1014:
2202:
984:
2086:
6227:
1044:
6239:
2292:—fine particles can spontaneously combust when exposed to air. Compounds that contain this metal are rarely encountered by most people. The pure metal is not considered toxic, but hafnium compounds should be handled as if they were toxic because the ionic forms of metals are normally at greatest risk for toxicity, and limited animal testing has been done for hafnium compounds.
1571:
and hafnium reduces water. For titanium, this oxidation state is merely easily oxidised, forming a violet Ti aqua cation in solution. The elements have a significant coordination chemistry: zirconium and hafnium are large enough to readily support the coordination number of 8. All three metals however form weak sigma bonds to carbon and because they have few d electrons,
1927:. Hafnium changes from its alpha form, a hexagonal close-packed lattice, to its beta form, a body-centered cubic lattice, at 2388 K. The physical properties of hafnium metal samples are markedly affected by zirconium impurities, especially the nuclear properties, as these two elements are among the most difficult to separate because of their chemical similarity.
1567:: the expected increase of atomic radius from the 4d to the 5d elements is wiped out by the insertion of the 4f elements before. Titanium, being smaller, is distinct from these two: its oxide is less basic than those of zirconium and hafnium, and its aqueous chemistry is more hydrolyzed. Rutherfordium should have a still more basic oxide than zirconium and hafnium.
2157:
Titanium metal and its alloys have a wide range of applications, where the corrosion resistance, the heat stability and the low density (light weight) are of benefit. The foremost use of corrosion-resistant hafnium and zirconium has been in nuclear reactors. Zirconium has a very low and hafnium has a
1505:
Like other groups, the members of this family show patterns in their electron configurations, especially the outermost shells, resulting in trends in chemical behavior. Most of the chemistry has been observed only for the first three members of the group; chemical properties of rutherfordium are not
2050:
at temperatures above 500 °C forming metal(IV) iodide; at a tungsten filament of nearly 2000 °C the reverse reaction happens and the iodine and metal are set free. The metal forms a solid coating on the tungsten filament and the iodine can react with additional metal resulting in a steady
1570:
The chemistry of all three is dominated by the +4 oxidation state, though this is too high to be well-described as totally ionic. Low oxidation states are not well-represented for zirconium and hafnium (and should be even less well-represented for rutherfordium); the +3 oxidation state of zirconium
1562:
The chemistry of group 4 elements is dominated by the group oxidation state. Zirconium and hafnium are in particular extremely similar, with the most salient differences being physical rather than chemical (melting and boiling points of compounds and their solubility in solvents). This is an effect
1331:
filament in 1924. The long delay between the discovery of the lightest two group 4 elements and that of hafnium was partly due to the rarity of hafnium, and partly due to the extreme similarity of zirconium and hafnium, so that all previous samples of zirconium had in reality been contaminated with
1604:
structure. While they are better conductors of heat and electricity than their group 3 predecessors, they are still poor compared to most metals. This, along with the higher melting and boiling points, and enthalpies of fusion, vaporization, and atomization, reflects the extra d electron available
1509:
Titanium, zirconium, and hafnium are reactive metals, but this is masked in the bulk form because they form a dense oxide layer that sticks to the metal and reforms even if removed. As such, the bulk metals are very resistant to chemical attack; most aqueous acids have no effect unless heated, and
2236:
Titanium has no known role in any organism's biology. However, many studies suggest that titanium could be biologically active. Most titanium on Earth is stored within insoluble minerals, so it is unlikely to be a part of any biological system in spite of being potentially biologically active.
1979:. Due to relativistic stabilization of the 7s orbital and destabilization of the 6d orbital, Rf and Rf ions are predicted to give up 6d electrons instead of 7s electrons, which is the opposite of the behavior of its lighter homologs. When under high pressure (variously calculated as 72 or ~50
2097:
The abundance of the group 4 metals decreases with increase of atomic mass. Titanium is the seventh most abundant metal in Earth's crust and has an abundance of 6320 ppm, while zirconium has an abundance of 162 ppm and hafnium has only an abundance of 3 ppm.
3917:
2232:
The group 4 elements are hard refractory metals with low aqueous solubility and low availability to the biosphere. Titanium and zirconium are relatively abundant, whereas hafnium and rutherfordium are rare to non-existent in the environment.
1159:. Their inherent reactivity is completely masked due to the formation of a dense oxide layer that protects them from corrosion, as well as attack by many acids and alkalis. The first three of them occur naturally. Rutherfordium is strongly
1279:
suggested that element 72 should resemble zirconium and therefore was not part of the rare earth elements group. These suggestions were based on Bohr's theories of the atom, the X-ray spectroscopy of
Moseley, and the chemical arguments of
1849:
at lesser purities. In powder form, zirconium is highly flammable, but the solid form is much less prone to ignition. Zirconium is highly resistant to corrosion by alkalis, acids, salt water and other agents. However, it will dissolve in
1163:: it does not occur naturally and must be produced by artificial synthesis, but its observed and theoretically predicted properties are consistent with it being a heavier homologue of hafnium. None of them have any biological role.
2812:
van Arkel, A. E.; de Boer, J. H. (1924). "Die
Trennung von Zirkonium und Hafnium durch Kristallisation ihrer Ammoniumdoppelfluoride (The separation of zirconium and hafnium by crystallization of the double ammonium fluorides)".
1583:
The trends in group 4 follow those of the other early d-block groups and reflect the addition of a filled f-shell into the core in passing from the fifth to the sixth period. All the stable members of the group are silvery
2840:
van Arkel, A. E.; de Boer, J. H. (1924). "Die
Trennung des Zirkoniums von anderen Metallen, einschließlich Hafnium, durch fraktionierte Distillation (The separation of zirconium and hafnium by fractionated distillation)".
1391:, the Transfermium Working Group, decided that credit for the discovery should be shared. After various compromises were attempted, in 1997 IUPAC officially named the element rutherfordium following the American proposal.
2495:"Sur un nouvel élément qui accompagne le lutécium et le scandium dans les terres de la gadolinite: le celtium (On a new element that accompanies lutetium and scandium in gadolinite: celtium)"
1987:
crystal structure; hafnium transforms to this structure at 71±1 GPa, but has an intermediate ω structure that it transforms to at 38±8 GPa that should be lacking for rutherfordium.
2871:
van Arkel, A. E.; de Boer, J. H. (1925). "Darstellung von reinem
Titanium-, Zirkonium-, Hafnium- und Thoriummetall (Production of pure titanium, zirconium, hafnium and Thorium metal)".
3957:
1268:
in 1911. Neither the spectra nor the chemical behavior he claimed matched with the element found later, and therefore his claim was turned down after a long-standing controversy.
3835:
3556:
Gyanchandani, Jyoti; Sikka, S. K. (10 May 2011). "Physical properties of the 6 d -series elements from density functional theory: Close similarity to lighter transition metals".
2262:. An estimated quantity of 0.8 milligrams of titanium is ingested by humans each day, but most passes through without being absorbed in the tissues. It does, however, sometimes
2250:
Rutherfordium is synthetic, expensive, and radioactive: the most stable isotopes have half-lives under an hour. Few chemical properties and no biological functions are known.
1296:
was discovered by the two in 1923 in
Copenhagen, Denmark. The place where the discovery took place led to the element being named for the Latin name for "Copenhagen",
3409:
Thiemann, M.; et al. (2018). "Complete electrodynamics of a BCS superconductor with μeV energy scales: Microwave spectroscopy on titanium at mK temperatures".
1152:, they are very similar in properties. Titanium is somewhat distinct due to its smaller size: it has a well-defined +3 state as well (although +4 is more stable).
1316:
2632:
3229:
Hoffman, Darleane C.; Lee, Diana M.; Pershina, Valeria (2006). "Transactinides and the future elements". In Morss; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.).
6032:
6042:
6092:
6189:
6067:
4190:
2277:
Zirconium powder can cause irritation, but only contact with the eyes requires medical attention. OSHA recommendations for zirconium are 5 mg/m
3652:
2137:. Because of the chemical similarity, up to 5% of the zirconium in zircon is replaced by hafnium. The largest producers of the group 4 elements are
1600:
structure at room temperature, and rutherfordium is expected to do the same. At high temperatures, titanium, zirconium, and hafnium transform to a
6072:
6047:
5493:
2921:
Barber, R. C.; Greenwood, N. N.; Hrynkiewicz, A. Z.; Jeannin, Y. P.; Lefort, M.; Sakai, M.; Ulehla, I.; Wapstra, A. P.; Wilkinson, D. H. (1993).
2923:"Discovery of the transfermium elements. Part II: Introduction to discovery profiles. Part III: Discovery profiles of the transfermium elements"
6027:
5743:
6156:
6166:
6161:
4115:
6102:
6062:
6057:
6017:
6276:
6077:
6012:
5798:
3842:
1608:
The table below is a summary of the key physical properties of the group 4 elements. The four question-marked values are extrapolated.
4066:
1284:. Encouraged by this, and by the reappearance in 1922 of Urbain's claims that element 72 was a rare earth element discovered in 1911,
6171:
6151:
5938:
3627:
3004:
2241:
6007:
5971:
1194:
isolated an impure form of zirconium, obtained by heating a mixture of potassium and potassium zirconium fluoride in an iron tube.
3606:
Gyanchandani, Jyoti; Sikka, S. K. (2011). "Structural
Properties of Group IV B Element Rutherfordium by First Principles Theory".
2240:
Zirconium plays no known role in any biological system, but is common in biological systems. Certain antiperspirant products use
3058:
6052:
6002:
1252:
of an element, being used to ascertain its place within the periodic table. With this method, Moseley determined the number of
6097:
6022:
5933:
4183:
4159:
4001:
3877:
3503:
3471:
3340:
3278:
2569:
2324:
1340:
1174:
was known as a gemstone from ancient times, but it was not known to contain a new element until the work of German chemist
1148:
of +4 as a major one, and are quite electropositive and have a less rich coordination chemistry. Due to the effects of the
2689:"Sur les séries L du lutécium et de l'ytterbium et sur l'identification d'un celtium avec l'élément de nombre atomique 72"
5531:
5486:
5966:
5923:
1367:
erupted on who had discovered the element, which each group suggesting its own name: the Dubna group named the element
1352:
6139:
3945:
3242:
3136:
2663:
1013:
6429:
4176:
3234:
2102:
3191:Östlin, A.; Vitos, L. (2011). "First-principles calculation of the structural stability of 6d transition metals".
6087:
5961:
3733:
3683:
3519:
O'Hara, Andrew; Demkov, Alexander A. (2014). "Oxygen and nitrogen diffusion in α-hafnium from first principles".
2963:
1791:. Due to its relatively high melting point (1,668 °C or 3,034 °F) it has sometimes been described as a
1518:, as it forms soluble fluoro complexes of the metals. When finely divided, their reactivity shows as they become
1351:-22 ions, although this was later put into question. More conclusive evidence was obtained by researchers at the
946:
930:
3758:
2785:
Scerri, Eric R. (1994). "Prediction of the nature of hafnium from chemistry, Bohr's theory and quantum theory".
2561:
6269:
6242:
6124:
5479:
1920:
5698:
1339:, does not occur naturally and had to be made by synthesis. The first reported detection was by a team at the
1205:, Great Britain in the year 1791. After analyzing the sand, he determined the weakly magnetic sand to contain
6116:
6037:
5927:
2189:
Smaller amounts of hafnium and zirconium are used in super alloys to improve the properties of those alloys.
1923:
are similar: The expected expansion of atomic radii from period 5 to 6 is almost exactly canceled out by the
3783:
1534:
in the case of titanium. All three are fairly electropositive, although less so than their predecessors in
1506:
well-characterized, but what is known and predicted matches its position as a heavier homolog of hafnium.
6146:
3659:
2035:
1845:, greyish-white, soft, ductile, malleable metal that is solid at room temperature, though it is hard and
1256:
and showed that there was a missing element with atomic number 72. This spurred chemists to look for it.
1221:
from the
Hungarian village Boinik. He identified the oxide containing a new element and named it for the
5708:
5703:
5981:
2278:
2555:
2213:
6262:
5914:
3270:
1182:
and found a new earth (oxide), but was unable to isolate the element from its oxide. Cornish chemist
1514:
indeed tend to reduce reactivity as they induce the formation of this oxide layer. The exception is
5516:
1772:
1245:
1214:
1175:
6134:
6230:
6199:
5693:
5650:
5521:
3521:
3332:
2167:
1800:
983:
968:
4119:
3993:
2691:[The L series from lutetium to ytterbium and the identification of element 72 celtium].
1191:
5720:
5547:
3712:
2039:
1958:
1924:
1597:
1564:
1409:
1320:
1149:
909:
5953:
3867:
3356:
1327:
were the first to prepare metallic hafnium by passing hafnium tetraiodide vapor over a heated
1229:. Berzelius was also the first to prepare titanium metal (albeit impurely), doing so in 1825.
6194:
5775:
4151:
3893:
3265:
2920:
1043:
5876:
5560:
4219:
3565:
3530:
3428:
3383:
3200:
2978:
2730:
2647:
2528:
2394:
2271:
1995:
The production of the metals itself is difficult due to their reactivity. The formation of
1968:
1804:
1276:
3631:
2688:
2519:
Mel'nikov, V. P. (1982). "Some
Details in the Prehistory of the Discovery of Element 72".
1950:
8:
5793:
2494:
2043:
1984:
1842:
1601:
1324:
1210:
3569:
3534:
3432:
3387:
3297:
3204:
2982:
2734:
2651:
2532:
2398:
2258:
Titanium is non-toxic even in large doses and does not play any natural role inside the
5881:
5841:
4043:
4018:
3986:
3607:
3444:
3418:
3081:
2944:
2540:
2446:
2028:
1946:
1261:
1233:
1095:
1834:
1307:
Hafnium was separated from zirconium through repeated recrystallization of the double
5976:
5846:
5070:
4155:
4048:
3997:
3941:
3873:
3499:
3467:
3336:
3274:
3259:
3238:
3132:
3089:
2948:
2903:
2565:
2466:
2450:
2382:
2320:
1936:
1883:
1851:
1820:
1808:
1792:
1760:
1746:
1553:
1546:
1515:
1380:
1364:
1222:
1144:
As is typical for early transition metals, zirconium and hafnium have only the group
1100:
610:
3448:
3085:
1915:-resistant and chemically similar to zirconium in that they have the same number of
1897:
6211:
6129:
5905:
5770:
5728:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5134:
4839:
4668:
4497:
4416:
4335:
4308:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4143:
4038:
4030:
3816:
3573:
3538:
3436:
3391:
3208:
3073:
3037:
2986:
2934:
2880:
2850:
2822:
2794:
2767:
2738:
2655:
2598:
2536:
2475:
2438:
2402:
2284:
Only limited data exists on the toxicology of hafnium. Care needs to be taken when
2114:
1916:
1830:
1585:
1539:
1289:
1281:
1156:
1114:
1081:
1066:
1058:
1036:
1028:
1006:
998:
976:
3154:
3077:
1756:
1209:
and a metal oxide that he could not identify. During that same year, mineralogist
6082:
5943:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5565:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4226:
3493:
3324:
2263:
2183:
2175:
2159:
2122:
1893:
1535:
1226:
1145:
897:
889:
2990:
2964:"Positive Identification of Two Alpha-Particle-Emitting Isotopes of Element 104"
2464:
Heimann, P. M. (1967). "Moseley and celtium: The search for a missing element".
5891:
5886:
5856:
5851:
5836:
5502:
4199:
4091:
3577:
3440:
3212:
2106:
1572:
1372:
1343:(JINR), which in 1964 claimed to have produced the new element by bombarding a
1257:
1198:
4034:
2798:
2479:
1975:~17 g/cm. The atomic radius of rutherfordium is expected to be ~150
6423:
6384:
5293:
2884:
2854:
2826:
2008:
1940:
1855:
1796:
1720:
1665:
1646:
1639:
1559:
are white solids with high melting points and unreactive against most acids.
1519:
1336:
1249:
1241:
1237:
1130:
1071:
780:
3042:
3025:
2939:
2922:
2247:
Hafnium plays no known role in any biological system, and has low toxicity.
6206:
5871:
5866:
5620:
5555:
5347:
5176:
4881:
4281:
4214:
4052:
3807:
Spink, Donald (1961). "Reactive Metals. Zirconium, Hafnium, and
Titanium".
3395:
2142:
2007:
must be avoided to yield workable metals; this is normally achieved by the
1957:
Rutherfordium is expected to be a solid under normal conditions and have a
1187:
1183:
822:
689:
463:
2587:"Langmuir's Theory of the Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms and Molecules"
1213:
produced the same metal oxide and could not identify it. In 1795, chemist
5986:
5861:
5615:
5401:
5365:
5356:
5266:
5248:
5239:
4276:
3026:"Names and symbols of transfermium elements (IUPAC Recommendations 1997)"
2179:
2085:
2027:). The chlorides of the metals are then reacted with magnesium, yielding
1511:
1356:
1285:
1253:
1160:
864:
836:
829:
759:
745:
738:
3820:
2771:
2602:
2201:
5760:
5410:
5338:
5311:
5284:
4944:
4926:
4899:
4730:
4721:
4460:
3918:"Zirconium - Element information, properties and uses | Periodic Table"
2406:
2289:
2259:
1980:
1301:
1272:
1206:
871:
815:
794:
773:
512:
498:
477:
349:
342:
143:
3542:
3131:(in German) (91–100 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 1056–1057.
2659:
2616:
Paneth, F. A. (1922). "Das periodische System (The periodic system)".
1510:
aqueous alkalis have no effect even when hot. Oxidizing acids such as
1190:, but failed: he gave it the name zirconium. In 1824, Swedish chemist
6330:
5816:
5785:
5640:
5630:
5625:
5419:
5392:
5383:
5230:
5212:
5203:
5194:
4980:
4890:
4863:
4811:
4757:
4739:
4703:
4683:
4622:
4559:
4503:
4442:
4431:
4350:
4301:
4291:
4286:
3958:"Hafnium - Element information, properties and uses | Periodic Table"
2743:
2718:
2285:
2138:
1976:
1912:
1905:
1871:
1824:
1780:
1627:
1360:
1344:
1312:
1122:
1018:
878:
857:
850:
731:
717:
710:
703:
540:
470:
449:
412:
370:
356:
328:
310:
266:
217:
173:
129:
120:
60:
3374:
Steele, M. C.; Hein, R. A. (1953). "Superconductivity of
Titanium".
2962:
Ghiorso, A.; Nurmia, M.; Harris, J.; Eskola, K.; Eskola, P. (1969).
2586:
6303:
6254:
5808:
5765:
5374:
5275:
5158:
5140:
5115:
5106:
5079:
5052:
5016:
5007:
4989:
4917:
4908:
4802:
4674:
4640:
4550:
4541:
4532:
4523:
4478:
4397:
4379:
4314:
4094:. National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety. 2007-12-17
3423:
2898:
Barksdale, Jelks (1968). "Titanium". In Hampel, Clifford A. (ed.).
2442:
2171:
2163:
2020:
1859:
1750:
1621:
1593:
1531:
1527:
1328:
1308:
1202:
1118:
988:
843:
766:
675:
661:
645:
638:
617:
596:
568:
561:
547:
491:
484:
405:
303:
280:
210:
203:
196:
189:
157:
97:
83:
35:
3612:
6357:
5635:
5471:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5329:
5320:
5302:
5257:
5185:
5167:
5097:
5043:
5025:
4998:
4971:
4953:
4935:
4845:
4775:
4748:
4712:
4694:
4658:
4649:
4631:
4613:
4512:
4451:
4341:
4296:
4168:
2902:. Skokie, Illinois: Reinhold Book Corporation. pp. 732–738.
2270:. One study indicates a possible connection between titanium and
2126:
2090:
2004:
2000:
1972:
1887:
1846:
1776:
1684:
1633:
1293:
1179:
1126:
1048:
808:
801:
787:
752:
696:
682:
631:
589:
575:
554:
533:
519:
505:
435:
384:
363:
335:
321:
294:
287:
273:
259:
180:
136:
53:
2907:
1292:
were motivated to search for the new element in zirconium ores.
5221:
5149:
5034:
4962:
4872:
4854:
4820:
4784:
4766:
4595:
4586:
4577:
4469:
4422:
4388:
4370:
4325:
2267:
2146:
2134:
2130:
2047:
1784:
1589:
1523:
1218:
1171:
724:
668:
582:
526:
456:
442:
419:
391:
377:
245:
238:
231:
150:
113:
90:
76:
44:
2758:
Hevesy, G. (1925). "The Discovery and Properties of Hafnium".
1201:
first identified titanium in ilmenite sand beside a stream in
5752:
5435:
5124:
4829:
4487:
4361:
3940:
Karl Laden, 1999, Antiperspirants and Deodorants, CRC Press,
2118:
2110:
1996:
1908:
1863:
1788:
1768:
1388:
1384:
652:
426:
164:
69:
1596:, and oxygen make them brittle. They all crystallize in the
5088:
5061:
4604:
4568:
4406:
2557:
The Theory of Spectra and Atomic Constitution: Three Essays
2016:
1867:
1811:
when cooled below its critical temperature of 0.49 K.
1348:
1186:
also attempted to isolate this new element in 1808 through
624:
603:
252:
224:
104:
4116:"Occupational Safety & Health Administration: Hafnium"
3759:"Titanium and Titanium dioxide Statistics and Information"
3056:
2429:
Heilbron, John L. (1966). "The Work of H. G. J. Moseley".
2186:, because each hafnium atom can absorb multiple neutrons.
4793:
4208:
3992:. Oxford, England, UK: Oxford University Press. pp.
3593:
Nuclear and Radiochemistry: Fundamentals and Applications
2961:
398:
3231:
The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements
3127:
Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1985).
4016:
2870:
2839:
2811:
1271:
By early 1923, several physicists and chemists such as
3988:
Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements
3734:"Minerals Yearbook Commodity Summaries 2009: Titanium"
1355:, who synthesised element 104 in 1969 by bombarding a
3658:. Alkane Resources Limited. June 2007. Archived from
2281:
limit and a 10 mg/m short-term exposure limit.
1117:
in the periodic table. It contains the four elements
3466:. New York: Wylie-Interscience. pp. 1778–1779.
3126:
1787:-free environment), lustrous, and metallic-white in
4019:"Titanium, Sinusitis, and the Yellow Nail Syndrome"
4017:Berglund, Fredrik; Carlmark, Bjorn (October 2011).
1178:in 1789. He analysed the zircon-containing mineral
3985:
3836:"Niobium alloys and high Temperature Applications"
3713:"Zirconium and Hafnium Statistics and Information"
3258:
2873:Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie
2843:Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie
2815:Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie
4142:
4073:. International Labour Organization. October 2004
3605:
3555:
3059:"Chemical studies on rutherfordium (Rf) at JAERI"
6421:
3894:"Contemplating a role for titanium in organisms"
3518:
2716:
2363:
2353:
2351:
2319:. Vol. 4. New York: CRC Press. p. 42.
3174:
3172:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3102:
2385:(1932). "III. Some Eighteenth-Century Metals".
2117:of the mineral grains of erosion material from
3462:Considine, Glenn D., ed. (2005). "Zirconium".
2315:Lide, David R., ed. (2007–2008). "Zirconium".
2089:Heavy minerals (dark) in a quartz beach sand (
1983:), rutherfordium is expected to transition to
1217:independently rediscovered the metal oxide in
6270:
5487:
4184:
4110:
4108:
3979:
3977:
3693:. US Geological Survey: 192–193. January 2008
2518:
2348:
3750:
3316:
3233:(3rd ed.). Dordrecht, The Netherlands:
3169:
3160:
3099:
2719:"On the Missing Element of Atomic Number 72"
2618:Ergebnisse der Exakten Naturwissenschaften 1
2046:. In a closed vessel, the metal reacts with
4071:International Chemical Safety Card Database
3726:
3590:
3190:
3150:
3148:
2413:
1967: = 1.61), similar to its lighter
1240:in 1914 showed a direct dependency between
905:
6277:
6263:
5494:
5480:
4191:
4177:
4118:. U.S. Department of Labor. Archived from
4105:
3974:
3373:
2866:
2864:
2113:environments, by concentration due to the
4042:
3710:
3611:
3461:
3422:
3041:
2938:
2900:The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements
2897:
2742:
2630:
2369:
2314:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2242:Aluminium zirconium tetrachlorohydrex gly
2192:
1260:asserted that he found element 72 in the
3872:. ASTM International. pp. 235–236.
3865:
3827:
3676:
3464:Van Nostrand's Encyclopedia of Chemistry
3455:
3408:
3322:
3224:
3222:
3145:
2891:
2833:
2805:
2428:
2084:
5291:
3756:
3549:
3491:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3251:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3018:
2861:
2463:
2375:
1919:and are in the same group. Also, their
1070:
6422:
5345:
5174:
4879:
3983:
3292:
3290:
3186:
3184:
2955:
2784:
2778:
2757:
2686:
2615:
2492:
2357:
2342:
2301:
2133:, and zirconium occurs in the mineral
1807:compared to other metals. Titanium is
1771:, titanium is recognized for its high
1383:. Eventually a joint working party of
6258:
5475:
5399:
5363:
5354:
5264:
5246:
5237:
4172:
3859:
3833:
3806:
3584:
3228:
3219:
2914:
2381:
2338:
2336:
2317:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
2160:thermal neutron-capture cross-section
1417:
1264:in 1907 and published his results on
1248:. This led to the nuclear charge, or
6284:
5408:
5336:
5309:
5282:
4942:
4924:
4897:
4728:
4719:
3809:Industrial and Engineering Chemistry
3775:
3498:. ASTM International. pp. 1–5.
3495:ASTM Manual on Zirconium and Hafnium
3480:
3115:
2584:
2553:
2196:
1375:, while the Berkeley group named it
1341:Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
6238:
5417:
5390:
5381:
5228:
5210:
5201:
5192:
4978:
4888:
4861:
4809:
4755:
4737:
4701:
4681:
4620:
4557:
4458:
4440:
4429:
4348:
3781:
3653:"Dubbo Zirconia Project Fact Sheet"
3287:
3181:
2512:
2125:. The titanium minerals are mostly
2101:All three stable elements occur in
1971:hafnium. It should be a metal with
1612:Properties of the group 4 elements
1155:All the group 4 elements are hard,
1133:(Rf). The group is also called the
1010:
13:
5501:
5372:
5273:
5156:
5138:
5113:
5104:
5077:
5050:
5005:
4987:
4915:
4906:
4800:
4672:
4638:
4548:
4530:
4521:
4501:
4476:
4198:
3157:by A. V. Kulsha and T. A. Kolevich
3112:Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 958–61
2541:10.1111/j.1600-0498.1982.tb00667.x
2333:
2244:to block sweat pores in the skin.
2162:. Therefore, zirconium (mostly as
2034:Further purification is done by a
1795:, but this is not the case. It is
1394:
1353:University of California, Berkeley
980:
14:
6441:
5327:
5318:
5300:
5255:
5165:
5095:
5068:
5041:
5023:
5014:
4996:
4969:
4951:
4933:
4843:
4773:
4746:
4710:
4656:
4647:
4629:
4611:
4539:
4510:
4449:
4395:
4377:
4339:
4312:
4023:Biological Trace Element Research
3984:Emsley, John (2001). "Titanium".
3789:. United States Geological Survey
3630:. WebElements.com. Archived from
3178:Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 946–8
3166:Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 956–8
3129:Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie
1040:
6237:
6226:
6225:
5219:
5183:
5147:
5032:
4960:
4870:
4852:
4782:
4764:
4692:
4593:
4584:
4575:
4420:
4323:
3757:Gambogi, Joseph (January 2009).
3739:. US Geological Survey. May 2009
3357:"Is Titanium A Refractory Metal"
3057:Nagame, Y.; et al. (2005).
2200:
2103:heavy mineral sands ore deposits
1930:
1775:. It is a strong metal with low
1332:hafnium without anyone knowing.
1042:
1012:
982:
5122:
4827:
4818:
4485:
4467:
4386:
4368:
4136:
4084:
4059:
4010:
3950:
3934:
3910:
3886:
3800:
3704:
3645:
3620:
3599:
3512:
3402:
3367:
3349:
3235:Springer Science+Business Media
3050:
2997:
2751:
2717:Coster, D.; Hevesy, G. (1923).
2710:
2680:
2624:
2609:
2578:
2547:
2152:
1335:The last element of the group,
5556:1 (Hydrogen and alkali metals)
5086:
5059:
4602:
4566:
4404:
4359:
2486:
2457:
2422:
2419:Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 954
2253:
1575:is not very effective either.
1:
6401:Specific mass: ? 23 g/cm
6098:Thermal expansion coefficient
5794:Lists of metalloids by source
4791:
3866:Donachie, Matthew J. (2002).
3078:10.1524/ract.2005.93.9-10.519
2640:Journal of Chemical Education
2387:Journal of Chemical Education
2295:
2080:
1990:
1904:Hafnium is a shiny, silvery,
6399:Boiling Point: ? 5800 K
6397:Melting Point: ? 2400 K
3711:Callaghan, R. (2008-02-21).
3628:"Abundance in Earth's Crust"
3595:(3rd ed.). p. 631.
1814:
7:
5837:Platinum-group metals (PGM)
5540:By periodic table structure
3691:Mineral Commodity Summaries
2991:10.1103/PhysRevLett.22.1317
2178:, while hafnium is used in
2036:chemical transport reaction
1740:
1578:
1399:
1141:after its lightest member.
10:
6446:
5982:Goldschmidt classification
4690:
4519:
4438:
4357:
4321:
4223:
3578:10.1103/PhysRevB.83.172101
3441:10.1103/PhysRevB.97.214516
3269:(6th ed.). New York:
3213:10.1103/PhysRevB.84.113104
3030:Pure and Applied Chemistry
2927:Pure and Applied Chemistry
2023:to form the chlorides (MCl
1934:
1881:
1877:
1818:
1744:
1166:
318:
186:
126:
66:
41:
16:Group of chemical elements
6403:Electronegativity: ?
6374:Specific mass: 13.31 g/cm
6347:Specific mass: 6.506 g/cm
6292:
6220:
6182:
6115:
5995:
5952:
5913:
5904:
5829:
5807:
5784:
5751:
5741:
5719:
5649:
5561:2 (Alkaline earth metals)
5546:
5539:
5530:
5509:
5433:
5133:
4838:
4667:
4496:
4415:
4334:
4307:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4218:
4213:
4206:
4148:Chemistry of the Elements
4146:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997).
4035:10.1007/s12011-010-8828-5
3361:Special Metal Fabrication
3323:Stwertka, Albert (1998).
3271:Columbia University Press
2799:10.1080/00033799400200161
2631:Fernelius, W. C. (1982).
2620:(in German). p. 362.
2585:Bury, Charles R. (1921).
2554:Bohr, Niels (June 2008).
2480:10.1080/00033796700203306
1522:, directly reacting with
1475:2, 8, 18, 32, 10, 2
1426:
1408:
1088:
965:
904:
29:
21:
6370:Melting Point: 2500.15 K
6343:Melting Point: 2125.15 K
6320:Specific mass: 4.54 g/cm
6316:Melting Point: 1933.15 K
2885:10.1002/zaac.19251480133
2855:10.1002/zaac.19241410118
2827:10.1002/zaac.19241410117
2266:in tissues that contain
2109:formed, most usually in
1874:at less than 35 K.
1773:strength-to-weight ratio
1412:of the group 4 elements
1246:effective nuclear charge
1215:Martin Heinrich Klaproth
1176:Martin Heinrich Klaproth
893:
6430:Groups (periodic table)
6349:Electronegativity: 1.33
6322:Electronegativity: 1.54
6200:systematic element name
6172:in East Asian languages
5522:Extended periodic table
3684:"Zirconium and Hafnium"
3522:Applied Physics Letters
3492:Schemel, J. H. (1977).
3333:Oxford University Press
3302:Encyclopædia Britannica
3043:10.1351/pac199769122471
3036:(12): 2471–2474. 1997.
2971:Physical Review Letters
2940:10.1351/pac199365081757
1679:5800 K (5500 °C)?
1660:2400 K (2100 °C)?
1588:, though impurities of
1493:2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 10, 2
1427:Electron configuration
1410:Electron configurations
1113:is the second group of
6376:Electronegativity: 1.3
6368:Atomic Weight: 178.49
6341:Atomic Weight: 91.224
6314:Atomic Weight: 47.867
6043:Electron configuration
6033:Electrical resistivity
5972:Electron configuration
5776:Post-transition metals
3841:. CBMM. Archived from
3764:. US Geological Survey
3715:. US Geological Survey
3591:Kratz; Lieser (2013).
3396:10.1103/PhysRev.92.243
2687:Urbain, M. G. (1922).
2493:Urbain, M. G. (1911).
2288:hafnium because it is
2193:Biological occurrences
2094:
2071:(high temp.) → M + 2 I
2040:Anton Eduard van Arkel
1959:hexagonal close-packed
1925:lanthanide contraction
1605:for metallic bonding.
1598:hexagonal close-packed
1565:lanthanide contraction
1321:Anton Eduard van Arkel
1150:lanthanide contraction
6372:Boiling Point: 4876 K
6345:Boiling Point: 4682 K
6318:Boiling Point: 3560 K
5877:Transuranium elements
4152:Butterworth-Heinemann
4144:Greenwood, Norman N.
4092:"Zirconium Compounds"
3329:Guide to the Elements
3266:Columbia Encyclopedia
3155:Periodic table poster
2560:. Kessinger. p.
2279:time weighted average
2088:
1676:4876 K (4603 °C)
1673:4682 K (4409 °C)
1670:3560 K (3287 °C)
1657:2506 K (2233 °C)
1654:2130 K (1857 °C)
1651:1941 K (1668 °C)
1457:2, 8, 18, 10, 2
1317:Valdemar Thal Jantzen
1197:Cornish mineralogist
951:(Europe, pattern A-B)
24:in the periodic table
6093:Thermal conductivity
6068:Heat of vaporization
5510:Periodic table forms
3834:Hebda, John (2001).
3331:(Revised ed.).
2272:yellow nail syndrome
1961:crystal structure (/
1921:relativistic effects
1805:thermal conductivity
1277:Charles Rugeley Bury
1192:Jöns Jakob Berzelius
6393:Atomic Number: 104
6125:Element discoveries
5882:Superheavy elements
5842:Rare-earth elements
3821:10.1021/ie50614a019
3570:2011PhRvB..83q2101G
3535:2014ApPhL.104u1909O
3433:2018PhRvB..97u4516T
3388:1953PhRv...92..243S
3205:2011PhRvB..84k3104O
2983:1969PhRvL..22.1317G
2772:10.1021/cr60005a001
2735:1923Natur.111...79C
2652:1982JChEd..59..242F
2603:10.1021/ja01440a023
2533:1982Cent...26..317M
2399:1932JChEd...9.1231W
2044:Jan Hendrik de Boer
2015:) are reacted with
1985:body-centered cubic
1799:and has fairly low
1613:
1602:body-centered cubic
1405:
1325:Jan Hendrik de Boer
1300:, the home town of
1262:rare earth elements
1211:Franz Joseph Muller
935:(US, pattern A-B-A)
6366:Atomic Number: 72
6339:Atomic Number: 40
6312:Atomic Number: 22
6298:
3782:Hedrick, James B.
3335:. pp. 81–82.
3072:(9–10_2005): 519.
2407:10.1021/ed009p1231
2383:Weeks, Mary Elvira
2345:, pp. 506–510
2212:. You can help by
2095:
2029:magnesium chloride
1858:, especially when
1783:(especially in an
1611:
1462: 4d 5s
1444: 3d 4s
1404:
1234:X-ray spectroscopy
1096:primordial element
910:IUPAC group number
6415:
6414:
6410:
6409:
6404:
6377:
6350:
6323:
6252:
6251:
6111:
6110:
6073:Ionization energy
6048:Electronegativity
6038:Electron affinity
5977:Electronegativity
5967:Crystal structure
5962:Aqueous chemistry
5939:Nuclear stability
5934:Atomic properties
5900:
5899:
5847:Refractory metals
5825:
5824:
5771:Transition metals
5737:
5736:
5469:
5468:
5462:
5461:
5428:
5427:
4161:978-0-08-037941-8
4003:978-0-19-850341-5
3879:978-0-87170-749-9
3558:Physical Review B
3543:10.1063/1.4880657
3505:978-0-8031-0505-8
3473:978-0-471-61525-5
3342:978-0-19-508083-4
3280:978-0-7876-5015-5
3193:Physical Review B
3066:Radiochimica Acta
2977:(24): 1317–1320.
2787:Annals of Science
2660:10.1021/ed059p242
2571:978-1-4365-0368-6
2467:Annals of Science
2326:978-0-8493-0488-0
2230:
2229:
1917:valence electrons
1738:
1737:
1586:refractory metals
1516:hydrofluoric acid
1503:
1502:
1489:Rf, rutherfordium
1439:2, 8, 10, 2
1381:Ernest Rutherford
1359:-249 target with
1347:-242 target with
1157:refractory metals
1115:transition metals
1108:
1107:
1101:synthetic element
1084:
1061:
1031:
1001:
971:
960:
959:
952:
936:
886:
885:
612:Mercury (element)
6437:
6395:Atomic Weight:
6392:
6365:
6338:
6311:
6295:
6294:
6286:Group 4 elements
6279:
6272:
6265:
6256:
6255:
6241:
6240:
6229:
6228:
6212:Dmitri Mendeleev
6140:1869 predictions
6130:Dmitri Mendeleev
5911:
5910:
5749:
5748:
5729:Aufbau principle
5641:18 (Noble gases)
5544:
5543:
5537:
5536:
5532:Sets of elements
5496:
5489:
5482:
5473:
5472:
5438:
5437:
5424:
5422:
5415:
5413:
5406:
5404:
5397:
5395:
5388:
5386:
5379:
5377:
5370:
5368:
5361:
5359:
5352:
5350:
5343:
5341:
5334:
5332:
5325:
5323:
5316:
5314:
5307:
5305:
5298:
5296:
5289:
5287:
5280:
5278:
5271:
5269:
5262:
5260:
5253:
5251:
5244:
5242:
5235:
5233:
5226:
5224:
5217:
5215:
5208:
5206:
5199:
5197:
5190:
5188:
5181:
5179:
5172:
5170:
5163:
5161:
5154:
5152:
5145:
5143:
5129:
5127:
5120:
5118:
5111:
5109:
5102:
5100:
5093:
5091:
5084:
5082:
5075:
5073:
5066:
5064:
5057:
5055:
5048:
5046:
5039:
5037:
5030:
5028:
5021:
5019:
5012:
5010:
5003:
5001:
4994:
4992:
4985:
4983:
4976:
4974:
4967:
4965:
4958:
4956:
4949:
4947:
4940:
4938:
4931:
4929:
4922:
4920:
4913:
4911:
4904:
4902:
4895:
4893:
4886:
4884:
4877:
4875:
4868:
4866:
4859:
4857:
4850:
4848:
4834:
4832:
4825:
4823:
4816:
4814:
4807:
4805:
4798:
4796:
4789:
4787:
4780:
4778:
4771:
4769:
4762:
4760:
4753:
4751:
4744:
4742:
4735:
4733:
4726:
4724:
4717:
4715:
4708:
4706:
4699:
4697:
4688:
4686:
4679:
4677:
4663:
4661:
4654:
4652:
4645:
4643:
4636:
4634:
4627:
4625:
4618:
4616:
4609:
4607:
4600:
4598:
4591:
4589:
4582:
4580:
4573:
4571:
4564:
4562:
4555:
4553:
4546:
4544:
4537:
4535:
4528:
4526:
4517:
4515:
4508:
4506:
4492:
4490:
4483:
4481:
4474:
4472:
4465:
4463:
4456:
4454:
4447:
4445:
4436:
4434:
4427:
4425:
4411:
4409:
4402:
4400:
4393:
4391:
4384:
4382:
4375:
4373:
4366:
4364:
4355:
4353:
4346:
4344:
4330:
4328:
4319:
4317:
4209:
4193:
4186:
4179:
4170:
4169:
4165:
4150:(2nd ed.).
4131:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4112:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4099:
4088:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4078:
4063:
4057:
4056:
4046:
4014:
4008:
4007:
3991:
3981:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3954:
3948:
3938:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3928:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3898:academic.oup.com
3890:
3884:
3883:
3863:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3847:
3840:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3788:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3763:
3754:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3738:
3730:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3708:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3688:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3664:
3657:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3489:
3478:
3477:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3426:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3363:. 3 August 2021.
3353:
3347:
3346:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3294:
3285:
3284:
3262:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3226:
3217:
3216:
3188:
3179:
3176:
3167:
3164:
3158:
3152:
3143:
3142:
3124:
3113:
3110:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3088:. Archived from
3063:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2968:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2942:
2933:(8): 1757–1814.
2918:
2912:
2911:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2868:
2859:
2858:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2760:Chemical Reviews
2755:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2744:10.1038/111079a0
2714:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2668:
2662:. Archived from
2637:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2597:(7): 1602–1609.
2591:J. Am. Chem. Soc
2582:
2576:
2575:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2501:(in French): 141
2490:
2484:
2483:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2426:
2420:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2393:(7): 1231–1243.
2379:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2355:
2346:
2340:
2331:
2330:
2312:
2225:
2222:
2204:
2197:
2184:nuclear reactors
2176:nuclear reactors
2115:specific gravity
2061:(low temp.) → MI
2031:and the metals.
2011:. The oxides (MO
1954:
1935:This section is
1901:
1882:This section is
1838:
1819:This section is
1793:refractory metal
1764:
1745:This section is
1614:
1610:
1499:
1494:
1481:
1476:
1463:
1458:
1445:
1440:
1421:
1406:
1403:
1319:and von Hevesy.
1290:Georg von Hevesy
1282:Friedrich Paneth
1082:Transition metal
1080:
1078:
1059:Transition metal
1057:
1055:
1046:
1029:Transition metal
1027:
1025:
1016:
999:Transition metal
997:
995:
986:
967:
950:
947:old IUPAC number
934:
931:CAS group number
924:
906:
895:
881:
874:
867:
860:
853:
846:
839:
832:
825:
818:
811:
804:
797:
790:
783:
776:
769:
762:
755:
748:
741:
734:
727:
720:
713:
706:
699:
692:
685:
678:
671:
664:
655:
648:
641:
634:
627:
620:
613:
606:
599:
592:
585:
578:
571:
564:
557:
550:
543:
536:
529:
522:
515:
508:
501:
494:
487:
480:
473:
466:
459:
452:
445:
438:
429:
422:
415:
408:
401:
394:
387:
380:
373:
366:
359:
352:
345:
338:
331:
324:
313:
306:
297:
290:
283:
276:
269:
262:
255:
248:
241:
234:
227:
220:
213:
206:
199:
192:
183:
176:
167:
160:
153:
146:
139:
132:
123:
116:
107:
100:
93:
86:
79:
72:
63:
56:
47:
38:
32:
31:
25:
19:
18:
6445:
6444:
6440:
6439:
6438:
6436:
6435:
6434:
6420:
6419:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6402:
6400:
6398:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6387:
6379:
6375:
6373:
6371:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6360:
6352:
6348:
6346:
6344:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6333:
6325:
6321:
6319:
6317:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6306:
6288:
6283:
6253:
6248:
6216:
6178:
6107:
6083:Oxidation state
5991:
5948:
5896:
5892:Minor actinides
5887:Major actinides
5852:Precious metals
5821:
5803:
5780:
5733:
5715:
5645:
5631:16 (Chalcogens)
5626:15 (Pnictogens)
5526:
5505:
5500:
5470:
5465:
5464:
5463:
5429:
5420:
5418:
5411:
5409:
5402:
5400:
5393:
5391:
5384:
5382:
5375:
5373:
5366:
5364:
5357:
5355:
5348:
5346:
5339:
5337:
5330:
5328:
5321:
5319:
5312:
5310:
5303:
5301:
5294:
5292:
5285:
5283:
5276:
5274:
5267:
5265:
5258:
5256:
5249:
5247:
5240:
5238:
5231:
5229:
5222:
5220:
5213:
5211:
5204:
5202:
5195:
5193:
5186:
5184:
5177:
5175:
5168:
5166:
5159:
5157:
5150:
5148:
5141:
5139:
5125:
5123:
5116:
5114:
5107:
5105:
5098:
5096:
5089:
5087:
5080:
5078:
5071:
5069:
5062:
5060:
5053:
5051:
5044:
5042:
5035:
5033:
5026:
5024:
5017:
5015:
5008:
5006:
4999:
4997:
4990:
4988:
4981:
4979:
4972:
4970:
4963:
4961:
4954:
4952:
4945:
4943:
4936:
4934:
4927:
4925:
4918:
4916:
4909:
4907:
4900:
4898:
4891:
4889:
4882:
4880:
4873:
4871:
4864:
4862:
4855:
4853:
4846:
4844:
4830:
4828:
4821:
4819:
4812:
4810:
4803:
4801:
4794:
4792:
4785:
4783:
4776:
4774:
4767:
4765:
4758:
4756:
4749:
4747:
4740:
4738:
4731:
4729:
4722:
4720:
4713:
4711:
4704:
4702:
4695:
4693:
4684:
4682:
4675:
4673:
4659:
4657:
4650:
4648:
4641:
4639:
4632:
4630:
4623:
4621:
4614:
4612:
4605:
4603:
4596:
4594:
4587:
4585:
4578:
4576:
4569:
4567:
4560:
4558:
4551:
4549:
4542:
4540:
4533:
4531:
4524:
4522:
4513:
4511:
4504:
4502:
4488:
4486:
4479:
4477:
4470:
4468:
4461:
4459:
4452:
4450:
4443:
4441:
4432:
4430:
4423:
4421:
4407:
4405:
4398:
4396:
4389:
4387:
4380:
4378:
4371:
4369:
4362:
4360:
4351:
4349:
4342:
4340:
4326:
4324:
4315:
4313:
4202:
4197:
4162:
4139:
4134:
4125:
4123:
4114:
4113:
4106:
4097:
4095:
4090:
4089:
4085:
4076:
4074:
4065:
4064:
4060:
4015:
4011:
4004:
3982:
3975:
3966:
3964:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3939:
3935:
3926:
3924:
3916:
3915:
3911:
3902:
3900:
3892:
3891:
3887:
3880:
3864:
3860:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3838:
3832:
3828:
3805:
3801:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3780:
3776:
3767:
3765:
3761:
3755:
3751:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3718:
3716:
3709:
3705:
3696:
3694:
3686:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3655:
3651:
3650:
3646:
3637:
3635:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3604:
3600:
3589:
3585:
3554:
3550:
3517:
3513:
3506:
3490:
3481:
3474:
3460:
3456:
3407:
3403:
3372:
3368:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3343:
3321:
3317:
3307:
3305:
3296:
3295:
3288:
3281:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3245:
3227:
3220:
3189:
3182:
3177:
3170:
3165:
3161:
3153:
3146:
3139:
3125:
3116:
3111:
3100:
3092:
3061:
3055:
3051:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3010:
3008:
3005:"Rutherfordium"
3003:
3002:
2998:
2966:
2960:
2956:
2919:
2915:
2896:
2892:
2869:
2862:
2838:
2834:
2810:
2806:
2783:
2779:
2756:
2752:
2715:
2711:
2702:
2700:
2685:
2681:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2635:
2629:
2625:
2614:
2610:
2583:
2579:
2572:
2552:
2548:
2517:
2513:
2504:
2502:
2491:
2487:
2462:
2458:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2414:
2380:
2376:
2368:
2364:
2356:
2349:
2341:
2334:
2327:
2313:
2302:
2298:
2256:
2226:
2220:
2217:
2210:needs expansion
2195:
2155:
2123:ultramafic rock
2107:placer deposits
2083:
2074:
2070:
2064:
2060:
2026:
2014:
1993:
1966:
1955:
1944:
1933:
1902:
1891:
1880:
1841:Zirconium is a
1839:
1828:
1817:
1809:superconducting
1765:
1754:
1743:
1706:silver metallic
1695:13.31 g·cm
1692:6.511 g·cm
1689:4.507 g·cm
1581:
1557:
1550:
1543:
1497:
1492:
1479:
1474:
1461:
1456:
1443:
1438:
1402:
1397:
1395:Characteristics
1227:Greek mythology
1169:
1146:oxidation state
1139:titanium family
1104:
1103:
1098:
1089:
1076:
1075:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1023:
1022:
1017:
993:
992:
987:
961:
953:
949:
937:
933:
922:
919:Name by element
900:
887:
879:
872:
865:
858:
851:
844:
837:
830:
823:
816:
809:
802:
795:
788:
781:
774:
767:
760:
753:
746:
739:
732:
725:
718:
711:
704:
697:
690:
683:
676:
669:
662:
653:
646:
639:
632:
625:
618:
611:
604:
597:
590:
583:
576:
569:
562:
555:
548:
541:
534:
527:
520:
513:
506:
499:
492:
485:
478:
471:
464:
457:
450:
443:
436:
427:
420:
413:
406:
399:
392:
385:
378:
371:
364:
357:
350:
343:
336:
329:
322:
311:
304:
295:
288:
281:
274:
267:
260:
253:
246:
239:
232:
225:
218:
211:
204:
197:
190:
181:
174:
165:
158:
151:
144:
137:
130:
121:
114:
105:
98:
91:
84:
77:
70:
61:
54:
45:
36:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6443:
6433:
6432:
6413:
6412:
6408:
6407:
6382:
6380:
6355:
6353:
6328:
6326:
6301:
6299:
6293:
6290:
6289:
6282:
6281:
6274:
6267:
6259:
6250:
6249:
6247:
6246:
6234:
6221:
6218:
6217:
6215:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6203:
6202:
6197:
6186:
6184:
6180:
6179:
6177:
6176:
6175:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6144:
6143:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6121:
6119:
6113:
6112:
6109:
6108:
6106:
6105:
6103:Vapor pressure
6100:
6095:
6090:
6088:Speed of sound
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6063:Heat of fusion
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6018:Critical point
6015:
6010:
6005:
5999:
5997:
5993:
5992:
5990:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5958:
5956:
5950:
5949:
5947:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5919:
5917:
5908:
5902:
5901:
5898:
5897:
5895:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5857:Coinage metals
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5833:
5831:
5827:
5826:
5823:
5822:
5820:
5819:
5813:
5811:
5805:
5804:
5802:
5801:
5796:
5790:
5788:
5782:
5781:
5779:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5757:
5755:
5746:
5739:
5738:
5735:
5734:
5732:
5731:
5725:
5723:
5717:
5716:
5714:
5713:
5712:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5655:
5653:
5647:
5646:
5644:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5552:
5550:
5541:
5534:
5528:
5527:
5525:
5524:
5519:
5513:
5511:
5507:
5506:
5503:Periodic table
5499:
5498:
5491:
5484:
5476:
5467:
5466:
5460:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5430:
5426:
5425:
5416:
5407:
5398:
5389:
5380:
5371:
5362:
5353:
5344:
5335:
5326:
5317:
5308:
5299:
5290:
5281:
5272:
5263:
5254:
5245:
5236:
5227:
5218:
5209:
5200:
5191:
5182:
5173:
5164:
5155:
5146:
5137:
5131:
5130:
5121:
5112:
5103:
5094:
5085:
5076:
5067:
5058:
5049:
5040:
5031:
5022:
5013:
5004:
4995:
4986:
4977:
4968:
4959:
4950:
4941:
4932:
4923:
4914:
4905:
4896:
4887:
4878:
4869:
4860:
4851:
4842:
4836:
4835:
4826:
4817:
4808:
4799:
4790:
4781:
4772:
4763:
4754:
4745:
4736:
4727:
4718:
4709:
4700:
4691:
4689:
4680:
4671:
4665:
4664:
4655:
4646:
4637:
4628:
4619:
4610:
4601:
4592:
4583:
4574:
4565:
4556:
4547:
4538:
4529:
4520:
4518:
4509:
4500:
4494:
4493:
4484:
4475:
4466:
4457:
4448:
4439:
4437:
4428:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4403:
4394:
4385:
4376:
4367:
4358:
4356:
4347:
4338:
4332:
4331:
4322:
4320:
4311:
4305:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4200:Periodic table
4196:
4195:
4188:
4181:
4173:
4167:
4166:
4160:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4132:
4104:
4083:
4058:
4009:
4002:
3973:
3949:
3933:
3909:
3885:
3878:
3858:
3826:
3799:
3774:
3749:
3725:
3703:
3675:
3644:
3619:
3598:
3583:
3564:(17): 172101.
3548:
3529:(21): 211909.
3511:
3504:
3479:
3472:
3454:
3417:(21): 214516.
3401:
3382:(2): 243–247.
3366:
3348:
3341:
3315:
3286:
3279:
3250:
3243:
3218:
3199:(11): 113104.
3180:
3168:
3159:
3144:
3137:
3114:
3098:
3095:on 2008-05-28.
3049:
3017:
2996:
2954:
2913:
2890:
2860:
2832:
2804:
2793:(2): 137–150.
2777:
2750:
2709:
2693:Comptes Rendus
2679:
2623:
2608:
2577:
2570:
2546:
2527:(3): 317–322.
2511:
2499:Comptes Rendus
2485:
2474:(4): 249–260.
2456:
2443:10.1086/350143
2421:
2412:
2374:
2370:Barksdale 1968
2362:
2347:
2332:
2325:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2264:bio-accumulate
2255:
2252:
2228:
2227:
2207:
2205:
2194:
2191:
2154:
2151:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2024:
2012:
1992:
1989:
1962:
1932:
1929:
1879:
1876:
1816:
1813:
1779:that is quite
1742:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1700:
1699:
1698:17 g·cm?
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1580:
1577:
1573:pi backbonding
1555:
1548:
1541:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1414:
1413:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1373:Igor Kurchatov
1258:Georges Urbain
1199:William Gregor
1168:
1165:
1135:titanium group
1106:
1105:
1099:
1094:
1093:
1086:
1085:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1041:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1011:
1009:
1003:
1002:
981:
979:
973:
972:
963:
962:
958:
957:
954:
945:
942:
941:
938:
929:
926:
925:
923:titanium group
920:
916:
915:
912:
902:
901:
888:
884:
883:
876:
869:
862:
855:
848:
841:
834:
827:
820:
813:
806:
799:
792:
785:
778:
771:
764:
757:
750:
743:
736:
729:
722:
715:
708:
701:
694:
687:
680:
673:
666:
658:
657:
650:
643:
636:
629:
622:
615:
608:
601:
594:
587:
580:
573:
566:
559:
552:
545:
538:
531:
524:
517:
510:
503:
496:
489:
482:
475:
468:
461:
454:
447:
440:
432:
431:
424:
417:
410:
403:
396:
389:
382:
375:
368:
361:
354:
347:
340:
333:
326:
319:
317:
315:
308:
300:
299:
292:
285:
278:
271:
264:
257:
250:
243:
236:
229:
222:
215:
208:
201:
194:
187:
185:
178:
170:
169:
162:
155:
148:
141:
134:
127:
125:
118:
110:
109:
102:
95:
88:
81:
74:
67:
65:
58:
50:
49:
42:
40:
30:
27:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6442:
6431:
6428:
6427:
6425:
6418:
6405:
6390:
6386:
6385:Rutherfordium
6381:
6378:
6363:
6359:
6354:
6351:
6336:
6332:
6327:
6324:
6309:
6305:
6300:
6297:
6296:
6291:
6287:
6280:
6275:
6273:
6268:
6266:
6261:
6260:
6257:
6245:
6244:
6235:
6233:
6232:
6223:
6222:
6219:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6192:
6191:
6188:
6187:
6185:
6181:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6157:controversies
6155:
6153:
6150:
6149:
6148:
6145:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6127:
6126:
6123:
6122:
6120:
6118:
6114:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6078:Melting point
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6058:Heat capacity
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6013:Boiling point
6011:
6009:
6008:Atomic radius
6006:
6004:
6001:
6000:
5998:
5994:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5959:
5957:
5955:
5951:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5929:
5925:
5921:
5920:
5918:
5916:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5903:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5872:Native metals
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5834:
5832:
5828:
5818:
5815:
5814:
5812:
5810:
5806:
5800:
5799:Dividing line
5797:
5795:
5792:
5791:
5789:
5787:
5783:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5758:
5756:
5754:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5740:
5730:
5727:
5726:
5724:
5722:
5718:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5696:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5656:
5654:
5652:
5648:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5636:17 (Halogens)
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5553:
5551:
5549:
5545:
5542:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5529:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5514:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5497:
5492:
5490:
5485:
5483:
5478:
5477:
5474:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5439:
5432:
5423:
5414:
5405:
5396:
5387:
5378:
5369:
5360:
5351:
5342:
5333:
5324:
5315:
5306:
5297:
5288:
5279:
5270:
5261:
5252:
5243:
5234:
5225:
5216:
5207:
5198:
5189:
5180:
5171:
5162:
5153:
5144:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5119:
5110:
5101:
5092:
5083:
5074:
5065:
5056:
5047:
5038:
5029:
5020:
5011:
5002:
4993:
4984:
4975:
4966:
4957:
4948:
4939:
4930:
4921:
4912:
4903:
4894:
4885:
4876:
4867:
4858:
4849:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4824:
4815:
4806:
4797:
4788:
4779:
4770:
4761:
4752:
4743:
4734:
4725:
4716:
4707:
4698:
4687:
4678:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4653:
4644:
4635:
4626:
4617:
4608:
4599:
4590:
4581:
4572:
4563:
4554:
4545:
4536:
4527:
4516:
4507:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4482:
4473:
4464:
4455:
4446:
4435:
4426:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4401:
4392:
4383:
4374:
4365:
4354:
4345:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4318:
4310:
4306:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4210:
4205:
4201:
4194:
4189:
4187:
4182:
4180:
4175:
4174:
4171:
4163:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4140:
4122:on 2008-03-13
4121:
4117:
4111:
4109:
4093:
4087:
4072:
4068:
4062:
4054:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4013:
4005:
3999:
3995:
3990:
3989:
3980:
3978:
3963:
3959:
3953:
3947:
3946:0-8247-1746-5
3943:
3937:
3923:
3919:
3913:
3899:
3895:
3889:
3881:
3875:
3871:
3870:
3862:
3848:on 2008-12-17
3844:
3837:
3830:
3822:
3818:
3815:(2): 97–104.
3814:
3810:
3803:
3785:
3778:
3760:
3753:
3735:
3729:
3714:
3707:
3692:
3685:
3679:
3665:on 2008-02-28
3661:
3654:
3648:
3634:on 2008-05-23
3633:
3629:
3623:
3614:
3609:
3602:
3594:
3587:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3552:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3523:
3515:
3507:
3501:
3497:
3496:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3475:
3469:
3465:
3458:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3405:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3370:
3362:
3358:
3352:
3344:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3319:
3303:
3299:
3293:
3291:
3282:
3276:
3273:. 2000–2006.
3272:
3268:
3267:
3261:
3254:
3246:
3244:1-4020-3555-1
3240:
3236:
3232:
3225:
3223:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3187:
3185:
3175:
3173:
3163:
3156:
3151:
3149:
3140:
3138:3-11-007511-3
3134:
3130:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3060:
3053:
3044:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3021:
3006:
3000:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2965:
2958:
2950:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2917:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2894:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2875:(in German).
2874:
2867:
2865:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2845:(in German).
2844:
2836:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2817:(in German).
2816:
2808:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2781:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2754:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2698:
2695:(in French).
2694:
2690:
2683:
2669:on 2020-03-15
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2634:
2627:
2619:
2612:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2581:
2573:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2550:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2515:
2500:
2496:
2489:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2460:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2425:
2416:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2372:, p. 732
2371:
2366:
2360:, p. 452
2359:
2354:
2352:
2344:
2339:
2337:
2328:
2322:
2318:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2300:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2280:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2224:
2221:February 2022
2215:
2211:
2208:This section
2206:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2166:) is used as
2165:
2161:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2092:
2087:
2066:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2038:developed by
2037:
2032:
2030:
2022:
2018:
2010:
2009:Kroll process
2006:
2002:
1998:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1941:Rutherfordium
1938:
1931:Rutherfordium
1928:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1885:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1856:sulfuric acid
1853:
1848:
1844:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1822:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1748:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1721:Atomic radius
1719:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1666:Boiling point
1664:
1663:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1647:Melting point
1645:
1644:
1641:
1640:rutherfordium
1637:
1635:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1576:
1574:
1568:
1566:
1560:
1558:
1551:
1544:
1538:. The oxides
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1507:
1496:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1478:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1460:
1455:
1453:Zr, zirconium
1452:
1449:
1448:
1442:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1377:rutherfordium
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1337:rutherfordium
1333:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1315:fluorides by
1314:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1250:atomic number
1247:
1243:
1242:spectral line
1239:
1238:Henry Moseley
1235:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1131:rutherfordium
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1073:
1072:Rutherfordium
1068:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1050:
1045:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1020:
1015:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1000:
990:
985:
978:
975:
974:
970:
964:
955:
948:
944:
943:
939:
932:
928:
927:
921:
918:
917:
913:
911:
908:
907:
903:
899:
896: →
892: ←
891:
882:
877:
875:
870:
868:
863:
861:
856:
854:
849:
847:
842:
840:
835:
833:
828:
826:
821:
819:
814:
812:
807:
805:
800:
798:
793:
791:
786:
784:
782:Rutherfordium
779:
777:
772:
770:
765:
763:
758:
756:
751:
749:
744:
742:
737:
735:
730:
728:
723:
721:
716:
714:
709:
707:
702:
700:
695:
693:
688:
686:
681:
679:
674:
672:
667:
665:
660:
659:
656:
651:
649:
644:
642:
637:
635:
630:
628:
623:
621:
616:
614:
609:
607:
602:
600:
595:
593:
588:
586:
581:
579:
574:
572:
567:
565:
560:
558:
553:
551:
546:
544:
539:
537:
532:
530:
525:
523:
518:
516:
511:
509:
504:
502:
497:
495:
490:
488:
483:
481:
476:
474:
469:
467:
462:
460:
455:
453:
448:
446:
441:
439:
434:
433:
430:
425:
423:
418:
416:
411:
409:
404:
402:
397:
395:
390:
388:
383:
381:
376:
374:
369:
367:
362:
360:
355:
353:
348:
346:
341:
339:
334:
332:
327:
325:
320:
316:
314:
309:
307:
302:
301:
298:
293:
291:
286:
284:
279:
277:
272:
270:
265:
263:
258:
256:
251:
249:
244:
242:
237:
235:
230:
228:
223:
221:
216:
214:
209:
207:
202:
200:
195:
193:
188:
184:
179:
177:
172:
171:
168:
163:
161:
156:
154:
149:
147:
142:
140:
135:
133:
128:
124:
119:
117:
112:
111:
108:
103:
101:
96:
94:
89:
87:
82:
80:
75:
73:
68:
64:
59:
57:
52:
51:
48:
43:
39:
34:
33:
28:
22:Group 4
20:
6417:
6388:
6383:
6361:
6356:
6334:
6329:
6307:
6302:
6285:
6236:
6224:
6207:Trivial name
6195:nomenclature
5867:Heavy metals
5862:Noble metals
5621:14 (Tetrels)
5570:
5517:Alternatives
4231:
4147:
4137:Bibliography
4124:. Retrieved
4120:the original
4096:. Retrieved
4086:
4075:. Retrieved
4070:
4061:
4026:
4022:
4012:
3987:
3965:. Retrieved
3961:
3952:
3936:
3925:. Retrieved
3921:
3912:
3901:. Retrieved
3897:
3888:
3868:
3861:
3850:. Retrieved
3843:the original
3829:
3812:
3808:
3802:
3791:. Retrieved
3777:
3766:. Retrieved
3752:
3741:. Retrieved
3728:
3717:. Retrieved
3706:
3695:. Retrieved
3690:
3678:
3667:. Retrieved
3660:the original
3647:
3636:. Retrieved
3632:the original
3622:
3601:
3592:
3586:
3561:
3557:
3551:
3526:
3520:
3514:
3494:
3463:
3457:
3414:
3411:Phys. Rev. B
3410:
3404:
3379:
3375:
3369:
3360:
3351:
3328:
3318:
3306:. Retrieved
3301:
3264:
3253:
3230:
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3128:
3090:the original
3069:
3065:
3052:
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3029:
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2999:
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2729:(2777): 79.
2726:
2722:
2712:
2701:. Retrieved
2696:
2692:
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2671:. Retrieved
2664:the original
2643:
2639:
2626:
2617:
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2594:
2590:
2580:
2556:
2549:
2524:
2520:
2514:
2503:. Retrieved
2498:
2488:
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2465:
2459:
2434:
2430:
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2415:
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2386:
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2365:
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2257:
2249:
2246:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2218:
2214:adding to it
2209:
2188:
2180:control rods
2156:
2153:Applications
2143:South Africa
2105:, which are
2100:
2096:
2033:
1994:
1963:
1956:
1903:
1862:is present.
1852:hydrochloric
1840:
1797:paramagnetic
1766:
1709:silver white
1607:
1582:
1569:
1561:
1512:nitric acids
1508:
1504:
1435:Ti, titanium
1418:
1376:
1369:kurchatovium
1368:
1334:
1306:
1297:
1270:
1265:
1231:
1196:
1188:electrolysis
1184:Humphry Davy
1170:
1154:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1110:
1109:
1090:
894:
824:Darmstadtium
691:Protactinium
465:Praseodymium
6243:WikiProject
5987:Term symbol
5817:Noble gases
5761:Lanthanides
5744:metallicity
5616:13 (Triels)
4067:"Zirconium"
3962:www.rsc.org
3922:www.rsc.org
3869:Superalloys
2879:: 345–350.
2849:: 289–296.
2821:: 284–288.
2358:Emsley 2001
2343:Emsley 2001
2254:Precautions
1937:transcluded
1884:transcluded
1821:transcluded
1747:transcluded
1712:silver gray
1703:Appearance
1530:, and even
1471:Hf, hafnium
1365:controversy
1357:californium
1286:Dirk Coster
1254:lanthanides
1161:radioactive
866:Livermorium
838:Copernicium
831:Roentgenium
761:Mendelevium
747:Einsteinium
740:Californium
6167:for people
6162:for places
6135:1871 table
6028:Elasticity
5996:Data pages
5954:Properties
5830:Other sets
5786:Metalloids
4126:2008-09-10
4098:2008-02-17
4077:2008-03-30
4029:(1): 1–7.
3967:2023-09-23
3927:2023-09-23
3903:2023-09-23
3852:2008-09-04
3793:2008-09-10
3768:2008-02-24
3743:2008-02-24
3719:2008-02-24
3697:2008-02-24
3669:2008-09-10
3638:2007-04-14
3424:1803.02736
3325:"Titanium"
3308:19 January
3298:"Titanium"
3260:"Titanium"
3011:2010-09-04
2703:2008-10-30
2673:2021-02-03
2646:(3): 242.
2505:2008-09-10
2437:(3): 336.
2296:References
2290:pyrophoric
2260:human body
2081:Occurrence
2051:turnover.
1991:Production
1801:electrical
1520:pyrophoric
1302:Niels Bohr
1273:Niels Bohr
1207:iron oxide
1129:(Hf), and
1074: (Rf)
1051: (Hf)
1021: (Zr)
991: (Ti)
873:Tennessine
817:Meitnerium
796:Seaborgium
775:Lawrencium
514:Dysprosium
500:Gadolinium
479:Promethium
351:Technetium
344:Molybdenum
145:Phosphorus
6331:Zirconium
6152:etymology
6003:Abundance
5928:in humans
5924:Abundance
5809:Nonmetals
5766:Actinides
3784:"Hafnium"
3613:1106.3146
3376:Phys. Rev
3007:. Rsc.org
2949:195819585
2633:"Hafnium"
2521:Centaurus
2451:144765815
2286:machining
2172:fuel rods
2139:Australia
2093:, India).
1913:corrosion
1825:Zirconium
1815:Zirconium
1628:zirconium
1361:carbon-12
1345:plutonium
1313:potassium
1123:zirconium
1019:Zirconium
880:Oganesson
859:Moscovium
852:Flerovium
733:Berkelium
719:Americium
712:Plutonium
705:Neptunium
542:Ytterbium
472:Neodymium
451:Lanthanum
414:Tellurium
372:Palladium
358:Ruthenium
330:Zirconium
312:Strontium
268:Germanium
219:Manganese
175:Potassium
131:Aluminium
122:Magnesium
62:Beryllium
6424:Category
6304:Titanium
6231:Category
6183:See also
6053:Hardness
5906:Elements
4053:20809268
3449:54891002
3086:96299943
2908:68-29938
2766:: 1–41.
2168:cladding
2164:zircaloy
2021:chlorine
2005:carbides
2001:nitrides
1969:congener
1911:that is
1872:magnetic
1860:fluorine
1843:lustrous
1751:Titanium
1741:Titanium
1734:150 pm?
1622:titanium
1594:nitrogen
1579:Physical
1532:nitrogen
1528:hydrogen
1498:5f 6d 7s
1480:4f 5d 6s
1400:Chemical
1363:ions. A
1329:tungsten
1309:ammonium
1236:done by
1203:Cornwall
1119:titanium
989:Titanium
845:Nihonium
768:Nobelium
677:Actinium
663:Francium
647:Astatine
640:Polonium
619:Thallium
598:Platinum
570:Tungsten
563:Tantalum
549:Lutetium
493:Europium
486:Samarium
407:Antimony
305:Rubidium
282:Selenium
212:Chromium
205:Vanadium
198:Titanium
191:Scandium
159:Chlorine
99:Fluorine
85:Nitrogen
37:Hydrogen
6358:Hafnium
6117:History
6023:Density
5651:Periods
5457:p-block
5452:d-block
5447:f-block
5442:s-block
4044:3176400
3994:457–458
3566:Bibcode
3531:Bibcode
3429:Bibcode
3384:Bibcode
3201:Bibcode
2979:Bibcode
2731:Bibcode
2648:Bibcode
2529:Bibcode
2395:Bibcode
2127:anatase
2091:Chennai
2057:M + 2 I
1973:density
1951:history
1949:|
1906:ductile
1898:history
1896:|
1888:Hafnium
1878:Hafnium
1847:brittle
1835:history
1833:|
1781:ductile
1777:density
1761:history
1759:|
1685:Density
1634:hafnium
1563:of the
1536:group 3
1424:Element
1294:Hafnium
1266:celtium
1180:jargoon
1167:History
1127:hafnium
1111:Group 4
1049:Hafnium
966:↓
898:group 5
890:group 3
810:Hassium
803:Bohrium
789:Dubnium
754:Fermium
698:Uranium
684:Thorium
633:Bismuth
591:Iridium
577:Rhenium
556:Hafnium
535:Thulium
521:Holmium
507:Terbium
437:Caesium
386:Cadmium
365:Rhodium
337:Niobium
323:Yttrium
296:Krypton
289:Bromine
275:Arsenic
261:Gallium
182:Calcium
138:Silicon
55:Lithium
6147:Naming
5944:Symbol
5753:Metals
5721:Blocks
5709:Pyykkö
5704:Fricke
5699:Aufbau
5548:Groups
4158:
4051:
4041:
4000:
3944:
3876:
3502:
3470:
3447:
3339:
3304:. 2006
3277:
3241:
3135:
3084:
2947:
2906:
2723:Nature
2699:: 1347
2568:
2449:
2323:
2268:silica
2147:Canada
2135:zircon
2131:rutile
2048:iodine
2003:, and
1997:oxides
1864:Alloys
1785:oxygen
1731:155 pm
1728:155 pm
1725:140 pm
1590:carbon
1524:oxygen
1379:after
1371:after
1298:Hafnia
1223:Titans
1219:rutile
1172:Zircon
1125:(Zr),
1121:(Ti),
1091:Legend
1079:
1056:
1026:
996:
969:Period
726:Curium
670:Radium
584:Osmium
528:Erbium
458:Cerium
444:Barium
421:Iodine
393:Indium
379:Silver
247:Copper
240:Nickel
233:Cobalt
152:Sulfur
115:Sodium
92:Oxygen
78:Carbon
46:Helium
6190:IUPAC
5915:Lists
3846:(PDF)
3839:(PDF)
3787:(PDF)
3762:(PDF)
3737:(PDF)
3687:(PDF)
3663:(PDF)
3656:(PDF)
3608:arXiv
3445:S2CID
3419:arXiv
3093:(PDF)
3082:S2CID
3062:(PDF)
2967:(PDF)
2945:S2CID
2667:(PDF)
2636:(PDF)
2447:S2CID
2158:high
2119:mafic
2111:beach
1939:from
1909:metal
1886:from
1866:with
1823:from
1789:color
1769:metal
1767:As a
1749:from
1617:Name
1389:IUPAP
1385:IUPAC
654:Radon
428:Xenon
166:Argon
71:Boron
5922:By:
4156:ISBN
4049:PMID
3998:ISBN
3942:ISBN
3874:ISBN
3500:ISBN
3468:ISBN
3337:ISBN
3310:2022
3275:ISBN
3239:ISBN
3133:ISBN
2904:LCCN
2566:ISBN
2431:Isis
2321:ISBN
2182:for
2145:and
2129:and
2121:and
2042:and
2019:and
2017:coal
1947:edit
1894:edit
1870:are
1868:zinc
1854:and
1831:edit
1803:and
1757:edit
1638:Rf,
1632:Hf,
1626:Zr,
1620:Ti,
1552:and
1526:and
1387:and
1349:neon
1323:and
1288:and
1275:and
1244:and
1232:The
956:IVA
940:IVB
626:Lead
605:Gold
254:Zinc
226:Iron
106:Neon
5742:By
4039:PMC
4031:doi
4027:143
3817:doi
3574:doi
3539:doi
3527:104
3437:doi
3392:doi
3209:doi
3074:doi
3038:doi
2987:doi
2935:doi
2881:doi
2877:148
2851:doi
2847:141
2823:doi
2819:141
2795:doi
2768:doi
2739:doi
2727:111
2697:174
2656:doi
2599:doi
2562:114
2537:doi
2476:doi
2439:doi
2403:doi
2274:.
2216:.
2174:in
2170:of
1981:GPa
1554:HfO
1547:ZrO
1540:TiO
1486:104
1311:or
1225:of
1137:or
1077:104
400:Tin
6426::
6389:Rf
6362:Hf
6335:Zr
6308:Ti
5694:8+
5611:12
5606:11
5601:10
5421:Og
5412:Ts
5403:Lv
5394:Mc
5385:Fl
5376:Nh
5367:Cn
5358:Rg
5349:Ds
5340:Mt
5331:Hs
5322:Bh
5313:Sg
5304:Db
5295:Rf
5286:Lr
5277:No
5268:Md
5259:Fm
5250:Es
5241:Cf
5232:Bk
5223:Cm
5214:Am
5205:Pu
5196:Np
5178:Pa
5169:Th
5160:Ac
5151:Ra
5142:Fr
5126:Rn
5117:At
5108:Po
5099:Bi
5090:Pb
5081:Tl
5072:Hg
5063:Au
5054:Pt
5045:Ir
5036:Os
5027:Re
5009:Ta
5000:Hf
4991:Lu
4982:Yb
4973:Tm
4964:Er
4955:Ho
4946:Dy
4937:Tb
4928:Gd
4919:Eu
4910:Sm
4901:Pm
4892:Nd
4883:Pr
4874:Ce
4865:La
4856:Ba
4847:Cs
4831:Xe
4813:Te
4804:Sb
4795:Sn
4786:In
4777:Cd
4768:Ag
4759:Pd
4750:Rh
4741:Ru
4732:Tc
4723:Mo
4714:Nb
4705:Zr
4685:Sr
4676:Rb
4660:Kr
4651:Br
4642:Se
4633:As
4624:Ge
4615:Ga
4606:Zn
4597:Cu
4588:Ni
4579:Co
4570:Fe
4561:Mn
4552:Cr
4534:Ti
4525:Sc
4514:Ca
4489:Ar
4480:Cl
4453:Si
4444:Al
4433:Mg
4424:Na
4408:Ne
4352:Be
4343:Li
4327:He
4302:18
4297:17
4292:16
4287:15
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