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and have multi-function. Ethnographic studies are essential to define the research question but are not enough to correctly determine the function of ground stones. Typology, ethnographic studies and experimental replicas help understand groundstone technologies. Typical methods are used to analyse them: the trace of wear and the analysis of botanical residues (starch grains and phytoliths).
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would be used to help quicken the process by putting it in the partially formed hole as the sharp point was being pressed. The sand would help grind more of the stone away. To put a hole all the way through a piece of stone, it would be first drilled half way in one direction and be finished on the opposite side.
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are botanical remains which are well preserved in archaeological context and are small enough to be trapped in the micro-crevice of a ground stone. Analyzing the botanical remains is essential to precise the function of the stones. A standardized protocol is used to study plant remains. First, there
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Ground stones were created and used for a wide variety of reasons. Each use resulted in a different development and process by which a person created their ground stone. For example, the process for creating the head of a hammer is different from the process used to create a detailed decoration piece
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In archaeology, ground stones are studied to document past activities, agriculture strategies and the process of domestication. Ground stones technology was identified as daily life technology associated with cereals processing. However, their study has shown that they are more complex to understand
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When choosing what type of stone to use for a ground stone tool, toughness is the most important factor. If the stone is not tough enough to withstand hard hits and instead just flakes and cracks easily, the work done to create the tool has gone to waste. A stone that will not shear, flake, or crack
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Bender, Tricia R. "Ground Stone
Artifacts: Series in Ancient Technologies: The Office of the State Archaeologist at The University of Iowa since 1959." Ground Stone Artifacts: Series in Ancient Technologies: The Office of the State Archaeologist at The University of Iowa since 1959. N.p., n.d. Web.
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Once shaped into an active (making the action, e.g. handstones) or passive (receiving the action, e.g. slab) tool, the stone is used to process a large range of products. At the end of its life, the stone can be recycled - either reused as a ground stone, used as a construction stone, or discarded
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Holes could be ground out of stones with the use of sharp pointed stones or hardened sticks. By spinning the ground stone with one's hands and applying substantial pressure to the sharp point into the ground stone, a hole could be drilled into the stone with a large amount of time and effort. Sand
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When making the head of an axe out of stone, the piece would be made so it could be hafted. In order to have the stone hafted onto a larger piece, like wood or bone, the ground stone may have at least two notches ground out of one side of the stone, making grooves for the hafting material to lie
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This technique analyses the trace of wear left by the types of actions (pounding, grinding, cutting). The trace of wear is specific to the action but also the type of product (organic or inorganic) process. Handstones for cereals and hide processing were distinguished using this method.
330:. The material would be placed into the mortar and the pestle would be moved and pressed into the mortar to grind the material into a fine powder. This process could be used for medicine and cooking. The mortar and pestle are still used today for many cooking recipes.
306:. These tools were often purpose-made by creating a blank, either by chipping or using a technique where the slate was sawed partway through on one or both sides and then snapped into a blank, then finished by grinding with abraders or whetstones.
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would be done for long periods of time to create bowls and pots for food. Jewelry, beads, ear spools and other decorative ground stones were a sign of high status due to the time and effort needed to make pieces of such small size and detail.
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are extracts from the ground stones, using a toothbrush and an ultrasonic bath. Then, the residues are observed under a polarised microscope. And finish, starch are compared to a reference collection of experimental modern starch grains.
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inside. These grooves would ensure that the stone would not move when struck with a large force. Tough hide would then be wound around the handle and inside the grooves, binding the ground stone and the handle together.
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An array of
Neolithic artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools. Neolithic stone implements are by definition ground stone and, except for specialty items, not chipped.
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Organic and inorganic materials are processed on ground stones into edible products. They are sometimes the only artefacts preserved on archaeological sites and are found worldwide.
572:"Native Americans:Historic:The Illinois:Technology:Tools:Ground Stone." Native Americans:Historic:The Illinois:Technology:Tools:Ground Stone. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Nov. 2013. <
290:. These tools are often made using durable finer-grained materials rather than coarse materials. In the North American arctic, tools made of ground slate were used by the
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rocks are good to use for ground stones because they have a very fine grain structure. This is helpful because the smaller the grains are in a rock, the harder the rock is.
540:
Adams, J. L. (2014). Ground stone use-wear analysis: a review of terminology and experimental methods. Journal of archaeological science, 48, pp. 129–138.
468:
Clark, Donald W. (1982). "An
Example of Technological Change in Prehistory: The Origin of a Regional Ground Slate Industry in South-Central Coastal Alaska".
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Adams, J. L. (2014). Ground stone use-wear analysis: a review of terminology and experimental methods. Journal of archaeological science, 48, pp.129–138. .
286:, which are manufactured using a labor-intensive, time-consuming method of repeated grinding against a harder stone or with sand, often using water as a
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Wright, Katherine. "Craft
Production and the Organization of Ground Stone Technologies." London's Global University. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Nov. 2013.
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When mashing up seeds and leaves into powders, rounded and smooth ground stones would be used inside a stone bowl. This pair of tools is called a
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when tested against large impacts is the most important aspect when choosing what kind of stone to use. Examples of this kind of stone include
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Dubreuil, L. and Savage, D. (2014). Ground stones: a synthesis of the use-wear approach. Journal of archaeological science, 48, pp.139–153. .
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Dubreuil, L. and Savage, D. (2014). Ground stones: a synthesis of the use-wear approach. Journal of archaeological science, 48, pp.139–153. .
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Dubreuil, L. and Savage, D. (2014). Ground stones: a synthesis of the use-wear approach. Journal of archaeological science, 48, pp.139–153. .
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Adams, J. L. (1988). Use-Wear
Analyses on Manos and Hide-Processing Stones. Journal of Field Archaeology, 15 (3), pp. 307–315
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Adams, J. L. (1988). Use-Wear
Analyses on Manos and Hide-Processing Stones. Journal of Field Archaeology, 15 (3), pp.307–315.
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stones whose coarse structure makes them ideal for grinding other materials, including plants and other stones.
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Moore, D.T., 1983, Petrological aspects of some sharpening stones, touchstones, and milling stones. In
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for one’s home. That being said, some processes are basic to most ground stone making.
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tool cultures, among others. Common forms of these tools were projectile points and
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Sepp, Siim. "Conchoidal
Fracture." Sandatlas. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Nov. 2013. <
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Some ground stone tools are incidental, caused by use with other tools:
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Torrence, R. and Barton, H. (2016). Ancient Starch
Research. Routledge.
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The archaeologist's laboratory: the analysis of archaeological data.
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Exploring the Oldest
Paleolithic Culture of the Archipelago 6].
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Ground stones were often used as dinnerware. Using large stones,
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Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York. 2000, p. 151.
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Torrence, R. and Barton, H. (2016). Ancient Starch Research.
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http://www.uiowa.edu/~osa/learn/ancient/groundstone.html
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562:Thames & Hudson, London. 2005, p. 191-99.
445:[The World's Oldest Polished Stone Ax and the
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137:formed by the grinding of a coarse-grained
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567:The Petrology of Archaeological Artefaces.
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192:. In the Levant ground stones appear in
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32:This article includes a list of general
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1998:Carved stone balls
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753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
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721:
710:
708:
698:
697:
685:
684:
682:
681:
676:
675:
674:
664:
663:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
631:
628:
627:
620:
619:
612:
605:
597:
591:
590:
587:
584:
577:
570:
563:
558:Fagan, Brian.
556:
548:
541:
538:
533:
532:
523:
514:
505:
496:
487:
476:(1): 103–125.
460:
447:Kurihara Ruins
433:
417:
407:
405:
402:
401:
400:
395:
390:
385:
378:
375:
362:
359:
353:
350:
344:
341:
335:
332:
311:
308:
272:grinding slabs
213:
210:
169:
166:
103:grinding stone
77:
76:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2487:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2393:
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2388:
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2378:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2293:Simple dolmen
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2278:Passage grave
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2224:Gallery grave
2222:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2139:Burial mounds
2137:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2099:Statue menhir
2097:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2087:Stone carving
2085:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1926:Sewing needle
1924:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1887:
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1882:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1857:
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1853:
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1848:
1846:
1843:
1839:
1836:
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1834:
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1826:
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1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1754:Timber circle
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1703:Tor enclosure
1701:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1691:fulacht fiadh
1689:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
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1671:
1667:
1661:
1658:
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1600:
1596:
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1568:
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1559:
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1541:
1537:
1534:
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1529:
1527:
1524:
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1514:
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1509:
1507:
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1502:
1499:
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1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
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1399:
1396:
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1369:
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1339:
1337:
1334:
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1327:
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1312:
1311:
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1307:
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1300:
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1278:
1275:
1271:
1268:
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1256:
1253:
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1227:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
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1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
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1168:
1164:
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1131:
1127:
1124:
1123:
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1119:
1117:
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1109:
1107:
1104:
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1099:
1097:
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1080:
1077:
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1072:
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1070:
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1062:
1058:
1046:
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1041:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
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1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
973:
970:
969:
968:
965:
964:
962:
960:
956:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
927:spear-thrower
925:
924:
923:
920:
918:
915:
911:
908:
907:
906:
905:Bow and arrow
903:
899:
896:
895:
894:
891:
889:
886:
885:
882:
879:
877:
873:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
835:
832:
830:
827:
826:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
814:Grinding slab
812:
810:
807:
803:
800:
799:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
784:
782:
778:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
746:Domestication
744:
742:
741:Digging stick
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
725:
722:
720:
719:Founder crops
717:
716:
715:
712:
711:
709:
707:
703:
699:
695:
690:
686:
680:
677:
673:
670:
669:
668:
665:
661:
660:New Stone Age
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
637:
636:
633:
632:
629:
625:
618:
613:
611:
606:
604:
599:
598:
595:
588:
585:
582:
578:
575:
571:
568:
564:
561:
557:
554:
549:
546:
542:
539:
536:
535:
527:
518:
509:
500:
491:
483:
479:
475:
471:
464:
456:
452:
448:
444:
437:
431:
430:0-8248-1853-9
427:
421:
412:
408:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
380:
374:
371:
367:
358:
349:
340:
331:
329:
324:
321:
316:
307:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
260:
256:
254:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
218:
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
182:New Stone Age
179:
175:
165:
162:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
99:
91:
83:
73:
70:
62:
59:February 2014
52:
48:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
2234:wedge-shaped
2219:Funeral pyre
2212:Great dolmen
2168:Chamber tomb
2149:Round barrow
2104:Stone circle
1976:Blombos Cave
1904:Grooved ware
1828:Chalcolithic
1732:Thornborough
1650:Flush toilet
1585:Blombos Cave
1580:Rock shelter
1536:Quiggly hole
1428:Architecture
1403:illustration
1045:Buffalo jump
866:Storage pits
829:Aşıklı Höyük
819:Ground stone
818:
655:Subdivisions
566:
559:
544:
526:
517:
508:
499:
490:
473:
469:
463:
454:
450:
436:
420:
411:
364:
355:
346:
337:
325:
317:
313:
261:
257:
251:
219:
215:
171:
163:
131:ground stone
130:
124:
101:Traditional
65:
56:
37:
2256:unchambered
2251:Long barrow
2241:Grave goods
2197:Court cairn
2192:Clava cairn
2144:Bowl barrow
2082:Rock cupule
2025:Golden hats
2018:Hill figure
1919:Unstan ware
1899:Cord-marked
1764:Sweet Track
1686:Burnt mound
1607:Stilt house
1595:Sibudu Cave
1388:Tally stick
1356:Quern-stone
1341:Hammerstone
1331:Fire plough
1302:Pesse canoe
1260:Bannerstone
1230:Other tools
1143:Lithic core
1091:Aurignacian
979:Bare Island
861:Quern-stone
368:grains and
153:, or other
127:archaeology
117:batter, in
113:batter and
51:introducing
2464:Categories
2395:trepanning
2288:Ring cairn
2246:Jar burial
2229:transepted
2161:U.S. sites
2062:Petroglyph
1988:Bird stone
1946:wine press
1619:Stone roof
1602:Roundhouse
1494:long house
1471:Stonehenge
1439:Ceremonial
1383:Stone tool
1210:Tool stone
1180:Metallurgy
1084:Mousterian
1061:Toolmaking
999:Cumberland
972:Transverse
942:Schöningen
834:Qesem cave
802:Earth oven
756:Irrigation
667:Technology
635:Prehistory
404:References
383:Stone tool
370:phytoliths
270:and other
241:and other
194:Mesolithic
139:tool stone
135:stone tool
34:references
2475:Neolithic
2439:symbolism
2303:Tor cairn
2261:Grønsalen
2202:Cremation
2094:Sculpture
2072:Pictogram
2057:Petroform
1877:amber use
1845:Cosmetics
1655:Reservoir
1640:Check dam
1570:Pueblitos
1565:Pit-house
1548:Longhouse
1482:Dwellings
1351:Microlith
1282:Bow drill
1277:Bone tool
1270:prismatic
1079:Acheulean
994:Cresswell
967:Arrowhead
893:Boomerang
809:Granaries
771:Terracing
650:Stone Age
393:Microlith
288:lubricant
227:sandstone
223:limestone
186:Stone Age
178:Neolithic
2077:Rock art
2040:painting
2013:Geoglyph
1838:timeline
1818:Beadwork
1558:Mehrgarh
1553:Mudbrick
1461:megalith
1336:Fire-saw
1158:debitage
1153:analysis
1121:Hand axe
1101:Cupstone
679:Glossary
640:Timeline
482:40316018
377:See also
239:rhyolite
212:Creation
198:Natufian
147:rhyolite
2470:Lithics
2434:Symbols
2045:pigment
1931:Weaving
1894:Cardium
1889:Pottery
1884:Mirrors
1872:Jewelry
1813:Baskets
1793:culture
1645:Cistern
1451:Pyramid
1393:Weapons
1371:Scraper
1361:Racloir
1321:Cleaver
1309:Chopper
1215:Uniface
1126:Grooves
1116:Hafting
1074:Oldowan
1033:Systems
984:Cascade
947:woomera
937:harpoon
910:history
876:Hunting
856:Pottery
797:Cooking
706:Farming
672:history
645:Outline
268:metates
249:rocks.
243:igneous
231:granite
159:igneous
151:granite
107:chutney
47:improve
2412:flutes
2207:Dolmen
2131:Burial
1941:winery
1914:Linear
1744:Midden
1722:Cursus
1715:Goseck
1575:Pueblo
1526:Dugout
1511:Burdei
1190:Mining
1014:Lamoka
1009:Folsom
989:Clovis
846:Metate
824:Hearth
792:Basket
766:Sickle
480:
428:
366:Starch
298:, and
296:Dorset
292:Norton
282:, and
235:basalt
184:. The
168:Origin
143:basalt
121:today.
36:, but
2329:sites
2273:Mummy
1993:Cairn
1909:Jōmon
1860:shoes
1855:Hides
1727:Henge
1681:Broch
1543:Jacal
1398:Wheel
1346:Knife
1292:Canoe
1287:Burin
1265:Blade
1163:flake
1024:Plano
932:baton
922:Spear
888:Arrow
841:Manos
694:Tools
583:>.
576:>.
555:>.
478:JSTOR
300:Thule
280:celts
276:adzes
264:manos
202:Japan
119:India
2422:gudi
2180:Cist
2109:list
1936:Wine
1865:Ötzi
1850:Glue
1823:Beds
1791:and
1789:Arts
1660:Well
1516:Cave
1446:Kiva
1376:side
1366:Rope
1314:tool
1248:bone
1238:Adze
1004:Eden
917:Nets
787:Fire
751:Goad
736:Celt
451:多摩考古
426:ISBN
310:Uses
304:ulus
284:axes
245:and
157:and
115:idli
111:dosa
1531:Hut
1466:row
1297:Oar
1255:Axe
1243:Awl
196:2 (
125:In
2466::
474:19
472:.
455:47
453:.
294:,
278:,
237:,
233:,
229:,
225:,
149:,
145:,
129:,
109:,
616:e
609:t
602:v
484:.
457:.
72:)
66:(
61:)
57:(
43:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
