1093:
4629:
1153:
32:
1379:. According to Madelung's rule, the electronic configuration of palladium and platinum are expected to be 5s 4d and 4f 5d 6s respectively. However, the 5s orbital of palladium is empty, and the 6s orbital of platinum is only partially filled. The relativistic stabilization of the 7s orbital is the explanation to the predicted electron configuration of darmstadtium, which, unusually for this group, conforms to that predicted by the
1710:(during the 1780s) and William Hyde Wollaston (during the 1800s) developed a powder metallurgy technique to produce malleable platinum, but kept their process a secret. However, their platinum ingots were brittle and tended to crack easily, likely due to impurities. In the 1800s, furnaces capable of sustaining high temperatures were invented, which eventually replaced powder metallurgy and introduced melted platinum to the market.
1123:
4641:
1692:
Prior to its formal discovery, platinum was used in jewelry by native
Ecuadorians of the province of Esmeraldas. The metal was found in small grains mixed with gold in river deposits, which the workers sintered with gold to form small trinkets such as rings. The first published report of platinum was
1390:
of +1 to +4. The +2 oxidation state is common for nickel and palladium, while +2 and +4 are common for platinum. Oxidation states of -2 and -1 have also been observed for nickel and platinum, and an oxidation state of +5 has been observed for palladium and platinum. Platinum has also been observed in
1654:
In 1804, J. B. Richter determined the physical properties of nickel using a purer sample, describing the metal as ductile and strong with a high melting point. The strength of nickel-steel alloys were described in 1889 and since then, nickel steels saw extensive use first for military applications
1683:
and anonymously sold small samples of the metal to a shop, which advertised it as a "new noble metal" called "Palladium, or New Silver". This raised doubts about its purity, source, and the identity of its discoverer, causing controversy. He eventually identified himself and read his paper on the
1583:
Darmstadtium has not been isolated in pure form, and its properties have not been conclusively observed; only nickel, palladium, and platinum have had their properties experimentally confirmed. Nickel, platinum, and palladium are typically silvery-white transition metals, and can also be readily
2307:
1697:, a Spanish mathematician, astronomer, and naval officer who observed "platina" (little silver) in the gold mines of Ecuador during a French expedition in 1736. Miners found the "platina" difficult to separate from gold, leading to the abandonment of those mines.
1701:
brought samples of the metal to
England in 1741 and investigated its properties, observing its high melting point and its presence as small white grains in black metallic sand. Interest in the metal grew after Wood's findings were reported to the Royal Society.
1642:
The use of nickel, often mistaken for copper, dates as far back as 3500 BCE. Nickel has been discovered in a dagger dating to 3100 BCE, in
Egyptian iron beads, a bronze reamer found in Syria dating to 3500–3100 BCE, as copper-nickel alloys in coins minted in
1647:, in weapons and pots near the Senegal river, and as agricultural tools used by Mexicans in the 1700s. There is evidence to suggest that the use of nickel in antiquity came from meteoric iron, such as in the Sumerian name for iron
1769:
Platinum complexes are commonly used in chemotherapy as anticancer drugs due to their antitumor activity. Palladium complexes also show marginal antitumor activity, yet its poor activity is labile compared to platinum complexes.
1651:("fire from heaven") or in Hittite texts that describe iron's heavenly origins. Nickel was not formally named as an element until A. F. Cronstedt isolated the impure metal from "kupfernickel" (Old Nick's copper) in 1751.
1706:, a Swedish scientist, referred to the precious metal as "white gold" and the "seventh metal" in 1751, reporting its high durability, high density, and that it melted easily when mixed with copper or arsenic. Both
1391:
oxidations states of -3 and +6. Theory suggests that platinum may produce a +10 oxidation state under specific conditions, but this remains to be shown empirically.
4434:
1271:
of darmstadtium are radioactive with short half-lives, and are not known to occur in nature; only minute quantities have been synthesized in laboratories.
4444:
4494:
1667:
in 1803 while he was working on refining platinum metals. Palladium was in a residue left behind after platinum was precipitated out of a solution of
4591:
4469:
2592:
1612:
Nickel occurs naturally in ores, and it is the earth's 22nd most abundant element. Two prominent groups of ores from which it can be extracted are
4474:
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2250:
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4504:
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4459:
4419:
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4414:
4200:
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4553:
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4409:
4373:
1923:
Vollmer, Matthew V.; Xie, Jing; Cammarota, Ryan C.; Young, Victor G.; Bill, Eckhard; Gagliardi, Laura; Lu, Connie C. (2018-06-25).
1092:
1751:
4454:
4404:
1383:. In general, the ground state electronic configurations of heavier atoms and transition metals are more difficult to predict.
96:
4499:
4424:
4335:
2585:
2226:
1820:
68:
2447:"The Wollaston/Chenevix controversy over the elemental nature of palladium: A curious episode in the history of chemistry"
3933:
3888:
75:
4368:
4325:
1866:
Maier, Thomas M.; Sandl, Sebastian; Melzl, Peter; Zweck, Josef; Jacobi von
Wangelin, Axel; Wolf, Robert (2020-05-15).
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2415:
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1850:
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115:
49:
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82:
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1055:
1039:
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4526:
3881:
53:
4100:
4518:
4439:
4329:
2013:
Shimada, Shigeru; Li, Yong-Hua; Choe, Yoong-Kee; Tanaka, Masato; Bao, Ming; Uchimaru, Tadafumi (2007-05-08).
64:
1707:
4548:
1972:"An experimental proof for negative oxidation states of platinum: ESCA-measurements on barium platinides"
4110:
4105:
4664:
4383:
2431:
2254:
2104:
4316:
1698:
3918:
1703:
4536:
4632:
4601:
4095:
4052:
3923:
2218:
CRC handbook of chemistry and physics : a ready-reference book of chemical and physical data
1077:
42:
2486:"XXII. On the discovery of palladium; with observations on other substances found with plantina"
2221:. William M. Haynes, David R. Lide, Thomas J. Bruno (97th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida. 2017.
4122:
3949:
1868:"Heterogeneous Olefin Hydrogenation Enabled by a Highly‐Reduced Nickel(−II) Catalyst Precursor"
1664:
1302:
1018:
4355:
89:
4596:
4177:
2120:
2073:
2015:"Multinuclear palladium compounds containing palladium centers ligated by five silicon atoms"
1924:
1655:
and then in the development of corrosion- and heat-resistant alloys during the 20th century.
20:
4278:
3962:
2621:
1233:
1152:
8:
4195:
1585:
4283:
4243:
2507:
2425:
2386:
2244:
2049:
2014:
1952:
1900:
1867:
1375:
The ground state electronic configurations of palladium and platinum are exceptions to
1206:
1122:
4378:
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2552:
2529:
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1995:
1987:
1956:
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2818:
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1979:
1936:
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1380:
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2648:
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2633:
2628:
2142:
Drews, Thomas; Supeł, Joanna; Hagenbach, Adelheid; Seppelt, Konrad (2006-05-01).
1387:
998:
4293:
4288:
4258:
4253:
4238:
3904:
2601:
2363:
The
Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
1779:
1757:
1727:
1297:
1241:
2462:
2333:"Reserves of nickel worldwide as of 2020, by country (in million metric tons)"
1800:
4823:
3695:
2470:
2382:
2236:
2167:
2143:
2128:
2040:
1991:
1948:
1891:
1812:
1287:
889:
2446:
2292:
2031:
1624:
holds the world's largest nickel reserve, and is also its largest producer.
4786:
4608:
4273:
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3957:
3749:
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2058:
1999:
1940:
1909:
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931:
798:
572:
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2199:
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3346:
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3301:
3132:
3123:
2862:
2390:
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1601:
980:
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586:
458:
451:
252:
2159:
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4042:
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3794:
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3596:
3382:
3292:
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3213:
3159:
3141:
3105:
3085:
3024:
2961:
2905:
2844:
2833:
2752:
2703:
2693:
2688:
2074:"ChemInform Abstract: Single-Crystal Investigations on PtF4 and PtF5"
1983:
1971:
1733:
1621:
1593:
1249:
1127:
987:
966:
959:
840:
826:
819:
812:
649:
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558:
521:
479:
465:
437:
419:
375:
326:
282:
238:
229:
169:
4656:
2374:
2144:"Solid State Molecular Structures of Transition Metal Hexafluorides"
31:
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4167:
3776:
3677:
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1723:
1644:
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1261:
917:
910:
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805:
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684:
663:
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628:
614:
544:
493:
472:
444:
430:
403:
396:
382:
368:
289:
245:
162:
19:"Group 10" redirects here. For the rugby league competition, see
4705:
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1799:
Hoffman, Darleane C.; Lee, Diana M.; Pershina, Valeria (2006),
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1245:
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833:
777:
691:
635:
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185:
153:
4154:
3837:
3526:
3231:
2889:
2763:
1229:
761:
535:
273:
178:
1679:. Wollaston named it after the recently discovered asteroid
3490:
3463:
3006:
2970:
2808:
2408:
Chemistry of the
Platinum Group Metals: Recent Developments
1925:"Formal Nickelate(−I) Complexes Supported by Group 13 Ions"
1750:
Electrical components, due to their predictable changes in
733:
712:
361:
333:
213:
2141:
1970:
Karpov, Andrey; Konuma, Mitsuharu; Jansen, Martin (2006).
3195:
2610:
2563:(1): 31–39 – via Johnson Matthey Technology Review.
2540:(2): 70–79 – via Johnson Matthey Technology Review.
2490:
2105:"Late transition metal anions acting as p-metal elements"
507:
1922:
1805:
The
Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements
1718:
The group 10 metals share several uses. These include:
1807:, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 1652–1752,
2277:(2nd ed.). Boston, Mass.: Butterworth-Heinemann.
1584:
obtained in powdered form. They are hard, have a high
1845:(5th ed.). Blackwell Science. pp. 803–815.
1684:
discovery of palladium to the Royal
Society in 1805.
2553:"Swedish Contributions to the Discovery of Platinum"
1865:
2012:
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2103:Köhler, Jürgen; Whangbo, Myung-Hwan (2008-04-01).
1969:
1798:
2270:
4821:
2019:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1764:
2198:. National Bureau of Standards. Archived from
2071:
1632:
1592:. Group 10 elements are resistant to tarnish (
4672:
3889:
2586:
2102:
1400:Physical properties of the group 10 elements
2410:. F. R. Hartley. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 1991.
1801:"Transactinide Elements and Future Elements"
1760:, as components in alloys with other metals.
1607:
1604:, and have high melting and boiling points.
1014:
4679:
4665:
3896:
3882:
2593:
2579:
2249:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2072:Mueller, B. G.; Serafin, M. (2010-08-21).
2501:
2483:
2191:
2048:
2030:
1899:
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
2444:
2121:10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2007.12.001
3693:
2527:
2356:
1785:
4822:
3747:
3576:
3281:
2484:Wollaston, William Hyde (1805-01-01).
2305:
2271:Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A (1997).
2111:. Frontiers in Solid State Chemistry.
1394:
1279:
1179:
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3648:
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2402:
2400:
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2211:
2209:
2187:
2185:
3810:
3738:
3711:
3684:
3344:
3326:
3299:
3130:
3121:
2550:
1722:Decorative purposes, in the form of
1363:2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 16, 2 (predicted)
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
4640:
3819:
3792:
3783:
3630:
3612:
3603:
3594:
3380:
3290:
3263:
3211:
3157:
3139:
3103:
3083:
3022:
2959:
2860:
2842:
2831:
2750:
2530:"The Powder Metallurgy of Platinum"
1840:
1119:
13:
3903:
3774:
3675:
3558:
3540:
3515:
3506:
3479:
3452:
3407:
3389:
3317:
3308:
3202:
3074:
3040:
2950:
2932:
2923:
2903:
2878:
2600:
2518:
2445:Usselman, Melvyn C. (1978-11-01).
2397:
2261:
2206:
2182:
1386:Group 10 elements are observed in
1274:
1149:
14:
4841:
3729:
3720:
3702:
3657:
3567:
3497:
3470:
3443:
3425:
3416:
3398:
3371:
3353:
3335:
3245:
3175:
3148:
3112:
3058:
3049:
3031:
3013:
2941:
2912:
2851:
2797:
2779:
2741:
2714:
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4628:
4627:
3621:
3585:
3549:
3434:
3362:
3272:
3254:
3184:
3166:
3094:
2995:
2986:
2977:
2822:
2725:
1151:
1121:
1091:
1089:
30:
4803:Specific mass: ? 34.8 g/cm
3524:
3229:
3220:
2887:
2869:
2788:
2770:
2544:
2477:
2438:
2350:
2325:
2299:
1713:
41:needs additional citations for
3958:1 (Hydrogen and alkali metals)
3488:
3461:
3004:
2968:
2806:
2761:
2135:
2096:
2065:
2006:
1963:
1916:
1872:Chemistry – A European Journal
1859:
1834:
1792:
1:
4500:Thermal expansion coefficient
4196:Lists of metalloids by source
3193:
2192:Rosenberg, Samuel J. (1968).
1765:Biological role and toxicity
1658:
7:
4239:Platinum-group metals (PGM)
3942:By periodic table structure
1843:Concise inorganic chemistry
1773:
1754:with regard to temperature.
1687:
1633:Discoveries of the elements
1190:unknown chemical properties
10:
4846:
4384:Goldschmidt classification
3092:
2921:
2840:
2759:
2723:
2625:
2359:"The Use of Meteoric Iron"
1663:Palladium was isolated by
1627:
1496:silver-white metal; cubic
1298:No. of electrons per shell
427:
295:
235:
175:
150:
18:
16:Group of chemical elements
4805:Electronegativity: ?
4776:Specific mass: 21.46 g/cm
4749:Specific mass: 12.02 g/cm
4722:Specific mass: 8.912 g/cm
4694:
4622:
4584:
4517:
4397:
4354:
4315:
4306:
4231:
4209:
4186:
4153:
4143:
4121:
4051:
3963:2 (Alkaline earth metals)
3948:
3941:
3932:
3911:
3835:
3535:
3240:
3069:
2898:
2817:
2736:
2709:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2620:
2615:
2608:
2463:10.1080/00033797800200431
2274:Chemistry of the elements
1708:Pierre-François Chabaneau
1699:Charles Wood (ironmaster)
1637:
1608:Occurrence and production
1542:silver-gray metal; cubic
1195:
1074:
1013:
138:
130:
4772:Melting Point: 2045.15 K
4745:Melting Point: 1825.15 K
4718:Melting Point: 1726.15 K
1841:Lee, John David (2002).
1813:10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_14
1704:Henrik Teofilus Scheffer
1303:Electronic configuration
1002:
4830:Groups (periodic table)
4801:Boiling Point: ? K
4799:Melting Point: ? K
4778:Electronegativity: 2.28
4770:Atomic Weight: 195.084
4724:Electronegativity: 1.91
4716:Atomic Weight: 58.6934
4602:systematic element name
4574:in East Asian languages
3924:Extended periodic table
2528:Chaston, J. C. (1980).
2357:Rickard, T. A. (1941).
2032:10.1073/pnas.0700450104
1976:Chemical Communications
1439:Ionization energy (eV)
1436:Electron affinity (eV)
4751:Electronegativity: 2.2
4743:Atomic Weight: 106.42
4445:Electron configuration
4435:Electrical resistivity
4374:Electron configuration
4178:Post-transition metals
2557:Platinum Metals Review
2534:Platinum Metals Review
2503:10.1098/rstl.1805.0024
2430:: CS1 maint: others (
2306:Lancashire, Robert J.
2090:10.1002/chin.199245006
1941:10.1002/ange.201803356
1884:10.1002/chem.201905537
1752:electrical resistivity
1671:and nitric acid as (NH
1665:William Hyde Wollaston
1228:, numbered by current
4774:Boiling Point: 4098 K
4747:Boiling Point: 3236 K
4720:Boiling Point: 3186 K
4279:Transuranium elements
2308:"Chemistry of Nickel"
2253:) CS1 maint: others (
2195:Nickel and Its Alloys
1060:(Europe, pattern A-B)
133:in the periodic table
21:Group 10 Rugby League
4495:Thermal conductivity
4470:Heat of vaporization
3912:Periodic table forms
2551:Hunt, L. B. (1980).
2109:Solid State Sciences
1786:Notes and references
1347:2, 8, 18, 32, 17, 1
50:improve this article
4795:Atomic Number: 110
4527:Element discoveries
4284:Superheavy elements
4244:Rare-earth elements
2148:Inorganic Chemistry
1450:white metal; cubic
1423:Boiling point (°C)
1420:Melting point (°C)
1401:
1395:Physical properties
1280:Chemical properties
1044:(US, pattern A-B-A)
4768:Atomic Number: 78
4741:Atomic Number: 46
4714:Atomic Number: 28
4700:
1738:chemical reactions
1399:
1319: 3d 4s
1207:primordial element
1019:IUPAC group number
65:"Group 10 element"
4817:
4816:
4812:
4811:
4806:
4779:
4752:
4725:
4688:Group 10 elements
4654:
4653:
4513:
4512:
4475:Ionization energy
4450:Electronegativity
4440:Electron affinity
4379:Electronegativity
4369:Crystal structure
4364:Aqueous chemistry
4341:Nuclear stability
4336:Atomic properties
4302:
4301:
4249:Refractory metals
4227:
4226:
4173:Transition metals
4139:
4138:
3871:
3870:
3864:
3863:
3830:
3829:
2451:Annals of Science
2228:978-1-4987-5429-3
2160:10.1021/ic052029f
2025:(19): 7758–7763.
1935:(26): 7941–7945.
1929:Angewandte Chemie
1878:(28): 6113–6117.
1822:978-1-4020-3555-5
1669:hydrochloric acid
1588:, and are highly
1581:
1580:
1414:Molecular weight
1373:
1372:
1265:transition metals
1244:that consists of
1238:chemical elements
1223:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1214:synthetic element
1191:
1170:
1140:
1110:
1080:
1069:
1068:
1061:
1045:
995:
994:
721:Mercury (element)
126:
125:
118:
100:
4837:
4797:Atomic Weight:
4794:
4767:
4740:
4713:
4697:
4696:
4681:
4674:
4667:
4658:
4657:
4643:
4642:
4631:
4630:
4614:Dmitri Mendeleev
4542:1869 predictions
4532:Dmitri Mendeleev
4313:
4312:
4151:
4150:
4131:Aufbau principle
4043:18 (Noble gases)
3946:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3934:Sets of elements
3898:
3891:
3884:
3875:
3874:
3840:
3839:
3826:
3824:
3817:
3815:
3808:
3806:
3799:
3797:
3790:
3788:
3781:
3779:
3772:
3770:
3763:
3761:
3754:
3752:
3745:
3743:
3736:
3734:
3727:
3725:
3718:
3716:
3709:
3707:
3700:
3698:
3691:
3689:
3682:
3680:
3673:
3671:
3664:
3662:
3655:
3653:
3646:
3644:
3637:
3635:
3628:
3626:
3619:
3617:
3610:
3608:
3601:
3599:
3592:
3590:
3583:
3581:
3574:
3572:
3565:
3563:
3556:
3554:
3547:
3545:
3531:
3529:
3522:
3520:
3513:
3511:
3504:
3502:
3495:
3493:
3486:
3484:
3477:
3475:
3468:
3466:
3459:
3457:
3450:
3448:
3441:
3439:
3432:
3430:
3423:
3421:
3414:
3412:
3405:
3403:
3396:
3394:
3387:
3385:
3378:
3376:
3369:
3367:
3360:
3358:
3351:
3349:
3342:
3340:
3333:
3331:
3324:
3322:
3315:
3313:
3306:
3304:
3297:
3295:
3288:
3286:
3279:
3277:
3270:
3268:
3261:
3259:
3252:
3250:
3236:
3234:
3227:
3225:
3218:
3216:
3209:
3207:
3200:
3198:
3191:
3189:
3182:
3180:
3173:
3171:
3164:
3162:
3155:
3153:
3146:
3144:
3137:
3135:
3128:
3126:
3119:
3117:
3110:
3108:
3101:
3099:
3090:
3088:
3081:
3079:
3065:
3063:
3056:
3054:
3047:
3045:
3038:
3036:
3029:
3027:
3020:
3018:
3011:
3009:
3002:
3000:
2993:
2991:
2984:
2982:
2975:
2973:
2966:
2964:
2957:
2955:
2948:
2946:
2939:
2937:
2930:
2928:
2919:
2917:
2910:
2908:
2894:
2892:
2885:
2883:
2876:
2874:
2867:
2865:
2858:
2856:
2849:
2847:
2838:
2836:
2829:
2827:
2813:
2811:
2804:
2802:
2795:
2793:
2786:
2784:
2777:
2775:
2768:
2766:
2757:
2755:
2748:
2746:
2732:
2730:
2721:
2719:
2611:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2572:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2525:
2516:
2515:
2505:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2429:
2421:
2404:
2395:
2394:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2268:
2259:
2258:
2248:
2240:
2213:
2204:
2203:
2202:on May 23, 2012.
2189:
2180:
2179:
2154:(9): 3782–3788.
2139:
2133:
2132:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2052:
2034:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1984:10.1039/b514631c
1967:
1961:
1960:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1903:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1796:
1736:in a variety of
1695:Antonio de Ulloa
1402:
1398:
1388:oxidation states
1381:Aufbau principle
1368:
1352:
1336:
1320:
1284:
1283:
1203:
1202:
1189:
1187:
1168:Transition metal
1166:
1164:
1155:
1138:Transition metal
1136:
1134:
1125:
1108:Transition metal
1106:
1104:
1095:
1076:
1059:
1056:old IUPAC number
1043:
1040:CAS group number
1033:
1015:
1004:
990:
983:
976:
969:
962:
955:
948:
941:
934:
927:
920:
913:
906:
899:
892:
885:
878:
871:
864:
857:
850:
843:
836:
829:
822:
815:
808:
801:
794:
787:
780:
773:
764:
757:
750:
743:
736:
729:
722:
715:
708:
701:
694:
687:
680:
673:
666:
659:
652:
645:
638:
631:
624:
617:
610:
603:
596:
589:
582:
575:
568:
561:
554:
547:
538:
531:
524:
517:
510:
503:
496:
489:
482:
475:
468:
461:
454:
447:
440:
433:
422:
415:
406:
399:
392:
385:
378:
371:
364:
357:
350:
343:
336:
329:
322:
315:
308:
301:
292:
285:
276:
269:
262:
255:
248:
241:
232:
225:
216:
209:
202:
195:
188:
181:
172:
165:
156:
147:
141:
140:
134:
128:
127:
121:
114:
110:
107:
101:
99:
58:
34:
26:
4845:
4844:
4840:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4835:
4834:
4820:
4819:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4804:
4802:
4800:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4789:
4781:
4777:
4775:
4773:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4762:
4754:
4750:
4748:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4735:
4727:
4723:
4721:
4719:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4708:
4690:
4685:
4655:
4650:
4618:
4580:
4509:
4485:Oxidation state
4393:
4350:
4298:
4294:Minor actinides
4289:Major actinides
4254:Precious metals
4223:
4205:
4182:
4135:
4117:
4047:
4033:16 (Chalcogens)
4028:15 (Pnictogens)
3928:
3907:
3902:
3872:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3831:
3822:
3820:
3813:
3811:
3804:
3802:
3795:
3793:
3786:
3784:
3777:
3775:
3768:
3766:
3759:
3757:
3750:
3748:
3741:
3739:
3732:
3730:
3723:
3721:
3714:
3712:
3705:
3703:
3696:
3694:
3687:
3685:
3678:
3676:
3669:
3667:
3660:
3658:
3651:
3649:
3642:
3640:
3633:
3631:
3624:
3622:
3615:
3613:
3606:
3604:
3597:
3595:
3588:
3586:
3579:
3577:
3570:
3568:
3561:
3559:
3552:
3550:
3543:
3541:
3527:
3525:
3518:
3516:
3509:
3507:
3500:
3498:
3491:
3489:
3482:
3480:
3473:
3471:
3464:
3462:
3455:
3453:
3446:
3444:
3437:
3435:
3428:
3426:
3419:
3417:
3410:
3408:
3401:
3399:
3392:
3390:
3383:
3381:
3374:
3372:
3365:
3363:
3356:
3354:
3347:
3345:
3338:
3336:
3329:
3327:
3320:
3318:
3311:
3309:
3302:
3300:
3293:
3291:
3284:
3282:
3275:
3273:
3266:
3264:
3257:
3255:
3248:
3246:
3232:
3230:
3223:
3221:
3214:
3212:
3205:
3203:
3196:
3194:
3187:
3185:
3178:
3176:
3169:
3167:
3160:
3158:
3151:
3149:
3142:
3140:
3133:
3131:
3124:
3122:
3115:
3113:
3106:
3104:
3097:
3095:
3086:
3084:
3077:
3075:
3061:
3059:
3052:
3050:
3043:
3041:
3034:
3032:
3025:
3023:
3016:
3014:
3007:
3005:
2998:
2996:
2989:
2987:
2980:
2978:
2971:
2969:
2962:
2960:
2953:
2951:
2944:
2942:
2935:
2933:
2926:
2924:
2915:
2913:
2906:
2904:
2890:
2888:
2881:
2879:
2872:
2870:
2863:
2861:
2854:
2852:
2845:
2843:
2834:
2832:
2825:
2823:
2809:
2807:
2800:
2798:
2791:
2789:
2782:
2780:
2773:
2771:
2764:
2762:
2753:
2751:
2744:
2742:
2728:
2726:
2717:
2715:
2604:
2599:
2569:
2568:
2549:
2545:
2526:
2519:
2482:
2478:
2443:
2439:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2406:
2405:
2398:
2375:10.2307/2844401
2355:
2351:
2341:
2339:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2316:
2314:
2304:
2300:
2285:
2269:
2262:
2242:
2241:
2229:
2215:
2214:
2207:
2190:
2183:
2140:
2136:
2101:
2097:
2070:
2066:
2011:
2007:
1968:
1964:
1921:
1917:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1839:
1835:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1776:
1767:
1758:Superconductors
1716:
1690:
1678:
1674:
1661:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1610:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1429:
1426:Heat capacity/C
1417:Density (g/cm)
1397:
1377:Madelung's rule
1366:
1350:
1335: 4d
1334:
1318:
1282:
1277:
1275:Characteristics
1196:
1185:
1184:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1070:
1062:
1058:
1046:
1042:
1031:
1028:Name by element
1009:
996:
988:
981:
974:
967:
960:
953:
946:
939:
932:
925:
918:
911:
904:
897:
890:
883:
876:
869:
862:
855:
848:
841:
834:
827:
820:
813:
806:
799:
792:
785:
778:
771:
762:
755:
748:
741:
734:
727:
720:
713:
706:
699:
692:
685:
678:
671:
664:
657:
650:
643:
636:
629:
622:
615:
608:
601:
594:
587:
580:
573:
566:
559:
552:
545:
536:
529:
522:
515:
508:
501:
494:
487:
480:
473:
466:
459:
452:
445:
438:
431:
420:
413:
404:
397:
390:
383:
376:
369:
362:
355:
348:
341:
334:
327:
320:
313:
306:
299:
290:
283:
274:
267:
260:
253:
246:
239:
230:
223:
214:
207:
200:
193:
186:
179:
170:
163:
154:
145:
132:
122:
111:
105:
102:
59:
57:
47:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4843:
4833:
4832:
4815:
4814:
4810:
4809:
4784:
4782:
4757:
4755:
4730:
4728:
4703:
4701:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4684:
4683:
4676:
4669:
4661:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4648:
4636:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4605:
4604:
4599:
4588:
4586:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4578:
4577:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4546:
4545:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4523:
4521:
4515:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4507:
4505:Vapor pressure
4502:
4497:
4492:
4490:Speed of sound
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4465:Heat of fusion
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4420:Critical point
4417:
4412:
4407:
4401:
4399:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4360:
4358:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4321:
4319:
4310:
4304:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4259:Coinage metals
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4235:
4233:
4229:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4221:
4215:
4213:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4203:
4198:
4192:
4190:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4159:
4157:
4148:
4141:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4127:
4125:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4057:
4055:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3954:
3952:
3943:
3936:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3921:
3915:
3913:
3909:
3908:
3905:Periodic table
3901:
3900:
3893:
3886:
3878:
3869:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3828:
3827:
3818:
3809:
3800:
3791:
3782:
3773:
3764:
3755:
3746:
3737:
3728:
3719:
3710:
3701:
3692:
3683:
3674:
3665:
3656:
3647:
3638:
3629:
3620:
3611:
3602:
3593:
3584:
3575:
3566:
3557:
3548:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3523:
3514:
3505:
3496:
3487:
3478:
3469:
3460:
3451:
3442:
3433:
3424:
3415:
3406:
3397:
3388:
3379:
3370:
3361:
3352:
3343:
3334:
3325:
3316:
3307:
3298:
3289:
3280:
3271:
3262:
3253:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3228:
3219:
3210:
3201:
3192:
3183:
3174:
3165:
3156:
3147:
3138:
3129:
3120:
3111:
3102:
3093:
3091:
3082:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3057:
3048:
3039:
3030:
3021:
3012:
3003:
2994:
2985:
2976:
2967:
2958:
2949:
2940:
2931:
2922:
2920:
2911:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2886:
2877:
2868:
2859:
2850:
2841:
2839:
2830:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2805:
2796:
2787:
2778:
2769:
2760:
2758:
2749:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2724:
2722:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2602:Periodic table
2598:
2597:
2590:
2583:
2575:
2567:
2566:
2543:
2517:
2476:
2457:(6): 551–579.
2437:
2416:
2396:
2369:(1/2): 55–66.
2349:
2324:
2298:
2283:
2260:
2227:
2205:
2181:
2134:
2115:(4): 444–449.
2095:
2064:
2005:
1978:(8): 838–840.
1962:
1915:
1858:
1851:
1833:
1821:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1780:Platinum group
1775:
1772:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1755:
1748:
1741:
1731:
1728:electroplating
1715:
1712:
1689:
1686:
1676:
1672:
1660:
1657:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1609:
1606:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1411:Physical form
1409:
1406:
1396:
1393:
1371:
1370:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1337:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1260:(Ds). All are
1242:periodic table
1232:style, is the
1221:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1193:
1192:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1150:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1120:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1090:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1049:part of VIIIB
1047:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1011:
1010:
997:
993:
992:
985:
978:
971:
964:
957:
950:
943:
936:
929:
922:
915:
908:
901:
894:
887:
880:
873:
866:
859:
852:
845:
838:
831:
824:
817:
810:
803:
796:
789:
782:
775:
767:
766:
759:
752:
745:
738:
731:
724:
717:
710:
703:
696:
689:
682:
675:
668:
661:
654:
647:
640:
633:
626:
619:
612:
605:
598:
591:
584:
577:
570:
563:
556:
549:
541:
540:
533:
526:
519:
512:
505:
498:
491:
484:
477:
470:
463:
456:
449:
442:
435:
428:
426:
424:
417:
409:
408:
401:
394:
387:
380:
373:
366:
359:
352:
345:
338:
331:
324:
317:
310:
303:
296:
294:
287:
279:
278:
271:
264:
257:
250:
243:
236:
234:
227:
219:
218:
211:
204:
197:
190:
183:
176:
174:
167:
159:
158:
151:
149:
139:
136:
135:
131:Group 10
124:
123:
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4842:
4831:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4807:
4792:
4788:
4783:
4780:
4765:
4761:
4756:
4753:
4738:
4734:
4729:
4726:
4711:
4707:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4693:
4689:
4682:
4677:
4675:
4670:
4668:
4663:
4662:
4659:
4647:
4646:
4637:
4635:
4634:
4625:
4624:
4621:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4583:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4559:controversies
4557:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4550:
4547:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4516:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4480:Melting point
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4460:Heat capacity
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4415:Boiling point
4413:
4411:
4410:Atomic radius
4408:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4396:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4353:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4318:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4305:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4274:Native metals
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4230:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4208:
4202:
4201:Dividing line
4199:
4197:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4142:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4124:
4120:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4038:17 (Halogens)
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3944:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3931:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3899:
3894:
3892:
3887:
3885:
3880:
3879:
3876:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3834:
3825:
3816:
3807:
3798:
3789:
3780:
3771:
3762:
3753:
3744:
3735:
3726:
3717:
3708:
3699:
3690:
3681:
3672:
3663:
3654:
3645:
3636:
3627:
3618:
3609:
3600:
3591:
3582:
3573:
3564:
3555:
3546:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3521:
3512:
3503:
3494:
3485:
3476:
3467:
3458:
3449:
3440:
3431:
3422:
3413:
3404:
3395:
3386:
3377:
3368:
3359:
3350:
3341:
3332:
3323:
3314:
3305:
3296:
3287:
3278:
3269:
3260:
3251:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3226:
3217:
3208:
3199:
3190:
3181:
3172:
3163:
3154:
3145:
3136:
3127:
3118:
3109:
3100:
3089:
3080:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3055:
3046:
3037:
3028:
3019:
3010:
3001:
2992:
2983:
2974:
2965:
2956:
2947:
2938:
2929:
2918:
2909:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2884:
2875:
2866:
2857:
2848:
2837:
2828:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2803:
2794:
2785:
2776:
2767:
2756:
2747:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2720:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2591:
2589:
2584:
2582:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2547:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2524:
2522:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2480:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2441:
2433:
2427:
2419:
2417:0-444-88189-1
2413:
2409:
2403:
2401:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2353:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2313:
2309:
2302:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2284:0-585-37339-6
2280:
2276:
2275:
2267:
2265:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2220:
2219:
2212:
2210:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2188:
2186:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2138:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2099:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2068:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2009:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1854:
1852:0-632-05293-7
1848:
1844:
1837:
1824:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1795:
1791:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1771:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1685:
1682:
1670:
1666:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1392:
1389:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1333:
1331:2, 8, 18, 18
1330:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1194:
1182:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1159:
1154:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1129:
1124:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1099:
1094:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1073:
1065:part of VIII
1064:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1005: →
1001: ←
1000:
991:
986:
984:
979:
977:
972:
970:
965:
963:
958:
956:
951:
949:
944:
942:
937:
935:
930:
928:
923:
921:
916:
914:
909:
907:
902:
900:
895:
893:
891:Rutherfordium
888:
886:
881:
879:
874:
872:
867:
865:
860:
858:
853:
851:
846:
844:
839:
837:
832:
830:
825:
823:
818:
816:
811:
809:
804:
802:
797:
795:
790:
788:
783:
781:
776:
774:
769:
768:
765:
760:
758:
753:
751:
746:
744:
739:
737:
732:
730:
725:
723:
718:
716:
711:
709:
704:
702:
697:
695:
690:
688:
683:
681:
676:
674:
669:
667:
662:
660:
655:
653:
648:
646:
641:
639:
634:
632:
627:
625:
620:
618:
613:
611:
606:
604:
599:
597:
592:
590:
585:
583:
578:
576:
571:
569:
564:
562:
557:
555:
550:
548:
543:
542:
539:
534:
532:
527:
525:
520:
518:
513:
511:
506:
504:
499:
497:
492:
490:
485:
483:
478:
476:
471:
469:
464:
462:
457:
455:
450:
448:
443:
441:
436:
434:
429:
425:
423:
418:
416:
411:
410:
407:
402:
400:
395:
393:
388:
386:
381:
379:
374:
372:
367:
365:
360:
358:
353:
351:
346:
344:
339:
337:
332:
330:
325:
323:
318:
316:
311:
309:
304:
302:
297:
293:
288:
286:
281:
280:
277:
272:
270:
265:
263:
258:
256:
251:
249:
244:
242:
237:
233:
228:
226:
221:
220:
217:
212:
210:
205:
203:
198:
196:
191:
189:
184:
182:
177:
173:
168:
166:
161:
160:
157:
152:
148:
143:
142:
137:
129:
120:
117:
109:
106:December 2009
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: –
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
4790:
4787:Darmstadtium
4785:
4763:
4758:
4736:
4731:
4709:
4704:
4687:
4638:
4626:
4609:Trivial name
4597:nomenclature
4269:Heavy metals
4264:Noble metals
4023:14 (Tetrels)
4002:
3919:Alternatives
2663:
2560:
2556:
2546:
2537:
2533:
2493:
2489:
2479:
2454:
2450:
2440:
2407:
2366:
2362:
2352:
2340:. Retrieved
2336:
2327:
2315:. Retrieved
2311:
2301:
2273:
2217:
2200:the original
2194:
2151:
2147:
2137:
2112:
2108:
2098:
2081:
2077:
2067:
2022:
2018:
2008:
1975:
1965:
1932:
1928:
1918:
1875:
1871:
1861:
1842:
1836:
1826:, retrieved
1804:
1794:
1768:
1717:
1714:Applications
1691:
1662:
1652:
1648:
1641:
1618:sulfide ores
1611:
1582:
1431:
1385:
1374:
1369:(predicted)
1360:darmstadtium
1315:2, 8, 16, 2
1267:. All known
1258:darmstadtium
1225:
1224:
1198:
1197:
1181:Darmstadtium
1032:nickel group
1003:
933:Darmstadtium
800:Protactinium
574:Praseodymium
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
4645:WikiProject
4389:Term symbol
4219:Noble gases
4163:Lanthanides
4146:metallicity
4018:13 (Triels)
2496:: 316–330.
1693:written by
975:Livermorium
947:Copernicium
940:Roentgenium
870:Mendelevium
856:Einsteinium
849:Californium
4569:for people
4564:for places
4537:1871 table
4430:Elasticity
4398:Data pages
4356:Properties
4232:Other sets
4188:Metalloids
2342:16 January
2317:16 January
2312:LibreTexts
2084:(45): no.
2078:ChemInform
1828:2022-10-09
1602:refractory
1493:palladium
1432:(J mol K)
1256:(Pt), and
1183: (Ds)
1160: (Pt)
1130: (Pd)
1100: (Ni)
982:Tennessine
926:Meitnerium
905:Seaborgium
884:Lawrencium
623:Dysprosium
609:Gadolinium
588:Promethium
460:Technetium
453:Molybdenum
254:Phosphorus
76:newspapers
4733:Palladium
4554:etymology
4405:Abundance
4330:in humans
4326:Abundance
4211:Nonmetals
4168:Actinides
2471:0003-3790
2426:cite book
2383:0307-3114
2245:cite book
2237:957751024
2168:0020-1669
2129:1293-2558
2041:0027-8424
1992:1359-7345
1957:243890546
1949:0044-8249
1892:0947-6539
1734:Catalysts
1659:Palladium
1622:Indonesia
1614:laterites
1594:oxidation
1539:platinum
1328:palladium
1250:palladium
1128:Palladium
989:Oganesson
968:Moscovium
961:Flerovium
842:Berkelium
828:Americium
821:Plutonium
814:Neptunium
651:Ytterbium
581:Neodymium
560:Lanthanum
523:Tellurium
481:Palladium
467:Ruthenium
439:Zirconium
421:Strontium
377:Germanium
328:Manganese
284:Potassium
240:Aluminium
231:Magnesium
171:Beryllium
4824:Category
4760:Platinum
4633:Category
4585:See also
4455:Hardness
4308:Elements
2512:97424917
2337:Statista
2293:48138330
2176:16634614
2059:17470819
2000:16479284
1910:32034810
1774:See also
1688:Platinum
1681:2 Pallas
1408:Element
1367:5f 6d 7s
1351:4f 5d 6s
1344:platinum
1269:isotopes
1254:platinum
1226:Group 10
1158:Platinum
1007:group 11
954:Nihonium
877:Nobelium
786:Actinium
772:Francium
756:Astatine
749:Polonium
728:Thallium
707:Platinum
679:Tungsten
672:Tantalum
658:Lutetium
602:Europium
595:Samarium
516:Antimony
414:Rubidium
391:Selenium
321:Chromium
314:Vanadium
307:Titanium
300:Scandium
268:Chlorine
208:Fluorine
194:Nitrogen
146:Hydrogen
4519:History
4425:Density
4053:Periods
3859:p-block
3854:d-block
3849:f-block
3844:s-block
2391:2844401
2050:1876520
1901:7318650
1724:jewelry
1645:Bactria
1628:History
1590:ductile
1546:195.048
1447:nickel
1293:Element
1262:d-block
1240:in the
1075:↓
999:group 9
919:Hassium
912:Bohrium
898:Dubnium
863:Fermium
807:Uranium
793:Thorium
742:Bismuth
700:Iridium
686:Rhenium
665:Hafnium
644:Thulium
630:Holmium
616:Terbium
546:Caesium
495:Cadmium
474:Rhodium
446:Niobium
432:Yttrium
405:Krypton
398:Bromine
384:Arsenic
370:Gallium
291:Calcium
247:Silicon
164:Lithium
90:scholar
4706:Nickel
4549:Naming
4346:Symbol
4155:Metals
4123:Blocks
4111:Pyykkö
4106:Fricke
4101:Aufbau
3950:Groups
2510:
2469:
2414:
2389:
2381:
2291:
2281:
2235:
2225:
2174:
2166:
2127:
2057:
2047:
2039:
1998:
1990:
1955:
1947:
1908:
1898:
1890:
1849:
1819:
1745:alloys
1743:Metal
1649:an-bar
1638:Nickel
1600:, are
1586:luster
1576:8.9588
1556:1768.2
1530:8.3369
1510:1554.8
1500:106.42
1484:7.6399
1454:58.693
1312:nickel
1252:(Pd),
1248:(Ni),
1246:nickel
1199:Legend
1188:
1165:
1135:
1105:
1098:Nickel
1078:Period
835:Curium
779:Radium
693:Osmium
637:Erbium
567:Cerium
553:Barium
530:Iodine
502:Indium
488:Silver
356:Copper
349:Nickel
342:Cobalt
261:Sulfur
224:Sodium
201:Oxygen
187:Carbon
155:Helium
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
4592:IUPAC
4317:Lists
2508:S2CID
2387:JSTOR
1953:S2CID
1675:)PtCl
1596:) at
1571:2.128
1525:0.562
1479:1.156
1234:group
1230:IUPAC
763:Radon
537:Xenon
275:Argon
180:Boron
97:JSTOR
83:books
4324:By:
2467:ISSN
2432:link
2412:ISBN
2379:ISSN
2344:2022
2319:2022
2289:OCLC
2279:ISBN
2255:link
2251:link
2233:OCLC
2223:ISBN
2172:PMID
2164:ISSN
2125:ISSN
2055:PMID
2037:ISSN
1996:PMID
1988:ISSN
1945:ISSN
1906:PMID
1888:ISSN
1847:ISBN
1817:ISBN
1726:and
1616:and
1566:25.9
1561:3825
1551:21.5
1520:26.0
1515:2963
1505:12.0
1474:26.1
1469:2913
1464:1455
1459:8.90
1430:(c)
735:Lead
714:Gold
363:Zinc
335:Iron
215:Neon
69:news
4144:By
2498:doi
2459:doi
2371:doi
2156:doi
2117:doi
2086:doi
2045:PMC
2027:doi
2023:104
1980:doi
1937:doi
1933:130
1896:PMC
1880:doi
1809:doi
1620:.
1598:STP
1536:78
1490:46
1444:28
1357:110
1236:of
1186:110
1023:10
509:Tin
52:by
4826::
4791:Ds
4764:Pt
4737:Pd
4710:Ni
4096:8+
4013:12
4008:11
4003:10
3823:Og
3814:Ts
3805:Lv
3796:Mc
3787:Fl
3778:Nh
3769:Cn
3760:Rg
3751:Ds
3742:Mt
3733:Hs
3724:Bh
3715:Sg
3706:Db
3697:Rf
3688:Lr
3679:No
3670:Md
3661:Fm
3652:Es
3643:Cf
3634:Bk
3625:Cm
3616:Am
3607:Pu
3598:Np
3580:Pa
3571:Th
3562:Ac
3553:Ra
3544:Fr
3528:Rn
3519:At
3510:Po
3501:Bi
3492:Pb
3483:Tl
3474:Hg
3465:Au
3456:Pt
3447:Ir
3438:Os
3429:Re
3411:Ta
3402:Hf
3393:Lu
3384:Yb
3375:Tm
3366:Er
3357:Ho
3348:Dy
3339:Tb
3330:Gd
3321:Eu
3312:Sm
3303:Pm
3294:Nd
3285:Pr
3276:Ce
3267:La
3258:Ba
3249:Cs
3233:Xe
3215:Te
3206:Sb
3197:Sn
3188:In
3179:Cd
3170:Ag
3161:Pd
3152:Rh
3143:Ru
3134:Tc
3125:Mo
3116:Nb
3107:Zr
3087:Sr
3078:Rb
3062:Kr
3053:Br
3044:Se
3035:As
3026:Ge
3017:Ga
3008:Zn
2999:Cu
2990:Ni
2981:Co
2972:Fe
2963:Mn
2954:Cr
2936:Ti
2927:Sc
2916:Ca
2891:Ar
2882:Cl
2855:Si
2846:Al
2835:Mg
2826:Na
2810:Ne
2754:Be
2745:Li
2729:He
2704:18
2699:17
2694:16
2689:15
2684:14
2679:13
2674:12
2669:11
2664:10
2561:24
2559:.
2555:.
2538:24
2536:.
2532:.
2520:^
2506:.
2494:95
2492:.
2488:.
2465:.
2455:35
2453:.
2449:.
2428:}}
2424:{{
2399:^
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2377:.
2367:71
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2247:}}
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2231:.
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2184:^
2170:.
2162:.
2152:45
2150:.
2146:.
2123:.
2113:10
2107:.
2082:23
2080:.
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2021:.
2017:.
1994:.
1986:.
1974:.
1951:.
1943:.
1931:.
1927:.
1904:.
1894:.
1886:.
1876:26
1874:.
1870:.
1815:,
1803:,
1405:Z
1341:78
1325:46
1309:28
1163:78
1133:46
1103:28
4680:e
4673:t
4666:v
4332:)
4328:(
4091:7
4086:6
4081:5
4076:4
4071:3
4066:2
4061:1
3998:9
3993:8
3988:7
3983:6
3978:5
3973:4
3968:3
3897:e
3890:t
3883:v
3589:U
3537:7
3420:W
3242:6
3224:I
3098:Y
3071:5
2945:V
2907:K
2900:4
2873:S
2864:P
2819:3
2801:F
2792:O
2783:N
2774:C
2765:B
2738:2
2718:H
2711:1
2659:9
2654:8
2649:7
2644:6
2639:5
2634:4
2629:3
2622:2
2617:1
2594:e
2587:t
2580:v
2514:.
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2473:.
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2420:.
2393:.
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2346:.
2321:.
2295:.
2257:)
2239:.
2178:.
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2092:.
2088::
2061:.
2029::
2002:.
1982::
1959:.
1939::
1912:.
1882::
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1811::
1747:.
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1730:.
1677:6
1673:4
1428:p
1288:Z
1176:7
1146:6
1116:5
1086:4
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113:(
108:)
104:(
94:·
87:·
80:·
73:·
46:.
23:.
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