254:
404:, thus gaining control over all the former Safavid lands. With his goal complete, Agha Mohammad Khan officially declared himself shah. According to the Iranian historian Assef Ashraf, "This protracted process of conquest raises various questions, including just how secure Agha Muhammad Khan's – and by extension Qajar – control over the vast regions of Iran was, as well as when, precisely, the Qajar period of rule 'began'." It is possible that he thought the conquering the former Safavid territory was essential to his legitimacy because he did not declare himself shah until after he had done so. In the contemporary history book
22:
338:
566:. He provided a comprehensive list of all the many areas that, in his opinion, comprised Iran's "Guarded Domains." Living in India at the time, one of the reasons he composed his work was to challenge to India's claim to be a great empire. The region he envisioned as Greater Iran encompassed all of
349:
Qajar assertions of having restored an imperial system of governance relied on controlling the
Guarded Domains. Under the Qajars, there were no major changes to land practices, unlike in other historical contexts when governing the land may have led to changes in land tenure or administration or in
123:
The name "Iran" has denoted both the homeland of the
Iranian people and the kingdom of Iranian rulers. The Iranian people had a connection to the land that they tied to the concept of Iran's territory. In pre-modern times, the dynastic realm and the region were both referred to by the Persian term
513:
or any other area within
Afghanistan. Iran's loss of territory under the Qajars in the 19th century led to a new understanding of the Guarded Domains and the extent of the Iranian lands. There were limitations on the authority that the Guarded Domains had over Greater Iran, such as the Caucasian
350:
attempts to alter the natural environment. Instead, they found a purpose in their political authority through their rule of the land. In order to maintain their status as the defenders and distributors of land rights, the Qajar shahs reused the customs and structures of past dynasties.
329:. The majority of European reports of Iran in the 17th-century attest to a new era of prosperity made possible by an expanded domestic and international communication network, a rising urban population, a complex understanding of relaxation, and a developing Shia intellectual identity.
223:, "In this notion of Iran, one may argue, there was a realistic recognition not only of its complexity but also of the inherent necessity for the central state." The concept had previously been used in the form of Eranshahr, the official name of Iran under the
277:
from the mid-14th century. After coming to power in Iran, the movement instilled a new Shia identity in its subjects and established an imperial state that would form part of the country's political sovereignty. Despite violence caused by
Safavid shah
361:
dedicated the majority his political career to establish Qajar sovereignty over the lands that were once ruled by the
Safavids. His time and effort were focused on this goal for about twenty years, from the time he managed to escape
197:
and the establishment of the
Safavid state. The idea of the "Guarded Domains" was formed by a feeling of territorial and political uniformity in a society with shared cultural elements such as the Persian language, monarchy, and
529:
marked the end of the concept of the "Guarded
Domains of Iran", being replaced by the more centralized concept of the "Sublime State of Iran." The following year, the weakened Qajar dynasty was abolished and replaced by the
542:
Prior to the modern era, Iran's borders had not been defined and changed throughout the course of history. The definition of the
Guarded Domains' borders was almost identical to that of Eranshahr in the Sasanian-era text
642:. Two provinces are in the east, which have the Uzbek lands located to their north, and these are named Khorasan and Ghaznin . There is one province in the heart of Iranian territory, known as
304:) a century earlier. The Safavids thus revitalized the Guarded Domains of Iran, which starting from them would serve as the common and official name of Iran until the early 20th century.
646:. Passing through it, there are eight other provinces, some of which border the land of Baghdad, while the others are along with the Basra and Oman seas and the Indian Ocean. These are
88:
The idea of the "Guarded
Domains" was formed by a feeling of territorial and political uniformity in a society with shared cultural elements such as the Persian language, monarchy, and
103:
in the 19th century led to a new understanding of the
Guarded Domains and the extent of the Iranian lands. There were limitations on the authority that the Guarded Domains had over
570:, which had in reality been under Ottoman rule since 1638. He emphasized areas that were important amongst Shia Muslims, particularly Mesopotamia with its major Shia shrines. The
439:
emphasized the importance of jihad. He argued that it was a collective religious duty to counter the "disorder brought by the Russian nation within the Guarded Domain".
442:
In order to create prose that resembled a political slogan and acted as a encouragement to defend Iran, Abol-Qasem Qa'em-Maqam experimented with words that rhymed with
209:
in the late 13th-century, a period in which regional actions, trade, written culture, and partly Shia Islam, contributed to the establishment of the early modern
626:.... It has sixteen administrative provinces and regions: one is in the west, which is called Azerbaijan. There are four provinces in the north and along the
227:(224–651), which promoted the concept of Iran as a protected political unit ruled by the state and with a distinct geographical region. The Persian term
216:
The name "Guarded Domains of Iran" alluded to the decentralized administration as well as cultural and ethnic diversity of the country. According to the
487:
and Safavid periods, gave new meaning to the concept of the Guarded Domains. Senior princes primarily served as provincial governors at Tabriz, Shiraz,
289:) and his successors, the dynasty managed to unify the diverse local dynasties, ethnicities, and cultures that had divided Iran since the time of the
574:
coast, which had been under Safavid rule since the reign of Shah Abbas I, was the last location on his list. Because of its affiliation with the
419:
in the early 18th century, when it was adopted as a practical means of demanding the defense of Iranian territory against foreign invasion. In
144:
to refer to clearly defined kingdoms or royal domains, as well as the provinces that made them up. This included the Guarded Domains of Iran (
370:
in 1779 to the time he was crowned himself shah in 1796. After departing Shiraz, Agha Mohammad Khan spent years strengthening authority in
598:"Let it be known that the vast kingdom of Iran... stretches from the Caucasus mountains, which are at the furthest limit of Georgia and
483:) established a semi-autonomous system of princely governments under the authority of the central state. This feature, also used in the
96:(224–651), which promoted the concept of Iran as a protected political unit ruled by the state and with a distinct geographical region.
326:
560:
Mohammad Mofid Mostofi Bafghi wrote about the boundaries of the Guarded Domains of Iran in his 1670s geographical compilation,
499:, or as high-ranking officials in the growing Qajar court and army. Smaller administrations were assigned to younger princes.
412:, each year of Agha Mohammad Khan's reign is summarized in a few words, which lists the regions and territories he conquered.
1263:
674:
Momtahen al-Dowleh Mirza Mehdi Khan Shaqaqi, writing in the late 19th-century, stated that the Guarded Domains encompassed
578:
and Arab areas, this region was the least successfully administered and the most isolated off from the Iranian heartland.
1534:
1515:
1489:
1444:
1422:
1364:
1340:
1319:
1244:
1223:
1383:
467:
463:
1400:
581:
239:
embodied the centralized state as it developed within the urban environment, analogous to the Greek idea of the
775:
307:
Safavid annals began to utilize references to the "Guarded Domains of Iran" more frequently toward the end of
374:. After completing this by 1785, he focused on seizing central and southern Iran. By 1794, he had conquered
1310:
Ashraf, Assef (2021). "Safavid Nostalgia in Early Qajar Chronicles". In Melville, Charles Melville (ed.).
318:
193:
and the Persian language, Iran was able to maintain its cultural identity during the period between the
514:
provinces and Herat. Iran's final borders was determined by its conflicts with Russia, Britain and the
290:
436:
194:
92:. The concept had previously been used in the form of Eranshahr, the official name of Iran under the
459:
358:
342:
253:
108:
231:, commonly used to describe a walled city, etymologically refers to a "territory governed by the
317:). By this period, Safavid Iran had developed a sense of confidence and security as a result of
1563:
1408:
506:
1553:
1279:
1254:
Amanat, Abbas (2019). "Remembering the Persianate". In Amanat, Abbas; Ashraf, Assef (eds.).
522:
8:
1558:
691:
590:(court chronicler) of Fath-Ali Shah, described the borders of the Guarded Domains in his
575:
473:
1389:
783:
655:
647:
548:
416:
407:
383:
1530:
1511:
1485:
1470:
1440:
1418:
1379:
1360:
1356:
Iran at War: Interactions with the Modern World and the Struggle with Imperial Russia
1336:
1315:
1294:
1259:
1240:
1219:
771:
751:
707:
651:
562:
502:
401:
270:
1466:
1289:
1285:
1274:
811:
759:
683:
544:
397:
38:
26:
21:
1215:
Pivot of the Universe: Nasir Al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy, 1831–1896
1479:
1412:
1354:
1330:
1234:
1213:
795:
779:
747:
699:
679:
675:
553:
531:
470:) damaged the Qajar's reputation as the guardian of the Guarded Domains of Iran.
375:
224:
93:
1432:
1350:
819:
743:
635:
515:
1547:
791:
695:
484:
379:
371:
354:
322:
266:
203:
100:
1393:
454:). This threatened the territorial integrity of the Qajars and their honor (
1454:
1209:
755:
643:
617:
603:
586:
571:
432:
363:
308:
258:
220:
190:
149:
104:
82:
29:. The term "the Guarded Domains of Iran" is visible on the top of the stamp
763:
735:
727:
687:
627:
606:. As the crow flies, the length of this area is three hundred and thirty
567:
217:
823:
815:
663:
639:
488:
210:
199:
169:
136:
and means "to own or to rule," was the most widely used translation of
89:
509:
in 1857, in which they agreed to relinquish all territorial claims to
415:
The term Guarded Domains developed a new political meaning during the
1312:
The Contest for Rule in Eighteenth-Century Iran: Idea of Iran Vol. 11
787:
739:
526:
337:
206:
186:
731:
599:
279:
274:
435:, includes an introduction where the Qajar minister and statesman
767:
703:
631:
613:
496:
492:
1437:
Iranian History and Politics: The Dialectic of State and Society
602:, near Russian lands, to the ends of Kerman, where it meets the
807:
799:
667:
659:
420:
367:
1527:
Iranian-Russian Encounters: Empires and Revolutions since 1800
1376:
The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion
1187:
1115:
1093:
1091:
827:
803:
510:
428:
424:
294:
241:
168:("Domains of Iran"), most commonly used in the writings from
152:
period (1501–1736), other variants were also in use, such as
112:
547:, as well as the description by the 14th-century geographer
164:("the Imperial Guarded Domains"). Its shortened variant was
232:
78:
1088:
726:
Mustawfi describes the borders of Iran extending from the
1481:
Persia in Crisis: Safavid Decline and the Fall of Isfahan
1103:
1076:
850:
848:
846:
311:'s rule as a substitute for the "Sublime Safavid State" (
1459:
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
1414:
Frontier Fictions: Shaping the Iranian Nation, 1804–1946
991:
989:
1030:
1028:
976:
974:
1139:
1127:
865:
863:
843:
612:, and the width of this realm, from the Oxus River to
396:
In 1796, Agha Mohammad Khan conquered the majority of
1064:
1052:
1001:
986:
935:
1175:
1163:
1151:
1040:
1025:
1013:
971:
959:
947:
911:
899:
875:
860:
750:. He defines the provinces of Iran in 20 chapters;
746:in the west, corresponding to the territory of the
202:. The concept presumably started to form under the
923:
887:
431:, authored by two distinguished Shia jurists from
1545:
1256:The Persianate World: Rethinking a Shared Sphere
450:) to the Qajar domains was considered ominous (
265:Despite military and theological assaults, the
1332:Making and Remaking Empire in Early Qajar Iran
1407:
1193:
1097:
621:
607:
534:of Reza Khan, who became known as Reza Shah.
405:
382:and killed his biggest rival, the Zand ruler
312:
159:
153:
68:
54:
1272:
854:
754:("Arab Iraq") or the "heart of Iranshahr",
1508:The Politics of Nationalism in Modern Iran
1431:
1293:
327:reclaiming Safavid land from the Ottomans
269:survived as a beleaguered enclave in the
140:. Persian historiography frequently used
525:in November 1924 by the Iranian general
336:
252:
20:
1477:
1457:(2009). "Was Safavid Iran an Empire?".
1453:
1373:
1349:
1273:Ashraf, Ahmad; Gnoli, Gherardo (2020).
1145:
1133:
77:), was the common and official name of
1546:
1524:
1505:
1328:
1309:
1253:
1232:
1208:
1181:
1169:
1157:
1121:
1109:
1082:
1070:
1058:
1046:
1034:
1019:
1007:
995:
980:
965:
953:
941:
929:
917:
905:
893:
881:
869:
678:, Azerbaijan, Khorasan, Sistan, Fars,
521:The recapture of Khuzestan from the
261:and its divisions, published in 1736
107:; they lost territories such as the
99:Iran's loss of territory under the
85:era until the early 20th century.
69:
55:
42:
13:
1499:
158:("the Royal Guarded Domains") and
14:
1575:
462:during the two wars with Russia (
1471:10.1163/002249910X12573963244449
1295:10.1163/2330-4804_EIRO_COM_11030
180:
1525:Cronin, Stephanie, ed. (2013).
1314:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 81–102.
720:
582:Mirza Fazlollah Khavari Shirazi
503:After being defeated by Britain
478:
388:
299:
284:
189:, as well as the popularity of
155:mamalek-e mahruse-ye khosrovani
1510:. Cambridge University Press.
1417:. Princeton University Press.
1335:. Cambridge University Press.
446:. The threat posed by Russia (
248:
1:
837:
128:("country"). The Arabic word
620:is two hundred and thirteen
537:
332:
314:Dowlat-e ‘Alliyeh-e Safavieh
161:mamalek-e mahruse-ye homayun
132:, which comes from the root
7:
622:
608:
406:
313:
160:
154:
10:
1580:
1202:
698:, Lorestan, Kermanshahan,
319:driving out the Portuguese
175:
1378:. Yale University Press.
1258:. Brill. pp. 15–62.
1239:. Yale University Press.
423:, a book compiled from a
146:Mamâlek-e Mahruse-ye Irân
47:Mamâlek-e Mahruse-ye Irân
1506:Ansari, Ali Mir (2012).
713:
359:Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar
343:Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar
185:Due to its location and
1465:(1–2). Brill: 233–265.
1409:Kashani-Sabet, Firoozeh
1374:Jackson, Peter (2017).
855:Ashraf & Gnoli 2020
118:
35:Guarded Domains of Iran
1478:Matthee, Rudi (2011).
1329:Ashraf, Assef (2024).
1236:Iran: A Modern History
1233:Amanat, Abbas (2017).
1124:, p. 77 (note 1).
672:
437:Abol-Qasem Qa'em-Maqam
346:
262:
30:
1401:registration required
1280:Encyclopaedia Iranica
686:, Khuzestan, Kerman,
630:, which are Georgia,
596:
592:Tarikh-e Zu'l-Qarneyn
340:
256:
24:
523:Emirate of Muhammara
1085:, pp. 263–264.
576:Indian subcontinent
474:Fath-Ali Shah Qajar
460:Caucasian provinces
458:). The loss of the
273:region and eastern
109:Caucasian provinces
43:ممالک محروسهٔ ایران
1275:"Iranian Identity"
1194:Kashani-Sabet 2014
1112:, p. 446–447.
1098:Kashani-Sabet 2014
549:Hamdallah Mustawfi
505:, Iran signed the
417:Russo-Persian Wars
408:Rostam al-Tavarikh
384:Lotf Ali Khan Zand
347:
321:, fending off the
263:
257:Historical map of
31:
1265:978-90-04-38728-7
1196:, pp. 68–69.
563:Mokhtasar-e Mofid
75:Mamâlek-e Mahruse
49:), or simply the
16:Aspect of history
1571:
1540:
1521:
1495:
1474:
1450:
1428:
1404:
1397:
1370:
1346:
1325:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1297:
1269:
1250:
1229:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1005:
999:
993:
984:
978:
969:
963:
957:
951:
945:
944:, pp. 9–10.
939:
933:
927:
921:
915:
909:
903:
897:
891:
885:
879:
873:
867:
858:
852:
831:
724:
658:, Fars, Kerman,
625:
611:
545:Letter of Tansar
482:
481: 1797–1834
480:
411:
392:
391: 1789–1794
390:
316:
303:
302: 1370–1405
301:
288:
287: 1501–1524
286:
195:Islamic invasion
163:
157:
72:
71:
58:
57:
44:
27:Ahmad Shah Qajar
1579:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1544:
1543:
1537:
1518:
1502:
1500:Further reading
1492:
1447:
1433:Katouzian, Homa
1425:
1398:
1386:
1367:
1359:. I.B. Tauris.
1351:Behrooz, Maziar
1343:
1322:
1300:
1298:
1266:
1247:
1226:
1218:. I.B. Tauris.
1205:
1200:
1192:
1188:
1180:
1176:
1168:
1164:
1156:
1152:
1144:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1120:
1116:
1108:
1104:
1096:
1089:
1081:
1077:
1069:
1065:
1057:
1053:
1045:
1041:
1033:
1026:
1018:
1014:
1006:
1002:
994:
987:
979:
972:
964:
960:
952:
948:
940:
936:
928:
924:
916:
912:
904:
900:
892:
888:
880:
876:
868:
861:
853:
844:
840:
835:
834:
748:Sasanian Empire
738:in the east to
725:
721:
716:
554:Nuzhat al-Qulub
540:
532:Pahlavi dynasty
507:Treaty of Paris
477:
387:
335:
298:
283:
251:
235:". In essence,
225:Sasanian Empire
183:
178:
121:
94:Sasanian Empire
65:Guarded Domains
51:Domains of Iran
17:
12:
11:
5:
1577:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1542:
1541:
1536:978-0415624336
1535:
1522:
1517:978-0521687171
1516:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1491:978-0857731814
1490:
1484:. I.B.Tauris.
1475:
1451:
1446:978-0415297547
1445:
1429:
1424:978-1850432708
1423:
1405:
1384:
1371:
1366:978-0755637379
1365:
1347:
1342:978-1009361552
1341:
1326:
1321:978-0755645992
1320:
1307:
1270:
1264:
1251:
1246:978-0300112542
1245:
1230:
1225:978-1845118280
1224:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1186:
1174:
1162:
1150:
1148:, p. 242.
1138:
1136:, p. 325.
1126:
1114:
1102:
1087:
1075:
1073:, p. 187.
1063:
1061:, p. 212.
1051:
1039:
1024:
1012:
1010:, p. 103.
1000:
998:, p. 443.
985:
970:
958:
946:
934:
922:
910:
898:
886:
874:
859:
841:
839:
836:
833:
832:
794:, Shabankara,
718:
717:
715:
712:
539:
536:
516:Ottoman Empire
334:
331:
250:
247:
182:
179:
177:
174:
166:mamalek-e Iran
120:
117:
61:Mamâlek-e Irân
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1576:
1565:
1564:Afsharid Iran
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1538:
1532:
1529:. Routledge.
1528:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1503:
1493:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1455:Matthee, Rudi
1452:
1448:
1442:
1439:. Routledge.
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1385:9780300227284
1381:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1327:
1323:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1210:Amanat, Abbas
1207:
1206:
1195:
1190:
1184:, p. 77.
1183:
1178:
1172:, p. 93.
1171:
1166:
1160:, p. 84.
1159:
1154:
1147:
1142:
1135:
1130:
1123:
1118:
1111:
1106:
1099:
1094:
1092:
1084:
1079:
1072:
1067:
1060:
1055:
1049:, p. 84.
1048:
1043:
1037:, p. 81.
1036:
1031:
1029:
1022:, p. 80.
1021:
1016:
1009:
1004:
997:
992:
990:
983:, p. 13.
982:
977:
975:
968:, p. 35.
967:
962:
956:, p. 10.
955:
950:
943:
938:
931:
926:
920:, p. 33.
919:
914:
908:, p. 15.
907:
902:
895:
890:
884:, p. 82.
883:
878:
872:, p. 83.
871:
866:
864:
856:
851:
849:
847:
842:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
774:, Byzantium,
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
723:
719:
711:
709:
705:
702:, Kurdistan,
701:
697:
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689:
685:
681:
677:
671:
669:
665:
661:
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653:
649:
645:
641:
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633:
629:
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619:
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583:
579:
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569:
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430:
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422:
418:
413:
410:
409:
403:
399:
394:
385:
381:
377:
373:
372:northern Iran
369:
366:captivity in
365:
360:
356:
351:
344:
339:
330:
328:
324:
320:
315:
310:
305:
296:
292:
281:
276:
272:
268:
267:Safavid order
260:
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246:
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243:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
219:
214:
212:
208:
205:
201:
196:
192:
188:
181:Early history
173:
172:(1789–1925).
171:
167:
162:
156:
151:
148:). Since the
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
116:
114:
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102:
97:
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91:
86:
84:
80:
76:
66:
62:
52:
48:
40:
36:
28:
23:
19:
1554:Safavid Iran
1526:
1507:
1480:
1462:
1458:
1436:
1413:
1394:j.ctt1n2tvq0
1375:
1355:
1331:
1311:
1299:. Retrieved
1278:
1255:
1235:
1214:
1189:
1177:
1165:
1153:
1146:Matthee 2009
1141:
1134:Jackson 2017
1129:
1117:
1105:
1100:, p. 4.
1078:
1066:
1054:
1042:
1015:
1003:
961:
949:
937:
932:, p. 9.
925:
913:
901:
896:, p. 2.
889:
877:
756:Persian Iraq
722:
673:
618:Tigris River
604:Indian Ocean
597:
591:
587:vaqaye-negar
585:
580:
572:Persian Gulf
561:
559:
552:
541:
520:
501:
472:
455:
451:
447:
443:
441:
414:
395:
352:
348:
345:, dated 1820
341:Portrait of
309:Shah Abbas I
306:
291:Turco-Mongol
264:
259:Safavid Iran
240:
236:
228:
221:Abbas Amanat
215:
191:high culture
184:
165:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
122:
105:Greater Iran
98:
87:
74:
70:ممالک محروسه
64:
60:
50:
46:
34:
32:
18:
1182:Ashraf 2024
1170:Ashraf 2021
1158:Ashraf 2021
1122:Ashraf 2024
1110:Amanat 2017
1083:Amanat 2017
1071:Amanat 2017
1059:Amanat 2017
1047:Ashraf 2024
1035:Ashraf 2024
1020:Ashraf 2024
1008:Amanat 2017
996:Amanat 2017
981:Amanat 1997
966:Amanat 2017
954:Amanat 2017
942:Amanat 2017
930:Amanat 2017
918:Amanat 2019
906:Amanat 1997
894:Amanat 2017
882:Ashraf 2024
870:Ashraf 2024
736:Transoxiana
728:Indus River
688:Balochistan
644:Iraq-i Ajam
628:Caspian Sea
568:Mesopotamia
249:Safavid era
218:Iranologist
56:ممالک ایران
1559:Qajar Iran
1548:Categories
838:References
824:Tabaristan
816:Mazandaran
692:Mazandaran
664:Zabulistan
640:Tabaristan
489:Kermanshah
271:Azerbaijan
211:Persianate
200:Shia Islam
170:Qajar Iran
90:Shia Islam
63:) and the
788:Khuzestan
784:Kurdistan
740:Byzantium
708:Astarabad
690:, Gilan,
656:Khuzestan
648:Kurdistan
600:Daghestan
538:Geography
527:Reza Khan
468:1826–1828
464:1804–1813
333:Qajar era
207:Ilkhanate
187:ecosystem
81:from the
25:Stamp of
1435:(2007).
1411:(2014).
1353:(2023).
1212:(1997).
812:Khorasan
732:Khwarazm
680:Larestan
668:Sajastan
652:Lorestan
398:Khorasan
280:Ismail I
275:Anatolia
142:mamlakat
130:mamlakat
1301:18 July
1203:Sources
776:Armenia
772:Georgia
768:Shirvan
704:Ardalan
684:Isfahan
632:Shirvan
623:farsakh
614:Baghdad
609:farsakh
551:in his
497:Mashhad
493:Isfahan
402:Georgia
213:world.
176:History
150:Safavid
138:keshvar
126:keshvar
83:Safavid
39:Persian
1533:
1514:
1488:
1443:
1421:
1392:
1382:
1363:
1339:
1318:
1282:Online
1262:
1243:
1222:
808:Nimruz
804:Hormuz
800:Mukran
796:Kirman
780:Rabi'a
764:Mughan
706:, and
700:Qazvin
660:Makran
584:, the
495:, and
485:Seljuq
452:manhus
444:mahrus
421:Tabriz
376:Kerman
368:Shiraz
357:ruler
325:, and
323:Uzbeks
293:ruler
204:Mongol
134:malaka
101:Qajars
1390:JSTOR
1286:Brill
828:Gilan
820:Qumis
760:Arran
744:Syria
714:Notes
636:Gilan
511:Herat
456:namus
429:jihad
425:fatwa
355:Qajar
295:Timur
242:polis
237:shahr
229:shahr
113:Herat
1531:ISBN
1512:ISBN
1486:ISBN
1441:ISBN
1419:ISBN
1380:ISBN
1361:ISBN
1337:ISBN
1316:ISBN
1303:2024
1260:ISBN
1241:ISBN
1220:ISBN
826:and
792:Fars
752:Iraq
742:and
734:and
696:Yazd
666:and
638:and
466:and
433:Iraq
400:and
393:).
380:Fars
378:and
364:Zand
353:The
233:shah
119:Name
111:and
79:Iran
33:The
1467:doi
1290:doi
730:to
676:Ray
616:'s
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427:on
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1090:^
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
