811:
417:
402:
386:
484:
500:
156:
511:
528:
167:
49:
1538:
645:
349:
by these academics. His work was denied official publication, but
Tychsen published a review of Grotefend's work in the literary gazette of Göttingen in September 1802, which presented the argument made by Grotefend. In 1815, Grotefend was only able to give an account of his theories in the work of his friend Heeren on ancient history. His article appeared as an appendix in Heeren's book on historical research and was entitled
1574:
401:
385:
635:
By this method, Grotefend had correctly identified each king in the inscriptions, but his identification of the phonetical value of individual letters was still quite defective, for want of a better understanding of the Old
Persian language itself. Grotefend identified correctly the phonetical value
348:
At this point
Grotefend took up the matter. Having a taste for puzzles, he made a bet with drinking friends around 1800 that he could decipher at least part of the Persepolis inscriptions. His first discovery was communicated to the Royal Society of Göttingen in 1802, but his findings were dismissed
544:
Looking at the length of the character sequences, and comparing with the names and genealogy of the
Achaemenid kings as known from the Greeks, also taking into account the fact that the father of one of the rulers in the inscriptions didn't have the attribute "king", he made the correct guess that
217:
One year before retiring he received a medal commemorating his 50th anniversary of working at the gymnasium. This medal made by the local engraver
Heinrich Friedrich Brehmer links Grotefend's jubilee with the 500th anniversary of the school where he taught. Both occasions were celebrated on 2nd of
514:
Relying on deductions only, and without knowing the actual script or language, Grotefend obtained a near-perfect translation of the Xerxes inscription (here shown in Old
Persian, Elamite and Babylonian): "Xerxes the strong King, King of Kings, son of Darius the King, ruler of the world"
773:
A basis had now been laid for the interpretation of the
Persian inscriptions. However, Grotefend misconstrued several important characters. Significant work remained to be done to complete the decipherment. Building on Grotefend's insights, the task was performed by
682:, was able to confirm that the corresponding words in the cuneiform script were indeed the words which Grotefend had identified as meaning "king" and "Xerxes" through guesswork. The findings were published by Saint-Martin in
1046:"Journal asiatique : ou recueil de mémoires, d'extraits et de notices relatifs à l'histoire, à la philosophie, aux sciences, à la littérature et aux langues des peuples orientaux... / publié par la Société asiatique"
636:
of only eight letters among the thirty signs he had collated. However groundbreaking, this inductive method failed to convince academics, and the official recognition of his work was denied for nearly a generation.
453:
kings), that a king's name is often followed by "great king, king of kings" and the name of the king's father. This understanding of the structure of monumental inscriptions in Old
Persian was based on the work of
536:
Looking at similarities in character sequences, he made the hypothesis that the father of the ruler in one inscription would possibly appear as the first name in the other inscription: the first word in
Niebuhr 1
531:
Old
Persian alphabet, and proposed transcription of the Xerxes inscription, according to Grotefend. Initially published in 1815. Grotefend identified correctly only eight letters among the thirty signs he had
1078:
English translation: Grotefend, G.F., "Appendix II: On the cuneiform character, and particularly the inscriptions at Persepolis" in: Heeren, Arnold Hermann Ludwig, with David Alphonso Talboys, trans.,
557:. In Persian history around the time period the inscriptions were expected to be made, there were only two instances where a ruler came to power without being a previous king's son. They were
483:
746:
that the presence of the two schemes A) and B) gives an opportunity to identify the people involved; it is necessary that X was a Persian king, his father was a Persian king too,
1487:"Nine Linear Elamite Texts Inscribed on Silver "Gunagi" Vessels (X, Y, Z, F', H', I', J', K' and L'): New Data on Linear Elamite Writing and the History of the Sukkalmaḫ Dynasty"
565:, both of whom became emperor by revolt. The deciding factors between these two choices were the names of their fathers and sons. Darius's father was Hystaspes and his son was
896:
1553:
391:
Niebuhr inscription 1. Now known to mean "Darius the Great King, King of Kings, King of countries, son of Hystaspes, an Achaemenian, who built this Palace". Today known as
666:, who had just deciphered Egyptian hieroglyphs, was able to read the Egyptian dedication of a quadrilingual hieroglyph-cuneiform inscription on an alabaster vase in the
717:
that the Persian inscriptions contain three different forms of cuneiform writing and so the decipherment of the one would give the key to the decipherment of the others
499:
1323:
The Persian Cuneiform Inscription at Behistun: Decyphered and Tr.; with a Memoir on Persian Cuneiform Inscriptions in General, and on that of Behistun in Particular
1287:
The Persian Cuneiform Inscription at Behistun: Decyphered and Tr.; with a Memoir on Persian Cuneiform Inscriptions in General, and on that of Behistun in Particular
254:, in two volumes, followed by a smaller grammar for the use of schools in 1826; in 1835–1838 a systematic attempt to explain the fragmentary remains of the
577:. Within the text, the father and son of the king had different groups of symbols for names so Grotefend assumed that the king must have been Darius.
1307:
Vol. 2: Historical researches into the politics, intercourse, and trade of the principal nations of antiquity. / By A.H.L. Heeren. Tr. from the German
1227:
Vol. 2: Historical researches into the politics, intercourse, and trade of the principal nations of antiquity. / By A.H.L. Heeren. Tr. from the German
1105:
Vol. 2: Historical researches into the politics, intercourse, and trade of the principal nations of antiquity. / By A.H.L. Heeren. Tr. from the German
214:, and shortly afterwards as conrector. In 1821 he became director of the gymnasium at Hanover, a post which he retained until his retirement in 1849.
246:, published in 1815, and his foundation of a society for investigating the German tongue in 1817. In 1823/1824 he published his revised edition of
743:
that the inscriptions satisfy the two following schemes: A) X king, great king of king, son of Y king; B) Y king, great king of king, son of Z;
580:
These connections allowed Grotefend to figure out the cuneiform characters that are part of Darius, Darius's father Hystaspes, and Darius's son
1558:
407:
Niebuhr inscription 2. Now known to mean "Xerxes the Great King, King of Kings, son of Darius the King, an Achaemenian". Today known as
202:. Heyne's recommendation procured for him an assistant mastership in the Göttingen gymnasium in 1797. While there he published his work
1578:
1608:
411:, the text of fourteen inscriptions in three languages (Old Persian, Elamite, Babylonian) from the Palace of Xerxes in Persepolis.
1443:
1354:
1252:
1149:
1028:
968:
941:
860:
810:
1603:
416:
1391:"Extrait d'un mémoire relatif aux antiques inscriptions de Persépolis lu à l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres"
895:
S. Krmnicek und M. Gaidys, Gelehrtenbilder. Altertumswissenschaftler auf Medaillen des 19. Jahrhunderts. Begleitband zur
303:, which was alleged to have been discovered in the preceding year in the Portuguese convent of Santa Maria de Merinhão.
684:
Extrait d'un mémoire relatif aux antiques inscriptions de Persépolis lu à l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres
993:, Second Edition-revised, 1908, Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, London, Brighton, New York; at pages 10-13
990:
466:
737:(though that is today distinguished from Old Persian) and must be ascribed to the age of the Achaemenian princes
852:
Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages
766:
621:
550:
1411:
897:
online-Ausstellung im Digitalen Münzkabinett des Instituts für Klassische Archäologie der Universität Tübingen
519:, right column). The modern translation is: "Xerxes the Great King, King of Kings, son of Darius the King, an
1623:
368:
1190:
1165:
345:, believed that he had ascertained the characters in the column, now known to be Persian, to be alphabetic.
1613:
199:
1087:
Grotefend's determinations of the values of several characters in cuneiform are also briefly mentioned in
280:
Die Münzen der griechischen, parthischen und indoskythischen Könige von Baktrien und den Ländern am Indus
1103:
1305:
1225:
823:
31:
1475:
Maurice Pope: "The Story of Decipherment", Thames and Hudson Ltd., London, 1975 and 1999, pp. 101-103.
351:"On the Interpretation of the Arrow-headed Characters, particularly of the Inscriptions at Persepolis"
187:
1088:
1084:
1081:
Historical Researches into the Politics, Intercourse, and Trade of the Principal Nations of Antiquity
686:, thereby vindicating the pioneering work of Grotefend. This time, academics took note, particularly
679:
445:
Grotefend extended this work by realizing, based on the known inscriptions of much later rulers (the
362:
17:
155:
195:
899:, in: S. Krmnicek (Hrsg.), Von Krösus bis zu König Wilhelm. Neue Serie Bd. 3 (Tübingen 2020), 82f.
667:
510:
325:
had for some time been attracting attention in Europe; exact copies of them had been published by
247:
191:
657:
confirmed the decipherment of Grotefend once Champollion was able to read Egyptian hieroglyphs.
1373:
1269:
1139:
1066:
1045:
850:
527:
1433:
1344:
1242:
1018:
958:
931:
691:
438:. He also understood from Münter that each word was separated from the next by a slash sign (
318:
312:
271:
128:
1321:
1285:
1214:
Kent, R. G.: "Old Persian: Grammar Texts Lexicon", page 10. American Oriental Society, 1950.
1070:
662:
It was only in 1823 that Grotefend's discovery was confirmed, when the French archaeologist
1598:
1593:
908:
Kent, R. G.: "Old Persian: Grammar Texts Lexicon", page 9. American Oriental Society, 1950.
694:, who would expand on Grotefend's work and further advance the decipherment of cuneiforms.
342:
285:
He soon, however, returned to his favourite subject, and brought out a work in five parts,
166:
8:
1390:
783:
317:
But it was in the East rather than in the West that Grotefend did his greatest work. The
290:
1271:
Ideen über die Politik, den Verkehr und den Handel der vornehmsten Völker der alten Welt
1072:
Ideen über die Politik, den Verkehr und den Handel der vornehmsten Völker der alten Welt
425:
420:
Hypothesis for the sentence structure of Persepolitan inscriptions, by Grotefend (1815).
1618:
1514:
762:
758:
581:
566:
520:
334:
1075:, part 1, section 1, (Göttingen, (Germany): Bandelhoel und Ruprecht, 1815), 563–609.
730:
that the alphabet consists of forty letters, including signs for long and short vowels
1518:
1506:
1439:
1395:
1350:
1248:
1145:
1067:"Ueber die Erklärung der Keilschriften, und besonders der Inschriften von Persepolis"
1024:
994:
964:
937:
856:
455:
775:
687:
395:, from the Palace of Darius in Persepolis, above figures of the king and attendants
1498:
814:
Gravestone of Georg Friedrich Grotefend at the Gartenfriedhof (Garden Cemetery) in
779:
593:
558:
546:
474:
450:
379:", which seemed to have broadly similar content except for the name of the rulers.
255:
236:
1502:
986:
724:
596:. This identification was correct, although the actual Persian prononciation was
562:
376:
338:
300:
175:
160:
933:
Discoveries from Bible Times: Archaeological Treasures Throw Light on the Bible
799:
470:
459:
446:
322:
428:
had realized that recurring groups of characters must be the word for "king" (
1587:
1562:. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 620–621.
1549:
1544:
1510:
600:, but this was unknown at the time. Grotefend similarly equated the sequence
295:
140:
433:
48:
326:
829:
720:
that the characters of the Persian column are alphabetic and not syllabic
671:
663:
650:
574:
330:
239:
117:
113:
98:
798:
researcher François Desset in 2018-2020, to advance the decipherment of
740:
that a specific frequent word could refer to the Persian word for "king"
794:
A decipherment method broadly similar to that of Grotefend was used by
570:
372:
136:
132:
612:, which again was right, but the actual Old Persian transcription was
120:. He is known mostly for his contributions toward the decipherment of
892:
211:
207:
121:
94:
1486:
616:. Finally, he matched the sequence of the father who was not a king
675:
654:
644:
609:
554:
242:, though the attention he paid to his own language is shown by his
1543:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
815:
734:
275:
179:
110:
704:
Neue Beiträge zur Erläuterung der persepolitanischen Keilschrift
674:". The Egyptian inscription on the vase was in the name of King
517:"Xerxes Rex fortis, Rex regum, Darii Regis Filius, orbis rector"
1573:
462:
341:, who lost his eyesight over the work; and Grotefend's friend,
262:(in eight parts); and in 1839 a work of similar character upon
183:
30:"Grotefend" redirects here. For the lesser known relative, see
289:(1840–1842). Previously, in 1836, he had written a preface to
260:
Rudimenta linguae Umbricae ex inscriptionibus antiquis enodata
263:
232:
795:
708:
Neue Beiträge zur Erläuterung der babylonischen Keilschrift
1459:
1457:
1455:
911:
131:, who played a key role in the decipherment of the Indian
1375:
Bulletin des sciences historiques, antiquités, philologie
876:
874:
872:
505:
Niebuhr inscription 2, with the words "King" highlighted.
727:'s observation that they must be read from left to right
1452:
1274:(in German). Bey Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht. p. 562.
182:. He was educated partly in his native town, partly at
869:
147:("The unknown script of the Bactrian coins") in 1836.
541:) indeed corresponded to the 6th word in Niebuhr 2.
1244:
The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character
826:, German philologist and relative of Georg Friedrich
186:, where he remained until 1795, when he entered the
757:according to this idea, Grotefend identified X for
1438:. Cambridge University Press. p. 13, note 1.
1421:. Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab: 36.
1378:(in French). Treuttel et Würtz. 1825. p. 135.
1083:, vol. 2, (Oxford, England: D.A. Talboys, 1833),
960:Babylon: Mesopotamia and the Birth of Civilization
733:that the Persepolitan inscriptions are written in
231:Grotefend was best known during his lifetime as a
1304:Heeren, A. H. L. (Arnold Hermann Ludwig) (1857).
1224:Heeren, A. H. L. (Arnold Hermann Ludwig) (1857).
1102:Heeren, A. H. L. (Arnold Hermann Ludwig) (1857).
678:, and Champollion, together with the orientalist
624:, but again with the supposed Persian reading of
1585:
206:(1799), which led to his appointment in 1803 as
1399:(in French). Société asiatique (France): 65-90.
1144:. University of California Press. p. 129.
991:"The Archaeology of the Cuneiform Inscriptions"
1349:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 10–14.
1023:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 10–14.
489:Niebuhr inscription 1, with the words "King" (
27:German epigraphist and philologist (1775–1853)
1435:The Archaeology of the Cuneiform Inscriptions
1346:The Archaeology of the Cuneiform Inscriptions
1141:Forgotten Empire: The World of Ancient Persia
1137:
1020:The Archaeology of the Cuneiform Inscriptions
287:Zur Geographie und Geschichte von Alt-Italien
145:Die unbekannte Schrift der Baktrischen Münzen
109:(9 June 1775 – 15 December 1853) was a
1388:
1043:
1409:
1389:Saint-Martin, Antoine-Jean (January 1823).
1247:. University of Chicago Press. p. 12.
713:His discovery may be summed up as follows:
553:who was not a king, and his son the famous
127:Georg Friedrich Grotefend had a son, named
458:, who had studied Old Persian through the
47:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
956:
1548:
1463:
1337:
1335:
1333:
917:
880:
855:. Oxford University Press. p. 210.
809:
643:
526:
509:
415:
306:
204:De pasigraphia sive scriptura universali
165:
154:
1432:Sayce, Archibald Henry (27 June 2019).
1299:
1297:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
982:
980:
929:
848:
170:Medal of Georg Friedrich Grotefend 1848
14:
1586:
1484:
1368:
1366:
1303:
1268:Heeren, Arnold Hermann Ludwig (1815).
1267:
1240:
1223:
1112:
1101:
902:
356:
1431:
1342:
1330:
1016:
697:
628:, rather than the actual Old Persian
1294:
1069:in: Heeren, Arnold Hermann Ludwig,
999:
989:, Professor of Assyriology, Oxford,
977:
1363:
1208:
1044:Saint-Martin, M.J. (January 1823).
469:, who had decrypted the monumental
274:published a memoir on the coins of
24:
1412:"Early Exploration in Mesopotamia"
1382:
893:http://hdl.handle.net/10900/100742
789:
244:Anfangsgründe der deutschen Poesie
25:
1635:
1567:
1419:Historisk-filologiske Meddelelser
706:. Three years later appeared his
190:, and there became the friend of
1572:
1536:
1138:André-Salvini, Béatrice (2005).
702:In 1837 Grotefend published his
498:
482:
400:
384:
1478:
1469:
1425:
1403:
1343:Sayce, Archibald Henry (2019).
1341:Pages 10-14, note 1 on page 13
1326:. J.W. Parker. 1846. p. 6.
1314:
1290:. J.W. Parker. 1846. p. 6.
1278:
1261:
1234:
1217:
1183:
1158:
1095:
1056:
1037:
1017:Sayce, Archibald Henry (2019).
467:Antoine Isaac Silvestre de Sacy
139:kings, around the same time as
1609:University of Göttingen alumni
950:
923:
886:
842:
639:
13:
1:
1529:
1503:10.1080/05786967.2018.1471861
1108:. H.G. Bohn. pp. 319 ff.
432:, now known to be pronounced
369:Achaemenid royal inscriptions
367:Grotefend had focused on two
159:Native house of Grotefend in
135:script on the coinage of the
1241:Kramer, Samuel Noah (1971).
930:Millard, Alan Ralph (1997).
545:this could be no other than
434:
270:). In the same year his son
226:
7:
1410:AAGE PALLIS, SVEND (1954).
805:
10:
1640:
1554:Grotefend, Georg Friedrich
936:. Lion Books. p. 28.
824:Friedrich August Grotefend
569:, while Cyrus' father was
360:
310:
32:Friedrich August Grotefend
29:
1579:Georg Friedrich Grotefend
1485:Desset, François (2018).
1310:. H.G. Bohn. p. 333.
1230:. H.G. Bohn. p. 332.
963:. Macmillan. p. 88.
849:Salomon, Richard (1998).
680:Antoine-Jean Saint-Martin
584:. He equated the letters
363:Decipherment of cuneiform
337:and the German traveller
107:Georg Friedrich Grotefend
90:
82:
70:
55:
46:
41:Georg Friedrich Grotefend
39:
1604:People from Hann. Münden
957:Kriwaczek, Paul (2012).
835:
1559:Encyclopædia Britannica
268:Rudimenta linguae Oscae
248:Helfrich Bernhard Wenck
221:
188:University of Göttingen
150:
819:
659:
533:
524:
421:
293:'s translation of the
171:
163:
1581:at Wikimedia Commons
813:
692:Rasmus Christian Rask
668:Cabinet des Médailles
647:
614:kha-sha-ya-a-ra-sha-a
530:
513:
419:
319:Old Persian cuneiform
313:Old Persian cuneiform
307:Old Persian cuneiform
272:Carl Ludwig Grotefend
169:
158:
129:Carl Ludwig Grotefend
1624:Old Persian language
750:his grandfather was
471:Pahlavi inscriptions
447:Pahlavi inscriptions
377:Niebuhr inscriptions
278:, under the name of
210:of the gymnasium of
1614:German philologists
920:, pp. 620–621.
784:Sir Henry Rawlinson
649:The quadrilingual "
630:vi-i-sha-ta-a-sa-pa
598:da-a-ra-ya-va-u-sha
357:Decipherment method
291:Friedrich Wagenfeld
1065:Grotefend, G. F.,
820:
698:Later publications
660:
534:
525:
422:
343:Tychsen of Rostock
335:Cornelis de Bruijn
172:
164:
1577:Media related to
1445:978-1-108-08239-6
1396:Journal asiatique
1356:978-1-108-08239-6
1254:978-0-226-45238-8
1151:978-0-520-24731-4
1030:978-1-108-08239-6
987:Sayce, Rev. A. H.
970:978-1-4299-4106-8
943:978-0-7459-3740-3
862:978-0-19-535666-3
653:" in the name of
456:Anquetil-Duperron
104:
103:
16:(Redirected from
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995:Not in copyright
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780:Christian Lassen
619:
606:kh-sh-h-e-r-sh-e
603:
587:
573:and his son was
559:Darius the Great
547:Darius the Great
540:
502:
492:
486:
441:
437:
431:
426:Friedrich Münter
404:
388:
321:inscriptions of
77:
74:15 December 1853
65:
63:
51:
37:
36:
21:
1639:
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1583:
1570:
1552:, ed. (1911). "
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1089:vol. 1, p. 196.
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790:Later instances
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626:g-o-sh-t-a-s-p
618:𐎻𐎡𐏁𐎫𐎠𐎿𐎱
602:𐎧𐏁𐎹𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎠
590:d-a-r-h-e-u-sh
588:with the name
586:𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁
539:𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁
508:
507:
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497:
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493:) highlighted.
491:𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹
488:
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465:in India, and
430:𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹
414:
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106:
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76:(1853-12-15)
1599:1853 deaths
1594:1775 births
830:Champollion
765:and Z with
672:Caylus vase
664:Champollion
651:Caylus vase
640:Vindication
575:Cambyses II
521:Achaemenian
460:Zoroastrian
258:, entitled
240:philologist
118:philologist
114:epigraphist
99:philologist
95:Epigraphist
83:Nationality
66:9 June 1775
1588:Categories
1530:References
1497:(2): 140.
1201:2023-03-19
1176:2023-03-19
723:confirmed
571:Cambyses I
373:Persepolis
137:Indo-Greek
133:Kharoshthi
62:1775-06-09
1619:Cuneiform
1519:193057655
1511:0578-6967
818:, Germany
767:Hystaspes
622:Hystaspes
551:Hystaspes
532:collated.
435:xšāyaθiya
424:In 1802,
227:Philology
212:Frankfurt
208:prorector
122:cuneiform
18:Grotefend
1052:: 66–67.
806:See also
761:, Y for
676:Xerxes I
655:Xerxes I
475:Sassanid
451:Sassanid
1547::
1050:Gallica
816:Hanover
735:Avestan
725:Niebuhr
670:, the "
477:kings.
473:of the
463:Avestas
449:of the
333:artist
276:Bactria
237:Italian
196:Tychsen
180:Hanover
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1195:Livius
1170:Livius
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763:Darius
759:Xerxes
610:Xerxes
594:Darius
582:Xerxes
567:Xerxes
555:Xerxes
323:Persia
200:Heeren
184:Ilfeld
111:German
86:German
1515:S2CID
1415:(PDF)
1191:"XPe"
1166:"DPa"
1062:See:
836:Notes
620:with
604:with
371:from
331:Dutch
264:Oscan
233:Latin
192:Heyne
1507:ISSN
1491:Iran
1440:ISBN
1351:ISBN
1249:ISBN
1146:ISBN
1025:ISBN
965:ISBN
938:ISBN
857:ISBN
796:CNRS
782:and
754:king
690:and
608:for
592:for
561:and
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235:and
222:Work
198:and
151:Life
116:and
71:Died
56:Born
1556:".
1499:doi
752:not
748:but
632:.
409:XPe
393:DPa
353:.
299:of
250:'s
1590::
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440:𐏐
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