4096:
1124:
1154:
25:
1094:
4108:
1569:. The most conductive (by volume) of all metals are silver, copper and gold in that order. Silver is also the most thermally conductive element, and the most light reflecting element. Silver also has the unusual property that the tarnish that forms on silver is still highly electrically conductive.
1642:(92.5%) coins for pre-1920 British Commonwealth and other silver coinage, with copper making up the remaining weight in each case. Old European coins were commonly produced with 83.5% silver. Modern silver bullion coins are often produced with purity varying from 99.9% to 99.999%.
1572:
Copper is used extensively in electrical wiring and circuitry. Gold contacts are sometimes found in precision equipment for their ability to remain corrosion-free. Silver is used widely in mission-critical applications as electrical contacts, and is also used in
1271:, due to their usage in minting coins—while the rise in metal prices mean that silver and gold are no longer used for circulating currency, remaining in use for bullion, copper remains a common metal in coins to date, either in the form of copper
1730:
is a genetic condition in which a protein important for excretion of excess copper is mutated such that copper builds up in body tissues, causing symptoms including vomiting, weakness, tremors, anxiety, and muscle stiffness.
1742:. The prolonged use of preparations containing gold or silver can also lead to the accumulation of these metals in body tissue; the results of which are irreversible but apparently harmless pigmentation conditions known as
1929:
Hofmann, S.; Ninov, V.; Heßberger, F.P.; Armbruster, P.; Folger, H.; Münzenberg, G.; Schött, H. J.; Popeko, A. G.; Yeremin, A. V.; Andreyev, A. N.; Saro, S.; Janik, R.; Leino, M. (1995). "The new element 111".
1823:
1320:, at the end of the fifth millennium BC and the start of the fourth, and smelting was developed during the course of the 4th millennium BC; gold artifacts appear in the archeology of
1561:
These metals, especially silver, have unusual properties that make them essential for industrial applications outside of their monetary or decorative value. They are all excellent
1604:
with other metals to afford coins greater durability. The alloying with other metals makes the resulting coins harder, less likely to become deformed and more resistant to wear.
1596:
Gold, silver, and copper are quite soft metals and so are easily damaged in daily use as coins. Precious metal may also be easily abraded and worn away through use. In their
2006:
Wu, Ming-Ling; Tsai, Wei-Jen; Ger, Jiin; Deng, Jou-Fang; Tsay, Shyh-Haw; Yang, Mo-Hsiung. (2001). "Cholestatic
Hepatitis Caused by Acute Gold Potassium Cyanide Poisoning".
1419:. Copper and gold are colored, but silver is not. Roentgenium is expected to be silvery, though it has not been produced in large enough amounts to confirm this.
1722:
properties which make it useful for hospital doorknobs to keep diseases from being spread. Eating food in copper containers is known to increase the risk of
1301:
The first evidence of silver mining dates back to 3000 BC, in Turkey and Greece, according to the RSC. Ancient people even figured out how to refine silver.
3901:
3911:
3961:
4058:
3936:
2059:
1791:
3941:
3916:
3362:
3896:
3612:
1625:), with copper and silver making up the remaining weight in each case. Bullion gold coins are being produced with up to 99.999% gold (in the
4025:
4035:
4030:
1904:
4145:
3971:
3931:
3926:
3886:
3946:
3881:
3667:
1291:
All three stable elements of the group have been known since prehistoric times, as all of them occur in metallic form in nature and no
4040:
4020:
3807:
1638:
are typically produced as either 90% silver – in the case of pre-1965 US minted coins (which were circulated in many countries), or
3876:
3840:
3921:
3871:
1343:, especially in the outermost shells, resulting in trends in chemical behavior, although roentgenium is probably an exception:
89:
3966:
3891:
3802:
2052:
1864:
61:
3400:
3355:
68:
3835:
3792:
1261:(Rg), although no chemical experiments have yet been carried out to confirm that roentgenium behaves like the heavier
4008:
108:
42:
4296:
2045:
1442:
Copper occurs in its native form in Chile, China, Mexico, Russia and the USA. Various natural ores of copper are:
1279:
alloy. They were most likely the first three elements discovered. Copper, silver, and gold all occur naturally in
75:
4138:
3956:
3830:
1056:
1040:
4111:
3993:
3348:
1298:
Copper was known and used around 4000 BC and many items, weapons and materials were made and used with copper.
46:
3567:
3985:
3906:
3796:
57:
4301:
1317:
4015:
3577:
3572:
4131:
3850:
1783:
1648:
Copper coins are often of quite high purity, around 97%, and are usually alloyed with small amounts of
3783:
3385:
1626:
4003:
1123:
4099:
4068:
3562:
3519:
3390:
1434:
are usually gold. Silver and silver-plated copper wiring are found in some special applications.
1272:
1078:
35:
3589:
3416:
1775:
1739:
1423:
1340:
1011:
3822:
1316:
period, c. 40,000 BC. Gold artifacts made their first appearance at the very beginning of the
82:
4063:
3644:
1856:
1493:
Copper pyrite is the principal ore, and yields nearly 76% of the world production of copper.
1292:
3745:
3429:
2088:
1939:
1715:
1711:
1562:
1234:
8:
3662:
1727:
1943:
1880:
1670:
value of the historically used metals. This had led to most modern coins being made of
3750:
3710:
1983:
1966:
1734:
Elemental gold and silver have no known toxic effects or biological use, although gold
1431:
1312:". Small amounts of natural gold have been found in Spanish caves used during the late
1207:
1304:
The earliest recorded metal employed by humans appears to be gold, which can be found
1153:
3845:
3715:
2939:
2023:
1988:
1860:
1321:
1262:
1238:
1214:
712:
4080:
3998:
3774:
3639:
3597:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3479:
3469:
3003:
2708:
2537:
2366:
2285:
2204:
2177:
2140:
2130:
2015:
1978:
1947:
1848:
1795:
1757:
has no biological use but it is likely extremely harmful due to its radioactivity.
1735:
1618:
1354:
1176:
1168:
1146:
1138:
1116:
1108:
1086:
999:
991:
1093:
3951:
3812:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2005:
1723:
1639:
3760:
3755:
3725:
3720:
3705:
3371:
2068:
1703:
1614:
1613:
are typically produced as either 90% gold (e.g. with pre-1933 US coins), or 22
1578:
1550:
1443:
1359:
1280:
1267:
1242:
4290:
3162:
1905:"List Native Elements Minerals & Naturally Occurring Metals In Pure Form"
1719:
1667:
1530:
1459:
1349:
882:
1799:
4075:
3740:
3735:
3489:
3424:
3216:
3045:
2750:
2150:
2083:
2027:
1309:
1305:
924:
791:
565:
2019:
1992:
1426:
so they are used for wiring. Copper is the cheapest and most widely used.
4253:
3855:
3730:
3484:
3270:
3234:
3225:
3135:
3117:
3108:
2145:
1754:
1675:
1671:
1635:
1597:
1582:
1574:
1566:
1538:
1534:
1328:
1313:
1276:
1258:
1181:
966:
938:
931:
861:
847:
840:
3629:
3279:
3207:
3180:
3153:
2813:
2795:
2768:
2599:
2590:
2329:
1951:
1743:
1707:
1663:
1622:
1590:
973:
917:
896:
875:
614:
600:
579:
451:
444:
245:
1738:
can be toxic to liver and kidney tissue. Like copper, silver also has
3685:
3654:
3509:
3499:
3494:
3288:
3261:
3252:
3099:
3081:
3072:
3063:
2849:
2759:
2732:
2680:
2626:
2608:
2572:
2552:
2491:
2428:
2372:
2311:
2300:
2219:
2170:
2160:
2155:
1683:
1659:
1610:
1522:
1467:
1427:
1412:
980:
959:
952:
833:
819:
812:
805:
642:
572:
551:
514:
472:
458:
430:
412:
368:
319:
275:
231:
222:
162:
4123:
24:
3677:
3634:
3243:
3144:
3027:
3009:
2984:
2975:
2948:
2921:
2885:
2876:
2858:
2786:
2777:
2671:
2543:
2509:
2419:
2410:
2401:
2392:
2347:
2266:
2248:
2183:
1928:
1586:
1518:
1514:
1502:
945:
868:
777:
763:
747:
740:
719:
698:
670:
663:
649:
593:
586:
507:
405:
382:
312:
305:
298:
291:
259:
199:
185:
137:
3504:
3340:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3198:
3189:
3171:
3126:
3054:
3036:
2966:
2912:
2894:
2867:
2840:
2822:
2804:
2714:
2644:
2617:
2581:
2563:
2527:
2518:
2500:
2482:
2381:
2320:
2210:
2165:
2037:
1747:
1510:
1479:
1451:
910:
903:
889:
854:
798:
784:
733:
691:
677:
656:
635:
621:
607:
537:
486:
465:
437:
423:
396:
389:
375:
361:
282:
238:
155:
1327:
Roentgenium was made in 1994 by bombarding nickel-64 atoms into
4199:
4172:
3090:
3018:
2903:
2831:
2741:
2723:
2689:
2653:
2635:
2464:
2455:
2446:
2338:
2291:
2257:
2239:
2194:
1687:
1506:
1339:
Like other groups, the members of this family show patterns in
1250:
1246:
1128:
1098:
826:
770:
684:
628:
558:
544:
521:
493:
479:
347:
340:
333:
252:
215:
192:
178:
146:
3621:
3304:
2993:
2698:
2356:
2230:
1691:
1679:
1601:
1416:
1230:
754:
528:
266:
171:
4226:
2957:
2930:
2473:
2437:
2275:
1649:
1254:
1158:
726:
705:
354:
326:
206:
2662:
2077:
1964:
1678:(around 80:20, silver in color) is popular as are nickel-
1653:
500:
1682:(copper (75), nickel (5) and zinc (20), gold in color),
1501:
Silver is found in native form, as an alloy with gold (
1881:"These Are the Native Elements That Occur in Nature"
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1847:
4288:
1702:Copper, although toxic in excessive amounts, is
1697:
1686:-brass (copper, zinc, manganese, and nickel),
4139:
3356:
2053:
1411:All group 11 elements are relatively inert,
1007:
4146:
4132:
3363:
3349:
2060:
2046:
1824:"23.6: Group 11: Copper, Silver, and Gold"
1753:Due to being short lived and radioactive,
1982:
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1581:reverts to metal on exposure to light),
3160:
1265:to gold. Group 11 is also known as the
16:Group of elements in the periodic table
4289:
3214:
3043:
2748:
4153:
4127:
3344:
3268:
3232:
3223:
3133:
3115:
3106:
2041:
1776:"New Notations in the Periodic Table"
1773:
1180:
3277:
3205:
3178:
3151:
2811:
2793:
2766:
2597:
2588:
1965:Wright, I. H.; Vesey, C. J. (1986).
1818:
1816:
1405:2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 17, 2 (predicted)
1324:during the early 4th millennium BC.
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
4107:
3286:
3259:
3250:
3097:
3079:
3070:
3061:
2847:
2757:
2730:
2678:
2624:
2606:
2570:
2550:
2489:
2426:
2327:
2309:
2298:
2217:
1967:"Acute poisoning with gold cyanide"
1909:Mineral Processing & Metallurgy
13:
3370:
3241:
3142:
3025:
3007:
2982:
2973:
2946:
2919:
2874:
2856:
2784:
2775:
2669:
2541:
2507:
2417:
2399:
2390:
2370:
2345:
2067:
1984:10.1111/j.1365-2044.1986.tb12920.x
1549:). Silver is extracted using the
1334:
14:
4313:
3196:
3187:
3169:
3124:
3034:
2964:
2937:
2910:
2892:
2883:
2865:
2838:
2820:
2802:
2712:
2642:
2615:
2579:
2525:
2516:
2498:
2480:
2408:
2379:
2318:
2264:
2246:
2208:
2181:
1841:
1813:
4106:
4095:
4094:
3088:
3052:
3016:
2901:
2829:
2739:
2721:
2651:
2633:
2561:
2462:
2453:
2444:
2289:
2192:
1152:
1122:
1120:
1092:
1090:
23:
4270:Specific mass: ? 28.7 g/cm
2991:
2696:
2687:
2354:
2336:
2255:
2237:
1600:functions these metals must be
1556:
34:needs additional citations for
3425:1 (Hydrogen and alkali metals)
2955:
2928:
2471:
2435:
2273:
2228:
1999:
1958:
1922:
1897:
1873:
1767:
1295:is necessary to produce them.
1150:
1:
3967:Thermal expansion coefficient
3663:Lists of metalloids by source
2660:
1760:
1593:and scientific applications.
1496:
1437:
1698:Biological role and toxicity
1617:(91.66%) gold (e.g. current
1318:pre-dynastic period in Egypt
7:
3706:Platinum-group metals (PGM)
3409:By periodic table structure
1666:of coins to fall below the
1191:unknown chemical properties
10:
4318:
4243:Specific mass: 19.282 g/cm
4237:Atomic Weight: 196.966569
4216:Specific mass: 10.501 g/cm
3851:Goldschmidt classification
2559:
2388:
2307:
2226:
2190:
2092:
1718:. Copper is shown to have
1505:), and in ores containing
1286:
420:
288:
228:
168:
143:
4272:Electronegativity: ?
4161:
4089:
4051:
3984:
3864:
3821:
3782:
3773:
3698:
3676:
3653:
3620:
3610:
3588:
3518:
3430:2 (Alkaline earth metals)
3415:
3408:
3399:
3378:
3302:
3002:
2707:
2536:
2365:
2284:
2203:
2176:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2087:
2082:
2075:
1853:Chemistry of the Elements
1851:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997).
1331:to make roentgenium-272.
1196:
1075:
1006:
131:
123:
4239:Melting Point: 1337.73 K
4212:Melting Point: 1234.15 K
4210:Atomic Weight: 107.8682
4189:Specific mass: 8.96 g/cm
4185:Melting Point: 1357.75 K
1932:Zeitschrift für Physik A
1740:antimicrobial properties
1627:Canadian Gold Maple Leaf
1422:These elements have low
995:
4297:Groups (periodic table)
4268:Boiling Point: ? K
4266:Melting Point: ? K
4245:Electronegativity: 2.54
4069:systematic element name
4041:in East Asian languages
3391:Extended periodic table
1800:10.1351/pac198860030431
4218:Electronegativity: 2.2
4191:Electronegativity: 1.9
4183:Atomic Weight: 63.546
3912:Electron configuration
3902:Electrical resistivity
3841:Electron configuration
3645:Post-transition metals
1533:(AgCl) which includes
1424:electrical resistivity
1360:No. of electrons/shell
1341:electron configuration
4241:Boiling Point: 3129 K
4214:Boiling Point: 2435 K
4187:Boiling Point: 2835 K
3746:Transuranium elements
2020:10.1081/CLT-100108516
1857:Butterworth-Heinemann
1849:Greenwood, Norman N.
1706:. It can be found in
1293:extraction metallurgy
1061:(Europe, pattern A-B)
126:in the periodic table
3962:Thermal conductivity
3937:Heat of vaporization
3379:Periodic table forms
1828:Chemistry LibreTexts
1716:superoxide dismutase
1712:cytochrome c oxidase
1394:2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 1
43:improve this article
4302:Currency production
4262:Atomic Number: 111
3994:Element discoveries
3751:Superheavy elements
3711:Rare-earth elements
2008:Clinical Toxicology
1944:1995ZPhyA.350..281H
1690:, or simple plated
1432:integrated circuits
1045:(US, pattern A-B-A)
4235:Atomic Number: 79
4208:Atomic Number: 47
4181:Atomic Number: 29
4167:
1952:10.1007/BF01291182
1774:Fluck, E. (1988).
1704:essential for life
1454:or ruby copper (Cu
1275:or as part of the
1208:primordial element
1012:IUPAC group number
58:"Group 11 element"
4284:
4283:
4279:
4278:
4273:
4246:
4219:
4192:
4155:Group 11 elements
4121:
4120:
3980:
3979:
3942:Ionization energy
3917:Electronegativity
3907:Electron affinity
3846:Electronegativity
3836:Crystal structure
3831:Aqueous chemistry
3808:Nuclear stability
3803:Atomic properties
3769:
3768:
3716:Refractory metals
3694:
3693:
3640:Transition metals
3606:
3605:
3338:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3297:
3296:
1866:978-0-08-037941-8
1619:collectible coins
1409:
1408:
1322:Lower Mesopotamia
1239:chemical elements
1224:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1215:synthetic element
1192:
1171:
1141:
1111:
1081:
1070:
1069:
1062:
1046:
988:
987:
714:Mercury (element)
119:
118:
111:
93:
4309:
4264:Atomic Weight:
4261:
4234:
4207:
4180:
4164:
4163:
4148:
4141:
4134:
4125:
4124:
4110:
4109:
4098:
4097:
4081:Dmitri Mendeleev
4009:1869 predictions
3999:Dmitri Mendeleev
3780:
3779:
3618:
3617:
3598:Aufbau principle
3510:18 (Noble gases)
3413:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3401:Sets of elements
3365:
3358:
3351:
3342:
3341:
3307:
3306:
3293:
3291:
3284:
3282:
3275:
3273:
3266:
3264:
3257:
3255:
3248:
3246:
3239:
3237:
3230:
3228:
3221:
3219:
3212:
3210:
3203:
3201:
3194:
3192:
3185:
3183:
3176:
3174:
3167:
3165:
3158:
3156:
3149:
3147:
3140:
3138:
3131:
3129:
3122:
3120:
3113:
3111:
3104:
3102:
3095:
3093:
3086:
3084:
3077:
3075:
3068:
3066:
3059:
3057:
3050:
3048:
3041:
3039:
3032:
3030:
3023:
3021:
3014:
3012:
2998:
2996:
2989:
2987:
2980:
2978:
2971:
2969:
2962:
2960:
2953:
2951:
2944:
2942:
2935:
2933:
2926:
2924:
2917:
2915:
2908:
2906:
2899:
2897:
2890:
2888:
2881:
2879:
2872:
2870:
2863:
2861:
2854:
2852:
2845:
2843:
2836:
2834:
2827:
2825:
2818:
2816:
2809:
2807:
2800:
2798:
2791:
2789:
2782:
2780:
2773:
2771:
2764:
2762:
2755:
2753:
2746:
2744:
2737:
2735:
2728:
2726:
2719:
2717:
2703:
2701:
2694:
2692:
2685:
2683:
2676:
2674:
2667:
2665:
2658:
2656:
2649:
2647:
2640:
2638:
2631:
2629:
2622:
2620:
2613:
2611:
2604:
2602:
2595:
2593:
2586:
2584:
2577:
2575:
2568:
2566:
2557:
2555:
2548:
2546:
2532:
2530:
2523:
2521:
2514:
2512:
2505:
2503:
2496:
2494:
2487:
2485:
2478:
2476:
2469:
2467:
2460:
2458:
2451:
2449:
2442:
2440:
2433:
2431:
2424:
2422:
2415:
2413:
2406:
2404:
2397:
2395:
2386:
2384:
2377:
2375:
2361:
2359:
2352:
2350:
2343:
2341:
2334:
2332:
2325:
2323:
2316:
2314:
2305:
2303:
2296:
2294:
2280:
2278:
2271:
2269:
2262:
2260:
2253:
2251:
2244:
2242:
2235:
2233:
2224:
2222:
2215:
2213:
2199:
2197:
2188:
2186:
2078:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2039:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1986:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1859:. p. 1173.
1855:(2nd ed.).
1845:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1820:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1784:Pure Appl. Chem.
1780:
1771:
1728:Wilson's disease
1383:2, 8, 18, 18, 1
1346:
1345:
1245:, consisting of
1233:numbering, is a
1204:
1203:
1190:
1188:
1169:Transition metal
1167:
1165:
1156:
1139:Transition metal
1137:
1135:
1126:
1109:Transition metal
1107:
1105:
1096:
1077:
1060:
1057:old IUPAC number
1044:
1041:CAS group number
1026:
1008:
997:
983:
976:
969:
962:
955:
948:
941:
934:
927:
920:
913:
906:
899:
892:
885:
878:
871:
864:
857:
850:
843:
836:
829:
822:
815:
808:
801:
794:
787:
780:
773:
766:
757:
750:
743:
736:
729:
722:
715:
708:
701:
694:
687:
680:
673:
666:
659:
652:
645:
638:
631:
624:
617:
610:
603:
596:
589:
582:
575:
568:
561:
554:
547:
540:
531:
524:
517:
510:
503:
496:
489:
482:
475:
468:
461:
454:
447:
440:
433:
426:
415:
408:
399:
392:
385:
378:
371:
364:
357:
350:
343:
336:
329:
322:
315:
308:
301:
294:
285:
278:
269:
262:
255:
248:
241:
234:
225:
218:
209:
202:
195:
188:
181:
174:
165:
158:
149:
140:
134:
133:
127:
121:
120:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
4317:
4316:
4312:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4287:
4286:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4256:
4248:
4244:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4229:
4221:
4217:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4202:
4194:
4190:
4188:
4186:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4175:
4157:
4152:
4122:
4117:
4085:
4047:
3976:
3952:Oxidation state
3860:
3817:
3765:
3761:Minor actinides
3756:Major actinides
3721:Precious metals
3690:
3672:
3649:
3602:
3584:
3514:
3500:16 (Chalcogens)
3495:15 (Pnictogens)
3395:
3374:
3369:
3339:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3298:
3289:
3287:
3280:
3278:
3271:
3269:
3262:
3260:
3253:
3251:
3244:
3242:
3235:
3233:
3226:
3224:
3217:
3215:
3208:
3206:
3199:
3197:
3190:
3188:
3181:
3179:
3172:
3170:
3163:
3161:
3154:
3152:
3145:
3143:
3136:
3134:
3127:
3125:
3118:
3116:
3109:
3107:
3100:
3098:
3091:
3089:
3082:
3080:
3073:
3071:
3064:
3062:
3055:
3053:
3046:
3044:
3037:
3035:
3028:
3026:
3019:
3017:
3010:
3008:
2994:
2992:
2985:
2983:
2976:
2974:
2967:
2965:
2958:
2956:
2949:
2947:
2940:
2938:
2931:
2929:
2922:
2920:
2913:
2911:
2904:
2902:
2895:
2893:
2886:
2884:
2877:
2875:
2868:
2866:
2859:
2857:
2850:
2848:
2841:
2839:
2832:
2830:
2823:
2821:
2814:
2812:
2805:
2803:
2796:
2794:
2787:
2785:
2778:
2776:
2769:
2767:
2760:
2758:
2751:
2749:
2742:
2740:
2733:
2731:
2724:
2722:
2715:
2713:
2699:
2697:
2690:
2688:
2681:
2679:
2672:
2670:
2663:
2661:
2654:
2652:
2645:
2643:
2636:
2634:
2627:
2625:
2618:
2616:
2609:
2607:
2600:
2598:
2591:
2589:
2582:
2580:
2573:
2571:
2564:
2562:
2553:
2551:
2544:
2542:
2528:
2526:
2519:
2517:
2510:
2508:
2501:
2499:
2492:
2490:
2483:
2481:
2474:
2472:
2465:
2463:
2456:
2454:
2447:
2445:
2438:
2436:
2429:
2427:
2420:
2418:
2411:
2409:
2402:
2400:
2393:
2391:
2382:
2380:
2373:
2371:
2357:
2355:
2348:
2346:
2339:
2337:
2330:
2328:
2321:
2319:
2312:
2310:
2301:
2299:
2292:
2290:
2276:
2274:
2267:
2265:
2258:
2256:
2249:
2247:
2240:
2238:
2231:
2229:
2220:
2218:
2211:
2209:
2195:
2193:
2184:
2182:
2071:
2066:
2036:
2035:
2004:
2000:
1977:(79): 936–939.
1963:
1959:
1927:
1923:
1914:
1912:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1889:
1887:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1867:
1846:
1842:
1833:
1831:
1822:
1821:
1814:
1804:
1802:
1778:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1724:copper toxicity
1700:
1662:has caused the
1640:sterling silver
1559:
1548:
1544:
1528:
1521:. Ores include
1499:
1489:
1485:
1477:
1473:
1465:
1457:
1449:
1440:
1337:
1335:Characteristics
1289:
1197:
1186:
1185:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1071:
1063:
1059:
1047:
1043:
1034:coinage metals
1024:
1021:Name by element
1002:
989:
981:
974:
967:
960:
953:
946:
939:
932:
925:
918:
911:
904:
897:
890:
883:
876:
869:
862:
855:
848:
841:
834:
827:
820:
813:
806:
799:
792:
785:
778:
771:
764:
755:
748:
741:
734:
727:
720:
713:
706:
699:
692:
685:
678:
671:
664:
657:
650:
643:
636:
629:
622:
615:
608:
601:
594:
587:
580:
573:
566:
559:
552:
545:
538:
529:
522:
515:
508:
501:
494:
487:
480:
473:
466:
459:
452:
445:
438:
431:
424:
413:
406:
397:
390:
383:
376:
369:
362:
355:
348:
341:
334:
327:
320:
313:
306:
299:
292:
283:
276:
267:
260:
253:
246:
239:
232:
223:
216:
207:
200:
193:
186:
179:
172:
163:
156:
147:
138:
125:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4315:
4305:
4304:
4299:
4282:
4281:
4277:
4276:
4251:
4249:
4224:
4222:
4197:
4195:
4170:
4168:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4151:
4150:
4143:
4136:
4128:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4115:
4103:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4066:
4055:
4053:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4044:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4013:
4012:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3990:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3972:Vapor pressure
3969:
3964:
3959:
3957:Speed of sound
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3932:Heat of fusion
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3887:Critical point
3884:
3879:
3874:
3868:
3866:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3827:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3788:
3786:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3726:Coinage metals
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3702:
3700:
3696:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3682:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3665:
3659:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3626:
3624:
3615:
3608:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3594:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3524:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3421:
3419:
3410:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3388:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3375:
3372:Periodic table
3368:
3367:
3360:
3353:
3345:
3336:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3295:
3294:
3285:
3276:
3267:
3258:
3249:
3240:
3231:
3222:
3213:
3204:
3195:
3186:
3177:
3168:
3159:
3150:
3141:
3132:
3123:
3114:
3105:
3096:
3087:
3078:
3069:
3060:
3051:
3042:
3033:
3024:
3015:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2990:
2981:
2972:
2963:
2954:
2945:
2936:
2927:
2918:
2909:
2900:
2891:
2882:
2873:
2864:
2855:
2846:
2837:
2828:
2819:
2810:
2801:
2792:
2783:
2774:
2765:
2756:
2747:
2738:
2729:
2720:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2695:
2686:
2677:
2668:
2659:
2650:
2641:
2632:
2623:
2614:
2605:
2596:
2587:
2578:
2569:
2560:
2558:
2549:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2524:
2515:
2506:
2497:
2488:
2479:
2470:
2461:
2452:
2443:
2434:
2425:
2416:
2407:
2398:
2389:
2387:
2378:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2353:
2344:
2335:
2326:
2317:
2308:
2306:
2297:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2272:
2263:
2254:
2245:
2236:
2227:
2225:
2216:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2191:
2189:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2069:Periodic table
2065:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2042:
2034:
2033:
2014:(7): 739–743.
1998:
1957:
1938:(4): 281–282.
1921:
1896:
1872:
1865:
1840:
1812:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1750:respectively.
1699:
1696:
1579:silver nitrate
1558:
1555:
1551:Parkes process
1546:
1542:
1526:
1498:
1495:
1487:
1483:
1475:
1471:
1463:
1455:
1447:
1444:copper pyrites
1439:
1436:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1336:
1333:
1288:
1285:
1281:elemental form
1268:coinage metals
1243:periodic table
1222:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1194:
1193:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1151:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1121:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1091:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1004:
1003:
990:
986:
985:
978:
971:
964:
957:
950:
943:
936:
929:
922:
915:
908:
901:
894:
887:
880:
873:
866:
859:
852:
845:
838:
831:
824:
817:
810:
803:
796:
789:
782:
775:
768:
760:
759:
752:
745:
738:
731:
724:
717:
710:
703:
696:
689:
682:
675:
668:
661:
654:
647:
640:
633:
626:
619:
612:
605:
598:
591:
584:
577:
570:
563:
556:
549:
542:
534:
533:
526:
519:
512:
505:
498:
491:
484:
477:
470:
463:
456:
449:
442:
435:
428:
421:
419:
417:
410:
402:
401:
394:
387:
380:
373:
366:
359:
352:
345:
338:
331:
324:
317:
310:
303:
296:
289:
287:
280:
272:
271:
264:
257:
250:
243:
236:
229:
227:
220:
212:
211:
204:
197:
190:
183:
176:
169:
167:
160:
152:
151:
144:
142:
132:
129:
128:
124:Group 11
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4314:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4274:
4259:
4255:
4250:
4247:
4232:
4228:
4223:
4220:
4205:
4201:
4196:
4193:
4178:
4174:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4160:
4156:
4149:
4144:
4142:
4137:
4135:
4130:
4129:
4126:
4114:
4113:
4104:
4102:
4101:
4092:
4091:
4088:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4026:controversies
4024:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4017:
4014:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3947:Melting point
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3927:Heat capacity
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3882:Boiling point
3880:
3878:
3877:Atomic radius
3875:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3820:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3741:Native metals
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3697:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3675:
3669:
3668:Dividing line
3666:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3609:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3517:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3505:17 (Halogens)
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3411:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3366:
3361:
3359:
3354:
3352:
3347:
3346:
3343:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3301:
3292:
3283:
3274:
3265:
3256:
3247:
3238:
3229:
3220:
3211:
3202:
3193:
3184:
3175:
3166:
3157:
3148:
3139:
3130:
3121:
3112:
3103:
3094:
3085:
3076:
3067:
3058:
3049:
3040:
3031:
3022:
3013:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2988:
2979:
2970:
2961:
2952:
2943:
2934:
2925:
2916:
2907:
2898:
2889:
2880:
2871:
2862:
2853:
2844:
2835:
2826:
2817:
2808:
2799:
2790:
2781:
2772:
2763:
2754:
2745:
2736:
2727:
2718:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2693:
2684:
2675:
2666:
2657:
2648:
2639:
2630:
2621:
2612:
2603:
2594:
2585:
2576:
2567:
2556:
2547:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2522:
2513:
2504:
2495:
2486:
2477:
2468:
2459:
2450:
2441:
2432:
2423:
2414:
2405:
2396:
2385:
2376:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2351:
2342:
2333:
2324:
2315:
2304:
2295:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2270:
2261:
2252:
2243:
2234:
2223:
2214:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2187:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2063:
2058:
2056:
2051:
2049:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1925:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1886:
1882:
1876:
1868:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1817:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1777:
1770:
1766:
1758:
1756:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1720:antimicrobial
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1676:copper nickel
1673:
1669:
1668:hard currency
1665:
1661:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1646:Copper coins:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1633:Silver coins:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1554:
1552:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1531:chlorargyrite
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1494:
1491:
1481:
1469:
1461:
1460:copper glance
1453:
1445:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1332:
1330:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1195:
1183:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1160:
1155:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1130:
1125:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1100:
1095:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1065:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1001:
998: →
994: ←
993:
984:
979:
977:
972:
970:
965:
963:
958:
956:
951:
949:
944:
942:
937:
935:
930:
928:
923:
921:
916:
914:
909:
907:
902:
900:
895:
893:
888:
886:
884:Rutherfordium
881:
879:
874:
872:
867:
865:
860:
858:
853:
851:
846:
844:
839:
837:
832:
830:
825:
823:
818:
816:
811:
809:
804:
802:
797:
795:
790:
788:
783:
781:
776:
774:
769:
767:
762:
761:
758:
753:
751:
746:
744:
739:
737:
732:
730:
725:
723:
718:
716:
711:
709:
704:
702:
697:
695:
690:
688:
683:
681:
676:
674:
669:
667:
662:
660:
655:
653:
648:
646:
641:
639:
634:
632:
627:
625:
620:
618:
613:
611:
606:
604:
599:
597:
592:
590:
585:
583:
578:
576:
571:
569:
564:
562:
557:
555:
550:
548:
543:
541:
536:
535:
532:
527:
525:
520:
518:
513:
511:
506:
504:
499:
497:
492:
490:
485:
483:
478:
476:
471:
469:
464:
462:
457:
455:
450:
448:
443:
441:
436:
434:
429:
427:
422:
418:
416:
411:
409:
404:
403:
400:
395:
393:
388:
386:
381:
379:
374:
372:
367:
365:
360:
358:
353:
351:
346:
344:
339:
337:
332:
330:
325:
323:
318:
316:
311:
309:
304:
302:
297:
295:
290:
286:
281:
279:
274:
273:
270:
265:
263:
258:
256:
251:
249:
244:
242:
237:
235:
230:
226:
221:
219:
214:
213:
210:
205:
203:
198:
196:
191:
189:
184:
182:
177:
175:
170:
166:
161:
159:
154:
153:
150:
145:
141:
136:
135:
130:
122:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
4257:
4252:
4230:
4225:
4203:
4198:
4176:
4171:
4154:
4105:
4093:
4076:Trivial name
4064:nomenclature
3736:Heavy metals
3731:Noble metals
3490:14 (Tetrels)
3474:
3386:Alternatives
2135:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1974:
1970:
1960:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1913:. Retrieved
1911:. 2016-09-27
1908:
1899:
1888:. Retrieved
1884:
1875:
1852:
1843:
1832:. Retrieved
1830:. 2015-01-18
1827:
1803:. Retrieved
1787:
1782:
1769:
1752:
1733:
1701:
1658:
1645:
1644:
1636:Silver coins
1632:
1631:
1607:
1606:
1595:
1571:
1560:
1557:Applications
1500:
1492:
1441:
1421:
1410:
1372:2, 8, 18, 1
1338:
1326:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1290:
1273:clad coinage
1266:
1229:, by modern
1226:
1225:
1199:
1198:
1031:Trivial name
1025:copper group
996:
926:Darmstadtium
793:Protactinium
567:Praseodymium
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
4254:Roentgenium
4112:WikiProject
3856:Term symbol
3686:Noble gases
3630:Lanthanides
3613:metallicity
3485:13 (Triels)
1971:Anaesthesia
1794:: 431–436.
1755:roentgenium
1672:base metals
1623:Krugerrands
1608:Gold coins:
1583:agriculture
1575:photography
1567:electricity
1539:pyrargyrite
1535:horn silver
1415:-resistant
1402:roentgenium
1329:bismuth-209
1314:Paleolithic
1277:cupronickel
1259:roentgenium
1182:Roentgenium
968:Livermorium
940:Copernicium
933:Roentgenium
863:Mendelevium
849:Einsteinium
842:Californium
4291:Categories
4036:for people
4031:for places
4004:1871 table
3897:Elasticity
3865:Data pages
3823:Properties
3699:Other sets
3655:Metalloids
1915:2022-03-25
1890:2022-03-25
1834:2022-03-25
1761:References
1744:chrysiasis
1708:hemocyanin
1664:face value
1611:Gold coins
1598:numismatic
1591:audiophile
1563:conductors
1497:Production
1438:Occurrence
1428:Bond wires
1257:(Au), and
1184: (Rg)
1161: (Au)
1131: (Ag)
1101: (Cu)
975:Tennessine
919:Meitnerium
898:Seaborgium
877:Lawrencium
616:Dysprosium
602:Gadolinium
581:Promethium
453:Technetium
446:Molybdenum
247:Phosphorus
99:April 2013
69:newspapers
4021:etymology
3872:Abundance
3797:in humans
3793:Abundance
3678:Nonmetals
3635:Actinides
1885:ThoughtCo
1684:manganese
1660:Inflation
1629:series).
1577:(because
1523:argentite
1468:malachite
1413:corrosion
1263:homologue
982:Oganesson
961:Moscovium
954:Flerovium
835:Berkelium
821:Americium
814:Plutonium
807:Neptunium
644:Ytterbium
574:Neodymium
553:Lanthanum
516:Tellurium
474:Palladium
460:Ruthenium
432:Zirconium
414:Strontium
370:Germanium
321:Manganese
277:Potassium
233:Aluminium
224:Magnesium
164:Beryllium
4100:Category
4052:See also
3922:Hardness
3775:Elements
2028:11778673
1805:24 March
1587:medicine
1519:chlorine
1515:antimony
1503:electrum
1227:Group 11
1000:group 12
992:group 10
947:Nihonium
870:Nobelium
779:Actinium
765:Francium
749:Astatine
742:Polonium
721:Thallium
700:Platinum
672:Tungsten
665:Tantalum
651:Lutetium
595:Europium
588:Samarium
509:Antimony
407:Rubidium
384:Selenium
314:Chromium
307:Vanadium
300:Titanium
293:Scandium
261:Chlorine
201:Fluorine
187:Nitrogen
139:Hydrogen
3986:History
3892:Density
3520:Periods
3326:p-block
3321:d-block
3316:f-block
3311:s-block
1993:3022615
1940:Bibcode
1748:argyria
1714:and in
1602:alloyed
1511:arsenic
1482:(Cu(OH)
1480:azurite
1478:), and
1470:(Cu(OH)
1452:cuprite
1355:Element
1287:History
1241:in the
1129:Silver
1076:↓
912:Hassium
905:Bohrium
891:Dubnium
856:Fermium
800:Uranium
786:Thorium
735:Bismuth
693:Iridium
679:Rhenium
658:Hafnium
637:Thulium
623:Holmium
609:Terbium
539:Caesium
488:Cadmium
467:Rhodium
439:Niobium
425:Yttrium
398:Krypton
391:Bromine
377:Arsenic
363:Gallium
284:Calcium
240:Silicon
157:Lithium
83:scholar
4200:Silver
4173:Copper
4016:Naming
3813:Symbol
3622:Metals
3590:Blocks
3578:Pyykkö
3573:Fricke
3568:Aufbau
3417:Groups
2026:
1991:
1863:
1688:bronze
1537:, and
1507:sulfur
1446:(CuFeS
1417:metals
1380:silver
1369:copper
1310:native
1253:(Ag),
1251:silver
1249:(Cu),
1247:copper
1200:Legend
1189:
1166:
1136:
1106:
1099:Copper
1079:Period
828:Curium
772:Radium
686:Osmium
630:Erbium
560:Cerium
546:Barium
523:Iodine
495:Indium
481:Silver
349:Copper
342:Nickel
335:Cobalt
254:Sulfur
217:Sodium
194:Oxygen
180:Carbon
148:Helium
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
4059:IUPAC
3784:Lists
1792:IUPAC
1790:(3).
1779:(PDF)
1736:salts
1692:steel
1680:brass
1615:carat
1486:2CuCO
1235:group
1231:IUPAC
756:Radon
530:Xenon
268:Argon
173:Boron
90:JSTOR
76:books
4227:Gold
3791:By:
2024:PMID
1989:PMID
1861:ISBN
1807:2012
1746:and
1652:and
1650:zinc
1621:and
1529:S),
1474:CuCO
1466:S),
1458:O),
1430:for
1391:gold
1308:or "
1306:free
1255:gold
1159:Gold
728:Lead
707:Gold
356:Zinc
328:Iron
208:Neon
62:news
3611:By
2016:doi
1979:doi
1948:doi
1936:350
1796:doi
1654:tin
1565:of
1545:SbS
1541:(Ag
1525:(Ag
1517:or
1490:).
1462:(Cu
1450:),
1399:111
1237:of
1187:111
1066:IB
1050:IB
1016:11
502:Tin
45:by
4293::
4258:Rg
4231:Au
4204:Ag
4177:Cu
3563:8+
3480:12
3475:11
3470:10
3290:Og
3281:Ts
3272:Lv
3263:Mc
3254:Fl
3245:Nh
3236:Cn
3227:Rg
3218:Ds
3209:Mt
3200:Hs
3191:Bh
3182:Sg
3173:Db
3164:Rf
3155:Lr
3146:No
3137:Md
3128:Fm
3119:Es
3110:Cf
3101:Bk
3092:Cm
3083:Am
3074:Pu
3065:Np
3047:Pa
3038:Th
3029:Ac
3020:Ra
3011:Fr
2995:Rn
2986:At
2977:Po
2968:Bi
2959:Pb
2950:Tl
2941:Hg
2932:Au
2923:Pt
2914:Ir
2905:Os
2896:Re
2878:Ta
2869:Hf
2860:Lu
2851:Yb
2842:Tm
2833:Er
2824:Ho
2815:Dy
2806:Tb
2797:Gd
2788:Eu
2779:Sm
2770:Pm
2761:Nd
2752:Pr
2743:Ce
2734:La
2725:Ba
2716:Cs
2700:Xe
2682:Te
2673:Sb
2664:Sn
2655:In
2646:Cd
2637:Ag
2628:Pd
2619:Rh
2610:Ru
2601:Tc
2592:Mo
2583:Nb
2574:Zr
2554:Sr
2545:Rb
2529:Kr
2520:Br
2511:Se
2502:As
2493:Ge
2484:Ga
2475:Zn
2466:Cu
2457:Ni
2448:Co
2439:Fe
2430:Mn
2421:Cr
2403:Ti
2394:Sc
2383:Ca
2358:Ar
2349:Cl
2322:Si
2313:Al
2302:Mg
2293:Na
2277:Ne
2221:Be
2212:Li
2196:He
2171:18
2166:17
2161:16
2156:15
2151:14
2146:13
2141:12
2136:11
2131:10
2022:.
2012:39
2010:.
1987:.
1975:41
1973:.
1969:.
1946:.
1934:.
1907:.
1883:.
1826:.
1815:^
1788:60
1781:.
1726:.
1710:,
1694:.
1674:–
1656:.
1589:,
1585:,
1553:.
1513:,
1509:,
1388:79
1377:47
1366:29
1283:.
1164:79
1134:47
1104:29
4147:e
4140:t
4133:v
3799:)
3795:(
3558:7
3553:6
3548:5
3543:4
3538:3
3533:2
3528:1
3465:9
3460:8
3455:7
3450:6
3445:5
3440:4
3435:3
3364:e
3357:t
3350:v
3056:U
3004:7
2887:W
2709:6
2691:I
2565:Y
2538:5
2412:V
2374:K
2367:4
2340:S
2331:P
2286:3
2268:F
2259:O
2250:N
2241:C
2232:B
2205:2
2185:H
2178:1
2126:9
2121:8
2116:7
2111:6
2106:5
2101:4
2096:3
2089:2
2084:1
2061:e
2054:t
2047:v
2030:.
2018::
1995:.
1981::
1954:.
1950::
1942::
1918:.
1893:.
1869:.
1837:.
1809:.
1798::
1547:3
1543:3
1527:2
1488:3
1484:2
1476:3
1472:2
1464:2
1456:2
1448:2
1350:Z
1177:7
1147:6
1117:5
1087:4
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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