498:
22:
912:
523:
1281:
2590:
2491:
2166:
1163:
prices. In 2007, the constraints on silicon became so severe that the solar industry was forced to idle about a quarter of its cell and module manufacturing capacity—an estimated 777 MW of the then available production capacity. The shortage also provided silicon specialists with both the cash and an incentive to develop new technologies and several new producers entered the market. Early responses from the solar industry focused on improvements in the recycling of silicon. When this potential was exhausted, companies have been taking a harder look at alternatives to the conventional
1137:
262:
1898:
2066:
2413:
2157:
457:
2014:
2082:
2193:
2184:
1669:
2453:
2143:
1946:
199:
2567:
2473:
2379:
2247:
2057:
2032:
2393:
1800:
2100:
6188:
1782:
3327:
2116:
1843:
2048:
2023:
1816:
1791:
1930:
1864:
2361:
2091:
1996:
1880:
1873:
1964:
1955:
1825:
2125:
1912:
3341:
1677:
1735:
1206:
2527:
2274:
1987:
1921:
1834:
443:(2016–2020). China expected to spend ¥1 trillion ($ 145B) on solar construction during that period. Much of China's PV capacity was built in the relatively less populated west of the country whereas the main centres of power consumption were in the east (such as Shanghai and Beijing). Due to lack of adequate power transmission lines to carry the power from the solar power plants, China had to curtail its PV generated power.
2332:
2312:
1973:
1889:
2370:
2202:
1857:
2507:
2218:
2482:
2433:
2352:
2265:
2238:
2134:
6200:
439:'s rapid PV growth continued in 2016 – with 34.2 GW of solar photovoltaics installed. The quickly lowering feed in tariff rates at the end of 2015 motivated many developers to secure tariff rates before mid-year 2016 – as they were anticipating further cuts (correctly so). During the course of the year, China announced its goal of installing 100 GW during the next
935:, including amorphous thin-film silicon (a-Si), cadmium telluride (CdTe), and copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS), led to the bankruptcy of several thin-film companies that had once been highly touted. The sector faced price competition from Chinese crystalline silicon cell and module manufacturers, and some companies together with their patents were sold below cost.
1243:
reduce the enormous global overcapacity from 2009 onwards. However, overcapacity in the PV industry continued to persist. In 2013, global record deployment of 38 GW (updated EPIA figure) was still much lower than China's annual production capacity of approximately 60 GW. Continued overcapacity was further reduced by significantly lowering
1037:, also a CIGS manufacturer, closed its doors in 2013. Although both companies produced CIGS solar cells, it has been pointed out, that the failure was not due to the technology but rather because of the companies themselves, using a flawed architecture, such as, for example, Solyndra's cylindrical substrates.
1242:
industry had started to build additional large production capacities during the shortage period, prices dropped as low as $ 15 per kilogram forcing some producers to suspend production or exit the sector. Prices for silicon stabilized around $ 20 per kilogram and the booming solar PV market helped to
405:
1). There was massive public outrage when it was revealed that the semigovernmental agency in charge of Monju had tried to cover up the extent of the accident and resulting damage. Japan remained world leader in photovoltaics until 2004, when its capacity amounted to 1,132 megawatts. Then, focus
1162:
Initially, the incumbent polysilicon producers were slow to respond to rising demand for solar applications, because of their painful experience with over-investment in the past. Silicon prices sharply rose to about $ 80 per kilogram, and reached as much as $ 400/kg for long-term contracts and spot
1251:
IEA-PVPS published in 2014 historical data for the worldwide utilization of solar PV module production capacity that showed a slow return to normalization in manufacture in the years leading up to 2014. The utilization rate is the ratio of production capacities versus actual production output for a
175:
and about four times the 2015 electricity production of solar power. Compared with wind power, photovoltaic power production correlates well with power consumption for air-conditioning in warm countries. As of 2017, a handful of utilities have started combining PV installations with battery banks,
1296:
Deployment figures on a global, regional and nationwide scale are well documented since the early 1990s. While worldwide photovoltaic capacity grew continuously, deployment figures by country were much more dynamic, as they depended strongly on national policies. A number of organizations release
1178:
In the meantime the solar industry lowered the number of grams-per-watt by reducing wafer thickness and kerf loss, increasing yields in each manufacturing step, reducing module loss, and raising panel efficiency. Finally, the ramp up of polysilicon production alleviated worldwide markets from the
1158:
However, there was a severe silicon shortage in 2005, when governmental programmes caused a 75% increase in the deployment of solar PV in Europe. In addition, the demand for silicon from semiconductor manufacturers was growing. Since the amount of silicon needed for semiconductors makes up a much
426:
were adopted as a policy mechanism. This policy established that renewables have priority on the grid, and that a fixed price must be paid for the produced electricity over a 20-year period, providing a guaranteed return on investment irrespective of actual market prices. As a consequence, a high
1260:
After anti-dumping petition were filed and investigations carried out, the United States imposed tariffs of 31 percent to 250 percent on solar products imported from China in 2012. A year later, the EU also imposed definitive anti-dumping and anti-subsidy measures on imports of solar panels from
715:) that states that the per-watt cost of solar cells and panels fall by 20 percent for every doubling of cumulative photovoltaic production. A 2015 study showed price/kWh dropping by 10% per year since 1980, and predicted that solar could contribute 20% of total electricity consumption by 2030.
1170:
As it takes about three years to build a new polysilicon plant, the shortage continued until 2008. Prices for conventional solar cells remained constant or even rose slightly during the period of silicon shortage from 2005 to 2008. This is notably seen as a "shoulder" that sticks out in the
87:
Since the 1950s, when the first solar cells were commercially manufactured, there has been a succession of countries leading the world as the largest producer of electricity from solar photovoltaics. First it was the United States, then Japan, followed by
Germany, and currently China.
2614:
Between 2000 and 2022, solar capacity increased by an average of 37% per year, doubling every 2.2 years. Over the same time period, the capacity factor increased from 10% to 14%. Data in the following table are from Ember, released in 2023, with earlier data from BP released in 2014.
4890:
153:(GW). Because power output for variable renewable sources is unpredictable, a source's average generation is generally significantly lower than the nameplate capacity. In order to have an estimate of the average power output, the capacity can be multiplied by a suitable
427:
level of investment security lead to a soaring number of new photovoltaic installations that peaked in 2011, while investment costs in renewable technologies were brought down considerably. In 2016 Germany's installed PV capacity was over the 40 GW mark.
1075:(the largest PV power station in the Southern Hemisphere at the time) commissioned in mid-2015. The company was reported in 2013 to be successfully producing CdTe-panels with a steadily increasing efficiency and declining cost per watt. CdTe was the lowest
1028:
of over 15%. The company profited from the booming
Japanese market and attempted to expand its international business. However, several prominent manufacturers could not keep up with the advances in conventional crystalline silicon technology. The company
56:, were implemented by a number of governments in order to provide economic incentives for investments. For several years, growth was mainly driven by Japan and pioneering European countries. As a consequence, cost of solar declined significantly due to
1247:
prices and, as a consequence, many manufacturers could no longer cover costs or remain competitive. As worldwide growth of PV deployment continued, the gap between overcapacity and global demand was expected in 2014 to close in the next few years.
157:, which takes into account varying conditions - weather, nighttime, latitude, maintenance. Worldwide, the average solar PV capacity factor is 11%. In addition, depending on context, the stated peak power may be prior to a subsequent conversion to
4023:
293:
surpassed
Germany to become the world's largest producer of photovoltaic power, and in 2017 became the first country to surpass 100 GW of installed capacity. Leading countries per capita in 2022 were Australia, Netherlands and Germany.
1252:
given year. A low of 49% was reached in 2007 and reflected the peak of the silicon shortage that idled a significant share of the module production capacity. As of 2013, the utilization rate had recovered somewhat and increased to 63%.
4901:
4968:
246:
in 2022, in either case amounting to 3% of the world total. However, Oceania had the highest proportion of electricity that was solar in 2022 at 12%, ahead of Europe (4.9%), Asia (4.9%) and the world overall (4.6%).
5095:
206:
In 2022, the total global photovoltaic capacity increased by 228 GW, with a 24% growth year-on-year of new installations. As a result, the total global capacity exceeded 1,185 GW by the end of the year.
3633:
396:
paralyzed the entire infrastructure, including gas stations that depended on electricity to pump gasoline. Moreover, in
December of that same year, an accident occurred at the multibillion-dollar experimental
3869:
3833:
718:
The followed figures for select countries represent the cost per kilowatt of utility-scale solar generation, as well as price per kilowatt-hour in 2022 and a comparison with 2010. Dollars are in 2022
3748:
72:
project in the United States, and China's 2011 five-year-plan for energy production. Since then, deployment of photovoltaics has gained momentum on a worldwide scale, increasingly competing with
41:
of small-scale applications to a mainstream electricity source. From 2016-2022 it has seen an annual capacity and production growth rate of around 26%- doubling approximately every three years.
95:(GW), supplying over 6% of global electricity demand, up from about 3% in 2019. In 2022, solar PV contributed over 10% of the annual domestic consumption of electricity in nine countries, with
4940:
3403:
4957:
4545:
4614:
25:
Benefitting from favorable policies and declining costs of modules, photovoltaic solar installation has grown consistently. In 2023, China added 60% of the world's new capacity.
4841:
5103:
1272:, such as German Wacker Chemie and Korean OCI were much less affected. All this has caused much controversy between proponents and opponents and was subject of debate.
3625:
4157:
4195:
3359:
3858:
3822:
4230:
3688:
4244:
692:
cells were about $ 77 per watt, average spot prices in August 2018 were as low as $ 0.13 per watt or nearly 600 times less than forty years ago. Prices for
306:, where modern solar PV was invented, led installed capacity for many years. Based on preceding work by Swedish and German engineers, the American engineer
3655:
4778:
4721:
1548:
1179:
scarcity of silicon in 2009 and subsequently lead to an overcapacity with sharply declining prices in the photovoltaic industry for the following years.
3737:
4674:
4579:
4310:
1264:
Shortly thereafter, China, in turn, levied duties on U.S. polysilicon imports, the feedstock for the production of solar cells. In
January 2014, the
373:. By 1996, solar PV capacity in the US amounted to 77 megawatts–more than any other country in the world at the time. Then, Japan moved ahead.
6238:
5038:
1155:, the raw material for conventional solar cells, were as low as $ 30 per kilogram and silicon manufacturers had no incentive to expand production.
4929:
4362:
1005:). With 5 percent of the overall market, CdTe held more than half of the thin-film market, leaving 2 percent to each CIGS and amorphous silicon.
322:, the leading manufacturer of silicon solar cells in the 1950s and 1960s, improved on the cell's efficiency, produced solar radios, and equipped
4562:
114:(IEA) have consistently increased their estimates for decades, while still falling far short of projecting actual deployment in every forecast.
4859:
4816:
5052:
3399:
1159:
smaller portion of production costs, semiconductor manufacturers were able to outbid solar companies for the available silicon in the market.
1099:, once one of the world's leading manufacturer of amorphous silicon (a-Si) technology, filed for bankruptcy in Michigan, United States. Swiss
6642:
6273:
6093:
5770:
4077:
D. M. Chapin-C. S. Fuller-G. L. Pearson (1954). "A New
Silicon p–n Junction Photocell for Converting Solar Radiation into Electrical Power".
1175:
and it was feared that a prolonged shortage could delay solar power becoming competitive with conventional energy prices without subsidies.
5004:
4538:
3447:
3423:
3773:
5739:
5575:
4435:
3915:
3656:"The projections for the future and quality in the past of the World Energy Outlook for solar PV and other renewable energy technologies"
4607:
3534:
997:
In 2013 thin-film technologies accounted for about 9 percent of worldwide deployment, while 91 percent was held by crystalline silicon (
6277:
5448:
4332:
4170:
497:
4735:
1016:
Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) is the name of the semiconductor material on which the technology is based. One of the largest
1009:
968:
5910:
3586:
4139:
6384:
5877:
5872:
5206:
4803:
5067:
5617:
3354:
6231:
4696:
1566:
1435:
346:
118:
projects an additional 600 GW coming online by 2030 in the United States. By 2050, the IEA foresees solar PV to reach 4.7
5915:
1562:
1268:
set its anti-dumping tariff on U.S. polysilicon producers, such as
Hemlock Semiconductor Corporation to 57%, while other
1054:
4413:
5931:
5283:
3477:
6527:
6442:
6399:
6059:
5994:
5936:
5433:
4367:
OWID credits source data to: Nemet (2009); Farmer & Lafond (2016); International
Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA).
4008:
3562:
3511:
402:
4220:
3680:
435:
China surpassed
Germany's capacity by the end of 2015, becoming the world's largest producer of photovoltaic power.
122:(4,674 GW) in its high-renewable scenario, of which more than half will be deployed in China and India, making
6558:
6334:
6064:
5827:
5308:
303:
270:
4113:
6268:
6224:
6078:
5585:
5443:
5324:
1419:
1042:
948:
5261:
3662:
1079:
of all mass-produced PV technologies, and could be as short as eight months in favorable locations. The company
21:
6487:
6203:
6029:
5555:
5349:
5298:
5018:
EU imposes definitive measures on
Chinese solar panels, confirms undertaking with Chinese solar panel exporters
1269:
1239:
3887:
506:–stating that solar module prices have dropped about 20% for each doubling of installed capacity—defines the "
6652:
5862:
5178:
4753:
3582:
1172:
1088:
1076:
4666:
4354:
911:
6149:
6129:
5509:
5268:
4258:
1265:
353:
was established at Golden, Colorado. In the 1980s and early 1990s, most photovoltaic modules were used in
6364:
6311:
6039:
5514:
5199:
1451:
1403:
1297:
comprehensive reports on PV deployment on a yearly basis. They include annual and cumulative deployed PV
419:
111:
80:
emerged to complement rooftop and other distributed applications. By 2015, some 30 countries had reached
5030:
3462:
365:
and toys, but from around 1995, industry efforts have focused increasingly on developing grid-connected
6579:
6512:
6369:
6049:
5902:
5891:
5765:
5612:
5570:
5550:
5174:
1320:
1058:
384:
took the lead as the world's largest producer of PV electricity, after the city of Kobe was hit by the
370:
327:
314:
patented the first modern solar cell in 1946. It was also there at Bell Labs where the first practical
162:
77:
3710:
217:
alone amounted to over 40% of new solar and almost 40% of total capacity, but only 30% of generation.
5529:
5463:
5438:
5278:
1500:
1096:
1024:
with a manufacturing capacity in the gigawatt-scale. Their CIS line technology included modules with
398:
161:, e.g. for a single photovoltaic panel, or include this conversion and its loss for a grid connected
4059:
3951:
1747:
1218:
6574:
6482:
6321:
5964:
5946:
5837:
5683:
5670:
5665:
5565:
1072:
440:
392:
were then considered as a temporary supplier of power during such events, as the disruption of the
385:
362:
354:
57:
4877:
4509:
4463:
J. Doyne Farmer, François Lafond (2 November 2015). "How predictable is technological progress?".
6621:
6497:
6452:
6432:
6379:
6359:
6054:
5974:
5852:
5822:
5580:
5560:
5489:
5375:
5339:
5334:
3369:
3332:
988:
978:
571:
552:
256:
177:
3439:
3419:
688:
dropped drastically for solar cells in the decades leading up to 2017. While in 1977 prices for
213:
was the biggest installer of solar in 2022, with 60% of new capacity and 60% of total capacity.
6647:
6548:
6522:
6502:
6472:
6462:
6447:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6354:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6247:
6192:
6034:
6004:
5969:
5956:
5842:
5418:
5408:
5303:
5192:
3364:
1108:
1017:
522:
415:
282:
193:
6595:
6553:
6543:
6517:
6492:
6467:
6457:
6437:
6374:
6344:
6288:
6009:
5999:
5979:
5832:
5655:
5458:
5256:
4035:
3527:
3374:
1280:
1144:
1119:, Flexcell, Inventux, Pramac, Schuco, Sencera, EPV Solar, NovaSolar (formerly OptiSolar) and
1025:
338:
100:
3977:
6600:
6507:
6477:
6389:
6349:
6339:
6329:
6044:
6024:
6019:
6014:
5989:
5984:
5499:
5428:
5273:
5241:
4639:
4311:"China wasted enough renewable energy to power Beijing for an entire year, says Greenpeace"
4086:
3998:
3552:
1897:
1305:, a break-down by markets, as well as in-depth analysis and forecasts about future trends.
932:
719:
693:
436:
381:
290:
278:
104:
96:
4993:
8:
5698:
5678:
5645:
5453:
5389:
5329:
5288:
5017:
1516:
1124:
920:
689:
529:
358:
319:
315:
158:
73:
69:
4090:
3793:
1136:
470:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
273:
was the leader of installed photovoltaics for many years, and its total capacity was 77
261:
5734:
5693:
5640:
5413:
5293:
4490:
4472:
3599:
1387:
1328:
1298:
388:
in 1995. Kobe experienced severe power outages in the aftermath of the earthquake, and
134:
64:. Several national programs were instrumental in increasing PV deployment, such as the
61:
34:
1065:, both in the Californian desert with 550 MW capacity each, as well as the 102 MW
5760:
5755:
5688:
5484:
5423:
5354:
5344:
4722:
First Solar Reports Largest Quarterly Decline In CdTe Module Cost Per-Watt Since 2007
4494:
4004:
3868:. International Energy Agency – Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme. 31 March 2014.
3558:
3507:
1532:
1370:
1285:
958:
366:
110:
Official agencies publish predictions of solar growth, often underestimating it. The
700:
were around $ .60 per watt. Module and cell prices declined even further after 2014
277:
in 1996, more than any other country in the world at the time. From the late 1990s,
91:
By the end of 2022, the global cumulative installed PV capacity reached about 1,185
5817:
5801:
5785:
5775:
5246:
4482:
4094:
3778:
1467:
1062:
708:
503:
49:
3626:"Why Have IEA Renewables Growth Projections Been So Much Lower Than the Out-Turn?"
1743:
1214:
5729:
5660:
5138:
4486:
1483:
1230:
1164:
423:
228:
172:
154:
45:
3681:"How the IEA exaggerates the costs and underestimates the growth of solar power"
3408:
For relevant chart, Canary Media credits: "Source: BloombergNEF, September 2023"
1668:
6139:
6114:
5780:
5632:
5534:
5524:
5494:
5251:
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4288:
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2192:
2142:
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1021:
712:
685:
507:
53:
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4499:
License: cc. Note: Appendix F. A trend extrapolation of solar energy capacity.
4380:
1033:
ceased all business activity and filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2011, and
198:
6636:
6616:
5724:
5714:
5627:
5519:
5236:
5215:
4440:
4405:
3346:
2566:
2472:
2246:
1120:
511:
393:
232:
224:
220:
30:
4891:"Solar State of the Market Q3 2008 – Rise of Upgraded Metallurgical Silicon"
6169:
6124:
5857:
2031:
1571:
1244:
1111:. Other companies that left the amorphous silicon thin-film market include
1080:
1067:
923:(c-Si) technology in the years leading up to 2017. The falling cost of the
617:
342:
334:
65:
38:
4779:"Oerlikon Divests Its Solar Business and the Fate of Amorphous Silicon PV"
1083:, also a manufacturer of cadmium telluride modules, went bankrupt in 2012.
6255:
6216:
6164:
6134:
6109:
5867:
5504:
5479:
4994:
EU initiates anti-dumping investigation on solar panel imports from China
2392:
2378:
2065:
2056:
1945:
1680:
1152:
1140:
1100:
1050:
924:
697:
401:. A sodium leak caused a major fire and forced a shutdown (classified as
307:
138:
123:
81:
931:
of silicon feedstock, pressure increased on manufacturers of commercial
281:
was the world's leader of solar electricity production until 2005, when
5650:
5622:
5400:
5053:"All I want for Christmas is one terrawatt of solar installed annually"
4076:
3892:
1799:
1289:
555:
532:
389:
323:
181:
168:
4967:. Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems-ISE. 2014. p. 1.
4098:
3978:"China's solar capacity overtakes Germany in 2015, industry data show"
1742:
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on
1213:
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on
5941:
5847:
5719:
2412:
2156:
1781:
1577:
1302:
1034:
311:
243:
4171:"China Overtakes Germany To Become World's Leading Solar PV Country"
3400:"Chart: Solar installations set to break global, US records in 2023"
3326:
2631:
92:
6154:
6144:
6119:
5128:
4477:
4221:"China to cut on-grid tariffs for solar, wind power: state planner"
3916:"Tesla battery packs power the Hawaiian island of Kauai after dark"
2115:
2047:
2022:
1842:
1815:
1790:
1332:
1030:
1002:
286:
274:
150:
146:
142:
119:
5143:
4817:"NovaSolar, Formerly OptiSolar, Leaving Smoking Crater in Fremont"
3794:"Electric generator capacity factors vary widely around the world"
3774:"One Chart Shows How Solar Could Dominate Electricity in 30 Years"
1676:
6159:
4436:"Sunny Uplands: Alternative energy will no longer be alternative"
4225:
3982:
3340:
2526:
2360:
2273:
2183:
2090:
1995:
1929:
1879:
1872:
1863:
998:
341:
on the White House (later removed by President Reagan) promoting
239:
5184:
4860:"Suntech Seeks New Cash After China Bankruptcy, Liquidator Says"
4462:
4736:"Bankrupt Abound Solar of Colo. lives on as political football"
4333:"China to erect fewer farms, generate less solar power in 2017"
4060:"Bell Labs Demonstrates the First Practical Silicon Solar Cell"
2369:
2331:
2311:
2201:
2124:
2081:
2013:
1972:
1963:
1954:
1911:
1888:
1856:
1833:
1824:
1112:
5177:– Cost analysis of current PV production, PV learning curve –
4347:
1570:(a) year of final commissioning (b) capacity given in MW
1261:
China at an average of 47.7 percent for a two-year time span.
2589:
2506:
2490:
2481:
2432:
2351:
2264:
2237:
2217:
2165:
2133:
1986:
1920:
1127:
solar panels. In 2013, Suntech filed for bankruptcy in China.
214:
137:
denotes the peak power output of power stations in unit watt
4574:
4289:"Future Energy: China leads world in solar power production"
1123:
that stopped manufacturing a-Si modules in 2010 to focus on
927:
since 2009, that followed after a period of severe shortage
5133:
5068:"US solar sets a Q1 record, but there may be trouble ahead"
4640:"Solar Frontier Completes Construction of the Tohoku Plant"
4355:"Solar (photovoltaic) panel prices vs. cumulative capacity"
3919:
3851:
3735:
3714:
3392:
915:
Global photovoltaics market share by technology 1980-2021.
210:
115:
4375:
4373:
3504:
Solar Photovoltaic Projects in the mainstream power market
5005:
U.S. Imposes Anti-Dumping Duties on Chinese Solar Imports
4842:"Chinese Subsidiary of Suntech Power Declares Bankruptcy"
4259:"China to plow $ 361 billion into renewable fuel by 2020"
5163:
4398:
4196:"NEA: China added 34.24 GW of solar PV capacity in 2016"
3360:
List of renewable energy topics by country and territory
5158:
5153:
5139:
NREL–National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Publications
4924:
4922:
4632:
4370:
3617:
3463:"Explaining the Exponential Growth of Renewable Energy"
1309:
Timeline of the largest PV power stations in the world
1116:
1053:, a leading manufacturer of CdTe, built several of the
676:
EnergyTrend, price quotes, average prices, 13 July 2020
418:
took the lead from Japan. With the introduction of the
5148:
5144:
FHI–ISE, Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems
4533:
4531:
4602:
4600:
4114:"Where Did the Carter White House's Solar Panels Go?"
3832:. EPIA – European Photovoltaic Industry Association.
1255:
265:
The growth of solar PV on a semi-log scale since 1996
4919:
4024:
United States Patent and Trademark Office – Database
3703:
3533:. Deutsche Bank Markets Research. 27 February 2015.
3322:
2624:
285:
took the lead and by 2016 had a capacity of over 40
5134:
IEA–PVPS, IEA's Photovoltaic Power System Programme
4930:"IEA PVPS TRENDS 2014 in Photovoltaic Applications"
4804:
Rest in Peace: The List of Deceased Solar Companies
4658:
4528:
4140:"REACTOR ACCIDENT IN JAPAN IMPERILS ENERGY PROGRAM"
3823:"Global Market Outlook for Photovoltaics 2014–2018"
3729:
4597:
3661:. Energywatchgroup. September 2015. Archived from
3520:
2645:
487:
4105:
1182:
707:This price trend was seen as evidence supporting
6634:
5031:"China to levy duties on US polysilicon imports"
4563:How thin film solar fares vs crystalline silicon
3648:
919:There were significant advances in conventional
446:
76:sources. In the early 21st century a market for
5901:
5154:EPIA–European Photovoltaic Industry Association
3738:"Technology Roadmap: Solar Photovoltaic Energy"
3717:– Bloomberg New Energy Finance. 1 November 2023
1131:
250:
4381:"Price quotes updated weekly – PV Spot Prices"
3672:
1703: Reached grid-parity only for peak prices
906:
180:to help mitigate problems associated with the
129:
29:Between 1992 and 2023, the worldwide usage of
6274:List of countries by photovoltaics production
6232:
6094:List of countries by photovoltaics production
5771:Solar-Powered Aircraft Developments Solar One
5200:
5129:IEA–International Energy Agency, Publications
4900:. Lux Research Inc. p. 1. Archived from
4734:Raabe, Steve; Jaffe, Mark (4 November 2012).
3469:
1710: U.S. states poised to reach grid-parity
171:has different characteristics, e.g. a higher
5164:CanSIA–Canadian Solar Industries Association
4111:
3817:
3815:
3430:
3411:
2638:
1196:utilization of production capacity in %
297:
223:produced 16% of the world total, led by the
5576:Photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collector
231:of all continents in 2022 at 20%, ahead of
126:the world's largest source of electricity.
6246:
6239:
6225:
5449:Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells
5207:
5193:
4733:
1714:Source: Deutsche Bank, as of February 2015
5090:
5088:
4852:
4476:
3888:"Tesla kills the duck with big batteries"
3812:
3678:
1758:Growing number of solar gigawatt-markets
1107:that produced a-Si/μc-Si tandem cells to
5911:Grid-connected photovoltaic power system
5159:SEIA–Solar Energy Industries Association
4568:
4286:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3711:"2H 2023 US Clean Energy Market Outlook"
3623:
3587:IEA Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme
3355:Growth of concentrated solar power (CSP)
1675:
1667:
1279:
1275:
1233:production capacity in % since 1993
1143:prices since 2004. As of July 2020, the
1135:
941:Global PV market by technology in 2021.
910:
260:
197:
37:. During this period, it evolved from a
20:
5878:Victorian Model Solar Vehicle Challenge
5873:Hunt-Winston School Solar Car Challenge
4664:
4580:"Chinese Firm Buys U.S. Solar Start-Up"
4551:from the original on 23 September 2022.
4365:from the original on 29 September 2023.
4137:
3426:from the original on 21 September 2023.
3406:from the original on 17 September 2023.
2652:
430:
6635:
5085:
4946:from the original on 28 December 2014.
4168:
3913:
3786:
3460:
711:(an observation similar to the famous
409:
52:technology, subsidy programs, such as
6220:
5188:
5065:
4544:. Fraunhofer ISE. 22 September 2022.
4428:
4282:
4280:
3996:
3933:
3885:
3691:from the original on 13 November 2014
3550:
3501:
3475:
3437:
3417:
1689: Reached grid-parity before 2014
1683:for solar PV systems around the world
1270:major polysilicon producing companies
357:or powered consumer products such as
48:were first recognized as a promising
6643:Electrical-engineering-related lists
6199:
4974:from the original on 5 November 2014
4138:Pollack, Andrew (24 February 1996).
3736:International Energy Agency (2014).
3636:from the original on 30 October 2014
3578:
3576:
3574:
3476:Lacey, Stephen (12 September 2011).
1728:
1696: Reached grid-parity after 2014
1672:Yearly solar generation by continent
1436:Huanghe Hydropower Golmud Solar Park
1199:
1147:for polysilicon stands at $ 6.956/kg
1055:world's largest solar power stations
450:
406:on PV deployment shifted to Europe.
376:
347:National Renewable Energy Laboratory
235:(16%) and the world at large (14%).
60:like improvements in technology and
5916:List of photovoltaic power stations
4677:from the original on 19 August 2014
4578:; Keith Bradsher (9 January 2013).
4233:from the original on 25 April 2023.
3754:from the original on 1 October 2014
3540:from the original on 30 March 2015.
3402:. Canary Media. 15 September 2023.
1661: 2023: 413 GW (estimate)
1563:list of photovoltaic power stations
13:
5932:Rooftop photovoltaic power station
5335:Polycrystalline silicon (multi-Si)
5284:Third-generation photovoltaic cell
5041:from the original on 5 March 2016.
4620:from the original on 9 August 2014
4277:
4169:S Hill, Joshua (22 January 2016).
3875:from the original on 7 April 2014.
3624:Whitmore, Adam (14 October 2013).
3583:Snapshot of Global PV Markets 2023
3461:Jaeger, Joel (20 September 2021).
3450:from the original on 13 June 2024.
3440:"1Q 2024 Global PV Market Outlook"
3420:"3Q 2023 Global PV Market Outlook"
1653: annual deployment since 2002
1256:Anti-dumping duties (2012–present)
14:
6664:
5937:Building-integrated photovoltaics
5434:Carbon nanotubes in photovoltaics
5340:Monocrystalline silicon (mono-Si)
5214:
5122:
4665:Andorka, Frank (8 January 2014).
4416:from the original on 30 June 2014
4245:"The Latest in Clean Energy News"
3866:iea-pvps.org/index.php?id=trends0
3859:"Snapshot of Global PV 1992–2013"
3839:from the original on 25 June 2014
3679:Osmundsen, Terje (4 March 2014).
3571:
3478:"How China dominates solar power"
3418:Chase, Jenny (5 September 2023).
1588:
1020:in 2015 was the Japanese company
202:Solar generation by country, 2021
187:
16:Worldwide growth of photovoltaics
6198:
6187:
6186:
5309:Polarizing organic photovoltaics
5066:Lewis, Michelle (15 June 2021).
4937:iea-pvps.org/index.php?id=trends
4613:. Fraunhofer ISE. 28 July 2014.
4287:Baraniuk, Chris (22 June 2017).
3886:Alter, Lloyd (31 January 2017).
3339:
3325:
2588:
2565:
2525:
2505:
2489:
2480:
2471:
2451:
2431:
2411:
2391:
2377:
2368:
2359:
2350:
2330:
2310:
2272:
2263:
2245:
2236:
2216:
2200:
2191:
2182:
2164:
2155:
2141:
2132:
2123:
2114:
2098:
2089:
2080:
2064:
2055:
2046:
2030:
2021:
2012:
1994:
1985:
1971:
1962:
1953:
1944:
1928:
1919:
1910:
1896:
1887:
1878:
1871:
1862:
1855:
1841:
1832:
1823:
1814:
1798:
1789:
1780:
1733:
1725:capacities in the gigawatt-scale
1204:
521:
496:
455:
227:. North America had the highest
176:thus obtaining several hours of
6269:List of photovoltaics companies
5444:Cadmium telluride photovoltaics
5325:List of semiconductor materials
5181:, Pierre Verlinden, Trina Solar
5059:
5045:
5023:
5010:
4998:
4986:
4950:
4883:
4870:
4834:
4809:
4796:
4771:
4754:"The End Arrives for ECD Solar"
4746:
4727:
4714:
4689:
4555:
4502:
4456:
4325:
4303:
4251:
4237:
4213:
4188:
4162:
4150:
4131:
4070:
4052:
4037:Magic Plates, Tap Sun For Power
4028:
4017:
3990:
3970:
3907:
3879:
3766:
3592:
1420:Sarnia Photovoltaic Power Plant
1151:In the early 2000s, prices for
1018:producers of CIGS photovoltaics
488:Prices and costs (1977–present)
441:Chinese Five Year Economic Plan
351:Solar Energy Research Institute
5556:Incremental conductance method
5350:Copper indium gallium selenide
5299:Thermodynamic efficiency limit
4667:"CIGS Solar Cells, Simplified"
4112:Biello David (6 August 2010).
3544:
3495:
3454:
1183:Solar overcapacity (2009–2013)
1:
5863:South African Solar Challenge
4878:Silicon Shortage Stalls Solar
4158:Sodium Leak and Fire at Monju
4003:. Wiley - IEEE. p. 120.
3914:LeBeau, Phil (8 March 2017).
3438:Chase, Jenny (4 March 2024).
3385:
1284:2016-2020 development of the
447:History of market development
330:launched into orbit in 1958.
5510:Photovoltaic mounting system
5149:APVI–Australian PV Institute
4487:10.1016/j.respol.2015.11.001
4040:. Popular Science. June 1931
3557:. Wiley - IEEE. p. 81.
3482:Guardian Environment Network
1641:Added capacity in gigawatts
1266:Chinese Ministry of Commerce
1132:Silicon shortage (2005–2008)
665:
654:
643:
632:
621:
607:
593:
579:
562:
318:cell was developed in 1954.
251:History of leading countries
7:
5515:Maximum power point tracker
3318:
2599:
2596:
2576:
2573:
1723:Number of countries with PV
1643:(hover with mouse over bar)
1567:list of notable solar parks
1452:Agua Caliente Solar Project
1404:Olmedilla Photovoltaic Park
1173:Swanson's PV-learning curve
907:Technologies (1990–present)
702:(see price quotes in table)
238:Almost all of the solar in
130:Solar PV nameplate capacity
112:International Energy Agency
10:
6669:
5766:Solar panels on spacecraft
5613:Solar-powered refrigerator
5571:Concentrated photovoltaics
5551:Perturb and observe method
5330:Crystalline silicon (c-Si)
4079:Journal of Applied Physics
3600:"Snapshot 2020 – IEA-PVPS"
3506:. Routledge. p. 225.
1059:Desert Sunlight Solar Farm
663:>325W - >385W Module
254:
191:
163:photovoltaic power station
6609:
6588:
6567:
6536:
6398:
6320:
6287:
6254:
6182:
6102:
6086:
6077:
5955:
5924:
5890:
5810:
5794:
5748:
5707:
5605:
5598:
5543:
5472:
5464:Heterojunction solar cell
5439:Dye-sensitized solar cell
5399:
5388:
5363:
5317:
5279:Multi-junction solar cell
5269:Nominal power (Watt-peak)
5229:
5222:
4958:"Annual Report 2013/2014"
4561:RenewableEnergyWorld.com
3952:"Yearly electricity data"
2850:
2660:
1560:
1501:Tengger Desert Solar Park
933:thin-film PV technologies
673:
464:This section needs to be
399:Monju Nuclear Power Plant
355:stand-alone power systems
298:United States (1954–1996)
242:(39TWh) was generated in
5947:Strasskirchen Solar Park
5838:American Solar Challenge
5684:Solar-powered flashlight
5671:Solar-powered calculator
5666:Solar cell phone charger
5355:Amorphous silicon (a-Si)
3380:
1313:
630:325W - 330W (72P) Module
386:Great Hanshin earthquake
58:experience curve effects
6264:Growth of photovoltaics
5853:Frisian Solar Challenge
5823:List of solar car teams
5581:Space-based solar power
5561:Constant voltage method
5490:Solar charge controller
5376:Timeline of solar cells
5371:Growth of photovoltaics
3370:Timeline of solar cells
3333:Renewable energy portal
1288:(India), documented on
1191:Solar module production
1026:conversion efficiencies
722:. Data are from IRENA.
544:Type of cell or module
328:solar powered satellite
257:Timeline of solar cells
178:dispatchable generation
141:as convenient, to e.g.
6248:Solar power by country
5843:Formula Sun Grand Prix
5675:Solar-powered fountain
5618:Solar air conditioning
5419:Quantum dot solar cell
5409:Nanocrystal solar cell
5304:Sun-free photovoltaics
5102:. 2014. Archived from
4608:"Photovoltaics Report"
4539:"Photovoltaics Report"
3997:Wolfe, Philip (2018).
3551:Wolfe, Philip (2018).
3502:Wolfe, Philip (2012).
3365:Solar power by country
1716:
1673:
1293:
1148:
1109:Tokyo Electron Limited
1071:Nyngan Solar Plant in
916:
339:solar hot water panels
266:
203:
194:Solar power by country
26:
5833:World Solar Challenge
5656:Photovoltaic keyboard
5586:PV system performance
5459:Perovskite solar cell
5257:Solar cell efficiency
5037:. 16 September 2013.
3668:on 15 September 2016.
3630:The Energy Collective
3375:Wind power by country
1679:
1671:
1301:, typically given in
1283:
1276:History of deployment
1139:
914:
720:international dollars
694:thin-film solar cells
333:In 1977 US-President
264:
201:
24:
6653:Technological change
6103:Individual producers
5811:Solar vehicle racing
5500:Solar micro-inverter
5429:Plasmonic solar cell
5274:Thin-film solar cell
5242:Photoelectric effect
4697:"Nyngan Solar Plant"
4229:. 24 December 2015.
4000:The Solar Generation
3782:. 30 September 2014.
3554:The Solar Generation
3528:"Crossing the Chasm"
1229:Utilization rate of
431:China (2015–present)
420:Renewable Energy Act
78:utility-scale plants
5699:Solar traffic light
5679:Solar-powered radio
5646:Solar-powered watch
5454:Printed solar panel
5289:Solar cell research
5055:. 23 December 2023.
4939:. 12 October 2014.
4802:GreenTechMedia.com
4118:Scientific American
4091:1954JAP....25..676C
1517:Pavagada Solar Park
1310:
1125:crystalline silicon
1077:energy payback time
921:crystalline silicon
690:crystalline silicon
410:Germany (2005–2014)
349:, originally named
320:Hoffman Electronics
159:alternating current
74:conventional energy
70:Million Solar Roofs
5735:The Quiet Achiever
5694:Solar street light
5641:Solar-powered pump
5414:Organic solar cell
5294:Thermophotovoltaic
5262:Quantum efficiency
4907:on 18 October 2014
4846:The New York Times
4821:greentechmedia.com
4783:greentechmedia.com
4758:greentechmedia.com
4720:CleanTechnica.com
4584:The New York Times
4444:. 21 November 2012
4410:pv.energytrend.com
4359:OurWorldInData.org
4144:The New York Times
3986:. 21 January 2016.
3800:. 6 September 2015
1717:
1674:
1388:Erlasee Solar Park
1308:
1294:
1149:
917:
652:315W - 320W Module
641:305W - 310W Module
616:275W - 280W (60P)
367:rooftop PV systems
267:
204:
135:Nameplate capacity
62:economies of scale
27:
6630:
6629:
6214:
6213:
6178:
6177:
6073:
6072:
5886:
5885:
5761:Mauro Solar Riser
5756:Electric aircraft
5689:Solar-powered fan
5594:
5593:
5485:Balance of system
5473:System components
5424:Hybrid solar cell
5384:
5383:
5345:Cadmium telluride
5020:, 2 December 2013
4965:ISE.Fraunhofer.de
4724:, 7 November 2013
4701:AGL Energy Online
4671:Solar Power World
4099:10.1063/1.1721711
3958:. 6 December 2023
3956:ember-climate.org
3316:
3315:
2606:
2605:
2551: Over 100 GW
2540:
2539:
2285:
2284:
1755:
1754:
1586:
1585:
1549:Midong Solar Park
1533:Bhadla Solar Park
1371:Bavaria Solarpark
1292:satellite imagery
1286:Bhadla Solar Park
1226:
1225:
1049:The U.S.-company
904:
903:
682:
681:
528:Price decline of
485:
484:
377:Japan (1997–2004)
6660:
6622:Renewable energy
6241:
6234:
6227:
6218:
6217:
6202:
6201:
6190:
6189:
6084:
6083:
5925:Building-mounted
5903:PV power station
5899:
5898:
5828:Solar challenges
5818:Solar car racing
5786:Solar Challenger
5776:Gossamer Penguin
5603:
5602:
5397:
5396:
5247:Solar irradiance
5227:
5226:
5209:
5202:
5195:
5186:
5185:
5171:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5111:
5092:
5083:
5082:
5080:
5078:
5063:
5057:
5056:
5049:
5043:
5042:
5027:
5021:
5014:
5008:
5002:
4996:
4990:
4984:
4983:
4981:
4979:
4973:
4962:
4954:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4934:
4926:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4912:
4906:
4895:
4887:
4881:
4874:
4868:
4867:
4866:. 29 April 2014.
4856:
4850:
4849:
4848:. 20 March 2013.
4838:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4827:
4813:
4807:
4800:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4789:
4775:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4764:
4750:
4744:
4743:
4731:
4725:
4718:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4707:
4693:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4682:
4662:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4651:
4636:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4625:
4619:
4612:
4604:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4590:
4572:
4566:
4565:, 3 January 2011
4559:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4543:
4535:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4521:
4506:
4500:
4498:
4480:
4460:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4449:
4432:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4421:
4402:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4391:
4377:
4368:
4366:
4351:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4329:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4318:
4307:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4296:
4284:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4265:. 5 January 2017
4255:
4249:
4248:
4241:
4235:
4234:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4206:
4192:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4166:
4160:
4154:
4148:
4147:
4135:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4124:
4109:
4103:
4102:
4074:
4068:
4067:
4056:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4032:
4026:
4021:
4015:
4014:
3994:
3988:
3987:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3948:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3863:
3855:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3838:
3827:
3819:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3779:Business Insider
3770:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3753:
3742:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3676:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3660:
3652:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3641:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3596:
3590:
3580:
3569:
3568:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3532:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3446:. BloombergNEF.
3434:
3428:
3427:
3422:. BloombergNEF.
3415:
3409:
3407:
3396:
3349:
3344:
3343:
3335:
3330:
3329:
2656:
2649:
2642:
2635:
2628:
2618:
2617:
2593:
2592:
2570:
2569:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2550:
2530:
2529:
2510:
2509:
2494:
2493:
2485:
2484:
2476:
2475:
2456:
2455:
2436:
2435:
2416:
2415:
2396:
2395:
2382:
2381:
2373:
2372:
2364:
2363:
2355:
2354:
2335:
2334:
2315:
2314:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2296: Over 10 GW
2295:
2277:
2276:
2268:
2267:
2250:
2249:
2241:
2240:
2221:
2220:
2205:
2204:
2196:
2195:
2187:
2186:
2169:
2168:
2160:
2159:
2146:
2145:
2137:
2136:
2128:
2127:
2119:
2118:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2094:
2093:
2085:
2084:
2069:
2068:
2060:
2059:
2051:
2050:
2035:
2034:
2026:
2025:
2017:
2016:
1999:
1998:
1990:
1989:
1976:
1975:
1967:
1966:
1958:
1957:
1949:
1948:
1933:
1932:
1924:
1923:
1915:
1914:
1901:
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1892:
1891:
1883:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1867:
1866:
1860:
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1819:
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1773:
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1767:
1765:
1737:
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1729:
1711:
1709:
1704:
1702:
1697:
1695:
1690:
1688:
1662:
1660:
1654:
1652:
1468:Topaz Solar Farm
1321:PV power station
1311:
1307:
1208:
1207:
1200:
1063:Topaz Solar Farm
986:
976:
966:
956:
946:
900:
881:
862:
843:
824:
805:
786:
767:
725:
724:
669:
658:
647:
636:
625:
611:
605:
602:M6 Mono-Si Cell
597:
591:
588:G1 Mono-Si Cell
583:
577:
566:
560:
541:
540:
525:
500:
480:
477:
471:
459:
458:
451:
68:in Germany, the
50:renewable energy
46:solar PV systems
6668:
6667:
6663:
6662:
6661:
6659:
6658:
6657:
6633:
6632:
6631:
6626:
6605:
6584:
6563:
6532:
6394:
6316:
6283:
6250:
6245:
6215:
6210:
6174:
6098:
6069:
5951:
5920:
5893:
5882:
5806:
5795:Water transport
5790:
5744:
5730:Solar golf cart
5703:
5661:Solar road stud
5590:
5544:System concepts
5539:
5468:
5391:
5380:
5359:
5313:
5218:
5213:
5169:
5125:
5120:
5119:
5109:
5107:
5106:on 22 June 2014
5094:
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4777:
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4752:
4751:
4747:
4740:The Denver Post
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4703:
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4556:
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4541:
4537:
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4519:
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4508:
4507:
4503:
4465:Research Policy
4461:
4457:
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4445:
4434:
4433:
4429:
4419:
4417:
4404:
4403:
4399:
4389:
4387:
4379:
4378:
4371:
4353:
4352:
4348:
4338:
4336:
4335:. 19 April 2017
4331:
4330:
4326:
4316:
4314:
4313:. 19 April 2017
4309:
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4294:
4292:
4285:
4278:
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4266:
4257:
4256:
4252:
4243:
4242:
4238:
4219:
4218:
4214:
4204:
4202:
4200:solarserver.com
4194:
4193:
4189:
4179:
4177:
4167:
4163:
4156:wise-paris.org
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2244:
2235:
2215:
2199:
2190:
2181:
2163:
2154:
2140:
2131:
2122:
2113:
2099:
2097:
2088:
2079:
2063:
2054:
2045:
2029:
2020:
2011:
1993:
1984:
1970:
1961:
1952:
1943:
1927:
1918:
1909:
1895:
1886:
1877:
1870:
1861:
1854:
1840:
1831:
1822:
1813:
1797:
1788:
1779:
1769:
1768:
1766: Over 1 GW
1763:
1762:
1756:
1751:
1738:
1734:
1724:
1712:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1699:
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1618:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1591:
1581:
1574:
1569:
1484:Longyangxia Dam
1331:
1278:
1258:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1231:solar PV module
1227:
1222:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1193:
1185:
1165:Siemens process
1134:
1089:a-Si technology
1070:
1043:CdTe technology
1010:CIGS technology
995:
994:
993:
992:
984:
982:
974:
972:
964:
962:
954:
952:
944:
909:
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822:
803:
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732:
667:
656:
645:
634:
623:
609:
603:
595:
589:
581:
575:
564:
558:
547:Price per Watt
539:
538:
537:
536:
535:
526:
517:
516:
515:
501:
490:
481:
475:
472:
469:
460:
456:
449:
433:
424:feed-in tariffs
412:
379:
324:Vanguard I
300:
259:
253:
229:capacity factor
196:
190:
173:capacity factor
155:capacity factor
132:
54:feed-in tariffs
33:(PV) increased
17:
12:
11:
5:
6666:
6656:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6628:
6627:
6625:
6624:
6619:
6610:
6607:
6606:
6604:
6603:
6598:
6592:
6590:
6586:
6585:
6583:
6582:
6577:
6571:
6569:
6565:
6564:
6562:
6561:
6556:
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6540:
6538:
6534:
6533:
6531:
6530:
6528:United Kingdom
6525:
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6410:
6404:
6402:
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6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
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6342:
6337:
6332:
6326:
6324:
6318:
6317:
6315:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6293:
6291:
6285:
6284:
6282:
6281:
6271:
6266:
6260:
6258:
6252:
6251:
6244:
6243:
6236:
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6212:
6211:
6209:
6208:
6196:
6183:
6180:
6179:
6176:
6175:
6173:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6140:Solar Frontier
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6115:Hanwha Q CELLS
6112:
6106:
6104:
6100:
6099:
6097:
6096:
6090:
6088:
6081:
6075:
6074:
6071:
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6062:
6060:United Kingdom
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5995:Czech Republic
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
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5959:
5953:
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5949:
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5814:
5812:
5808:
5807:
5805:
5804:
5798:
5796:
5792:
5791:
5789:
5788:
5783:
5781:Qinetiq Zephyr
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5752:
5750:
5746:
5745:
5743:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5711:
5709:
5708:Land transport
5705:
5704:
5702:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5635:
5633:Solar backpack
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5609:
5607:
5600:
5596:
5595:
5592:
5591:
5589:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5547:
5545:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5537:
5535:Synchronverter
5532:
5527:
5525:Solar shingles
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5495:Solar inverter
5492:
5487:
5482:
5476:
5474:
5470:
5469:
5467:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5405:
5403:
5394:
5386:
5385:
5382:
5381:
5379:
5378:
5373:
5367:
5365:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5321:
5319:
5315:
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5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5265:
5264:
5254:
5252:Solar constant
5249:
5244:
5239:
5233:
5231:
5224:
5220:
5219:
5212:
5211:
5204:
5197:
5189:
5183:
5182:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5124:
5123:External links
5121:
5118:
5117:
5084:
5058:
5044:
5022:
5009:
4997:
4985:
4949:
4918:
4882:
4869:
4864:Bloomberg News
4851:
4833:
4808:
4806:, 6 April 2013
4795:
4770:
4745:
4726:
4713:
4688:
4657:
4646:. 2 April 2015
4644:Solar Frontier
4631:
4596:
4576:Diane Cardwell
4567:
4554:
4527:
4501:
4471:(3): 647–665.
4455:
4427:
4397:
4385:PV EnergyTrend
4369:
4346:
4324:
4302:
4276:
4250:
4236:
4212:
4187:
4175:Clean Technica
4161:
4149:
4130:
4104:
4085:(5): 676–677.
4069:
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4027:
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4009:
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2307:
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2256:
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2233:
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2224:
2222:
2213:
2209:
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2197:
2188:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2161:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2138:
2129:
2120:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2104:
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2077:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2061:
2052:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2027:
2018:
2009:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1991:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1968:
1959:
1950:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1925:
1916:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1893:
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1868:
1852:
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1847:
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1807:
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1605:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1589:Growth by year
1587:
1584:
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1105:solar division
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1057:, such as the
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1022:Solar Frontier
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686:price per watt
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508:learning curve
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371:power stations
299:
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192:Main article:
189:
188:Current status
186:
184:after sunset.
131:
128:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6665:
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6648:Photovoltaics
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5749:Air transport
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5725:Solar roadway
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5237:Photovoltaics
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5007:, 12 May 2012
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4510:"Solar costs"
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4443:
4442:
4441:The Economist
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4406:"PriceQuotes"
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1389:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1359:United States
1358:
1356:Carrisa Plain
1355:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1345:United States
1344:
1341:
1338:
1337:
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1330:
1327:
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1262:
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1249:
1246:
1241:
1232:
1220:
1219:MediaWiki.org
1216:
1211:
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1197:
1192:
1180:
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1174:
1168:
1166:
1160:
1156:
1154:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1126:
1122:
1121:Suntech Power
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1103:divested its
1102:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
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1007:
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1004:
1000:
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970:
960:
950:
942:
936:
934:
930:
926:
922:
913:
897:
894:
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888:
886:United States
885:
884:
878:
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872:
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859:
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846:
840:
837:
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831:
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827:
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808:
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799:
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790:
789:
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771:
770:
764:
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758:
755:
752:
751:
745:
740:
735:
730:
727:
726:
723:
721:
716:
714:
710:
709:Swanson's law
705:
703:
699:
696:and for c-Si
695:
691:
687:
677:
672:
662:
661:
651:
650:
640:
639:
629:
628:
619:
615:
614:
601:
600:
587:
586:
573:
570:
569:
557:
554:
551:
550:
546:
543:
542:
534:
531:
524:
513:
512:photovoltaics
509:
505:
504:Swanson's law
499:
479:
467:
462:
453:
452:
444:
442:
438:
428:
425:
421:
417:
407:
404:
400:
395:
394:electric grid
391:
387:
383:
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368:
364:
360:
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344:
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336:
331:
329:
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317:
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304:United States
295:
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288:
284:
280:
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272:
271:United States
263:
258:
248:
245:
241:
236:
234:
233:South America
230:
226:
225:United States
222:
221:North America
218:
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185:
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174:
170:
166:
164:
160:
156:
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144:
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136:
127:
125:
121:
117:
116:Bloomberg NEF
113:
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102:
98:
94:
89:
85:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
42:
40:
36:
35:exponentially
32:
31:photovoltaics
23:
19:
6613:
6365:Saudi Arabia
6312:South Africa
6263:
6204:
6191:
6170:Yingli Solar
6150:Sungen Solar
6125:Motech Solar
6079:PV companies
6040:South Africa
5858:Solar Splash
5599:Applications
5530:Solar mirror
5390:Photovoltaic
5370:
5170:Presentation
5108:. Retrieved
5104:the original
5099:
5075:. Retrieved
5071:
5061:
5047:
5034:
5025:
5012:
5000:
4988:
4976:. Retrieved
4964:
4952:
4936:
4909:. Retrieved
4902:the original
4897:
4885:
4872:
4863:
4854:
4845:
4836:
4824:. Retrieved
4820:
4811:
4798:
4786:. Retrieved
4782:
4773:
4761:. Retrieved
4757:
4748:
4739:
4729:
4716:
4704:. Retrieved
4700:
4691:
4679:. Retrieved
4670:
4660:
4648:. Retrieved
4643:
4634:
4622:. Retrieved
4587:. Retrieved
4583:
4570:
4557:
4518:. Retrieved
4513:
4504:
4468:
4464:
4458:
4446:. Retrieved
4439:
4430:
4418:. Retrieved
4409:
4400:
4388:. Retrieved
4384:
4358:
4349:
4337:. Retrieved
4327:
4315:. Retrieved
4305:
4293:. Retrieved
4267:. Retrieved
4262:
4253:
4239:
4224:
4215:
4203:. Retrieved
4199:
4190:
4178:. Retrieved
4174:
4164:
4152:
4143:
4133:
4121:. Retrieved
4117:
4107:
4082:
4078:
4072:
4063:
4054:
4042:. Retrieved
4036:
4030:
4019:
3999:
3992:
3981:
3972:
3960:. Retrieved
3955:
3923:. Retrieved
3909:
3897:. Retrieved
3891:
3881:
3865:
3853:
3841:. Retrieved
3829:
3802:. Retrieved
3797:
3788:
3777:
3768:
3756:. Retrieved
3744:
3731:
3719:. Retrieved
3705:
3693:. Retrieved
3684:
3674:
3663:the original
3650:
3638:. Retrieved
3629:
3619:
3607:. Retrieved
3604:iea-pvps.org
3603:
3594:
3553:
3546:
3522:
3503:
3497:
3485:. Retrieved
3481:
3471:
3456:
3443:
3432:
3413:
3394:
2613:
1722:
1721:
1713:
1648:
1642:
1373:(Mühlhausen)
1314:
1295:
1263:
1259:
1250:
1245:solar module
1237:
1195:
1190:
1177:
1169:
1161:
1157:
1150:
1081:Abound Solar
996:
940:
928:
918:
717:
706:
701:
698:solar panels
684:The average
683:
675:
473:
465:
434:
413:
380:
350:
343:solar energy
335:Jimmy Carter
332:
326:, the first
301:
268:
237:
219:
209:
205:
167:
133:
109:
90:
86:
66:Energiewende
43:
39:niche market
28:
18:
6580:New Zealand
6513:Switzerland
6488:Netherlands
6370:South Korea
6165:Trina Solar
6110:First Solar
6050:Switzerland
6030:Netherlands
5868:Tour de Sol
5566:Fill factor
5505:Solar cable
5480:Solar panel
5401:Solar cells
5035:China Daily
4448:28 December
3962:23 December
3685:Energy Post
3436:2023 data:
1744:Phabricator
1681:Grid parity
1240:polysilicon
1215:Phabricator
1153:polysilicon
1141:Polysilicon
1101:OC Oerlikon
1051:First Solar
929:(see below)
925:polysilicon
848:South Korea
713:Moore's Law
604:(>21.7%)
590:(>21.7%)
533:solar cells
510:" of solar
363:calculators
308:Russell Ohl
289:. In 2015,
124:solar power
82:grid parity
6637:Categories
6087:By country
5957:By country
5892:Generation
5802:Solar boat
5651:Solar Tuki
5637:Solar tree
5623:Solar lamp
5606:Appliances
5230:Technology
5016:Europa.eu
4992:Europa.eu
4978:5 November
4911:12 October
4876:Wired.com
4826:27 January
4788:27 January
4763:27 January
4589:10 January
4478:1502.05274
4291:. BBC News
4269:22 January
4205:22 January
3893:TreeHugger
3695:30 October
3640:30 October
3386:References
2852:Ember data
1486:Solar Park
1290:Sentinel-2
476:March 2023
390:PV systems
337:installed
255:See also:
182:duck curve
169:Wind power
107:over 17%.
6575:Australia
6483:Lithuania
5965:Australia
5942:Solar Ark
5848:Solar Cup
5740:Sunmobile
5720:Solar car
5318:Materials
5110:7 January
4681:16 August
4624:31 August
4520:7 January
4514:irena.org
4495:154564641
4180:16 August
3758:7 October
3721:7 January
1561:Also see
1303:watt-peak
1097:ECD solar
1095:In 2012,
1073:Australia
1035:Nanosolar
753:Australia
422:in 2000,
414:In 2005,
316:c-silicon
312:Bell Labs
287:gigawatts
275:megawatts
244:Australia
149:(MW) and
120:terawatts
93:gigawatts
6614:Portals:
6498:Portugal
6433:Bulgaria
6380:Thailand
6360:Pakistan
6256:Overview
6193:Category
6155:Sunpower
6145:Solyndra
6120:JA Solar
6055:Thailand
5975:Bulgaria
5223:Concepts
5072:Electrek
5039:Archived
4969:Archived
4941:Archived
4898:SolarWeb
4675:Archived
4650:30 April
4615:Archived
4546:Archived
4414:Archived
4363:Archived
4361:. 2023.
4339:19 April
4317:19 April
4231:Archived
4044:2 August
3925:16 March
3899:16 March
3870:Archived
3834:Archived
3830:epia.org
3749:Archived
3689:Archived
3634:Archived
3535:Archived
3448:Archived
3444:BNEF.com
3424:Archived
3404:Archived
3319:See also
1329:Capacity
1319:Name of
1299:capacity
1031:Solyndra
1003:multi-Si
989:multi-Si
736:$ / kWh
674:Source:
576:(≥20.0%)
559:(≥18.6%)
553:Multi-Si
345:and the
151:gigawatt
147:megawatt
143:kilowatt
139:prefixed
6568:Oceania
6549:Jamaica
6523:Ukraine
6503:Romania
6473:Hungary
6463:Germany
6453:Finland
6448:Denmark
6428:Belarus
6423:Belgium
6418:Armenia
6413:Austria
6408:Albania
6355:Myanmar
6335:Georgia
6307:Somalia
6302:Morocco
6297:Algeria
6278:exports
6205:Commons
6160:Suntech
6035:Romania
6005:Germany
5970:Belgium
5894:systems
5364:History
5175:YouTube
5096:"Title"
5077:18 June
4706:18 June
4420:26 June
4390:13 July
4295:27 June
4263:Reuters
4226:Reuters
4123:31 July
4087:Bibcode
4064:aps.org
3983:Reuters
3843:12 June
3804:17 June
3798:eia.gov
3747:. IEA.
3745:iea.org
3487:29 June
2662:BP data
1746:and on
1655:
1392:Germany
1376:Germany
1325:Country
1238:As the
1217:and on
999:mono-Si
979:mono-Si
810:Germany
731:$ / kW
728:Country
678:
572:Mono-Si
466:updated
416:Germany
359:watches
283:Germany
240:Oceania
6617:Energy
6596:Brazil
6554:Mexico
6544:Canada
6518:Turkey
6493:Poland
6468:Greece
6458:France
6438:Cyprus
6400:Europe
6375:Taiwan
6345:Israel
6289:Africa
6010:Greece
6000:France
5980:Canada
5392:system
5100:bp.com
4516:. 2023
4493:
4007:
3609:10 May
3561:
3510:
3306:1061.7
3300:1310.0
3280:1047.1
2648:growth
2646:% cap.
2602:
2579:
2549:
2294:
1764:
1708:
1701:
1694:
1687:
1659:
1651:
1424:Canada
1113:DuPont
987:
985:
977:
975:
971:(0.8%)
967:
965:
961:(0.1%)
957:
955:
951:(4.1%)
947:
945:
791:France
741:$ /kWh
666:$ 0.20
655:$ 0.19
644:$ 0.24
633:$ 0.18
622:$ 0.17
618:Module
608:$ 0.10
594:$ 0.09
580:$ 0.09
563:$ 0.07
145:(kW),
101:Greece
6601:Chile
6508:Spain
6478:Italy
6443:Czech
6390:Yemen
6350:Japan
6340:India
6330:China
6135:Sharp
6045:Spain
6025:Japan
6020:Italy
6015:India
5990:China
5985:Chile
4972:(PDF)
4961:(PDF)
4944:(PDF)
4933:(PDF)
4905:(PDF)
4894:(PDF)
4618:(PDF)
4611:(PDF)
4549:(PDF)
4542:(PDF)
4491:S2CID
4473:arXiv
3873:(PDF)
3862:(PDF)
3837:(PDF)
3826:(PDF)
3752:(PDF)
3741:(PDF)
3666:(PDF)
3659:(PDF)
3538:(PDF)
3531:(PDF)
3381:Notes
3286:872.5
3266:728.1
3260:846.9
3246:595.8
3240:702.8
3226:492.6
3220:572.2
3206:396.4
3200:444.6
3186:301.3
3180:328.0
3166:229.1
3160:255.8
3146:180.8
3140:198.0
3126:141.4
3120:131.8
3106:104.2
2627:(TWh)
2621:Year
1556:3500
1553:China
1540:2245
1537:India
1524:2050
1521:India
1508:1547
1505:China
1489:China
1440:China
1408:Spain
1395:11.4
991:(13%)
981:(82%)
895:0.235
892:0.058
889:1,119
876:0.348
873:0.046
867:Spain
857:0.482
854:0.074
851:1,338
838:0.376
835:0.037
829:India
819:0.401
816:0.080
800:0.423
797:0.062
794:1,157
781:0.331
778:0.037
772:China
762:0.453
759:0.041
748:down
574:Cell
437:China
382:Japan
291:China
279:Japan
215:China
105:Chile
97:Spain
44:When
6322:Asia
5179:UNSW
5112:2024
5079:2021
4980:2014
4913:2014
4828:2016
4790:2016
4765:2016
4708:2015
4683:2014
4652:2015
4626:2014
4591:2013
4522:2024
4450:2012
4422:2014
4392:2020
4341:2017
4319:2017
4297:2017
4271:2017
4207:2017
4182:2016
4125:2014
4046:2013
4005:ISBN
3964:2023
3927:2017
3920:CNBC
3901:2017
3845:2014
3806:2018
3760:2014
3723:2024
3715:BNEF
3697:2014
3642:2014
3611:2020
3559:ISBN
3508:ISBN
3489:2014
3312:14%
3303:4.57
3297:2022
3292:14%
3283:3.74
3277:2021
3272:13%
3263:3.20
3257:2020
3252:13%
3243:2.65
3237:2019
3232:13%
3223:2.19
3217:2018
3212:13%
3203:1.77
3197:2017
3192:12%
3183:1.34
3177:2016
3172:13%
3163:1.08
3157:2015
3152:13%
3143:0.84
3137:2014
3132:11%
3123:0.57
3117:2013
3112:11%
3103:0.43
3100:96.0
3097:2012
3092:10%
3086:73.9
3083:0.29
3080:63.1
3077:2011
3066:41.6
3063:0.15
3060:32.1
3057:2010
3046:23.6
3043:0.10
3040:19.6
3037:2009
3026:15.3
3023:0.06
3020:11.7
3017:2008
3003:0.04
2997:2007
2983:0.03
2977:2006
2963:0.02
2957:2005
2943:0.02
2937:2004
2932:10%
2923:0.01
2917:2003
2912:11%
2903:0.01
2897:2002
2892:11%
2883:0.01
2877:2001
2872:10%
2864:0.01
2858:2000
2833:1999
2815:1998
2797:1997
2780:1996
2764:1995
2748:1994
2732:1993
2716:1992
2700:1991
2684:1990
2668:1989
2655:fac.
2653:Cap.
2641:(GW)
2639:Cap.
2634:gen.
2584:2017
2561:2021
2521:2010
2501:2011
2467:2013
2447:2016
2427:2017
2407:2018
2387:2019
2346:2020
2326:2021
2306:2022
2259:2004
2232:2008
2212:2009
2178:2010
2151:2011
2110:2012
2076:2013
2042:2014
2008:2015
1981:2016
1940:2017
1906:2018
1851:2019
1810:2020
1776:2021
1632:2023
1629:2018
1626:2014
1623:2010
1620:2006
1617:2002
1565:and
1545:2024
1529:2020
1513:2019
1497:2016
1492:850
1480:2015
1475:550
1464:2014
1459:290
1448:2012
1443:200
1432:2011
1416:2010
1400:2008
1384:2006
1379:6.3
1367:2005
1362:5.6
1353:1985
1342:Lugo
1339:1982
1315:Year
1061:and
1001:and
969:CIGS
959:a-Si
949:CdTe
899:-75%
880:-87%
861:-85%
842:-90%
823:-80%
804:-85%
785:-89%
766:-91%
743:2010
738:2022
733:2022
556:Cell
530:c-Si
403:INES
369:and
302:The
269:The
211:Asia
103:and
6385:UAE
6130:REC
5173:on
4483:doi
4095:doi
3309:22%
3289:20%
3269:22%
3249:21%
3229:24%
3209:32%
3189:32%
3169:27%
3149:28%
3129:36%
3109:41%
3089:78%
3072:9%
3069:76%
3052:9%
3049:55%
3032:9%
3029:70%
3012:9%
3009:38%
3006:9.0
3000:7.2
2992:9%
2989:31%
2986:6.5
2980:5.3
2972:9%
2969:44%
2966:5.0
2960:3.9
2952:9%
2949:46%
2946:3.4
2940:2.8
2929:28%
2926:2.4
2920:2.1
2909:24%
2906:1.8
2900:1.7
2889:20%
2886:1.5
2880:1.4
2867:1.2
2861:1.1
2844:43%
2841:0.8
2836:0.9
2826:34%
2823:0.6
2818:0.8
2808:37%
2805:0.4
2800:0.7
2788:0.3
2783:0.7
2767:0.6
2751:0.6
2735:0.6
2719:0.5
2703:0.5
2687:0.4
2671:0.3
2625:Gen
1612:500
1609:400
1606:300
1603:200
1600:100
1427:97
1411:60
1145:ASP
870:778
832:640
813:996
775:715
756:923
310:at
165:.
6639::
6065:US
5098:.
5087:^
5070:.
5033:.
4963:.
4935:.
4921:^
4896:.
4862:.
4844:.
4819:.
4781:.
4756:.
4738:.
4699:.
4673:.
4669:.
4642:.
4599:^
4582:.
4530:^
4512:.
4489:.
4481:.
4469:45
4467:.
4438:.
4412:.
4408:.
4383:.
4372:^
4357:.
4279:^
4261:.
4223:.
4198:.
4173:.
4142:.
4116:.
4093:.
4083:25
4081:.
4062:.
3980:.
3954:.
3935:^
3918:.
3890:.
3864:.
3828:.
3814:^
3796:.
3776:.
3743:.
3713:.
3687:.
3683:.
3632:.
3628:.
3602:.
3589:.
3585:,
3573:^
3480:.
3442:.
1580:DC
1578:MW
1573:AC
1348:1
1333:MW
1167:.
1117:BP
1115:,
1068:AC
704:.
361:,
99:,
84:.
6280:)
6276:(
6240:e
6233:t
6226:v
5208:e
5201:t
5194:v
5114:.
5081:.
4982:.
4915:.
4830:.
4792:.
4767:.
4742:.
4710:.
4685:.
4654:.
4628:.
4593:.
4524:.
4497:.
4485::
4475::
4452:.
4424:.
4394:.
4343:.
4321:.
4299:.
4273:.
4247:.
4209:.
4184:.
4146:.
4127:.
4101:.
4097::
4089::
4066:.
4048:.
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