1337:
1326:
812:
941:
773:, the Guangxu Emperor wanted to leave the capital and go to the front lines to personally take command of the troops, but he was talked out of it by his advisors. The emperor met with a German military advisor to the Qing navy, Constantin von Hanneken, who had been present at the battle of the Yalu River, to learn what exactly happened. He also signed edicts calling for the execution of generals who were defeated. In February 1895, as peace negotiations with the Japanese were underway, the Guangxu Emperor spoke with his top negotiator before he met with the Japanese, Li Hongzhang, and allegedly told him during their conversation that China needed large scale reforms.
870:
2904:
1898:
1284:
785:, the Guangxu Emperor reportedly expressed his wish to abdicate. In April 1895, after the Treaty of Shimonoseki was negotiated and signed, but before its ratification by the Qing government, its terms were publicized. Government bureaucrats throughout the empire urged the imperial court to reject it and continue fighting. The Emperor did not want to take responsibility for ratifying the treaty, and neither did the Empress Dowager, who may have wanted to use the defeat against Japan to undermine his influence. He tried to shift the responsibility in an edict by asking two officials,
1221:
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1134:
1200:
709:
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nation. However, this movement was immediately suppressed by the conservative forces led by Cixi, resulting in his confinement and loss of political power and personal freedom until his untimely death. His tragic fate is rare among emperors. Although historians do not deny the failures and limitations during his reign, he is still regarded as a relatively progressive and enlightened monarch of the dynasty. His image in historical research and literary works is also mostly positive.
858:, but also came into conflict with Cixi, who held real power. Many officials, deemed useless and dismissed by the Guangxu Emperor, begged her for help. Although Cixi did nothing to stop the Hundred Days' Reform from taking place, she knew the only way to secure her power base was to stage a military coup. The Guangxu Emperor became aware of such a plan, so he asked Kang Youwei and his reformist allies to plan his rescue. They decided to use the help of
42:
666:
1305:
466:
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1912:
1926:
1104:. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, historian Fan Wenlan (范文瀾) called the Guangxu Emperor "a Manchu noble who could accept Western ideas". Some historians believe that the Guangxu Emperor was the first Chinese leader to implement modernizing reforms and capitalism. Imperial power in the Qing dynasty saw its
1380:(better known as the "Pearl Consort"). Rumours allege that in 1900, Consort Zhen was drowned by being thrown into a well on Cixi's order after she begged Empress Dowager Cixi to let the Guangxu Emperor stay in Beijing for negotiations with the foreign powers. That incident happened when the Imperial Family was preparing to leave the
582:
enduring many hardships and sorrows. Even after he reached adulthood and began his personal rule, Cixi was unwilling to relinquish her control over state power, making him continue to be a puppet, unable to enjoy the majesty and power of a monarch. During his reign, the Qing dynasty became increasingly impoverished and weak. The
843:. The Guangxu Emperor issued decrees allowing the establishment of a modern university in Beijing, the construction of the Lu-Han railway, and a system of budgets similar to that of Western governments. The initial goal was to make China a modern constitutional empire, but still within the traditional framework, as with Japan's
951:
The emperor was kept informed of state affairs, reading them with Cixi prior to audiences, and was also present at audiences, sitting on a stool to Cixi's left hand while Cixi occupied the main throne. He discharged his ceremonial duties, such as offering sacrifices during ceremonies, but never ruled
594:
followed one after another, causing the dynasty to cede territory and pay indemnities, losing sovereignty and humiliating the nation, leaving the people in misery. Seeing the country’s decline, Guangxu allied with intellectuals to launch the
Hundred Days’ Reform, attempting to save and rejuvenate the
581:
The emperor’s life was turbulent and full of hardships. He was not originally the heir to the throne but was forcibly elevated after
Emperor Tongzhi died without an heir. From a young age, he was forced to leave his home and enter the palace, where he was strictly controlled and disciplined by Cixi,
780:
to Cixi for her approval. Eventually, two sets of Grand
Council memoranda were created, one for the emperor and the other for the empress dowager, a practice that continued until it was rendered unnecessary by the events in the autumn of 1898. Following the Qing Empire's defeat and forced agreement
1023:
The
Guangxu Emperor died on 14 November 1908, a day before Cixi's death, at the age of 37. For a long time, there were several theories about the emperor's death, none of which was accepted fully by historians. Most were inclined to believe that Cixi, herself very ill, poisoned the Guangxu Emperor
557:
and the two
Empress Dowagers, thereby inheriting the throne. During the early years of his reign, the two dowagers jointly handled state affairs. As Ci’an died in 1881, Cixi continued to act as the sole regent. In 1889, Guangxu got married and announced his personal rule. After the failure of the
652:
In 1881, when the
Guangxu Emperor was nine, Empress Dowager Ci'an died unexpectedly, leaving Empress Dowager Cixi as sole regent for the boy. In Weng's diaries during those days, Guangxu was reportedly seen with swollen eyes, had poor concentration and was seeking consolation from Weng. Weng too
1352:, who was two years his senior. Jingfen's father, Guixiang (Cixi's younger brother), and Cixi selected her to be the Guangxu Emperor's wife in order to strengthen the power of their own family. After the marriage, Jingfen was made empress and was granted the honorific title of "Longyu" (
642:, therefore he is known as the "Guangxu Emperor". He was adopted by Empress Dowager Cixi and Ci'an. Cixi remained as regent under the title "Holy Mother, Empress Dowager" (聖母皇太后) while her co-regent Empress Dowager Ci'an was called "Mother Empress, Empress Dowager" (母后皇太后).
627:'s sons to be the next emperor, but was overruled by her co-regent, Empress Dowager Cixi. Instead, Cixi nominated Zaitian (her nephew) and the imperial clan eventually agreed with her choice because Zaitian was younger than other adoptable children of the same generation.
900:
was supposed to take place, Yuan Shikai revealed everything to Ronglu, exposing the
Guangxu Emperor's plans. This gained Yuan Shikai the trust of Cixi, as well as the status of a lifetime enemy of the Guangxu Emperor as well as the emperor's younger half-brother,
828:, aimed at a series of sweeping political, legal and social changes. For a brief time, after Cixi's supposed retirement, the Guangxu Emperor issued edicts for a massive number of far-reaching modernizing reforms with the help of more progressive officials such as
823:
Following the war and the scramble for concessions, the
Guangxu Emperor came to believe that by learning from constitutional monarchies like Japan, the Qing Empire would become more politically and economically powerful. In June 1898, the emperor began the
760:
over influence in Korea. The
Emperor was reportedly eager for the war against Japan and became associated with the pro-war faction in the imperial court, which believed that China would easily win. This was in contrast to the Empress Dowager and Viceroy
649:, who had also been involved in the disastrous upbringing of the Tongzhi Emperor yet somehow managed to be exonerated of all possible charges. Weng instilled in the Guangxu Emperor a duty of filial piety toward the Empress Dowagers Cixi and Ci'an.
1049:
On 4 November 2008, forensic tests revealed that the level of arsenic in the emperor's remains was 2,000 times higher than that of ordinary people. Scientists concluded that the poison could only have been administered in a high dose at one time.
1045:
poisoning. To dispel persistent rumours that the emperor had been poisoned, the Qing imperial court produced documents and doctors' records suggesting that the
Guangxu Emperor died from natural causes, but these did not allay suspicion.
619:, died without a son to succeed him. Breaking the imperial convention that a new emperor must always be of a generation after that of the previous emperor, candidates were considered from the generation of the Tongzhi Emperor.
808:, prompting a "scramble for concessions" by other foreign powers. After this incident, the emperor wrote an edict in December 1897 that asked bureaucrats with military knowledge to recommend reforms that could be made.
1034:, who speculated that Cixi might have known of her imminent death and worried that the Guangxu Emperor would continue his reforms after her death. Another theory is that the Guangxu Emperor was poisoned by
2405:
688:
Eventually, in February 1889, in preparation for Cixi's retirement, the Guangxu Emperor was married. Much to the emperor's dislike, Cixi selected her niece, Jingfen, to be empress. She became known as
1007:, which had been a childhood fascination, some say in an effort to pass the time until Cixi's death. He also read widely and spent time learning English from Cixi's Western-educated lady-in-waiting,
749:
The Guangxu Emperor, while growing up, apparently had been instilled with the importance of frugality. In 1892, he tried to implement a series of draconian measures to reduce expenditures by the
988:
is still preserved in U.S. government archives. On 14 August 1900, the Guangxu Emperor, along with Cixi, Empress Longyu and some other court officials, fled from Beijing as the forces of the
681:, had petitioned Empress Dowager Cixi to postpone her retirement from the regency. Despite Cixi's agreement to remain as regent, by 1886 the Guangxu Emperor had begun to write comments on
753:, which proved to be one of his few administrative successes. But it was only a partial victory, as he had to approve higher expenditures than he would have liked to meet Cixi's needs.
746:
and in response to revolts in the Yangtze River valley that were targeting Christian missionaries, the emperor issued an edict ordering Christians to be placed under state protection.
948:
The Guangxu Emperor's duties after 1898 became rather limited. The emperor was effectively removed from power as emperor (despite keeping the title), but he did retain some status.
1041:
The medical records kept by the Guangxu Emperor's physician show the emperor suffered from "spells of violent stomachaches" and that his face had turned blue, typical symptoms of
793:, to give a recommendation on whether to ratify the treaty, because they had told him that the Chinese army was capable of achieving victory. Eventually, the emperor ratified it.
3096:
2997:
1038:, who knew that if the emperor were to come to power again, Yuan would likely be executed for treason. There were no reliable sources to prove who murdered the Guangxu Emperor.
727:
Even after the Guangxu Emperor began formal rule, Empress Dowager Cixi continued to influence his decisions and actions, despite residing several months of the year at the
905:. Following the exposure of the plot, the emperor and empress dowager met, and the emperor retreated to the Yingtai Pavilion, a palace on a lake that is now part of the
999:
Returning to the capital in January 1902, after the withdrawal of the foreign powers, the Guangxu Emperor spent the next few years working in his isolated palace with
559:
912:
Lei Chia-sheng (雷家聖), a Taiwanese history professor, proposes an alternative view: that the Guangxu Emperor might have been led into a trap by the reformists led by
3091:
2409:
575:
893:, stationed in the Beijing metropolitan area. Armed with more advanced firearms and artillery, they sided with Cixi's conservative faction during the coup.
1066:
657:
often abused their influence over the boy emperor. The Guangxu Emperor had also reportedly begun to hold some audiences on his own as an act of necessity.
2244:
776:
During the war, even though the Guangxu Emperor was nominally the sovereign ruler of the Qing Empire, officials often ignored him and instead sent their
735:
sought Cixi's advice. In fact, the emperor often journeyed to the Summer Palace to pay his respects to his aunt and to discuss state affairs with her.
1336:
1325:
738:
In March 1891, the Guangxu Emperor received the foreign ministers to China at an audience in the "Pavilion of Purple Light", in what is now part of
685:. In the spring of 1887, he partook in his first field-plowing ceremony, and by the end of the year he had begun to rule under Cixi's supervision.
2961:
3081:
2539:
2503:
553:'s death in 1874, he was supported by the two Empress Dowagers (Ci'an and Cixi) to succeed the throne, being adopted at the age of three by
2993:
765:, who both wanted to reach a peaceful resolution. In September 1894, after the Chinese land and naval forces suffered major defeats at the
731:. Weng Tonghe reportedly observed that while the emperor attended to day-to-day state affairs, in more difficult cases the emperor and the
2437:
3086:
2652:
932:
of China. Lei claims that Cixi learned of the plot and decided to put an end to it to prevent China from coming under foreign control.
653:
expressed his concern that Cixi was the one who had been suffering from chronic ill health, not Ci'an. During this time, the imperial
563:
2525:
1954:
1251:
673:
In 1887, the Guangxu Emperor was old enough to begin to rule in his own right, but the previous year, several courtiers, including
2489:
3061:
2773:
2647:
2517:
2068:
Kwong, Luke S.K. A Mosaic of the Hundred Days: Personalities, Politics and Ideas of 1898 (Harvard University Press, 1984), p. 45
3066:
3056:
3051:
1939:
959:, the Guangxu Emperor's health began to decline, prompting Cixi to name Pujun, a son of the emperor's cousin, the reactionary
3111:
2977:
2666:
2605:
2586:
638:, so as to maintain the father-son succession law. He ascended to the throne at the age of four and adopted "Guangxu" as his
574:
poisoning at Yingtai. He reigned for 34 years, dying at the age of 38 without leaving any descendants, and was buried in the
3121:
2949:
2945:
2782:
2733:
2458:
811:
49:
2312:
3101:
2937:
978:, Emperor Guangxu fiercely opposed the idea of using usurpers as a means to counter foreign invasion. His letter to then
483:
2278:
3116:
700:, to be the emperor's concubines. The following week, with the Guangxu Emperor married, Cixi retired from the regency.
3071:
2903:
2621:
Hudson, James J. "A Game of Thrones in China: The Case of Cixi, Empress Dowager of the Qing Dynasty (1835–1908)." in
2322:
2288:
1620:
1372:) after the death of her husband. However, the Guangxu Emperor detested his wife and spent most of his time with his
1077:
1392:, the Guangxu Emperor died without issue. After his death in 1908, Empress Dowager Longyu ruled in cooperation with
2941:
2933:
2677:
940:
770:
530:
but was abruptly stopped when the Empress Dowager launched a coup in 1898, after which he was held under virtual
2364:
Correspondence Respecting the Affairs of China, Presented to Both Houses of Parliament by Command of Her Majesty
2280:
Chronique du Toumet-Ortos: looking through the lens of Joseph Van Oost, missionary in Inner Mongolia (1915–1921)
3046:
1430:
982:
693:
364:
2973:
750:
378:
479:
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732:
1108:
under Guangxu, and he was the only Qing emperor to have been put under house arrest during his own reign.
3076:
2766:
855:
742:, something that had also been done by the Tongzhi Emperor in 1873. That summer, under pressure from the
587:
2598:
Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928
1994:
1272:
1209:
1185:
869:
815:
This photograph was labelled as being of the Guangxu Emperor, though some believe this may actually be
766:
1100:
praised the Guangxu Emperor for his educational reform package that allowed China to learn more about
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1141:
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2019:
1293:
1230:
925:
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620:
87:
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1944:
956:
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527:
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2969:
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2434:
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1406:
1349:
1330:
1062:
777:
689:
682:
170:
2314:
Han-Mongol encounters and missionary endeavors: a history of Scheut in Ordos (Hetao) 1874–1911
2953:
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2913:
1385:
989:
782:
2266:. Harbin: Publishing house of the headquarters of the Zaamur district of the border service.
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523:
308:
92:
8:
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1344:
The Guangxu Emperor had one empress and two consorts in total. The emperor was forced by
1314:
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604:
591:
538:
334:
330:
118:
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1133:
963:, as heir presumptive. Pujun and his father were removed from their positions after the
1535:
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985:
232:
157:
1069:, ending two thousand years of imperial rule in China. Longyu died childless in 1913.
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The emperor and the Qing government faced further humiliation in late 1897 when the
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changed the dynastic name to "Great Qing" in 1636 and claimed the title of emperor.
2729:
1931:
1503:
1247:
1058:
1015:, Cixi's niece (and the Emperor's own first cousin), also improved to some extent.
967:. He was examined by a physician at the French Legation and diagnosed with chronic
851:
850:
The reforms, however, were not only too sudden for a China still under significant
639:
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608:
554:
511:
401:
992:
marched on the capital to relieve the legations that had been besieged during the
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2826:
2722:
2640:
2441:
1949:
1477:
1389:
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1101:
993:
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into agreeing to appoint Itō as one of many foreign advisors. British ambassador
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616:
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473:
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264:
254:
Tongtian Chongyun Dazhong Zhizheng Jingwen Weiwu Renxiao Ruizhi Duanjian Kuanqin
244:
223:
204:
67:
22:
2392:, pp. 69–70 (New York: Moffat Yard & Company, 1911), accessed June 25, 2013
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2816:
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1061:"Xuantong". In January 1912, the Guangxu Emperor's consort, who had become
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320:
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141:
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and the underground palace (burial chamber) is now open to the public.
1053:
The Guangxu Emperor was succeeded by Cixi's choice as heir, his nephew
886:
1024:
because she was afraid he would reverse her policies after her death.
862:, who had a modernized army, albeit only 6,000-strong. Cixi relied on
2390:
Two Years in the Forbidden City, (New York: Moffat Yard & Company
1373:
968:
897:
786:
2579:
The Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895: Perceptions, Power, and Primacy
801:
570:, completely losing his ruling power. In November 1908, he died of
1080:
funded the construction of the Guangxu Emperor's mausoleum in the
41:
2802:
2630:
The last emperors: A social history of Qing imperial institutions
1785:
1205:
1042:
916:, who in turn was in Lei's opinion tricked by British missionary
890:
665:
571:
344:
315:
303:
145:
122:
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1031:
863:
654:
2118:
Dragon Lady: the Life and Legend of the Last Empress of China
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1004:
1000:
960:
2394:
http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/DerYear.html
928:
claimed that the reformists had actually "much injured" the
630:
Zaitian was named heir and successor to his late uncle, the
2893:
2743:
2149:
2147:
1415:(葉赫那拉氏; 28 January 1868 – 22 February 1913), personal name
1340:
The wedding of the Guangxu Emperor and Empress Xiaodingjing
1054:
692:. She also selected a pair of sisters, who became Consorts
77:
21:"Kwang-su" redirects here. For the Korean given name, see
2462:
2317:. Leuven, Belgium: Leuven University Press. p. 514.
2283:. Leuven, Belgium: Leuven University Press. p. 203.
598:
2213:
2183:
2171:
2144:
2132:
2797:
Later Jin rulers posthumously regarded as Qing emperors
2435:
Reformist Emperor Guangxu was Poisoned, Study Confirms"
839:
Changes ranged from infrastructure to industry and the
522:. His reign was largely dominated by his maternal aunt
499:(14 August 1871 – 14 November 1908), also known by his
3097:
Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint James of the Sword
2245:"Guangxu Emperor 光緒帝 China 19th Century illustration"
971:; he was also discovered to be impotent at the time.
645:
Beginning in 1876, the Guangxu Emperor was taught by
441:
427:
413:
2225:
2159:
1893:
2270:
2264:Materials on Manchuria, Mongolia, China and Japan
660:
541:(a son of the Daoguang Emperor), and his mother,
3008:
2781:
2310:
935:
3092:Grand Crosses of the Order of Christ (Portugal)
2094:
2092:
221:Guangxu (光緒): 6 February 1875 – 21 January 1909
2448:. 3 November 2008. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
634:, rather than his cousin and predecessor, the
2767:
2459:"Arsenic killed Chinese emperor, reports say"
2406:"Arsenic killed Chinese emperor, reports say"
1995:"Arsenic killed Chinese emperor, reports say"
1178:Sovereign of the Order of the Peacock Feather
383:
369:
2379:力挽狂瀾：戊戌政變新探 , Taipei: Wanjuan lou 萬卷樓, 2004.
2261:
2089:
944:Portrait of the Guangxu Emperor in his study
615:. On 12 January 1875, Zaitian's cousin, the
2625:(Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2020) pp. 3–27.
2600:. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
2484:"Liste des Membres de l'Ordre de Léopold",
2338:
1357:
955:In 1898, shortly after the collapse of the
756:The summer of 1894 saw the outbreak of the
2774:
2760:
2538:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2502:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2276:
2262:Baranov, Alexey Mikhailovich (1905–1910).
1438:(他他拉氏; 6 October 1873 – 24 September 1924)
1181:Sovereign of the Order of the Blue Feather
1132:
873:Portrait of Emperor Guangxu. Illustration.
518:, and the ninth Qing emperor to rule over
40:
1450:(他他拉氏; 27 February 1876 – 15 August 1900)
2653:United States Government Printing Office
2347:Forty-five Years in China: Reminiscences
1384:due to the occupation of Beijing by the
1335:
1324:
939:
868:
810:
707:
664:
562:in 1898, he was confined by Cixi in the
2562:(in Japanese). 明治聖徳記念学会紀要. p. 149.
1329:The wedding of the Guangxu Emperor and
484:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
3009:
2635:
2595:
2488:(in French), Bruxelles, 1899, p.
2408:. CNN. 4 November 2008. Archived from
2231:
1940:Family tree of Chinese monarchs (late)
1691:
1687:
1677:
1578:
1468:
1464:
599:Accession to the throne and upbringing
537:Emperor Guangxu was the second son of
443:
3082:Chinese people of the Boxer Rebellion
2755:
2576:
2429:
2427:
2377:Liwan kuanglan: Wuxu zhengbian xintan
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1508:
1502:
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2648:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period
2552:
1973:First cousin of the Guangxu Emperor.
2623:Queenship and the Women of Westeros
2524:(in German), Berlin, 1895, p.
2045:"Guangxu | emperor of Qing dynasty"
1388:in 1900. Like his predecessor, the
920:and former Japanese prime minister
800:used the murders of two priests in
59:25 February 1875 – 14 November 1908
13:
3087:Grand Crosses of the Order of Aviz
2632:(Univ of California Press, 1998).
2615:
2424:
2366:(London, 1899.3), No. 401, p. 303.
603:The emperor was the second son of
16:Emperor of China from 1875 to 1908
14:
3138:
2660:
2522:Königlich Preussische Ordensliste
1621:Imperial Noble Consort Zhuangshun
1084:. The tomb was robbed during the
877:Ronglu also had an ally, General
703:
335:Prince Chunxian of the First Rank
2902:
2671:
1924:
1910:
1896:
1348:to marry her niece (his cousin)
1303:
1282:
1261:
1240:
1219:
1198:
854:influence and other elements of
464:
140:Hanyuan Temple, Yingtai Island,
2570:
2546:
2510:
2477:
2451:
2398:
2382:
2369:
2357:
2304:
2255:
2237:
2204:
2195:
2123:
1967:
182:
3062:20th-century murdered monarchs
2581:. Cambridge University Press.
2110:
2101:
2080:
2071:
2062:
2037:
2012:
1987:
1431:Imperial Noble Consort Wenjing
881:, who commanded 10,000 Muslim
661:Taking over the reins of power
442:
428:
414:
384:
370:
1:
3067:20th-century murders in China
3057:20th-century Chinese monarchs
3052:19th-century Chinese monarchs
2962:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms
2596:Rhoads, Edward J. M. (2000).
1980:
1443:Imperial Noble Consort Keshun
936:Under house arrest after 1898
885:, including generals such as
751:Imperial Household Department
202:Aisin-Gioro Zaitian (愛新覺羅·載湉)
3112:Emperors of the Qing dynasty
1250:: Knight Grand Cross of the
1091:
669:Guangxu in Imperial clothing
7:
3122:Deaths by arsenic poisoning
2734:Emperor of the Qing dynasty
1889:
1675:Guangxu Emperor (1871–1908)
1454:
588:the First Sino-Japanese War
578:of the Western Qing Tombs.
545:Wanzhen, was the sister of
526:. He initiated the radical
50:Emperor of the Qing dynasty
10:
3143:
3102:Murdered emperors of China
2528:– via hathitrust.org
2492:– via hathitrust.org
1689:
1572:
1466:
1273:Order of the Chrysanthemum
1186:Order of the Double Dragon
1111:
623:suggested choosing one of
227:
20:
3117:Unsolved murders in China
2911:
2900:
2793:
2740:
2727:
2719:
2714:
2686:
2311:Patrick Taveirne (2004).
1827:
1808:
1804:
1796:
1768:
1749:
1741:
1716:
1697:
1693:
1658:
1639:
1631:
1603:
1584:
1580:
1544:
1522:
1514:
1486:
1470:
1367:auspicious and prosperous
1353:
1320:
1160:
1152:
1140:
1131:
1118:
1065:, placed her seal on the
607:, and his primary spouse
456:
435:
421:
407:
400:
395:
391:
377:
363:
359:
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220:
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196:
192:
164:
151:
128:
103:
99:
83:
73:
63:
55:
48:
39:
30:
3072:Child monarchs from Asia
2486:Almanach Royale Belgique
2024:www.travelchinaguide.com
1960:
1955:List of unsolved murders
1294:Sash of the Three Orders
1231:Order of the Black Eagle
1018:
1011:. His relationship with
841:civil examination system
771:Battle of the Yalu River
365:Traditional Chinese
2518:"Schwarzer Adler-orden"
2049:Encyclopedia Britannica
1945:First Sino-Japanese War
804:as an excuse to occupy
758:First Sino-Japanese War
683:memorials to the throne
379:Simplified Chinese
267:: Ambalinggū hūwangdi (
2107:Kwong, pp. 26 & 27
2086:Kwong, pp. 47 & 48
2077:Kwong, pp. 52 & 53
2020:"Qing Emperor Guangxu"
1424:Imperial Noble Consort
1341:
1333:
1271:: Grand Cordon of the
1208:: Grand Cordon of the
1063:Empress Dowager Longyu
945:
874:
820:
724:
670:
611:, a younger sister of
504:Emperor Dezong of Qing
472:This article contains
3047:1908 murders in China
2815:Enthroned in 1626 as
2637:Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.
2577:Paine, S.C.M (2003).
2120:(Knopf, 1992), p. 291
1386:Eight-Nation Alliance
1339:
1328:
1292:: Grand Cross of the
1252:Order of Kamehameha I
1156:Your Imperial Majesty
990:Eight-Nation Alliance
943:
872:
814:
783:Treaty of Shimonoseki
711:
668:
621:Empress Dowager Ci'an
258:(同天崇運大中至正經文緯武仁孝睿智端儉寬勤
119:Prince Chun's Mansion
88:Empress Dowager Ci'an
2680:at Wikimedia Commons
2251:. 11 September 2020.
1733:Huizheng (1805–1853)
1597:Lingshou (1788–1824)
1408:Empress Xiaodingjing
1346:Empress Dowager Cixi
1331:Empress Xiaodingjing
1147:His Imperial Majesty
1030:quoted a historian,
957:Hundred Days' Reform
907:Zhongnanhai Compound
866:'s army in Tianjin.
826:Hundred Days' Reform
817:Zaifeng, Prince Chun
781:to the terms of the
613:Empress Dowager Cixi
605:Yixuan (Prince Chun)
560:Hundred Days’ Reform
547:Empress Dowager Cixi
528:Hundred Days' Reform
524:Empress Dowager Cixi
171:Empress Xiaodingjing
93:Empress Dowager Cixi
3127:People from Beijing
2829:began to rule over
2375:Lei Chia-sheng雷家聖,
2352:Frederick A. Stokes
2277:Ann Heylen (2004).
2222:, pp. 273–277.
2192:, pp. 258–259.
2180:, pp. 187–188.
2156:, pp. 126–129.
2141:, pp. 136–137.
2116:Seagrave, Sterling
1315:Order of St. Andrew
1290:Kingdom of Portugal
896:The day before the
856:traditional culture
767:Battle of Pyongyang
592:the Boxer Rebellion
576:Chongling Mausoleum
539:Yixuan, Prince Chun
226:: Badarangga doro (
3077:Chinese dissidents
2642:"Tsai-t'ien"
2628:Rawski, Evelyn S.
2440:2015-05-09 at the
2388:Derling, Princess
2344:Richard, Timothy,
1536:Empress Xiaoshurui
1342:
1334:
1165:Son of Heaven (天子)
1082:Western Qing Tombs
1076:of 1911–1912, the
986:Theodore Roosevelt
946:
875:
821:
725:
671:
235:: Бадаргуулт төр (
158:Western Qing tombs
3004:
3003:
2750:
2749:
2741:Succeeded by
2676:Media related to
2667:Scholarly studies
2607:978-0-295-99748-3
2588:978-0-521-81714-1
2465:. 4 November 2008
1886:
1885:
1248:Kingdom of Hawaii
1184:Sovereign of the
1170:
1169:
1161:Alternative style
1086:Chinese Civil War
1074:Xinhai Revolution
1067:abdication decree
845:Meiji Restoration
802:Shandong Province
744:foreign legations
534:until his death.
480:rendering support
460:
459:
452:
451:
402:Standard Mandarin
350:
349:
345:Yehe-Nara Wanzhen
298:
297:
156:Chong Mausoleum,
3134:
3107:Murdered royalty
2906:
2839:
2833:, replacing the
2799:
2776:
2769:
2762:
2753:
2752:
2744:Xuantong Emperor
2730:Emperor of China
2720:Preceded by
2710:
2709:14 November 1908
2703:
2688:Guangxu Emperor
2684:
2683:
2675:
2656:
2644:
2611:
2592:
2564:
2563:
2561:
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2543:
2537:
2529:
2514:
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2475:
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2455:
2449:
2431:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2412:on 8 August 2012
2402:
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2268:
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2253:
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2229:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2210:Seagrave, p. 186
2208:
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2181:
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2087:
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2069:
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2059:
2057:
2055:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2005:
1991:
1974:
1971:
1934:
1932:Biography portal
1929:
1928:
1927:
1920:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1906:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1504:Daoguang Emperor
1460:
1459:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1246:
1244:
1243:
1229:: Knight of the
1225:
1223:
1222:
1210:Order of Leopold
1204:
1202:
1201:
1173:Domestic honours
1136:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1115:
1078:Chinese Republic
926:Claude MacDonald
632:Xianfeng Emperor
609:Yehenara Wanzhen
555:Emperor Xianfeng
510:, was the tenth
506:, personal name
486: instead of
468:
467:
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431:
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293:
272:
238:
237:ᠪᠠᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠲᠤ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ
229:
210:
194:
193:
186:
184:
138:(光緒三十四年 十月 二十一日)
135:
132:14 November 1908
113:
111:
78:Xuantong Emperor
44:
35:
28:
27:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3132:
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3007:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2907:
2898:
2827:Shunzhi Emperor
2824:
2813:
2795:
2789:
2780:
2746:
2737:
2732:
2725:
2723:Tongzhi Emperor
2704:
2698:
2697:
2689:
2678:Guangxu Emperor
2663:
2618:
2616:Further reading
2608:
2589:
2573:
2568:
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2559:
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2511:
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2457:
2456:
2452:
2442:Wayback Machine
2432:
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1950:Boxer Rebellion
1930:
1925:
1923:
1916:
1911:
1909:
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1897:
1895:
1892:
1887:
1478:Jiaqing Emperor
1457:
1446:(恪順皇貴妃) of the
1434:(溫靖皇貴妃) of the
1411:(孝定景皇后) of the
1398:
1390:Tongzhi Emperor
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1323:
1304:
1302:
1283:
1281:
1269:Empire of Japan
1262:
1260:
1241:
1239:
1233:, in Diamonds,
1220:
1218:
1199:
1197:
1192:Foreign honours
1142:Reference style
1125:Guangxu Emperor
1124:
1122:
1119:
1114:
1102:Western culture
1094:
1057:, who took the
1021:
994:Boxer Rebellion
976:Boxer Rebellion
965:Boxer Rebellion
938:
918:Timothy Richard
706:
663:
636:Tongzhi Emperor
617:Tongzhi Emperor
601:
584:Sino-French War
551:Emperor Tongzhi
497:Guangxu Emperor
493:
492:
491:
488:Manchu alphabet
478:Without proper
469:
465:
355:Guangxu Emperor
291:
286:
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268:
263:
245:Posthumous name
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185: 1889)
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117:
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68:Tongzhi Emperor
33:
32:
31:Guangxu Emperor
26:
23:Kwang-su (name)
17:
12:
11:
5:
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3089:
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3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3037:1900s in China
3034:
3032:1890s in China
3029:
3027:1880s in China
3024:
3019:
3017:1870s in China
3002:
3001:
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2715:Regnal titles
2712:
2711:
2702:14 August 1871
2690:
2687:
2682:
2681:
2669:
2662:
2661:External links
2659:
2658:
2657:
2639:, ed. (1943).
2633:
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2168:, p. 216.
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1382:Forbidden City
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1013:Empress Longyu
937:
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721:Hupei Province
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704:Years in power
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690:Empress Longyu
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482:, you may see
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228:ᠪᠠᡩᠠᡵᠠᠩᡤᠠ ᡩᠣᡵᠣ
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207:: Dzai tiyan (
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142:Zhongnan Lakes
136:(aged 37)
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116:(同治十年 六月 二十八日)
114:14 August 1871
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2553:刑部芳則 (2017).
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2831:China proper
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2571:Bibliography
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2467:. Retrieved
2453:
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2410:the original
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2201:Kwong, p. 27
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2098:Kwong, p. 54
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2052:. Retrieved
2048:
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2002:. Retrieved
1998:
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1904:China portal
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1378:Consort Zhen
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1234:
1214:18 July 1898
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911:
895:
883:Kansu Braves
879:Dong Fuxiang
876:
849:
838:
834:Liang Qichao
822:
806:Jiaozhou Bay
795:
791:Wang Wenshao
775:
763:Li Hongzhang
755:
748:
737:
726:
687:
672:
651:
644:
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566:Pavilion of
536:
532:house arrest
520:China proper
516:Qing dynasty
507:
503:
496:
494:
471:
429:Kuang-hsu Ti
409:Hanyu Pinyin
259:
255:
251:
134:(1908-11-14)
18:
3042:1908 deaths
3022:1871 births
2942:16 Kingdoms
2694:Aisin Gioro
2556:明治時代の勲章外交儀礼
2232:Rhoads 2000
2054:11 November
2029:11 November
2004:11 November
1999:www.cnn.com
1788:(1841–1896)
1623:(1822–1866)
1564:(1840–1891)
1538:(1760–1797)
1506:(1782–1850)
1480:(1760–1820)
1448:Tatara clan
1436:Tatara clan
1376:concubine,
1098:Sun Yat-sen
1059:regnal name
1036:Yuan Shikai
1027:China Daily
974:During the
961:Prince Duan
914:Kang Youwei
898:staged coup
860:Yuan Shikai
830:Kang Youwei
740:Zhongnanhai
723:(1895–1907)
713:Silver coin
679:Weng Tonghe
675:Prince Chun
647:Weng Tonghe
640:regnal name
625:Prince Gong
568:Zhongnanhai
501:temple name
309:Aisin-Gioro
290:: Dedzung (
285:Dezong (德宗)
279:Temple name
95:(1875–1908)
90:(1875–1881)
64:Predecessor
3011:Categories
2934:3 Kingdoms
2821:Hong Taiji
2738:1875–1908
2433:Mu, Eric.
2220:Paine 2003
2190:Paine 2003
2178:Paine 2003
2166:Paine 2003
2154:Paine 2003
2139:Paine 2003
1981:References
1072:After the
887:Ma Fuxiang
423:Wade–Giles
415:Guāngxù Dì
269:ᠠᠮᠪᠠᠯᡳᠩᡤᡡ
110:1871-08-14
2859:Yongzheng
2692:House of
2416:9 October
1844:Lady Fuca
1652:Lady Weng
1374:favourite
1120:Styles of
1096:In 1912,
1092:Appraisal
1009:Yu Deling
983:president
969:nephritis
787:Liu Kunyi
778:memorials
719:Guangxu,
233:Mongolian
216:Era dates
209:ᡯᠠᡳ ᡨᡳᠶᠠᠨ
74:Successor
2894:Xuantong
2879:Xianfeng
2874:Daoguang
2864:Qianlong
2783:Emperors
2534:citation
2498:citation
2438:Archived
2249:Historum
1890:See also
1455:Ancestry
769:and the
549:. After
543:Yehenara
2889:Guangxu
2884:Tongzhi
2869:Jiaqing
2849:Shunzhi
2844:Taizong
2808:Taizong
2785:of the
2469:10 June
2330:28 June
2296:28 June
1821:Huixian
1786:Wanzhen
1710:Jingrui
1417:Jingfen
1401:Empress
1394:Zaifeng
1361:
1350:Jingfen
1206:Belgium
1112:Honours
1043:arsenic
1001:watches
903:Zaifeng
891:Ma Fulu
655:eunuchs
572:arsenic
564:Yingtai
514:of the
512:emperor
508:Zaitian
316:Dynasty
271:ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩᡩᡳ
252:Emperor
187:
179:
175:
165:Consort
146:Beijing
123:Beijing
2974:W. Xia
2854:Kangxi
2705:
2604:
2585:
2446:Danwei
2354:(1916)
2350:publ.
2321:
2287:
1562:Yixuan
1321:Family
1308:
1287:
1266:
1245:
1224:
1203:
1032:Dai Yi
1005:clocks
864:Ronglu
590:, and
474:Manchu
341:Mother
331:Yixuan
327:Father
288:Manchu
265:Manchu
224:Manchu
205:Manchu
152:Burial
84:Regent
2918:Shang
2803:Taizu
2707:Died:
2700:Born:
2560:(PDF)
1961:Notes
1106:nadir
1019:Death
476:text.
304:House
292:ᡩᡝᡯᡠᠩ
197:Names
181:(
177:
56:Reign
2990:Qing
2986:Ming
2982:Yuan
2970:Song
2966:Liao
2958:Tang
2922:Zhou
2817:Khan
2602:ISBN
2583:ISBN
2540:link
2504:link
2471:2022
2418:2011
2332:2010
2319:ISBN
2298:2010
2285:ISBN
2056:2019
2031:2019
2006:2019
1419:(靜芬)
1358:lit.
1298:1904
1256:1882
1055:Puyi
1003:and
889:and
832:and
789:and
717:yuan
715:: 1
698:Zhen
696:and
677:and
495:The
321:Qing
256:Jing
129:Died
104:Born
2998:PRC
2994:ROC
2978:Jīn
2954:Sui
2938:Jìn
2930:Han
2926:Qin
2914:Xia
2463:CNN
694:Jin
437:IPA
385:光绪帝
371:光緒帝
260:景皇帝
34:光緒帝
3013::
2996:/
2992:→
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2976:/
2972:/
2968:/
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1354:隆裕
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