An economy may be highly developed or growing rapidly, but also contain a wide gap between the rich and the poor in a society. These inequalities often occur on the lines of race, ethnicity, gender, religion, or other minority status within countries. This can lead to misleading characterizations of economic well-being if the

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up with quantitative measures for such constructs as happiness, quality of life, and well-being. From the perspective of environmental, social and governance (ESG) measures, GDP per capita trends can be influenced by factors such as gender parity and elements of regulatory quality. In an example of a developing country with a mixed economy from 2008 to 2021, elements such as the per capita gross domestic product and the unemployment rate have a significant effect on the number of MSMEs in the Philippines.

70: 1164: 2818:. The study took the annual growth in the brightness of lights at night, as measured by satellites, and compared it to officially reported economic growth. Authoritarian states had consistently higher reported growth in GDP than their growth in night lights would suggest. An effect that also cannot be explained by different economic structures, sector composition or other factors. Incorrect growth statistics can also falsify indicators such as GDP or GDP per capita. 1780: 2204: 897: 7531: 885: 4744: 1554:', as opposed to investment. This avoids double-counting: if one buys shares in a company, and the company uses the money received to buy plant, equipment, etc., the amount will be counted toward GDP when the company spends the money on those things; to also count it when one gives it to the company would be to count two times an amount that only corresponds to one group of products. Buying 1691:

countries. In practice, however, foreign ownership makes GDP and GNI non-identical. Production within a country's borders, but by an enterprise owned by somebody outside the country, counts as part of its GDP but not its GNI; on the other hand, production by an enterprise located outside the country, but owned by one of its citizens, counts as part of its GNI but not its GDP.

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Canada (using conservative estimates) to high of nearly 70% in the United Kingdom (using more liberal estimates). For the United States, the value was estimated to be between about 20% on the low end to nearly 50% on the high end, depending on the methodology being used. Because many public policies are shaped by GDP calculations and by the related field of

3448:.Simon Kuznets, 1934. "National Income, 1929–1932". 73rd U.S. Congress, 2d session, Senate document no. 124, page 5-7 Simon Kuznets, 1934. "National Income, 1929–1932". 73rd U.S. Congress, 2d session, Senate document no. 124, page 5-7 Simon Kuznets, 1934. "National Income, 1929–1932". 73rd U.S. Congress, 2d session, Senate document no. 124, page 5-7. 2512:, strip mining, overfishing and so on". The number of trees that are net lost annually is estimated to be approximately 10 billion. The global average annual deforested land in the 2015–2020 demi-decade was 10 million hectares and the average annual net forest area loss in the 2000–2010 decade 4.7 million hectares, according to the 3674:, page 5; retrieved November 2009. Another term, "business current transfer payments", may be added. Also, the document indicates that the capital consumption adjustment (CCAdj) and the inventory valuation adjustment (IVA) are applied to the proprietor's income and corporate profits terms; and CCAdj is applied to rental income. 2661:(ISEW) by taking into account other factors such as consumption of nonrenewable resources and degradation of the environment. ISEW is roughly defined as: personal consumption + public non-defensive expenditures − private defensive expenditures + capital formation + services from domestic labour − costs of 2356:

for goods and services that would otherwise be purchased with money. Even under conservative estimates, the value of unpaid labor in Australia has been calculated to be over 50% of the country's GDP. A later study analyzed this value in other countries, with results ranging from a low of about 15% in

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If GDP is calculated this way it is sometimes called gross domestic income (GDI), or GDP (I). GDI should provide the same amount as the expenditure method described later. By definition, GDI is equal to GDP. In practice, however, measurement errors will make the two figures slightly off when reported

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Gross National Product counts air pollution and cigarette advertising, and ambulances to clear our highways of carnage. It counts special locks for our doors and the jails for the people who break them. It counts the destruction of the redwood and the loss of our natural wonder in chaotic sprawl.

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is called total factor income; it is the income of all of the factors of production in society. It measures the value of GDP at factor (basic) prices. The difference between basic prices and final prices (those used in the expenditure calculation) is the total taxes and subsidies that the government

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Government in 2013, pointing out that GDP "focuses on flows, not stocks. As a result, an economy can run down its assets yet, at the same time, record high levels of GDP growth, until a point is reached where the depleted assets act as a check on future growth". They then went on to say that "it is

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GDP as initially defined includes spending on goods and services that would shrink if underlying problems were solved or reduced - for example, medical care, crime-fighting, and the military. During World War II, Kuznets came to argue that military spending should be excluded during peacetime. This

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The valuable capacity of the human mind to simplify a complex situation in a compact characterization becomes dangerous when not controlled in terms of definitely stated criteria. With quantitative measurements especially, the definiteness of the result suggests, often misleadingly, a precision and

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It can be argued that GDP per capita as an indicator of standard of living is correlated with these factors, capturing them indirectly. As a result, GDP per capita as a standard of living is a continued usage because most people have a fairly accurate idea of what it is and know it is tough to come

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Another example that amplifies the difference between GDP and GNI is the comparison of developed and developing country indicators. The GDP of Japan for 2020 is 5,040,107.75 USD (in a million). Predictably, as a developed country, Japan has a higher GNI (by 182,779.46, in millions of USD), which is

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is the value of output produced by American-owned firms, regardless of where the firms are located. Similarly, if a country becomes increasingly in debt, and spends large amounts of income servicing this debt this will be reflected in a decreased GNI but not a decreased GDP. Similarly, if a country

1546:, the purchase of software, or the purchase of machinery and equipment for a factory. Spending by households (not the government) on new houses is also included in investment. In contrast to its colloquial meaning, "investment" in GDP does not mean purchases related to financial investments. Buying 1459:

Market goods that are produced are purchased by someone. In the case where a good is produced and unsold, the standard accounting convention is that the producer has bought the good from themselves. Therefore, measuring the total expenditure used to buy things is a way of measuring production. This

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rises). GDP per capita measures (like aggregate GDP measures) do not account for income distribution (and tend to overstate the average income per capita). For example, South Africa during apartheid ranked high in terms of GDP per capita, but the benefits of this immense wealth and income were not

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have pointed out that an increase in GDP or in GDP growth does not necessarily lead to a higher standard of living, particularly in areas such as healthcare and education. Another important area that does not necessarily improve along with GDP is political liberty, which is most notable in China,

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The major advantage of GDP per capita as an indicator of the standard of living is that it is measured frequently, widely, and consistently. It is measured frequently in that most countries provide information on GDP every quarter, allowing trends to be seen quickly. It is measured widely in that

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GDP is a product produced within a country's borders; GNI is product produced by enterprises owned by a country's citizens. The two would be the same if all of the productive enterprises in a country were owned by its own citizens and those citizens did not own productive enterprises in any other

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The value of output of all sectors is then added to get the gross value of output at factor cost. Subtracting each sector's intermediate consumption from gross output value gives the GVA (=GDP) at factor cost. Adding indirect tax minus subsidies to GVA (GDP) at factor cost gives the "GVA (GDP) at

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definition above). The switch from GNP to GDP in the United States occurred in 1991. The role that measurements of GDP played in World War II was crucial to the subsequent political acceptance of GDP values as indicators of national development and progress. A crucial role was played here by the

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highlighted that GDP "and other metrics that reflect and perpetuate them" may not be useful for facilitating the production of products and provision of services that are useful – or comparatively more useful – to society, and instead may "actually encourage, rather than discourage, destructive

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The raw GDP figure as given by the equations above is called the nominal, historical, or current GDP. When one compares GDP figures from one year to another, it is desirable to compensate for changes in the value of money—for the effects of inflation or deflation. To make it more meaningful for

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The most direct of the three is the production approach, which sums up the outputs of every class of enterprise to arrive at the total. The expenditure approach works on the principle that all of the products must be bought by somebody, therefore the value of the total product must be equal to

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creation is more complex. These activities are increasingly important in developed economies, and the international conventions governing their estimation and their inclusion or exclusion in GDP regularly change in an attempt to keep up with industrial advances. In the words of one academic

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GDP can be determined in three ways, all of which should, theoretically, give the same result. They are the production (or output or value added) approach, the income approach, and the speculated expenditure approach. It is representative of the total output and income within an economy.

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published a proposal to overcome the limitation of GDP economics to expand the focus to well-being economics with a well-being framework consisting of health, environment, work, physical safety, economic safety, and political freedom. This has been adopted in a number of countries as a

1854:, which measures inflation or deflation in the price of household consumer goods, the GDP deflator measures changes in the prices of all domestically produced goods and services in an economy including investment goods and government services, as well as household consumption goods. 1811:. Suppose also that inflation had halved the value of its currency over that period. To meaningfully compare its GDP in 2000 to its GDP in 1990, we could multiply the GDP in 2000 by one-half, to make it relative to 1990 as a base year. The result would be that the GDP in 2000 equals 2757:

which reports a national measure of subjective well-being, derived from a single survey question on satisfaction with life. GDP explains some of the cross-national variation in life satisfaction, but more of it is explained by other, social variables (See 2013 World Happiness

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people's total expenditures in buying things. The income approach works on the principle that the incomes of the productive factors ("producers", colloquially) must be equal to the value of their product, and determines GDP by finding the sum of all producers' incomes.

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sells off its resources to entities outside their country this will also be reflected over time in decreased GNI, but not decreased GDP. This would make the use of GDP more attractive for politicians in countries with increasing national debt and decreasing assets.

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According to the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, which is responsible for calculating the national accounts in the United States, "In general, the source data for the expenditures components are considered more reliable than those for the income components ."

2153:– GDP omits economies where no money comes into play at all, resulting in inaccurate or abnormally low GDP figures. For example, in countries with major business transactions occurring informally, portions of local economy are not easily registered. 3942: 3603: 2594:

that can substitute for marketed equivalents, and it clearly has great economic value despite a price of zero", which constitutes a common criticism "of the reliance on GDP as the measure of economic success" especially after the emergence of the

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framework and Index to complement GDP economics with additional seven dimensions, including environment, education, and government, work, social and health (mental and physical) indicators. The proposal was inspired by the King of Bhutan's

1566:, a transfer of claims on future production, not directly an expenditure on products; buying an existing building will involve a positive investment by the buyer and a negative investment by the seller, netting to zero overall investment. 1224:

For measuring the output of domestic product, economic activities (i.e. industries) are classified into various sectors. After classifying economic activities, the output of each sector is calculated by any of the following two methods:

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and services; expenditures on intermediate goods and services do not count. (Intermediate goods and services are those used by businesses to produce other goods and services within the accounting year.) So for example if a

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The history of the concept of GDP should be distinguished from the history of changes in many ways of estimating it. The value added by firms is relatively easy to calculate from their accounts, but the value added by the

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rate. Broader measures of wellbeing and wealth are needed for this and there is a danger that short-term decisions based solely on what is currently measured by national accounts may prove to be costly in the long-term".

2267:, the economist who developed the first comprehensive set of measures of national income, stated in his second report to the U.S. Congress in 1937, in a section titled "Uses and Abuses of National Income Measurements": 2768:

In 2019, Erik Brynjolfsson and Avinash Collis argued that GDP does not reflect the growing value of many digital goods because they have zero price. Along with several coauthors, they proposed an alternative approach,

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some measure of GDP is available for almost every country in the world, allowing inter-country comparisons. It is measured consistently in that the technical definition of GDP is relatively consistent among countries.

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Real GDP can be used to calculate the GDP growth rate, which indicates how much a country's production has increased (or decreased, if the growth rate is negative) compared to the previous year, typically expressed as

2731:, whose contributors to happiness include physical, mental, and spiritual health; time balance; social and community vitality; cultural vitality; education; living standards; good governance; and ecological vitality. 2635:, which focuses on the functional capabilities enjoyed by people within a country, rather than the aggregate wealth held within a country. These capabilities consist of the functions that a person is able to achieve. 2331:

is heavily skewed toward the high end, as the poorer residents will not directly benefit from the overall level of wealth and income generated in their country (their purchasing power can decline, even as the mean

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in order to mitigate real-world impacts of climate change. Some have pointed out that GDP did not adapt to sociotechnical changes to give a more accurate picture of the modern economy and does not encapsulate the

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is the opposite, with GDP being lower than GNI by 196.12 USD (in million). This demonstrates that countries receive investments and foreign aid from abroad. The Total income divided by the population is the

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between nations, while nominal GDP is more useful comparing national economies on the international market. Total GDP can also be broken down into the contribution of each industry or sector of the economy.

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economist, "The actual number for GDP is, therefore, the product of a vast patchwork of statistics and a complicated set of processes carried out on the raw data to fit them to the conceptual framework."

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Distinctions must be kept in mind between quantity and quality of growth, between costs and returns, and between the short and long run. Goals for more growth should specify more growth of what and for

1660:, assembles the car and sells it, only the final car sold is counted towards the GDP. Meanwhile, if a person buys replacement auto parts to install them on their car, those are counted towards the GDP. 5740: 1765:

SNA2008 provides a set of rules and procedures for the measurement of national accounts. The standards are designed to be flexible, to allow for differences in local statistical needs and conditions.

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To convert GDP into GNI, it is necessary to add the income received by resident units from abroad and deduct the income created by production in the country but transferred to units residing abroad.

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This method measures GDP by adding incomes that firms pay households for factors of production they hire – wages for labour, interest for capital, rent for land and profits for entrepreneurship.

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or countries. GDP is often used to measure the economic health of a country or region. Definitions of GDP are maintained by several national and international economic organizations, such as the

6262: 4574: 4381: 3360: 2787:

in 2020. It measures the contribution of ecosystems to the economy, including by regulating climate. It spread widely across the country. The first province to issue local rules about GEP was

4398: 4274: 4253: 6607: 2646:(HDI). The HDI is a composite index of life expectancy at birth, adult literacy rate and standard of living measured as a logarithmic function of GDP, adjusted to purchasing power parity. 4482: 6027:

in collating all the available, credible data estimating GDP for countries around the world. This includes data for some countries for over 2,000 years and for all countries since 1950.

1119:(GNP) was the preferred estimate, which differed from GDP in that it measured production by a country's citizens at home and abroad rather than its "resident institutional units" (see 4777: 2141:– Economic growth may entail an increase in negative externalities that are not directly measured in GDP. Increased industrial output might grow GDP, but any pollution is not counted. 5575: 6683: 2814:

statistics in the majority of countries. According to the study, this mainly applied to countries that were governed semi-authoritarian/authoritarian or did not have a functioning

6904: 6582: 6572: 6206: 2875: 4029: 7479: 7441: 6994: 6422: 5483: 6529: 6452: 3136: 5830: 2294:

Ever since the development of GDP, multiple observers have pointed out limitations of using GDP as the overarching measure of economic and social progress. For example, many

7173: 6732: 6597: 6442: 6310: 6255: 2867: 2780:

At the beginning of the 21st century the World Economic Forum published a series of analyses and propositions to create economic measurement tools more effective than GDP.

3891: 3873: 3855: 3837: 2361:, public policy might differ if unpaid work were included in total GDP. Some economists have advocated for changes in the way public policies are formed and implemented. 6727: 6417: 4089: 1456:

The third way to estimate GDP is to calculate the sum of the final uses of goods and services (all uses except intermediate consumption) measured in purchasers' prices.

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represents gross exports. GDP captures the amount a country produces, including goods and services produced for other nations' consumption, therefore exports are added.

7213: 6946: 6636: 6519: 6407: 5879:, "Measuring What Matters: Obsession with one financial figure, GDP, has worsened people's health, happiness and the environment, and economists want to replace it", 5380: 7429: 7059: 6678: 5461: 4833: 2147:– GDP excludes activities that are not provided through the market, such as household production, bartering of goods and services, and volunteer or unpaid services. 5160: 3381: 6929: 5428:"Gross National Happiness (GNH) – A New Socioeconomic Development Policy Framework – A Policy White Paper – The American Pursuit of Unhappiness – Med Jones, IIM" 4223: 5019:

Afshin A, Forouzanfar MH, Reitsma MB, Sur P, Estep K, Lee A, Marczak L, Mokdad AH, Moradi-Lakeh M, Naghavi M, Salama JS, Vos T, Abate KH, Abbafati C, Ahmed MB,

3766: 7386: 7000: 6402: 6330: 1800:

year-to-year comparisons, it may be multiplied by the ratio between the value of money in the year the GDP was measured and the value of money in a base year.

1751: 5723: 7300: 6562: 6201: 5198: 2871: 1709:

switched from using GNP to using GDP as its primary measure of production. The relationship between United States GDP and GNP is shown in table 1.7.5 of the

5518: 3102: 6872: 5137: 4666: 2960: 5544: 6524: 6175: 5960: 2286:

idea did not become popular; these activities are tracked because they fit into macroeconomic models (e.g. military spending uses up capital and labor).

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Clifford Cobb, Ted Halstead and Jonathan Rowe. "If the GDP is up, why is America down?" The Atlantic Monthly, vol. 276, no. 4, October 1995, pages 59–78

5229: 3728: 1542:

includes, for instance, business investment in equipment, but does not include exchanges of existing assets. Examples include the construction of a new

1155:

officially adopted GDP in 1993 as its indicator of economic performance. Previously, China had relied on a Marxist-inspired national accounting system.

7320: 7225: 7168: 6857: 6837: 6722: 6646: 6494: 6300: 6267: 1738: 5981: 3516: 6437: 6250: 5350: 4930: 4566: 4370: 2863: 1774: 4810: 4406: 2455:– in terms of e.g. resource-intensive consumption – being responsible for most negative environmental impacts and central to a transition to safer, 2318:

Although a high or rising level of GDP is often associated with increased economic and social progress, the opposite sometimes occurs. For example,

1683:(GNI). The difference is that GDP defines its scope according to location, while GNI defines its scope according to ownership. In a global context, 7391: 7357: 6499: 1837:

over that period, not 200 percent, as it might appear from the raw GDP data. The GDP adjusted for changes in money value in this way is called the

1762:. The publication is normally referred to as SNA2008 to distinguish it from the previous edition published in 1993 (SNA93) or 1968 (called SNA68) 1293:

Total income can be subdivided according to various schemes, leading to various formulae for GDP measured by the income approach. A common one is:

6624: 4245: 3477: 7208: 6631: 6514: 6320: 2885: 1889: 4478: 4341: 4166: 4139: 2770: 6778: 6744: 6641: 6462: 3975: 3288: 5260: 3444:

Congress commissioned Kuznets to create a system that would measure the nation's productivity in order to better understand how to tackle the

7484: 7250: 7180: 7052: 6934: 6924: 6432: 6353: 6325: 6196: 4605: 2842: 2101: 1993: 1791:

organizations normally do not have access to the information required (especially information on expenditure and production by governments).

1017:. It is often considered to be the world's most powerful statistical indicator of national development and progress. However, critics of the 4769: 4636: 1536:, nondurable goods, and services. Examples include food, rent, jewelry, gasoline, and medical expenses, but not the purchase of new housing. 7424: 7419: 6988: 6243: 5565: 4548: 3420: 5291: 3908: 2738:

was published by the OECD. The dimensions of the index included health, economic, workplace, income, jobs, housing, civic engagement, and

2672:, an American Economist, at the International Institute of Management, introduced the first secular Gross National Happiness Index a.k.a. 7489: 6272: 6213: 6166: 6016: 2858: 927: 859: 4311: 4060: 3810: 2526:

where a large share of annual net tropical forest loss occurred and is associated with sizable portions of this economic activity domain

7293: 7270: 7265: 6619: 6467: 6392: 6368: 6363: 5824: 4025: 3257: 2955: 2920: 2724: 1702:

Gross national income (GNI) equals GDP plus income receipts from the rest of the world minus income payments to the rest of the world.

1373:(COE) measures the total remuneration to employees for work done. It includes wages and salaries, as well as employer contributions to 4997: 2692:

that identified five actions to improve indicators of progress in ways that make them more responsive to the concerns of its citizens.

7260: 7220: 6867: 6847: 6766: 6479: 6348: 6282: 6233: 5490: 4201: 3200: 3066: 2881: 2852: 2106: 1904: 1885: 1872: 998: 5908: 4871: 3124: 7045: 6805: 6315: 6305: 2513: 2436: 5798: 6700: 6290: 5697: 3166: 3027: 2761:

In 2019, Serge Pierre Besanger published a "GDP 3.0" proposal which combines an expanded GNI formula which he calls GNIX, with a

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indicative that the production level in the country is higher than that of national production. On the other hand, the case with

1529: 3226: 7396: 6983: 6956: 6894: 6387: 3889: 3871: 3853: 3835: 3619: 2910: 2561:, director of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, noted that "it's difficult to see if the current G.D.P.-based 17: 6587: 4479:"Incorporating Estimates of Household Production of Non-Market Services into International Comparisons of Material Well-Being" 4081: 7499: 7345: 6919: 5853: 5435: 5411: 4462: 4437: 4295: 4004: 3760: 3546: 3510: 3346: 3319: 2658: 5372: 1667:

Encyclopedia Britannica records an alternate way of measuring exports minus imports: notating it as the single variable NX.

6785: 6668: 6653: 1711: 5457: 4751: 3666: 6899: 6773: 6754: 6739: 3687: 3637: 1014: 3938:

Some of the complications involved in comparing national accounts from different years are explained in this World Bank

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Instances of GDP measures have been considered numbers that are artificial constructs. In 2020 scientists, as part of a

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famously criticized GDP (or GNP), listing many examples of bad things it does count and good things it does not count:

986: 5970: 5674: 4215: 7573: 7325: 7288: 6832: 6827: 6817: 6717: 6712: 6539: 6238: 6011: 4567:"Satellite data strongly suggests that China, Russia and other authoritarian countries are fudging their GDP reports" 3750: 3452: 2950: 2246: 6078: 2132:

GDP does not include several factors that influence the standard of living. In particular, it fails to account for:

7310: 7305: 6978: 6862: 6852: 6790: 6749: 6658: 6592: 5837:), 2000. Retrieved November 2009. In depth explanations of how GDP and other national account items are determined. 2540:

only lead to modest long-term increases in GDP per capita. After developing an abstract metric similar to GDP, the

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has levied or paid on that production. So adding taxes less subsidies on production and imports converts GDP(I) at

5190: 7568: 7315: 7087: 6909: 6795: 6690: 6159: 6037: 5514: 3090: 2935: 2338: 2213: 1184:

Also known as the Value Added Approach, it calculates how much value is contributed at each stage of production.

920: 6010:, 1790–present, maintained by Samuel H. Williamson and Lawrence H. Officer, both professors of economics at the 5129: 4658: 1584:, purchases of weapons for the military and any investment expenditure by a government. It does not include any 1245:

The second way of estimating GDP is to use "the sum of primary incomes distributed by resident producer units".

7203: 7102: 7020: 7012: 6884: 6842: 6822: 6761: 6673: 6577: 6486: 6474: 6223: 5540: 2975: 2848: 2541: 1397:(GMI) is the same measure as GOS, but for unincorporated businesses. This often includes most small businesses. 6879: 2117: 7350: 6973: 6889: 6800: 5221: 4112:"Women driving Philippine entrepreneurship: Social and governance issues as mediated by economic development" 3716: 2784: 1286: 1215:

Value of output = value of the total sales of goods and services plus the value of changes in the inventory.

1050: 258: 2795:

region. For example, the GEP of Chengtian Radon Spring Nature Reserve has been calculated as USD 43 million.

520: 7406: 7097: 6914: 6705: 6695: 6663: 6139: 3500: 2806: 2746: 2566: 2554: 2381:

It has been suggested that countries that have authoritarian governments, such as the People's Republic of

6089: 5314: 4894: 6068: 4801: 3964: 3162: 3132: 2463: 1838: 1743: 1528:

is normally the largest GDP component in the economy, consisting of private expenditures in the economy (

1125: 971: 869: 89: 79: 1834: 1232:

By collecting data on gross sales and inventories from the records of companies and adding them together

7578: 6963: 6951: 6152: 6093: 5484:"Harvard Kennedy School Report to U.S. Congressman 21st Century GDP: National Indicators for a New Era" 2549:

of the Earth Institute elucidated that while GDP does not distinguish between different activities (or

2546: 2423: 1989: 913: 863: 393: 383: 5954: 3694:, commentary to the first table, " Transactions Table for an Economy". (Page retrieved November 2009.) 2298:

argue that GDP is a poor measure of social progress because it does not take into account harm to the

1218:

The sum of the gross value added in the various economic activities is known as "GDP at factor cost".

7092: 4349: 4158: 2833: 2828: 2673: 2662: 2607:

after connection to China's expressway system. GDP may not be a tool capable of recognizing how much

2392: 2365: 2182: 1038: 1010: 273: 6567: 5598: 3469: 3280: 1616:

represents gross imports. Imports are subtracted since imported goods will be included in the terms

7376: 6939: 5630:

Brynjolfsson, Erik; Collis, Avinash; Diewert, W. Erwin; Eggers, Felix; Fox, Kevin J. (March 2019),

5252: 2965: 2678: 2600: 2497: 2428: 1900: 1881: 1282:

Taxes on production and imports minus subsidies are added to get from factor cost to market prices.

1199: 1112: 951: 842: 580: 535: 388: 157: 101: 4597: 2302:. Furthermore, the GDP does not consider human health nor the educational aspect of a population. 1229:

By multiplying the output of each sector by their respective market price and adding them together

595: 7414: 6020: 4628: 4541: 4196: 3724: 3196: 3098: 3061: 2980: 2905: 2792: 2643: 2486: 2459:

conditions. They summarised evidence, presented solution approaches and stated that far-reaching

2418: 1317: 1042: 545: 353: 343: 303: 293: 200: 123: 3412: 2586:

explained that GDP excludes much unpaid work, writing that "many people contribute free digital

2532:

adults was approximately 600 million (12%) in 2015. In 2013 scientists reported that large

6506: 5283: 3912: 2940: 2754: 2735: 2604: 2467: 2217: 1676: 1116: 1102: 1046: 1021:

often argue that GDP measures were never intended to measure progress, and leave out key other

715: 560: 298: 238: 195: 142: 4687: 3814: 2619:

In response to these and other limitations of using GDP, alternative approaches have emerged.

7474: 7456: 7241: 6340: 6051: 4319: 4052: 2995: 2915: 2900: 2587: 2550: 2460: 2352:, argue that this value should be included in measuring GDP, as household labor is largely a 1787:

Within each country GDP is normally measured by a national government statistical agency, as

1680: 1593: 1221:

GDP at factor cost plus indirect taxes less subsidies on products = "GDP at producer price".

849: 530: 505: 490: 348: 288: 268: 263: 4800: 4189: 1868: 1202:, i.e., the cost of material, supplies and services used to produce final goods or services. 7381: 6063: 6002: 4965: 4953: 4906: 4705: 4190: 3253: 2945: 2925: 2815: 1851: 1030: 600: 422: 373: 338: 278: 243: 147: 137: 84: 31: 6127: 5965: 4863: 3188: 3056: 2228: 8: 7446: 7436: 5999:

Historicalstatistics.org: Links to historical statistics on GDP for countries and regions

5917: 5881: 4519: 4503: 2632: 2328: 2177: 2173:– GDP is a measurement of economic historic activity and is not necessarily a projection. 2163:– by not fully adjusting for quality improvements and new products, GDP understates true 1844:

The factor used to convert GDP from current to constant values in this way is called the

1684: 1573: 1384: 1026: 826: 635: 457: 398: 323: 313: 283: 210: 118: 4969: 4910: 4709: 2520:, higher GDP-growth can be associated with more deforestation. In 2019 "agriculture and 1195:

Estimate the gross value of domestic output out of the many various economic activities;

1072: 495: 7082: 7037: 5876: 5790: 5762: 5342: 5106: 5073: 5049: 5024: 4989: 4728: 4693: 4523: 2704: 2603:. A 2020 study found that "poor regions' GDP grows faster by attracting more polluting 2553:), "all consumption behaviors are not created equal and do not have the same impact on 2374: 2154: 1547: 1332: 1002: 982: 854: 810: 615: 452: 447: 427: 378: 318: 308: 253: 248: 220: 215: 185: 53: 6116: 4918: 3158: 3016: 2558: 2224: 7368: 7112: 7077: 6144: 5894: 5849: 5794: 5782: 5732: 5606: 5570: 5407: 5346: 5334: 5111: 5093: 5054: 4993: 4981: 4922: 4733: 4689: 4458: 4433: 4291: 4000: 3756: 3631:"Measuring the Economy: A Primer on GDP and the National Income and Product Accounts" 3585: 3542: 3506: 3352: 3342: 3315: 2739: 2717: 2575: 2517: 2478: 2406: 2358: 2306: 1725: 1629: 1209: 1018: 745: 720: 630: 510: 467: 403: 368: 358: 190: 152: 108: 37: 5949: 4527: 3623: 3230: 670: 7535: 7451: 7025: 6099: 5916:. United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis. Archived from 5774: 5645: 5637: 5326: 5101: 5085: 5044: 5036: 4973: 4914: 4723: 4713: 4515: 3630: 3575: 3445: 2985: 2295: 2181:– GDP does not account for variances in incomes of various demographic groups. See 1653: 1585: 1255:

The US "National Income and Product Accounts" divide incomes into five categories:

1145: 1091: 1087: 1065: 795: 740: 725: 710: 695: 625: 605: 585: 540: 413: 363: 333: 328: 5427: 5330: 3580: 3564:"How GDP spread to China: the experimental diffusion of macroeconomic measurement" 3563: 2393:

Research and development about the relation between GDP and use of GDP and reality

1268:

Income earned by sole proprietors and from the Housing subsector (net of expenses)

1115:

in 1944, GDP became the main tool for measuring a country's economy. At that time

675: 7337: 6103: 5933:

In-depth explanations of how GDP and other national account items are determined.

5834: 5650: 4755: 3946: 3895: 3877: 3859: 3841: 3797: 3691: 3456: 2811: 2712: 2696: 2628: 2608: 2596: 2578:

of new activities such as delivering price-free information and entertainment on

2570: 2493: 2482: 2474: 2402: 2398: 2353: 2349: 2164: 1863: 1589: 1581: 1468: 1374: 1205:

Deduct intermediate consumption from gross value to obtain the gross value added.

1191:(Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) definition given above. 1105:

report, where he warned against its use as a measure of welfare (see below under

889: 800: 765: 730: 665: 590: 575: 462: 437: 432: 408: 180: 175: 7542: 6117:"Growth, Accumulation, Crisis: With New Macroeconomic Data for Sweden 1800–2000" 3655: 7466: 6024: 5975: 4748: 4718: 2685: 2562: 2489: 2456: 2452: 2369: 2333: 1788: 1755: 1747: 1555: 1129: 990: 820: 805: 770: 755: 735: 705: 525: 442: 132: 128: 5910:

Concepts and Methods of the United States National Income and Product Accounts

3704:

Concepts and Methods of the United States National Income and Product Accounts

3684: 555: 7562: 5993: 5871:

The Little Big Number: How GDP Came to Rule the World and What to Do About It

5786: 5736: 5610: 5338: 5097: 4926: 4111: 3589: 3356: 2970: 2750: 2639: 2509: 2410: 2264: 2137: 1706: 1695: 1559: 1141: 1098: 1079: 1069: 785: 775: 750: 690: 685: 680: 660: 650: 620: 610: 515: 418: 5633:

GDP-B: Accounting for the Value of New and Free Goods in the Digital Economy

4977: 3790: 2319: 1596:. Analyses outside the US will often treat government investment as part of 1383:(GOS) is the surplus due to owners of incorporated businesses. Often called 69: 7547: 7135: 7125: 6107: 5670: 5115: 5058: 5020: 4985: 4737: 4246:"How the GDP Measures Everything 'Except That Which Makes Life Worthwhile'" 4216:"What Are the Advantages & Disadvantages of the GDP in Macroeconomics?" 2990: 2650: 2579: 2521: 2444: 1846: 1533: 1532:). These personal expenditures fall under one of the following categories: 1388: 1163: 1034: 955: 901: 815: 760: 655: 645: 640: 565: 113: 5040: 4627:

Wiedmann, Thomas; Steinberger, Julia K.; Lenzen, Manfred (June 24, 2020).

3449: 3336: 2337:

shared equally among its citizens. An inequality which the United Nations

7255: 7130: 7120: 6358: 6082: 5841: 5724:"A study of lights at night suggests dictators lie about economic growth" 5161:"Climate Change And Gross Domestic Product – Need For A Drastic Overhaul" 5025:"Health Effects of Overweight and Obesity in 195 Countries over 25 Years" 3992: 2930: 2762: 2709:

Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress

2700: 2654: 2624: 2583: 2533: 2345: 2323: 1415: 1133: 1022: 790: 780: 570: 205: 4747:

Text and image were copied from this source, which is available under a

4659:"Overconsumption and growth economy key drivers of environmental crises" 4128:

Simon Kuznets. "How To Judge Quality". The New Republic, 20 October 1962

3658:

A guide to the National Income and Product Accounts of the United States

2157:

may be more prominent than the use of money, even extending to services.

1779: 1275:

These five income components sum to net domestic income at factor cost.

6007: 5998: 5566:"Death by GDP – how the climate crisis is driven by a growth yardstick" 5404:

An Introduction to the Human Development and Capability : Approach

4432:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 3023: 2791:, and a year later it has already decided the fate of a project in the 2500:(NEF) stated that "GDP includes activities that are detrimental to our 1759: 1657: 1648: 1577: 1083: 1054: 978: 959: 700: 500: 42: 4952:

Arruda, Daniel; Candido, Hugo G.; Fonseca, Rúbia (27 September 2019).

1736:

The international standard for measuring GDP is contained in the book

1289:) is added to get from net domestic product to gross domestic product. 5631: 4834:"Tree planting 'has mind-blowing potential' to tackle climate crisis" 4770:"Why GDP is no longer the most effective measure of economic success" 3338:

Doughnut economics: seven ways to think like a 21st-century economist

2669: 2471: 2448: 2440: 2299: 994: 550: 481: 61: 6133: 5778: 5641: 5089: 4140:"Why Did Simon Kuznets Want to Leave Military Spending out of GDP?" 3685:"Gross Domestic Product from the Transactions Table for an Economy" 3683:

Thayer Watkins, San José State University Department of Economics,

2788: 2414: 2092:. This measures the average production of a person in the country. 1833:

We would see that the country's GDP had realistically increased 50

45:

map of world economies by the size of GDP (nominal) in U.S. dollars

2185:

for discussion of a variety of inequality-based economic measures.

2125:

GDP per capita is often used as an indicator of living standards.

977:

The ratio of GDP to the total population of the region is the GDP

962:

and services produced and rendered in a specific time period by a

4802:"Earth has 3 trillion trees but they're falling at alarming rate" 2529: 2505: 2501: 1720: 1049:, as better approaches to measuring the effect of the economy on 963: 7530: 5763:"How Much Should We Trust the Dictator's GDP Growth Estimates?" 5629: 2537: 2386: 1551: 1543: 884: 3620:"User's guide: Background information on GDP and GDP deflator" 2642:, a Pakistani economist at the United Nations, introduced the 5698:"Zhejiang counts 'gross ecosystem product' of nature reserve" 4743: 2382: 1212:= gross value of output – value of intermediate consumption. 1152: 948: 6096:: Summary of Data and Methodology, Redefining Progress C1995 5994:

Bureau of Economic Analysis: Official United States GDP data

3901: 1387:, although only a subset of total costs are subtracted from 27:

Market value of goods and services produced within a country

7280: 5826:

Australian National Accounts: Concepts, Sources and Methods

5072:

Ashraf, Quamrul H.; Lester, Ashley; Weil, David N. (2009).

5018: 4430:

Creating capabilities : the human development approach

2591: 2121:

Gross domestic product per capita and level of urbanization

1563: 1188: 1158: 1120: 967: 7397:

Patents, trademarks, and industrial design filing activity

5315:"Expressways, GDP, and the environment: The case of China" 3811:"U.S. Department of Commerce. Bureau of Economic Analysis" 2765:

and a set of environmental metrics based on the Daly Rule.

2373:

apparent that the recorded GDP growth rate overstates the

2112: 6140:

GDP and GNI in OECD Observer No246-247, Dec 2004-Jan 2005

5961:

Australian Bureau of Statistics Manual on GDP measurement

5893:. Belknap Press: An Imprint of Harvard University Press. 5290:. Vol. 54, no. 1. International Monetary Fund. 4626: 2368:

highlighted the shortcomings of GDP in its advice to the

1167:

An infographic explaining how GDP is calculated in the UK

7067: 5864:

The Power of a Single Number: A Political History of GDP

5515:"GDP and beyond: Measuring progress in a changing world" 4506:(2004). "National Income Accounting and Public Policy". 4082:"How Real GDP per Capita Affects the Standard of Living" 3502:

The Power of a Single Number: A Political History of GDP

2614: 7155: 4342:"Inequality hurts economic growth, finds OECD research" 2777:

of goods and services, rather than their price or cost.

2084:

GDP can be adjusted for population growth, also called

1460:

is known as the expenditure method of calculating GDP.

6174: 6019:

of the Groningen Growth and Development Centre at the

6001:, maintained by the Department of Economic History at 4749:

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

3789:

United States, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Glossary,

3562:

Heijster, Joan van; DeRock, Daniel (29 October 2020).

2690:

GDP and beyond: Measuring progress in a changing world

1752:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

5373:"GDP is destroying the planet. Here's an alternative" 5222:"Trump and the Teenager: A Climate Showdown at Davos" 3748: 1794: 1742:(2008), which was prepared by representatives of the 7192: 4951: 3999:(2nd, revised ed.). Andover: Cengage Learning. 2961:

List of economic reports by U.S. government agencies

2516:. According to one study, depending on the level of 2470:

and that existing societies, economies and cultures

2439:-associated series, warned that worldwide growth in 1421:

Total factor income is also sometimes expressed as:

6076: 5220:Landler, Mark; Sengupta, Somini (21 January 2020). 4688:Thomas Wiedmann; Manfred Lenzen; Lorenz T. Keyßer; 4275:

Remarks at the University of Kansas, March 18, 1968

1463: 5722: 5597:Brynjolfsson, Erik; Collis, Avinash (2019-11-01). 5596: 5313:He, Guojun; Xie, Yang; Zhang, Bing (1 June 2020). 5191:"Economic growth and environmental sustainability" 4629:"Affluence is killing the planet, warn scientists" 2821: 2611:agents of the economy are building or protecting. 2599:. Similarly GDP does not value or distinguish for 2569:", which nations have agreed to attempt under the 2565:of economic growth can go hand-in-hand with rapid 2341:amongst other global initiatives aims to address. 2161:Quality improvements and inclusion of new products 2864:List of countries by past and projected GDP (PPP) 1803:For example, suppose a country's GDP in 1990 was 1775:National agencies responsible for GDP measurement 1628:, and must be deducted to avoid counting foreign 1271:Net income from transfer payments from businesses 1097:The modern concept of GDP was first developed by 1086:, and argue landlords were unfairly taxed during 7560: 6100:Whether output and CPI inflation are mismeasured 6079:"Mismeasuring our Lives: Why GDP Doesn't Add Up" 5885:, vol. 323, no. 2 (August 2020), pp. 24–31. 5071: 4665:. University of New South Wales. June 19, 2020. 4312:"China Country Report Freedom in the World 2012" 4288:An Uncertain Glory: India and its Contradictions 1082:came up with a concept of GDP, to calculate the 5401: 5219: 4452: 2810:in October 2022 found signs of manipulation of 2427:Eco-economic decoupling between GDP growth and 1259:Wages, salaries, and supplementary labor income 1107: 999:GDP per capita at purchasing power parity (PPP) 5251:Kapoor, Amit; Debroy, Bibek (4 October 2019). 4620: 4457:(Reprint ed.). Paris: OECD. p. 112. 4137: 4020: 4018: 4016: 3935:Background information on GDP and GDP deflator 3911:. Central Bureau of Statistics. Archived from 3561: 2344:GDP excludes the value of household and other 2259: 1347:taxes less subsidies on production and imports 997:of the countries; therefore, using a basis of 7053: 6160: 5848:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 4954:"Amazon fires threaten Brazil's agribusiness" 4895:"Deforestation, distribution and development" 4681: 4542:"National Accounts: A Practical Introduction" 4156: 2193: 2102:List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita 1521:Here is a description of each GDP component: 921: 6077:Stiglitz, JE; Sen, A; Fitoussi, J-P (2010). 5599:"How Should We Measure the Digital Economy?" 5250: 4110:Tan, Jackson; Arceo, Virginia (2024-08-24). 3991: 1265:Interest and miscellaneous investment income 1132:where ideas from Kuznets were embedded into 1075:Quarterly gross domestic product growth rate 6998:*Top country subdivisions by GDP per capita 4453:Blades, François; Lequiller, Derek (2006). 4116:Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research 4013: 3653:United States Bureau of Economic Analysis, 2859:List of countries by GDP sector composition 2729:Bhutan Gross National Happiness (GNH) Index 7480:Number of broadband Internet subscriptions 7060: 7046: 6167: 6153: 6064:"Gross Domestic Product: An Economy's All" 5402:Shahani, Lila; Deneulin, Severine (2009). 5312: 5253:"GDP Is Not a Measure of Human Well-Being" 4831: 3813:. Bea.gov. 21 October 2009. Archived from 3749:Lequiller, François; Derek Blades (2006). 3440: 3438: 3254:"Gross Domestic Product: An Economy's All" 3125:"Gross Domestic Product: An Economy's All" 2956:List of countries by GNI per capita growth 2921:Disposable household and per capita income 2524:" accounted for 24% of the GDP of Brazil, 2227:. Please do not remove this message until 2095: 1884:. The economic growth can be expressed as 1731: 1472:U.S. GDP computed on the expenditure basis 1037:. Alternative economic indicators such as 928: 914: 30:"GDP" redirects here. For other uses, see 6114: 5649: 5105: 5048: 4893:Koop, Gary; Tole, Lise (1 October 2001). 4727: 4717: 4290:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 3959: 3957: 3955: 3579: 3568:Review of International Political Economy 3541:. Princeton University Press. p. 6. 3189:"Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Definition" 3091:"gross domestic product (GDP) – Students" 2882:List of countries by real GDP growth rate 2799: 2247:Learn how and when to remove this message 2107:List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita 1783:U.S 2015 GDP computed on the income basis 1278:Two adjustments must be made to get GDP: 1088:warfare between the Dutch and the English 7013:Lists of countries by financial rankings 5888: 5760: 5012: 4892: 4864:"Global Forest Resource Assessment 2020" 4564: 4502: 4427: 4285: 4109: 3498: 3281:"What Is Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)?" 2496:. Sarah Arnold, Senior Economist at the 2422: 2223:Relevant discussion may be found on the 2116: 1988: 1899: 1867: 1778: 1467: 1162: 1159:Determining gross domestic product (GDP) 1064: 36: 5695: 5636:(Working Paper), Working Paper Series, 5406:(1st ed.). London: Earthscan Ltd. 5074:"When Does Improving Health Raise GDP?" 4595: 4187: 4157:van den Bergh, Jeroen (13 April 2010). 3965:"How Do We Measure Standard of Living?" 3450:https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/971 3435: 3334: 3054: 2804:A peer-reviewed study published in the 2514:Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 2113:Standard of living: income distribution 1768: 1530:household final consumption expenditure 1451: 1094:developed the method further in 1695. 14: 7561: 6311:Latin American and Caribbean countries 5383:from the original on 18 September 2020 5263:from the original on 28 September 2020 5171:from the original on 20 September 2020 5140:from the original on 16 September 2020 4798: 4780:from the original on 18 September 2020 4243: 3952: 3309: 2911:Composite Index of National Capability 2711:(CMEPSP), formed by French President, 2443:in terms of GDP-metrics has increased 1580:and services. It includes salaries of 1179: 7041: 6148: 5846:GDP: A Brief but Affectionate History 5840: 5578:from the original on 22 December 2019 5464:from the original on 16 February 2017 5294:from the original on 2 September 2020 5281: 5232:from the original on 7 September 2020 5000:from the original on 11 November 2022 4813:from the original on 11 November 2020 4767: 4608:from the original on 8 September 2020 4565:Ingraham, Christopher (15 May 2018). 4169:from the original on 24 February 2013 4032:from the original on 21 February 2015 3539:GDP: A Brief but Affectionate History 3536: 3467: 3410: 3260:from the original on 11 December 2021 3169:from the original on 13 December 2021 2659:Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare 2615:Proposals to overcome GDP limitations 2468:complement technological advancements 2437:World Scientists' Warning to Humanity 2289: 1994:Countries by GDP (nominal) per capita 7068:Economic classification of countries 5507: 5438:from the original on 2 February 2017 5353:from the original on 30 October 2020 5201:from the original on 3 November 2020 5158: 3291:from the original on 5 November 2016 3221: 3219: 3217: 3139:from the original on 30 October 2022 3085: 3083: 3050: 3048: 2197: 1712:National Income and Product Accounts 989:does not reflect differences in the 6023:. This project extends the work of 5521:from the original on 4 January 2012 5029:The New England Journal of Medicine 4244:Suzuki, Dabid (February 28, 2014). 4138:Timothy Taylor (February 5, 2019). 3985: 3717:"gross domestic product – Scholars" 3480:from the original on 28 August 2014 3423:from the original on 1 October 2015 3314:. FT / Prentice Hall. p. 205. 3129:Finance & Development | F&D 981:and can approximate a concept of a 24: 6061: 5976:World Development Indicators (WDI) 5823:Australian Bureau for Statistics, 5816: 5134:The Center for Partnership Studies 4933:from the original on 16 April 2021 4832:Carrington, Damian (4 July 2019). 4694:"Scientists' warning on affluence" 4573:. San Francisco. Washington Post. 4520:10.1023/B:RAEC.0000044638.48465.df 4286:Drèze, Jean; Sen, Amartya (2013). 4026:"Macroeconomics – GDP and Welfare" 3972:The Federal Reserve Bank of Boston 3413:"Warfare and the Invention of GDP" 3251: 3122: 3009: 2839:List of countries by GDP (nominal) 2773:, which is based on measuring the 1795:Nominal GDP and adjustments to GDP 1687:are, therefore, equivalent terms. 1249:by national statistical agencies. 1240: 1144:, by financial industries, and by 1015:broad measure of economic progress 1009:GDP is often used as a metric for 1001:may be more useful when comparing 25: 7590: 7387:Research and development spending 6012:University of Illinois at Chicago 6008:Historical U.S. GDP (yearly data) 5938: 5891:Growth: A History and a Reckoning 5677:from the original on 13 July 2022 4868:Food and Agriculture Organization 4799:Dunham, Will (2 September 2015). 4669:from the original on 23 June 2020 4057:Introduction to the World Economy 3214: 3080: 3045: 2951:List of countries by average wage 2665:− depreciation of natural capital 1905:Countries by GDP (PPP) per capita 1895: 7541: 7529: 7430:planetary pressures–adjusted HDI 7306:List of countries by median wage 7301:Employee compensation (per hour) 7001:*Top country metropolitan by GDP 6995:*Top country subdivisions by GDP 5761:Martínez, Luis R. (2022-10-01). 5319:Journal of Development Economics 4874:from the original on 20 May 2020 4844:from the original on 5 July 2019 4742: 4639:from the original on 5 July 2020 4577:from the original on 15 May 2018 4554:from the original on 2005-12-27. 4387:from the original on 2021-06-13. 4256:from the original on May 7, 2021 4204:from the original on 2022-01-02. 4050: 3981:from the original on 2013-03-31. 3672:from the original on 2007-06-04. 3643:from the original on 2008-09-16. 3499:Lepenies, Philipp (April 2016). 3278: 2688:released a communication titled 2202: 1464:Components of GDP by expenditure 1041:use other measures, such as the 895: 883: 68: 7088:Heavily indebted poor countries 6110:, in Lectures in Macroeconomics 5801:from the original on 2022-12-06 5754: 5743:from the original on 2022-10-24 5715: 5696:Mengnan, Jiang (4 April 2024). 5689: 5663: 5623: 5590: 5558: 5547:from the original on 2015-02-12 5533: 5476: 5450: 5420: 5395: 5365: 5306: 5275: 5244: 5213: 5183: 5152: 5122: 5065: 4945: 4886: 4856: 4825: 4792: 4761: 4651: 4589: 4558: 4534: 4496: 4485:from the original on 2017-10-20 4471: 4455:Understanding national accounts 4446: 4421: 4391: 4363: 4334: 4318:. 19 March 2012. Archived from 4304: 4279: 4268: 4237: 4226:from the original on 2021-05-07 4208: 4181: 4150: 4131: 4122: 4103: 4092:from the original on 2015-05-20 4074: 4063:from the original on 2020-09-24 4044: 3927: 3883: 3865: 3847: 3829: 3803: 3783: 3769:from the original on 2023-03-12 3752:Understanding National Accounts 3742: 3731:from the original on 2023-02-23 3709: 3697: 3677: 3647: 3636:. Bureau of Economic Analysis. 3596: 3555: 3530: 3519:from the original on 2017-10-20 3492: 3461: 3404: 3392:from the original on 9 May 2018 3374: 3363:from the original on 2021-04-29 3328: 3303: 3203:from the original on 2023-02-23 3105:from the original on 2023-02-23 3069:from the original on 2023-02-25 3033:from the original on 2013-06-12 2936:Gross regional domestic product 2822:Lists of countries by their GDP 2339:Sustainable Development Goal 10 1890:real GDP per capita growth rate 170:Concepts, theory and techniques 7103:World Bank high-income economy 7021:List of international rankings 6414:Latin America & Caribbean 6263:Private consumption per capita 6132:Jerorn C.J.M. van den Bergh, " 4596:Pilling, David (4 July 2014). 4371:"South Africa Economic Update" 3898:, GDP (current US$ ) – Armenia 3880:, GNI (current US$ ) – Armenia 3272: 3245: 3181: 3151: 3116: 3017:"GDP (Official Exchange Rate)" 2976:Modified gross national income 2849:List of countries by GDP (PPP) 2542:Center for Partnership Studies 1908: 1679:(GNP) or, as it is now known, 1670: 13: 1: 5458:"Happiness Ministry in Dubai" 5331:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2020.102485 4919:10.1016/S0959-3780(00)00057-1 4191:"The Rise and Fall of G.D.P." 4159:"The Virtues of Ignoring GDP" 3622:. HM Treasury. Archived from 3581:10.1080/09692290.2020.1835690 3505:. Columbia University Press. 3411:Coyle, Diane (6 April 2014). 3312:Economics and Economic Change 3055:Duigpan, Brian (2017-02-28). 3002: 2785:Gross Ecosystem Product (GEP) 2389:, inflate their GDP figures. 1997: 1857: 1287:capital consumption allowance 7442:Percentage living in poverty 7098:Newly industrialized country 6301:European Union member states 6090:"What's wrong with the GDP?" 5982:World GDP Chart (since 1960) 5767:Journal of Political Economy 4508:Review of Austrian Economics 4428:Nussbaum, Martha C. (2013). 4188:Gertner, Jon (13 May 2010). 3862:, GNI (current US$ ) – Japan 3844:, GDP (current US$ ) – Japan 3610:. World Bank. Archived from 2807:Journal of Political Economy 2745:Since 2012, John Helliwell, 2555:environmental sustainability 1694:For example, the GNI of the 7: 7392:Stock market capitalization 7358:Financial assets per capita 6341:Gross national income (GNI) 6081:. New Press. Archived from 6069:International Monetary Fund 5282:Coyle, Diane (March 2017). 4899:Global Environmental Change 4598:"Has GDP outgrown its use?" 3163:Bureau of Economic Analysis 3133:International Monetary Fund 2893: 2260:Limitations at introduction 2229:conditions to do so are met 1744:International Monetary Fund 1739:System of National Accounts 1675:GDP can be contrasted with 1489:government Expenditures (G) 1418:to GDP(I) at final prices. 1126:U.S. Department of Commerce 972:International Monetary Fund 10: 7595: 6115:Edvinsson, Rodney (2005). 6094:Genuine progress indicator 5078:NBER Macroeconomics Annual 4719:10.1038/s41467-020-16941-y 3800:. Retrieved November 2009. 2886:real GDP per capita growth 2508:in the long term, such as 2396: 2194:Limitations and criticisms 2052: 2026: 2000: 1963: 1937: 1911: 1861: 1772: 1187:This approach mirrors the 1108:limitations and criticisms 1060: 29: 7524: 7498: 7465: 7405: 7366: 7336: 7279: 7240: 7191: 7154: 7144: 7111: 7093:Least developed countries 7073: 7008: 6550: 6377: 6339: 6281: 6222: 6187: 6052:Resources in your library 5889:Susskind, Daniel (2024). 5288:Finance & Development 2834:Lists of countries by GDP 2829:List of continents by GDP 2725:Centre for Bhutan Studies 2674:Gross National Well-being 2663:environmental degradation 2366:Natural Capital Committee 2183:income inequality metrics 1371:Compensation of employees 1304:Compensation of employees 1011:international comparisons 7574:Macroeconomic indicators 7485:Number of Internet users 7377:Gross National Happiness 6399:Commonwealth of Nations 6273:Ten largest historically 5971:UN Statistical Databases 5673:. World Economic Forum. 5517:. European Union. 2009. 4053:"Gross Domestic Product" 3995:; Taylor, M. P. (2011). 3159:"Gross Domestic Product" 3057:"gross domestic product" 2966:Misery index (economics) 2601:environmental protection 2498:New Economics Foundation 2429:greenhouse gas emissions 2276:In 1962, Kuznets stated: 2171:Sustainability of growth 2005: > $ 60,000 1916: > $ 60,000 1807:and its GDP in 2000 was 1377:and other such programs. 1200:intermediate consumption 1113:Bretton Woods Conference 158:JEL classification codes 7415:Human Development Index 6507:Former Soviet Republics 6224:Purchasing power parity 6021:University of Groningen 5955:Encyclopædia Britannica 5603:Harvard Business Review 5257:Harvard Business Review 4978:10.1126/science.aaz2198 4197:New York Times Magazine 3796:29 January 2018 at the 3725:Encyclopedia Britannica 3616:retrieved October 2009. 3310:Dawson, Graham (2006). 3197:Encyclopedia Britannica 3099:Encyclopedia Britannica 3062:Encyclopedia Britannica 2981:National average salary 2906:Circular flow of income 2644:Human Development Index 2419:Eco-economic decoupling 2145:Non-market transactions 2096:Lists of GDP per capita 2037: $ 10,000–$ 20,000 2031: $ 20,000–$ 30,000 2023: $ 30,000–$ 40,000 2017: $ 40,000–$ 50,000 2011: $ 50,000–$ 60,000 1974: < $ 1,000 1948: $ 10,000–$ 20,000 1942: $ 20,000–$ 30,000 1934: $ 30,000–$ 40,000 1928: $ 40,000–$ 50,000 1922: $ 50,000–$ 60,000 1831:in 1990 monetary terms. 1732:International standards 1685:world GDP and world GNI 1574:government expenditures 1570:G (government spending) 1381:Gross operating surplus 1318:gross operating surplus 1043:Human Development Index 344:Industrial organization 201:Computational economics 7569:Gross domestic product 7511:Per capita (creditors) 7490:Smartphone penetration 7146:Gross domestic product 7113:Three/Four-World Model 6463:nominal and per capita 6043:Gross domestic product 5950:Gross domestic product 4348:. 2014. Archived from 3470:"GDP: a brief history" 3468:Dickinson, Elizabeth. 3335:Raworth, Kate (2017). 2941:Gross regional product 2800:Problems with GDP data 2755:World Happiness Report 2753:have edited an annual 2736:OECD Better Life Index 2432: 2316: 2283: 2274: 2122: 2081: 2043: $ 5,000–$ 10,000 1986: 1954: $ 5,000–$ 10,000 1876: 1784: 1677:gross national product 1473: 1168: 1117:gross national product 1076: 941:Gross domestic product 196:Experimental economics 46: 18:Gross Domestic Product 7475:ICT Development Index 7457:Social Progress Index 7242:Gross national income 6551:Subnational divisions 5651:1959.4/unsworks_59015 5159:Gansbeke, Frank Van. 5130:"Social Wealth Index" 5041:10.1056/NEJMoa1614362 4768:Goldsmith, Courtney. 4698:Nature Communications 4144:Conversable Economist 3537:Coyle, Diane (2014). 3476:. ForeignPolicy.com. 2996:Social Progress Index 2916:Cost-of-living crisis 2901:Chained volume series 2727:began publishing the 2479:structural imperative 2475:consumption expansion 2453:citizens of the world 2426: 2311: 2278: 2269: 2120: 2069: < $ 500 2057: $ 1,000–$ 2,500 2049: $ 2,500–$ 5,000 1992: 1968: $ 1,000–$ 2,500 1960: $ 2,500–$ 5,000 1903: 1871: 1862:Further information: 1782: 1681:gross national income 1594:unemployment benefits 1471: 1430:employee compensation 1166: 1068: 40: 7536:Economics portal 7516:Per capita (debtors) 7382:Net material product 6017:The Maddison Project 6003:Stockholm University 5574:. 21 December 2019. 5541:""Bhutan GNH Index"" 5460:. 11 February 2016. 5377:World Economic Forum 4635:. The Conversation. 4504:Holcombe, Randall G. 3945:16 June 2010 at the 3755:. OECD. p. 18. 3604:"GDP – Final Output" 3388:. 21 December 2013. 2946:Inventory investment 2926:Economy monetization 2816:separation of powers 2592:open-source software 2567:cutting of emissions 2305:American politician 2151:Non-monetary economy 1886:real GDP growth rate 1873:Real GDP Growth Rate 1852:consumer price index 1769:National measurement 1647:are expenditures on 1452:Expenditure approach 1035:unpaid domestic work 1031:environmental impact 423:Social choice theory 32:GDP (disambiguation) 7502:investment position 7447:Human Capital Index 7437:Human Poverty Index 7425:inequality-adjusted 7226:per person employed 6491:Asia & Pacific 6378:Countries by region 6268:Per person employed 5882:Scientific American 5862:Lepenies, Philipp. 5434:. 10 January 2005. 4970:2019Sci...365.1387A 4911:2001GEC....11..193K 4710:2020NatCo..11.3107W 4409:on 27 November 2020 3909:"National Accounts" 2783:China launched the 2695:In 2009 Professors 2633:capability approach 2449:pollutant emissions 2329:income distribution 2216:of this article is 2178:Income distribution 2063: $ 500–$ 1,000 1602:government spending 1493:net exports (X − M) 1438:proprietor's income 1426:Total factor income 1180:Production approach 1027:resource extraction 890:Business portal 211:Operations research 191:National accounting 7500:Net international 7251:Nominal per capita 7169:past and projected 7083:Developing country 6767:nominal per capita 6530:nominal per capita 6468:PPP and per capita 6443:nominal per capita 6354:Nominal per capita 6316:Oceanian countries 6306:European countries 6251:Past and projected 6214:Sector composition 6202:Past and projected 6176:Lists of countries 6113:Rodney Edvinsson, 6032:Articles and books 5923:on 8 November 2017 5877:Joseph E. Stiglitz 5833:2008-08-17 at the 5226:The New York Times 4754:2017-10-16 at the 3894:2022-12-07 at the 3876:2022-12-07 at the 3858:2022-12-07 at the 3840:2022-12-07 at the 3690:2012-08-25 at the 3608:Statistical Manual 3455:2018-09-14 at the 3382:"Petty impressive" 2876:nominal per capita 2705:Jean-Paul Fitoussi 2433: 2375:sustainable growth 2348:. Some, including 2290:Further criticisms 2123: 2082: 1987: 1877: 1827:$ 150 million 1813:$ 300 million 1809:$ 300 million 1805:$ 100 million 1785: 1548:financial products 1474: 1395:Gross mixed income 1333:gross mixed income 1237:producer prices". 1169: 1077: 1039:doughnut economics 983:standard of living 221:Industrial complex 216:Middle income trap 47: 7579:National accounts 7556: 7555: 7407:Human development 7369:national accounts 7271:Disposable income 7266:Per capita growth 7236: 7235: 7078:Developed country 7035: 7034: 6369:Disposable income 6364:Per capita growth 6331:Industrial growth 6291:African countries 6038:Library resources 5869:Philipsen, Dirk. 5855:978-0-691-15679-8 5773:(10): 2731–2769. 5571:The Straits Times 5413:978-1-84407-806-6 4690:Julia Steinberger 4464:978-92-64-02566-0 4439:978-0-674-07235-0 4399:"Goal 10 targets" 4297:978-1-4008-4877-5 4006:978-1-84480-870-0 3762:978-92-64-02566-0 3614:on 16 April 2010, 3548:978-0-691-15679-8 3512:978-0-231-54143-5 3348:978-1-84794-138-1 3321:978-0-273-69351-2 2740:life satisfaction 2718:wellbeing economy 2518:wealth inequality 2407:Impact evaluation 2359:national accounts 2307:Robert F. Kennedy 2296:environmentalists 2257: 2256: 2249: 2080: 2079: 1985: 1984: 1882:percentage change 1726:Per capita income 1586:transfer payments 1562:is a swapping of 1434:corporate profits 1391:to calculate GOS. 1285:Depreciation (or 1262:Corporate profits 1210:Gross value added 1090:between 1652-74. 1051:human development 1047:Better Life Index 1019:growth imperative 938: 937: 16:(Redirected from 7586: 7548:World portal 7546: 7545: 7534: 7533: 7452:Household income 7346:Wealth per adult 7209:future estimates 7152: 7151: 7062: 7055: 7048: 7039: 7038: 7026:Lists by country 6326:1980–2010 growth 6169: 6162: 6155: 6146: 6145: 6124: 6086: 6085:on May 15, 2013. 6073: 5932: 5930: 5928: 5922: 5915: 5904: 5859: 5810: 5809: 5807: 5806: 5758: 5752: 5751: 5749: 5748: 5731:. 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1957: 1955: 1951: 1949: 1945: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1929: 1925: 1923: 1919: 1917: 1913: 1898: 1866: 1864:Economic growth 1860: 1826: 1821: 1817: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1797: 1777: 1771: 1734: 1673: 1590:social security 1582:public servants 1550:is classed as ' 1526:C (consumption) 1481:consumption (C) 1466: 1454: 1375:social security 1361: 1354: 1349: 1346: 1345: 1344: 1336: 1331: 1330: 1329: 1321: 1316: 1315: 1314: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1301: 1243: 1241:Income approach 1182: 1161: 1063: 995:inflation rates 934: 896: 894: 882: 875: 874: 845: 835: 834: 833: 832: 596:von Böhm-Bawerk 484: 473: 472: 234: 226: 225: 181:Economic growth 171: 163: 162: 104: 102:classifications 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7592: 7582: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7554: 7553: 7551: 7550: 7538: 7525: 7522: 7521: 7519: 7518: 7513: 7507: 7505: 7496: 7495: 7493: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7471: 7469: 7467:Digital divide 7463: 7462: 7460: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7433: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7411: 7409: 7403: 7402: 7400: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7373: 7371: 7364: 7363: 7361: 7360: 7355: 7354: 7353: 7342: 7340: 7334: 7333: 7331: 7330: 7329: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7297: 7296: 7285: 7283: 7277: 7276: 7274: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7261:PPP per capita 7258: 7253: 7247: 7245: 7238: 7237: 7234: 7233: 7231: 7230: 7229: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7217: 7216: 7200: 7198: 7189: 7188: 7186: 7185: 7184: 7183: 7178: 7177: 7176: 7160: 7158: 7149: 7142: 7141: 7139: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7117: 7115: 7109: 7108: 7106: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7074: 7071: 7070: 7065: 7064: 7057: 7050: 7042: 7033: 7032: 7029: 7028: 7023: 7017: 7016: 7015: 7009: 7006: 7005: 6992: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6960: 6959: 6954: 6944: 6943: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6925:United Kingdom 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6876: 6875: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6809: 6808: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6782: 6781: 6771: 6770: 6769: 6759: 6758: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6737: 6736: 6735: 6730: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6709: 6708: 6703: 6693: 6688: 6687: 6686: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6664:Czech Republic 6661: 6656: 6651: 6650: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6629: 6628: 6627: 6617: 6616: 6615: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6554: 6552: 6548: 6547: 6545: 6544: 6543: 6542: 6534: 6533: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6520:PPP per capita 6517: 6509: 6504: 6503: 6502: 6497: 6489: 6484: 6483: 6482: 6472: 6471: 6470: 6465: 6457: 6456: 6455: 6449:South America 6447: 6446: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6429:North America 6427: 6426: 6425: 6420: 6412: 6411: 6410: 6405: 6397: 6396: 6395: 6390: 6381: 6379: 6375: 6374: 6372: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6349:PPP per capita 6345: 6343: 6337: 6336: 6334: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6287: 6285: 6279: 6278: 6276: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6259: 6258: 6248: 6247: 6246: 6236: 6230: 6228: 6220: 6219: 6217: 6216: 6211: 6210: 6209: 6199: 6193: 6191: 6185: 6184: 6172: 6171: 6164: 6157: 6149: 6143: 6142: 6137: 6134:Abolishing GDP 6130: 6125: 6111: 6097: 6087: 6074: 6055: 6054: 6048: 6047: 6036: 6035: 6029: 6028: 6025:Angus Maddison 6014: 6005: 5996: 5985: 5984: 5979: 5973: 5968: 5966:OECD GDP chart 5963: 5958: 5940: 5939:External links 5937: 5935: 5934: 5905: 5900:978-0674294493 5899: 5886: 5874: 5867: 5860: 5854: 5838: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5812: 5811: 5779:10.1086/720458 5753: 5714: 5702:China Dialogue 5688: 5662: 5642:10.3386/w25695 5622: 5589: 5557: 5532: 5506: 5475: 5449: 5419: 5412: 5394: 5364: 5305: 5274: 5243: 5212: 5182: 5151: 5121: 5090:10.1086/593084 5064: 5011: 4964:(6460): 1387. 4944: 4905:(3): 193–202. 4885: 4855: 4824: 4791: 4760: 4680: 4650: 4619: 4588: 4557: 4533: 4514:(4): 387–405. 4495: 4470: 4463: 4445: 4438: 4420: 4390: 4380:. April 2018. 4362: 4333: 4322:on 17 May 2016 4303: 4296: 4278: 4267: 4236: 4207: 4180: 4149: 4130: 4121: 4102: 4073: 4043: 4012: 4005: 3984: 3951: 3926: 3900: 3882: 3864: 3846: 3828: 3802: 3782: 3761: 3741: 3708: 3696: 3676: 3646: 3595: 3554: 3547: 3529: 3511: 3491: 3474:Foreign Policy 3460: 3434: 3403: 3373: 3347: 3327: 3320: 3302: 3271: 3244: 3213: 3180: 3150: 3115: 3079: 3044: 3007: 3006: 3004: 3001: 2999: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2973: 2968: 2963: 2958: 2953: 2948: 2943: 2938: 2933: 2928: 2923: 2918: 2913: 2908: 2903: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2890: 2889: 2879: 2861: 2856: 2846: 2836: 2831: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2801: 2798: 2797: 2796: 2781: 2778: 2766: 2759: 2747:Richard Layard 2743: 2732: 2721: 2693: 2686:European Union 2682: 2666: 2647: 2636: 2631:developed the 2623:In the 1980s, 2616: 2613: 2451:with affluent 2394: 2391: 2334:GDP per capita 2291: 2288: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2254: 2210: 2208: 2201: 2195: 2192: 2187: 2186: 2174: 2168: 2158: 2148: 2142: 2114: 2111: 2110: 2109: 2104: 2097: 2094: 2090:GDP per person 2086:Per-capita GDP 2078: 2077: 2071: 2065: 2059: 2053: 2051: 2045: 2039: 2033: 2027: 2025: 2019: 2013: 2007: 2001: 1983: 1982: 1976: 1970: 1964: 1962: 1956: 1950: 1944: 1938: 1936: 1930: 1924: 1918: 1912: 1897: 1896:GDP per capita 1894: 1859: 1856: 1796: 1793: 1789:private sector 1773:Main article: 1770: 1767: 1756:United Nations 1748:European Union 1733: 1730: 1672: 1669: 1634: 1633: 1611: 1605: 1572:is the sum of 1567: 1558:or companies' 1540:I (investment) 1537: 1519: 1518: 1485:investment (I) 1479:is the sum of 1465: 1462: 1453: 1450: 1449: 1448: 1399: 1398: 1392: 1378: 1367: 1366: 1359: 1352: 1291: 1290: 1283: 1273: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1242: 1239: 1234: 1233: 1230: 1207: 1206: 1203: 1198:Determine the 1196: 1181: 1178: 1160: 1157: 1130:Milton Gilbert 1062: 1059: 991:cost of living 936: 935: 933: 932: 925: 918: 910: 907: 906: 905: 904: 892: 877: 876: 873: 872: 867: 857: 852: 846: 841: 840: 837: 836: 831: 830: 823: 818: 813: 808: 803: 798: 793: 788: 783: 778: 773: 768: 763: 758: 753: 748: 743: 738: 733: 728: 723: 718: 713: 708: 703: 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 628: 623: 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 493: 487: 486: 485: 479: 478: 475: 474: 471: 470: 465: 460: 455: 450: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 416: 411: 406: 401: 396: 391: 389:Organizational 386: 381: 376: 371: 366: 361: 356: 351: 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 251: 246: 241: 235: 233:By application 232: 231: 228: 227: 224: 223: 218: 213: 208: 203: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 172: 169: 168: 165: 164: 161: 160: 155: 150: 145: 140: 135: 126: 121: 116: 111: 105: 99: 98: 95: 94: 93: 92: 87: 82: 74: 73: 65: 64: 58: 57: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7591: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7566: 7564: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7526: 7523: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7497: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7472: 7470: 7468: 7464: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7417: 7416: 7413: 7412: 7410: 7408: 7404: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7374: 7372: 7370: 7365: 7359: 7356: 7352: 7349: 7348: 7347: 7344: 7343: 7341: 7339: 7335: 7327: 7326:United States 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7313: 7312: 7311:Minimum wages 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7295: 7292: 7291: 7290: 7287: 7286: 7284: 7282: 7278: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7239: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7215: 7212: 7211: 7210: 7207: 7206: 7205: 7202: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7190: 7182: 7179: 7175: 7172: 7171: 7170: 7167: 7166: 7165: 7162: 7161: 7159: 7157: 7153: 7150: 7147: 7143: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7118: 7116: 7114: 7110: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7075: 7072: 7063: 7058: 7056: 7051: 7049: 7044: 7043: 7040: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7018: 7014: 7011: 7010: 7007: 7003: 7002: 6999: 6996: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6949: 6948: 6947:United States 6945: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6927: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6874: 6871: 6870: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6807: 6804: 6803: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6780: 6777: 6776: 6775: 6772: 6768: 6765: 6764: 6763: 6760: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6742: 6741: 6738: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6725: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6698: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6685: 6682: 6681: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6634: 6633: 6630: 6626: 6623: 6622: 6621: 6618: 6614: 6611: 6610: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6583:Baltic States 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6555: 6553: 6549: 6541: 6538: 6537: 6535: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6512: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6492: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6481: 6478: 6477: 6476: 6473: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6460: 6458: 6454: 6451: 6450: 6448: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6430: 6428: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6415: 6413: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6400: 6398: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6385: 6383: 6382: 6380: 6376: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6346: 6344: 6342: 6338: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6288: 6286: 6284: 6280: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6257: 6254: 6253: 6252: 6249: 6245: 6242: 6241: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6231: 6229: 6227: 6221: 6215: 6212: 6208: 6205: 6204: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6190: 6186: 6181: 6177: 6170: 6165: 6163: 6158: 6156: 6151: 6150: 6147: 6141: 6138: 6135: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6112: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6098: 6095: 6091: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6075: 6071: 6070: 6065: 6062:Callen, Tim. 6060: 6059: 6053: 6050: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6033: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5991: 5990: 5989: 5983: 5980: 5978:at World Bank 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5956: 5951: 5948: 5947: 5946: 5945: 5919: 5912: 5911: 5906: 5902: 5896: 5892: 5887: 5884: 5883: 5878: 5875: 5872: 5868: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5827: 5822: 5821: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5757: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5729:The Economist 5725: 5718: 5703: 5699: 5692: 5676: 5672: 5666: 5652: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5634: 5626: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5593: 5577: 5573: 5572: 5567: 5561: 5546: 5542: 5536: 5520: 5516: 5510: 5496:on 2015-07-01 5492: 5485: 5479: 5463: 5459: 5453: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5423: 5415: 5409: 5405: 5398: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5368: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5309: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5278: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5247: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5216: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5186: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5155: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5125: 5117: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5068: 5060: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5015: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4948: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4889: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4859: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4828: 4812: 4808: 4803: 4795: 4779: 4775: 4774:World Finance 4771: 4764: 4757: 4753: 4750: 4745: 4739: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4684: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4654: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4623: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4592: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4561: 4550: 4543: 4537: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4499: 4484: 4480: 4474: 4466: 4460: 4456: 4449: 4441: 4435: 4431: 4424: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4394: 4383: 4379: 4372: 4366: 4352:on 2022-04-19 4351: 4347: 4343: 4337: 4321: 4317: 4316:Freedom House 4313: 4307: 4299: 4293: 4289: 4282: 4276: 4271: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4240: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4211: 4203: 4199: 4198: 4192: 4184: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4153: 4145: 4141: 4134: 4125: 4117: 4113: 4106: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4077: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4047: 4031: 4027: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4008: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3993:Mankiw, N. G. 3988: 3977: 3973: 3966: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3948: 3944: 3941: 3936: 3933:HM Treasury, 3930: 3914: 3910: 3904: 3897: 3893: 3890: 3886: 3879: 3875: 3872: 3868: 3861: 3857: 3854: 3850: 3843: 3839: 3836: 3832: 3816: 3812: 3806: 3799: 3795: 3792: 3786: 3779: 3768: 3764: 3758: 3754: 3753: 3745: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3712: 3705: 3700: 3693: 3689: 3686: 3680: 3668: 3661: 3659: 3650: 3639: 3632: 3625: 3621: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3599: 3591: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3558: 3550: 3544: 3540: 3533: 3518: 3514: 3508: 3504: 3503: 3495: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3464: 3458: 3454: 3451: 3447: 3441: 3439: 3422: 3418: 3417:The Globalist 3414: 3407: 3391: 3387: 3386:The Economist 3383: 3377: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3344: 3340: 3339: 3331: 3323: 3317: 3313: 3306: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3275: 3259: 3255: 3252:Callen, Tim. 3248: 3232: 3228: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3184: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3154: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3123:Callen, Tim. 3119: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3086: 3084: 3068: 3064: 3063: 3058: 3051: 3049: 3029: 3025: 3018: 3012: 3008: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2971:Median income 2969: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2939: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2907: 2904: 2902: 2899: 2898: 2887: 2883: 2880: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2862: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2840: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2826: 2819: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2808: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2772: 2767: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2751:Jeffrey Sachs 2748: 2744: 2741: 2737: 2734:In 2013, the 2733: 2730: 2726: 2723:In 2008, the 2722: 2719: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2680: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2645: 2641: 2640:Mahbub ul Haq 2637: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2621: 2620: 2612: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2545:activities". 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2510:deforestation 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2477:and that the 2476: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2411:Economic data 2408: 2404: 2400: 2390: 2388: 2384: 2379: 2376: 2371: 2367: 2362: 2360: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2342: 2340: 2335: 2330: 2325: 2321: 2315: 2310: 2308: 2303: 2301: 2297: 2287: 2282: 2277: 2273: 2268: 2266: 2265:Simon Kuznets 2251: 2248: 2240: 2230: 2226: 2220: 2219: 2215: 2209: 2200: 2199: 2191: 2184: 2180: 2179: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2139: 2138:Externalities 2135: 2134: 2133: 2130: 2126: 2119: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2099: 2093: 2091: 2087: 2075: No data 1999: 1995: 1991: 1980: No data 1910: 1906: 1902: 1893: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1874: 1870: 1865: 1855: 1853: 1849: 1848: 1842: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1801: 1792: 1790: 1781: 1776: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1740: 1729: 1727: 1722: 1716: 1714: 1713: 1708: 1707:United States 1705:In 1991, the 1703: 1700: 1697: 1692: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1668: 1665: 1661: 1659: 1655: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1561: 1560:equity shares 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1534:durable goods 1531: 1527: 1524: 1523: 1522: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1498: 1497: 1496: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1470: 1461: 1457: 1447: 1443: 1442:rental income 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1424: 1423: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1372: 1369: 1368: 1362: 1355: 1339: 1334: 1324: 1319: 1309: 1299: 1296: 1295: 1294: 1288: 1284: 1281: 1280: 1279: 1276: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1257: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1246: 1238: 1231: 1228: 1227: 1226: 1222: 1219: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1204: 1201: 1197: 1194: 1193: 1192: 1190: 1185: 1177: 1173: 1165: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1147: 1143: 1142:public sector 1137: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1111:). 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