122:, a Russian American economist at the University of Pennsylvania, did breakthrough work in the 1930s in measuring national income, "the size of the final net product." He defined net product as follows: "If all the commodities produced and all the direct services rendered during the year are added to their market value, and from the resulting total we subtract the value of that part of the nation's stock of goods that was expended (both as raw materials and as capital equipment) in producing this total, then the remainder constitutes the net product of the national economy of the year." Thus, net product focused on final output only, and excluded business-to-business (B2B) transactions in the supply chain. He expanded his "net output" data to measure Gross National Product (GNP) starting in 1942.
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the macro economy. GO can be integrated into macroeconomic analysis and textbook economics, and is more consistent with leading indicators and other macroeconomic data. He makes the case that GO and GDP complement each other as macroeconomic tools and that both should play a vital role in national accounting statistics, much like top line and bottom line accounting are employed to providing a complete picture of quarterly earnings reports of publicly-traded companies.
116:, the Austrian economist at the London School of Economics, created a diagram known as Hayek's triangles as a theoretical measure of the stages of production. Hayek's triangles formed the basis of gross output, before GNP or GDP were invented. However, Hayek's work was strictly theoretical, and no attempt was developed to statistically measure gross output.
133:, a Russian American economist at Harvard University, followed with the development of the first input-output tables, which he regarded as a better survey of the whole economy. I-O accounts require examining the "intervening steps" between inputs and outputs in the production process, "a complex series of transactions…among real people"
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Economists regard GO and GDP as complementary aggregate measures of the economy. Many analysts view GO as a more comprehensive way to analyze the economy and the business cycle. "Gross output is the natural measure of the production sector, while net output is appropriate as a measure of welfare.
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in the economy, and tends to be more volatile than GDP. Earlier-stage and intermediate inputs in GO may also be helpful in forecasting the direction of economic growth. He contends that gross output should be the starting point of national income accounting, and offers a more complete picture of
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I-O data created the first estimates of gross output. However, Leontief did not emphasize GO as an important macroeconomic tool. He focused on gross output-by-industry, i.e., the inner-workings between industries, not the aggregate GO. The BEA began publishing GO data on an annual basis in the
53:(BEA) as "a measure of an industry's sales or receipts, which can include sales to final users in the economy (GDP) or sales to other industries (intermediate inputs). Gross output can also be measured as the sum of an industry's value added and intermediate inputs."
46:(GDP), which is limited mainly to final output (finished goods and services). As of first-quarter 2019, the Bureau of Economic Analysis estimated gross output in the United States to be $ 37.2 trillion, compared to $ 21.1 trillion for GDP.
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Skousen has also criticized the BEA's measure of gross output for failing to include a measure of total gross sales at the wholesale and retail level, amounting to more than $ 7.6 trillion of business spending (B2B) in 2014.
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early 1990s, and was not updated on a quarterly basis until 2014. BEA director J. Steven
Landefeld spearheaded the effort to bring gross output and gross output-by-industry up to date and released quarterly.
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Starting in April 2014, the BEA began publishing gross output and gross output-by-industry on a quarterly basis, along with GDP.
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The
Purchasing Power of Money: Its Determination and Relation to Credit, Interest, and Crises
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The
Purchasing Power of Money: Its Determination and Relation to Credit, Interest, and Crises
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618:"New, Revolutionary Way To Measure The Economy Is Coming -- Believe Me, This Is A Big Deal"
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Jorgenson, Dale W.; Landefeld, J. Steven; Nordhaus, William D. ed. (2006).
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introduced gross output as an essential macroeconomic tool in his work,
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in 1990; see also Mark
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Economists have praised and criticized gross output. They include
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introduced a theoretical measure of "volume of trade" with his
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Analysis, US Department of
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in 1946, GNP became the standard measure of economic growth.
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Gross output represents, roughly speaking, the total value of
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Kuznets, Simon (June 7, 1934). "National Income, 1929-1932".
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Both are required in a complete system of accounts."
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599:"A New Way to Gauge the U.S. Economy"
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480:"At Last, a Better Economic Measure"
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577:"GO: J.M. Keynes versus J.-B. Say"
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342:Fisher, Irving (1920).
127:Bretton Woods Agreement
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362:Prices and Production
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112:In 1931,
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