38:
1389:
training, and instead learned their trade at home. This was debunked with Clare
Crowston's research on parish schools in France. Instead of apprenticeships, girls could receive an alternative form of vocational training from these schools. Students entered at around eight for two years of education, and were segregated by gender. Boys studied primarily religion, reading, writing, and mathematics; girls learned many of the same topics as well, but a significant portion was devoted to learning needlework. These schools were intended to enrich the vocational training that girls learned, so that they could go on and earn a living. According to Crowston, the most important religious community that offered such training were the Filles de Saint-Agnès, which offered instruction in four trades: linen work, embroidery, lace, and tapestry-making. The school provided all of the tools necessary for girls to learn, and also allowed students to choose which best suited them. Although this was far different than the model of apprenticeship practiced by guilds, the sisters referred to their students as apprentices.
1440:
cities, guild masters purchased discounted materials and hired cheap labor to reduce costs. In Lyon, the underground silk economy thrived, and was a significant portion of the economy. It was made up of mostly female artisans whose work paralleled that of the legitimate trade. The female artisans were important to the guild as they were highly skilled in craft procedures that the guild heavily relied upon, and were essential to production. But they also worked for male entrepreneurs outside of the guild and frequently collaborated with each other to set up their own businesses. In an effort to curb this illicit activity, guildmasters wrote bylaws forbidding men and women to work outside of the guild. The buttonmakers guild of Lyon also complained about illicit work and theft from the non-guild female workers whom they hired. They also took it upon themselves to teach girls the buttonmaking trade, which was the real problem, as their instruction imparted the "mystery" of guild secrets to non-guild members which undermined the guild.
1282:
guild were often wives of guildsmen of the gold-smiths. This type of unity between husband and wife was seen in women's guild participation through the medieval and early modern periods; in order to avoid unpleasant litigation or legal situations, the trades of husband and wife often were the same or complementary. Women were not restricted to solely textile guilds in medieval
Cologne, and neither did they have total freedom in all textile guilds. They had limited participation in the guilds of dyers, cotton-weavers, and guilds in the leather industry. They did enjoy full rights in some wood-working guilds, the guilds of coopers and turners. Women also seemed to have extensively engaged in the fish trade, both within and outside of the guild. The butcher and cattle-trade guilds also listed women among their ranks. In practically all of these guilds, a widow was allowed to continue her husband's business. If she remarried to a man who was not a member, she usually lost that right.
908:. Journeymen were able to work for other masters, unlike apprentices, and generally paid by the day and were thus day labourers. After being employed by a master for several years, and after producing a qualifying piece of work, the apprentice was granted the rank of journeyman and was given documents (letters or certificates from his master and/or the guild itself) which certified him as a journeyman and entitled him to travel to other towns and countries to learn the art from other masters. These journeys could span large parts of Europe and were an unofficial way of communicating new methods and techniques, though by no means all journeymen made such travels — they were most common in Germany and Italy, and in other countries journeymen from small cities would often visit the capital.
2599:"Although accreditation is usually justified as a means of giving students and parents an assurance of educational quality, it is important to note that the accreditors do not endeavor to assess the quality of individual programs or departments.... The accreditation system is not based on an evaluation of the results of an institution, but rather upon an evaluation of its inputs and processes. If the inputs and processes look good, acceptable educational quality is assumed. It is as if an organization decided which automobiles would be allowed to be sold by checking to make sure that each car model had tires, doors, an engine and so forth and had been assembled by workers with proper training—but without actually driving any cars" - George C. Leef and Roxana D. Burris,
858:, there were seven to twelve "greater guilds" and fourteen "lesser guilds". The most important of the greater guilds was that for judges and notaries, who handled the legal business of all the other guilds and often served as an arbitrator of disputes. Other greater guilds include the wool, silk, and the money changers' guilds. They prided themselves on a reputation for very high-quality work, which was rewarded with premium prices. The guilds fined members who deviated from standards. Other greater guilds included those of doctors, druggists, and furriers. Among the lesser guilds, were those for bakers, saddle makers, ironworkers and other artisans. They had a sizable membership, but lacked the political and social standing necessary to influence city affairs.
1432:
non-guild artisan could work directly for the crown, or in the "free zones" that were beyond the reach of the guild officers. Clandestine workers in the needle trade were often employed by larger merchant manufacturers. Guild members were also enmeshed in illegal labor, either carrying it out, or hiring those who did illegal work. Nearly everyone was in violation of guild statutes. Masters of the guild would often hire illegal workers to do specific and low-paying parts of the job. In the case of the
Wigmakers, it was hair-weaving, the most labor-intensive aspect of the craft. Hair weavers arranged pinches of hair side by side and interlaced them in intricate patterns between six silk threads extended on two wooden rods. Women called
722:
1245:
were members, or did not allow membership at all. The most common way women obtained guild membership was through marriage. Usually only the widows and daughters of known masters were allowed in. Even if a woman entered a guild, she was excluded from guild offices. While this was the overarching practice, there were guilds and professions that did allow women's participation, and the
Medieval era was an ever-changing, mutable society—especially considering that it spanned hundreds of years and many different cultures. There were multiple accounts of women's participation in guilds in England and the Continent. In a study of London
622:
1304:
domestic life did not organize women's economic activities. The research has documented women's extensive participation in market relations, craft production, and paid labor in the early modern period. Clare
Crowston posits that women gained more control of their own work. In the 16th and 17th centuries, rather than losing control, female linen drapers and hemp merchants established independent guilds. In the late 17th century and onward, there was evidence of growing economic opportunities for women. Seamstresses in Paris and Rouen and flower sellers in Paris acquired their own guilds in 1675. In
1026:" they imposed deadweight losses on the economy. Ogilvie argues they generated limited positive externalities and notes that industry began to flourish only after the guilds faded away. Guilds persisted over the centuries because they redistributed resources to politically powerful merchants. On the other hand, Ogilvie agrees, guilds created "social capital" of shared norms, common information, mutual sanctions, and collective political action. This social capital benefited guild members, even as it arguably hurt outsiders.
2840:), strong cultural identity (the Realtor brand), little price variation with quality differences, and traditional methods in use by all practitioners. In September 2005 the U.S. Department of Justice filed an antitrust lawsuit against the National Association of Realtors, challenging NAR practices that (the DOJ asserted) prevent competition from practitioners who use different methods. The DOJ and the Federal Trade Commission in 2005 advocated against state laws, supported by NAR, that disadvantage new kinds of brokers.
1231:
October 1712, the Lyon
Wigmaker Guild petitioned the local police magistrates. According to this petition, guildmasters required guild officers to step up policing of statutes forbidding the use of bleached hair or wild goat and lamb hair. The real concern that they had was that bleaching hair destroyed the quality of the wig, making it too thin to style. Guild officers pointed out that if the consumer discovers the bad quality, the guild would be blamed, and the consumer would search elsewhere to purchase goods.
2595:
limiting consumer options in the field of education as it provides a mechanism to limit entrepreneurial 'outsiders' from entering the field of education. George Leef and Roxana Burris study the accreditation system for which they observe is 'highly collegial' and potentially bias in the fact that accreditation review is performed by members of schools who will in turn be reviewed by many of the same people who they have reviewed. They further question the effectiveness of the methods involved in accreditation,
459:
1421:, about half of the defendants were men, and half were women. Daryl Hafter notes that many of the female defendants were practicing trades where they were either completely barred from guild membership, or had austere restrictions within the guild. As joining a guild was expensive, this explains why poorer men would turn to illicit craft. Clandestine artisans were seen as a severe encroachment on guild rights, liberties, and exclusivity. Many guilds feared that this would affect economic stability.
1151:
2862:. Medical licensing in most states requires specific training, tests and years of low-paid apprenticeship (internship and residency) under harsh working conditions. Even qualified international or out-of-state doctors may not practice without acceptance by the local medical guild (Medical board). Similarly, nurses and physicians' practitioners have their own guilds. A doctor cannot work as a physician's assistant unless (s)he separately trains, tests and apprentices as one.
2699:, all of which play a ceremonial role in the city's many customs. The City of London livery companies maintain strong links with their respective trade, craft or profession, some still retain regulatory, inspection or enforcement roles. The senior members of the City of London Livery Companies (known as liverymen) elect the sheriffs and approve the candidates for the office of Lord Mayor of London. Guilds also survive in many other towns and cities the UK including in
1211:
they benefited the entire economy but because they benefited the owners, who used political power to protect them. Ogilvie (2011) says they regulated trade for their own benefit, were monopolies, distorted markets, fixed prices, and restricted entrance into the guild. Ogilvie (2008) argues that their long apprenticeships were unnecessary to acquire skills, and their conservatism reduced the rate of innovation and made the society poorer. She says their main goal was
2486:
1452:
the wives of hatters or girls who were hired day by day, and who were not content to be so dependent on the guild. The women were accused of theft of materials, buying stolen materials for cheap, and selling them for larger amounts. What was most surprising was the response from the government, which had previously always stood with guilds even at the economy's expense. A royal edict of 1777 formed a corps of these female workers, giving them legitimacy.
1417:
they produced, and to circumvent expensive fees and taxes that may be imposed by governments. Illegal work did not pass unnoticed by authorities at the time, and are documented by police reports and guild complaints. Guild officers were able to arrest people who were working in the trade without guild credentials, and could use municipal law enforcement to aid them in the arrest. Guilds often did take people to court for illegal work. In 18th c.
1476:
862:
2851:, supervised by that state's highest court. The court decides the criteria for entering and staying in the legal profession. In most states, every attorney must become a member of that state's bar association in order to practice law. State laws forbid any person from engaging in the unauthorized practice of law and practicing attorneys are subject to rules of professional conduct that are enforced by the state's supreme court.
912:
3014:
832:
2578:, both of whose focus is on the development of medicine in America, the tying of medical licensing practices to universities was a process intended to do more than protect the public from 'quackery', but was engineered to be unnecessarily prolonged, inefficient, and a costly process so as to deter 'outsiders' from getting into the field, thereby enhancing the prestige and earning power of medical professionals.
517:
846:, a network of cottagers who spun and wove in their own premises on his account, provided with their raw materials, perhaps even their looms, by the capitalist who took a share of the profits. Such a dispersed system could not so easily be controlled where there was a vigorous local market for the raw materials: wool was easily available in sheep-rearing regions, whereas silk was not.
1030:
2586:"The university and scholars' guilds held onto their power over membership, training, and workplace because early capitalism was not interested in it (there was no product that the capitalist wished to produce)...the cultural prestige of knowledge itself helped keep the scholars' guild and the university alive while all other guilds failed." - Elliot Krause,
1316:
regulate women's participation at this time, limiting the privileges of wives, widows, and daughters. It also forbade masters from hiring women. Crowston notes that the decline thesis has been reaffirmed in the German context by
Wiesner and Ogilvie, but that it does not work in looking at the matter from a larger scope, as her expertise is in French history.
583:, a figure which by the 14th century had risen to 350." There were different guilds of metal-workers: the farriers, knife-makers, locksmiths, chain-forgers, nail-makers, often formed separate and distinct corporations; the armourers were divided into helmet-makers, escutcheon-makers, harness-makers, harness-polishers, etc. In Catalan towns, especially at
2670:(2000) Thomas Picketty questions the validity of patents being granted to agricultural corporations who claim to have 'invented' certain GMO seeds. According to Picketty, the falsity of such claims is that the specific breakthrough which allowed for the development of these GMO seeds was in fact only the end outcome of generations of
1428:, the Barber-Wigmaker & Bath Provider Guild struggled against illicit wigmaking and styling. In this case, illicit wigmaking flourished in order to circumvent the expensive wig tax. Women and girls could enter this guild. Illicit wigmakers operated throughout the 18th c., and made continuous contributions to the industry.
2718:. The aim of the City and Guilds of London Institute was the advancement of technical education. "City and Guilds" operates as an examining and accreditation body for vocational, managerial and engineering qualifications from entry-level craft and trade skills up to post-doctoral achievement. A separate organisation, the
1366:. This legal device made certain that a woman had the right to participate on her own behalf in the economy, and thus did not require references to her husband's resources or possible involvement. If a woman did not join a guild first, she was required to obtain her husband's permission in order to receive the status of
1261:. It documents that 5 out of 110 Parisian guilds were female monopolies, and that only a few guilds systematically excluded women. Boileau notes that some professions were also open to women: surgeons, glass-blowers, chain-mail forgers. Entertainment guilds also had a significant number of women members.
1447:
experienced political conflicts as guilds petitioned the councils to ban clandestine work not only in the city but in rural areas. They were outraged that members of the upperclass in LĂĽbeck would employ rural craftsmen at the expense of the city guild. A lot of their anger spurred from the fact that
1244:
Women's participation within medieval guilds was complex and varied. On one hand, guild membership allowed women to participate in the economy that provided social privilege and community. On the other hand, most trade and craft guilds were male-dominated and frequently limited women's rights if they
935:
The medieval guild was established by charters or letters patent or similar authority by the city or the ruler and normally held a monopoly on trade in its craft within the city in which it operated: handicraft workers were forbidden by law to run any business if they were not members of a guild, and
678:
As production became more specialized, trade guilds were divided and subdivided, eliciting the squabbles over jurisdiction that produced the paperwork by which economic historians trace their development: The metalworking guilds of
Nuremberg were divided among dozens of independent trades in the boom
535:
called "guilds" were denounced by
Catholic clergy for their "conjurations" — the binding oaths sworn among the members to support one another in adversity, kill specific enemies, and back one another in feuds or in business ventures. The occasion for these oaths were drunken banquets held on December
2831:
was, and is, a DGA member). These guilds maintain their own contracts with production companies to ensure a certain number of their members are hired for roles in each film or television production, and that their members are paid a minimum of guild "scale," along with other labor protections. These
2542:
number of interested parties sought to emulate the model of apprenticeship which
European guilds of the Middle Ages had honed to achieve their ends of establishing exclusivity in trades as well as the English concept of a gentleman which had come to be associated with higher income and craftsmanship
2541:
Though most guilds died off by the middle of the nineteenth century, quasi-guilds persist today, primarily in the fields of law, medicine, engineering, and academia. Paralleling or soon after the fall of guilds in Britain and in the United States professional associations began to form. In America a
1451:
Early modern Lyon continued to have a thriving underground economy into the late 18th century. In 1780, the hatters' guild complained that women and girls who sheared skins for the industry had established an underground manufacture 25 years earlier, and that it was still sustained. These women were
1439:
Despite the guilds' fear of illegal craft, underground business often helped guilds survive. The creation of materials was often illicit, or outsourced from other locales. Masters hired non-guild workers to do high-intensive tasks and paid less, while at the same time denigrating their work. In many
1416:
Due to the political, legislative, and social power of many guilds during the medieval and early modern periods, any economic activity that encroached on guild purview was considered criminal activity. The black market was used to get around regulations set by the guild for membership, for the goods
1230:
Guilds were often heavily concerned with product quality. The regulations they established on their own members' work, as well as targeting non-guild members for illicit practice, was to create a standard of work that the consumer could rely on. They were heavily concerned with public perception. In
2561:
There are often subtle dichotomies present in attempting to answer the question of whether modern licensing and accreditation practices are intended to serve the public good, however it be defined. For medieval guilds this dichotomy is exemplified by differing explanations of the same phenomena; of
1431:
Judith Coffin posits that the number of clandestine linen drapers, seamstresses, and tailors, kept pace and probably outstripped the numbers from those guilds. Clandestine workers, male and female, worked in garret shops and rooms under guild jurisdiction. Not all non-guild work was illegal, too. A
1273:
Women did have problems with entering healers' guilds, as opposed to their relative freedom in trade or craft guilds. Their status in healers' guilds were often challenged. The idea that medicine should only be practiced by men was supported by some religious and secular authorities at the time. It
927:
After this journey and several years of experience, a journeyman could be received as master craftsman, though in some guilds this step could be made straight from apprentice. This would typically require the approval of all masters of a guild, a donation of money and other goods (often omitted for
939:
The town authorities might be represented in the guild meetings and thus had a means of controlling the handicraft activities. This was important since towns very often depended on a good reputation for export of a narrow range of products, on which not only the guild's, but the town's, reputation
2956:
novels, the guilds of the city of Ankh-Morpork are major civic and economic institutions, with some serving as equivalents to trade unions or government bodies. The Presidents and Heads of the Guilds form an unofficial city council which may advise the Patrician during times of crisis. As part of
1315:
Historian Merry Wiesner attributed a decline in women's labor in south German cities from the 16th-18th centuries to both economic and cultural factors; as trades became more specialized, women's domestic responsibilities hindered them from entering the workforce. German guilds started to further
1281:
there were three guilds that were composed almost entirely of women, the yarn-spinners, gold-spinners, and silk-weavers. Men could join these guilds, but were almost exclusively married to guildswomen. This was a required regulation of the yarn-spinners guild. The guildswomen of the gold-spinners
1210:
The economic consequences of guilds have led to heated debates among economic historians. On the one side, scholars say that since merchant guilds persisted over long periods they must have been efficient institutions (since inefficient institutions die out). Others say they persisted not because
1133:
they gradually fell in most European nations over the course of the 19th century, as the guild system was disbanded and replaced by laws that promoted free trade. As a consequence of the decline of guilds, many former handicraft workers were forced to seek employment in the emerging manufacturing
1095:
It is to prevent this reduction of price, and consequently of wages and profit, by restraining that free competition which would most certainly occasion it, that all corporations, and the greater part of corporation laws, have been established. (...) and when any particular class of artificers or
1388:
Frenchwomen provided vocational training to apprentices. In apprenticeship contracts the names and trades of spouses would both appear. The trades were usually the same or closely related. In earlier research, lack of contracts led scholars to believe that women and girls never received official
1357:
caused the guild some trouble. There was a perception that these workers also trafficked in sex as well as linens, which made the guild emphatic about its own morality. On the other end of the social divide, the linen trade was a respectable occupation for married and single women of high social
1109:
also criticized the guild system for its rigid gradation of social rank and what he saw as the relation of oppressor and oppressed entailed by this system. It was the 18th and 19th centuries that saw the beginning of the low regard in which some people hold the guilds to this day. In part due to
2775:
India's guilds include the Students Guild, Indian Engineers Guild, and the Safety Guild. Other professional associations include the Indian medical Association, Indian Engineers, Indian Dental Association, United nurses Association, etc. Most of them use Union, Association or Society as suffix.
2606:
Taken in the context of guilds, it can be argued that the purpose of accreditation is to provide a mechanism for members of the scholars guild to protect itself, both by limiting outsiders from entering the field and by enforcing established norms onto one another. Contriving means to limit the
2594:
Though in theory anyone can start a college, the 'privilege' in this case is the linking of federal aid to accreditation. While accreditation of a university is entirely optional, attending an accredited university is a prerequisite to receiving federal aid, and this has a powerful influence on
2581:
The university system in general continues to serve as a basis upon which modern quasi-guilds operate in the form of professionalism. 'Universitas' in the Middle Ages meant a society of masters who had the capacity for self-governance, and this term was adopted by students and teachers who came
2566:
argues that this was intended to mitigate competition among guild members, while Dorothy Terry argues this was to prevent guild members from working late into the night while tired and when lighting is poor and therefore producing low quality work. In modern times, while licensing practices are
2537:
organizations replicate guild structure and operation. Professions such as architecture, engineering, geology, and land surveying require varying lengths of apprenticeships before one can gain a "professional" certification. These certifications hold great legal weight: most states make them a
1344:
Early modern Rouen was an important center of guildswomen's activity. By 1775, there were about 700 female masters, accounting for 10% of all guild masters in the city. A survey that circulated in the late 18th century listed that the Rouen ribbonmakers had 149 masters, mistresses, and widows,
1303:
Many historians have done research into the dwindling women's participation in guilds. Studies have provided a contradictory picture. Recent historical research is usually posed in rebuttal to Alice Clark's study on the economic marginalization of women in the 17th c., and has highlighted that
1289:
published a study in 1919 on women's participation in guilds during the Medieval period. She argued that the guild system empowered women to participate in family businesses. This viewpoint, among others of Clark's, has been criticized by fellow historians, and has sparked debate in scholarly
1218:
Epstein and Prak's book (2008) rejects Ogilvie's conclusions. Specifically, Epstein argues that guilds were cost-sharing rather than rent-seeking institutions. They located and matched masters and likely apprentices through monitored learning. Whereas the acquisition of craft skills required
2970:, most super-villains in the series belong to The Guild of Calamitous Intent, which regulates their menacing activities towards their respective protagonists, while also shielding said villains from criminal prosecution. Much of the show's storyline revolves around politics within the Guild.
119:
Typically the key "privilege" was that only guild members were allowed to sell their goods or practice their skill within the city. There might be controls on minimum or maximum prices, hours of trading, numbers of apprentices, and many other things. Critics argued that these rules reduced
2741:, guilds continue to exist as private member clubs with membership limited to practitioners of particular trades or activities. These clubs are corporations under public law, albeit the membership is voluntary; the president normally comes from the ranks of master-craftsmen and is called
2549:
associations constitute the modern equivalent of a 'guild-privilege', albeit in contrast to guilds of the Middle Ages which held a letters patent which explicitly granted them monopolies on the provision of services, today's quasi-guild privileges are subtler, more complex, and less
780:, and made it difficult for those lacking the capital to set up for themselves or without the approval of their peers to gain access to materials or knowledge, or to sell into certain markets, an area that equally dominated the guilds' concerns. These are defining characteristics of
971:
In many German and Italian cities, the more powerful guilds often had considerable political influence, and sometimes attempted to control the city authorities. In the 14th century, this led to numerous bloody uprisings, during which the guilds dissolved town councils and detained
1011:, these were corporations of wealthy merchants, with their own rights. They therefore constituted an Order which was divided, according to property, into three classes: merchant of the first Guild, of the second Guild, and of the third Guild and was transmissible hereditarily.
2687:
In many European countries, guilds have experienced a revival as local trade organizations for craftsmen, primarily in traditional skills. They may function as forums for developing competence and are often the local units of a national employer's organisation.
1096:
traders thought proper to act as a corporation without a charter, such adulterine guilds, as they were called, were not always disfranchised upon that account, but obliged to fine annually to the king for permission to exercise their usurped privileges.
563:
tells a miraculous tale of a builder whose art and techniques suddenly left him, but were restored by an apparition of the Virgin Mary in a dream. Michel Rouche remarks that the story speaks for the importance of practically transmitted journeymanship.
654:
Not all city economies were controlled by guilds; some cities were "free." Where guilds were in control, they shaped labor, production and trade; they had strong controls over instructional capital, and the modern concepts of a lifetime progression of
474:. These signs can be found in many old European towns where guild members marked their places of business. Many survived through time or staged a comeback in industrial times. Today they are restored or even newly created, especially in old town areas.
1348:
Historians have noted the essential contributions that women made to these guilds. Many scholars have asserted that it would have been impossible for male merchants and craftsmen to start a business, let alone run it, without the help of their wives.
799:, which began to divide guild members into "haves" and dependent "have-nots". The civil struggles that characterize the 14th-century towns and cities were struggles in part between the greater guilds and the lesser artisanal guilds, which depended on
764:
system. The guilds also maintained funds in order to support infirm or elderly members, as well as widows and orphans of guild members, funeral benefits, and a 'tramping' allowance for those needing to travel to find work. As the guild system of the
642:
and held on in German cities into the 19th century, with some special privileges for certain occupations remaining today. In the 15th century, Hamburg had 100 guilds, Cologne 80, and LĂĽbeck 70. The latest guilds to develop in Western Europe were the
2874:, created in 1927 as the Federated Pharmaceutical Services Guild of Australia. The Pharmacy Guild serves "6,000 community pharmacies," while also providing training and standards for the country's pharmacists. Australia's other guilds include the
2582:
together in the twelfth century to form scholars guilds. Though guilds mostly died off by the middle of the nineteenth century, the scholars guild persisted due to its peripheral nature to an industrialized economy. In the words of Elliot Krause,
1290:
circles. Clark's analysis of the period is that things change during the early modern period, specifically the 17th century, and become more stifling for women in guilds. She also posits that domestic life drove women out of guild participation.
2665:
Patents loosely serve as a form of guild privilege in that they restrict potential newcomers to a field of service. The idea of a patent being applied to intangibles (e.g. intellectual patents) has been called to question by various authors. In
2567:
usually argued to in some way protect members of the public (e.g. by ensuring quality standards), it usually can also be argued that these practices have been engineered to limit the number of 'outsiders' who gain entrance to a given field.
2835:
Real-estate brokerage offers an example of a modern American guild system. Signs of guild behavior in real-estate brokerage include: standard pricing (6% of the home price), strong affiliation among all practitioners, self-regulation (see
2882:, the Australian Butcher's Guild, a fraternity of independent butchers which provides links to resources like Australian meat standards and a guide to different beef cuts, and The Artists Guild, a craft guild focusing on female artists.
1352:
The oldest women's guild in Paris dealt in linens, including household linens, layettes for babies, and undergarments. There seemed to be a major wealth disparity among its members. The linen workers whose sheds were at the center of
4269:
1336:. In 1675, Parisian seamstresses requested the guild as their trade was organized and profitable enough to support incorporation. Some of the guilds in Cologne had been made up almost entirely of women since the medieval period.
2756:), which have less resemblance to ancient guilds in that they are organized for all crafts in a certain region, not just one. In them membership is mandatory, and they serve to establish self-governance of the crafts.
1269:
women had participated as full-fledged masters in 7 of the city's 112 guilds since the 13th century. There were still many restrictions. Medieval Parisian guilds did not offer women independent control of their work.
1165:. Guilds, however, can also be seen as a set of self-employed skilled craftsmen with ownership and control over the materials and tools they needed to produce their goods. Some argue that guilds operated more like
5311:— essays by scholars covering German and Italian territories, the Netherlands, France, and England; plus guilds in cloth spinning, painting, glass blowing, goldsmithing, pewterware, book-selling, and clock making.
3867:
2557:
Nevertheless, it can be argued quasi-guild privileges are in many cases designed not just to serve some notion of public good, but to facilitate the establishing and maintaining of exclusivity in a field of work.
823:
class, which increasingly came to control the means of production and the capital that could be ventured in expansive schemes, often under the rules of guilds of their own. German social historians trace the
4107:
5149:
4047:
3912:
1361:
In France, special provisions had to be made in order to assure that woman could move relatively freely in the textile guilds of Paris and Rouen. They used a special legal formula, the privilege of the
1396:
to remove a stifling tax that had been levied on wigs that same year. The tax was removed in mid-July 1706 although historians do not believe that the guildswomen were the sole reason as to why.
1408:
acquired the right to make articles of clothing for women and children, but not for men or boys over age eight. This division reappeared in every French city where seamstresses entered guilds.
2832:
guilds set high standards for membership, and exclude professional actors, writers, etc. who do not abide by the strict rules for competing within the film and television industry in America.
2737:– the terms used were rather different from town to town), nor any restriction of a craft to a privileged corporation. However, under one other of their old names albeit a less frequent one,
1404:
When French seamstresses attained guild privileges in 1675, their corporate privilege extended to clothing for women and children. When they entered guilds, seamstresses in Paris, Rouen, and
4276:
3648:
2104:
501:, with incorporated societies of merchants in each town or city holding exclusive rights of doing business there. In many cases they became the governing body of a town. For example,
37:
3837:
3090:
828:, the urban revolution of guildmembers against a controlling urban patriciate, sometimes reading into them, however, perceived foretastes of the class struggles of the 19th century.
2707:
where among other celebrations descendants of burgesses are still admitted into membership. With the City of London livery companies, the UK has over 300 extant guilds and growing.
575:. According to Viktor Ivanovich Rutenburg, "Within the guild itself there was very little division of labour, which tended to operate rather between the guilds. Thus, according to
1059:. According to several accounts of this time, guilds became increasingly involved in simple territorial struggles against each other and against free practitioners of their arts.
4707:
Sewell, William H. "Social and Cultural Perspectives on Women’s Work: Comment on Loats, Hafter, and DeGroat". French Historical Studies, vol. 20, no. 1, 1997, pp. 49–54. JSTOR,
5315:
Grafe, Regina; Gelderblom, Oscar (Spring 2010). "The Rise and Fall of the Merchant Guilds: Re-thinking the Comparative Study of Commercial Institutions in Premodern Europe".
936:
only masters were allowed to be members of a guild. Before these privileges were legislated, these groups of handicraft workers were simply called 'handicraft associations'.
1345:
indicating its mixed gendered composition. A tax roll of 1775 indicated that their total membership was about 160, with 58 men, 17 widows, 55 wives, and 30 unmarried women.
2647:, and may prevent cut-throat competition that leads to inferior services undercutting prices. As with historical guilds, such a structure will resist foreign competition.
1249:
of the 15th century by Marian K. Dale, she notes that medieval women could inherit property, belong to guilds, manage estates, and run the family business if widowed. The
3874:
5351:
Comparative study of the origins and development of merchant guilds in Europe, esp. their emergence during the late Middle Ages and their decline in the Early Modern era
2607:
number of outsiders who gain an entrance to a field (exclusivity) and to enforce work norms among members were both distinguishing feature of guilds in the Middle Ages.
108:
or other ruler to enforce the flow of trade to their self-employed members, and to retain ownership of tools and the supply of materials, but most were regulated by the
4626:
Crowston, Clare. "Women, Gender, and Guilds in Early Modern Europe: An Overview of Recent Research." International Review of Social History, vol. 53, 2008, pp. 19–44.
4560:
Kowaleski, Maryanne, and Judith M. Bennett. "Crafts, Gilds, and Women in the Middle Ages: Fifty Years after Marian K. Dale." Signs, vol. 14, no. 2, 1989, pp. 474–501.
4764:
HOFFMANN, PHILIP R. "In Defence of Corporate Liberties: Early Modern Guilds and the Problem of Illicit Artisan Work." Urban History, vol. 34, no. 1, 2007, pp. 76–88.
4690:
Coffin, Judith G. "Gender and the Guild Order: The Garment Trades in Eighteenth-Century Paris". The Journal of Economic History, vol. 54, no. 4, 1994, pp. 768–93.
4668:
Loats, Carol L. "Gender, Guilds, and Work Identity: Perspectives from Sixteenth-Century Paris." French Historical Studies, vol. 20, no. 1, 1997, pp. 15–30. JSTOR,
1077:
systems grew rapidly and made its way into the political and legal systems. Many people who participated in the French Revolution saw guilds as a last remnant of
4100:
2722:
has also close ties with the London livery companies and is involved in the training of master craftworkers in stone and wood carving, as well as fine artists.
1138:. Interest in the medieval guild system was revived during the late 19th century, among far-right circles. Fascism in Italy (among other countries) implemented
1043:
The guild system became a target of much criticism towards the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century. Critics argued that they hindered
4051:
3920:
5157:
889:. Apprentices would typically not learn more than the most basic techniques until they were trusted by their peers to keep the guild's or company's secrets.
96:
who oversee the practice of their craft/trade in a particular territory. The earliest types of guild formed as organizations of tradespeople belonging to a
4596:
Hafter, Daryl M. "Female Masters in the Ribbonmaking Guild of Eighteenth-Century Rouen." French Historical Studies, vol. 20, no. 1, 1997, pp. 1–14. JSTOR,
298:, these were organised groups of merchants who specialised in a particular craft and whose membership of the group was voluntary. One such example is the
509:
of the City of London Corporation, the world's oldest continuously elected local government, whose members to this day must be Freemen of the city. The
218:
1082:
6651:
718:'s administration's concerns to impose unity, control production, and reap the benefits of transparent structure in the shape of efficient taxation.
3001:, which is run by 10 guilds (although these 10 guilds are not necessarily involved in trade, and the term is used more as a substitute for faction)
1169:
than they were like trade unions (Olson 1982). However, the journeymen organizations, which were at the time illegal, may have been influential.
6666:
5931:
2799:
In the film and television industry, guild membership is generally a prerequisite for working on major productions in certain capacities. The
2064:
710:
handicraft organization into the 16th century. In France, a resurgence of the guilds in the second half of the 17th century is symptomatic of
1172:
The exclusive privilege of a guild to produce certain goods or provide certain services was similar in spirit and character to the original
112:. Guild members found guilty of cheating the public would be fined or banned from the guild. A lasting legacy of traditional guilds are the
5911:
4744:
HAFTER, DARYL M. "Women in the Underground Business of Eighteenth-Century Lyon." Enterprise & Society, vol. 2, no. 1, 2001, pp. 11–40.
3845:
3065:
1117:
Because of industrialization and modernization of the trade and industry, and the rise of powerful nation-states that could directly issue
6661:
5616:
1085:
of 2 March 1791 suppressed the guilds in France. In 1803 the Napoleonic Code banned any coalition of workmen whatsoever. Smith wrote in
881:. Before a new employee could rise to the level of mastery, he had to go through a schooling period during which he was first called an
6037:
3898:
5646:
3060:
2984:
195:
1871:
1195:. These are, however, not very important economically except as reminders of the responsibilities of some trades toward the public.
606:, have been formed far more recently. Membership in a livery company is expected for individuals participating in the governance of
2643:
perhaps enforced by peer pressure and software, and other benefits of a strong association of producers of knowledge, benefit from
559:, had disappeared, with the apparent exceptions of stonecutters and perhaps glassmakers, mostly the people that had local skills.
4648:
Pia, M. "The Industrial Position of Woman in the Middle Ages." The Catholic Historical Review, vol. 10, no. 4, 1925, pp. 556–60.
3463:
3324:
1786:
1134:
industries, using not closely guarded techniques formerly protected by guilds, but rather the standardized methods controlled by
6671:
5021:
4979:
4334:
2988:, the powerful island kingdom of NĂşmenor is characterized by several guilds, each signified by a metal crest worn on the torso.
2290:
1931:
513:, effective from the Middle Ages until 1835, gave the right to trade, and was only bestowed upon members of a Guild or Livery.
4543:
Gayne, Mary K. "Illicit Wigmaking in Eighteenth-Century Paris". Eighteenth-Century Studies, vol. 38, no. 1, 2004, pp. 119–37.
1180:
methods were superseded by modern firms directly revealing their techniques, and counting on the state to enforce their legal
552:
6656:
5524:
5500:
5460:
5432:
5413:
5390:
5369:
5304:
5283:
4502:
Richardson G. (June 2001). "A Tale of Two Theories: Monopolies and Craft Guilds in Medieval England and Modern Imagination".
4143:
4083:
3995:
3226:
2516:
506:
2745:("master-in-chief"). Journeymen elect their own representative bodies, with their president having the traditional title of
5926:
5178:
Bodenheimer, Thomas; Grumbach, Kevin, eds. (2020). "The health care workforce and the education of health professionals.".
3142:
2719:
414:(193–211) in 198 AD. In September 2011, archeological investigations done at the site of an artificial harbor in Rome, the
671:
and grandmaster began to emerge. In order to become a master, a journeyman would have to go on a three-year voyage called
5872:
5135:
5070:
2711:
1274:
is believed that the Inquisition and witch hunts throughout the ages contributed to the lack of women in medical guilds.
4467:
Epstein, Stephan R. (September 1998). "Craft Guilds, Apprenticeship, and Technological Change in Preindustrial Europe".
1308:, the number of female artisans recorded in tax rolls rose substantially between the years of 1643 and 1750. In 18th c.
6874:
6067:
5479:
3728:
3557:
3549:
2034:
842:
In the countryside, where guild rules did not operate, there was freedom for the entrepreneur with capital to organize
603:
478:
There were several types of guilds, including the two main categories of merchant guilds and craft guilds but also the
3495:
3356:
721:
5996:
4405:
3791:
3755:
3516:
3377:
3288:
81:
4930:
4827:
The Social Transformation of American Medicine: The Rise of a Sovereign Profession and the Making of a Vast Industry
1966:
6062:
2837:
2074:
311:
42:
3797:
A worker looks at history: being outlines of industrial history specially written for Labour College-Plebs classes
2930:, guilds are used as associations of players or characters with similar interests, such as dungeons, crafting, or
2039:
1202:
law could be said to derive in some ways from the original statutes by which the guilds were abolished in Europe.
6641:
6032:
6022:
5243:
5197:
2871:
1635:
1022:(2004) argues that guilds negatively affected quality, skills, and innovation. Through what economists now call "
896:, the distance that could be travelled in a day, the title 'journeyman' derives from the French words for 'day' (
2044:
1811:
940:
depended. Controls on the association of physical locations to well-known exported products, e.g. wine from the
932:", which would illustrate the abilities of the aspiring master craftsman; this was often retained by the guild.
6646:
5598:
4897:
4190:
4178:
2847:
The practice of law in the United States also exemplifies modern guilds at work. Every state maintains its own
2812:
2808:
691:
developed as a congeries of specialized guilds. The appearance of the European guilds was tied to the emergent
5639:
2651:
2470:
2049:
1796:
447:
435:
1981:
1374:
allowed a woman to participate in business as a legal adult, sign contracts, go to court, and borrow money.
6804:
6052:
5953:
2907:
2879:
2855:
2379:
2334:
2295:
1392:
In July 1706, a group of women, members of the Parisian wigmakers, went to Versailles in order to petition
1176:
systems that surfaced in England in 1624. These systems played a role in ending the guilds' dominance, as
1142:, operating at the national rather than city level, to try to imitate the corporatism of the Middle Ages.
877:
The guild was made up by experienced and confirmed experts in their field of handicraft. They were called
6621:
6318:
6264:
6103:
5938:
5824:
5691:
3545:
3512:
3373:
3184:
2859:
2816:
2796:
is a labor union for journalists and other newspaper workers, with over 30,000 members in North America.
2300:
3271:
Powell, Marvin A. (1995). "Metrology and Mathematics in Ancient Mesopotamia". In Sasson, Jack M. (ed.).
2767:. Following a decree of 4 August 1789, they survived until March 1791 when they were finally abolished.
342:
6269:
6133:
6027:
5215:
2875:
2804:
2329:
1951:
1698:
1564:
1527:
595:
338:
5131:
3776:
2119:
2069:
1385:, they obtained subordinate positions in the tailors' guilds during the late 17th and 18th centuries.
6348:
6237:
6047:
5948:
5536:
2509:
1936:
916:
2957:
Lord Vetinari's efforts to 'organise' and reduce crime, criminals including thieves, assassins and '
1312:, there was a significant growth in women's access to guilds, with no restrictions on their rights.
6721:
6473:
6378:
6343:
6323:
5991:
5943:
5632:
5571:"Development of Economic Organizations and their Role in Human Empowerment during the Gupta Period"
2449:
2235:
2175:
2134:
1956:
1517:
1048:
431:
286:
229:
constructed in an employment contract between a shipbuilder and a ship-owner. Law 275 stipulated a
163:
97:
3257:
2979:, there exists a guild of that name, including many other kinds of guilds in the kingdom of Fiore.
2089:
1911:
1324:
There were exclusively female guilds that came out of the woodwork in the 17th century, primarily
1219:
experience-based learning, he argues that this process necessitated many years in apprenticeship.
6842:
6524:
6313:
6181:
6128:
5986:
5976:
5865:
5278:. Civilization & capitalism, 15th–18th century. Vol. 2. University of California Press.
3720:
3467:
3328:
3117:
3019:
2715:
2305:
2200:
2124:
1826:
1611:
1286:
1105:
354:
3586:
2662:
assigns journeyer and master ranks to those committing to work only or mostly on free software.
2250:
2099:
1976:
6616:
6249:
6077:
5768:
3418:
2704:
2620:
2419:
2368:
1743:
1672:
1666:
976:
in an attempt to increase their influence. In fourteenth-century north-east Germany, people of
31:
17:
5401:
4031:
3684:
2094:
1733:
6631:
6517:
6446:
6301:
6186:
6148:
5814:
3055:
3038:
3028:
2820:
2455:
2347:
1846:
1748:
1721:
1678:
1584:
1139:
1087:
1063:
715:
532:
242:
132:
5359:
4978:
4955:
3812:
3745:
2054:
1866:
1861:
621:
6740:
6683:
6306:
6286:
6113:
6001:
5921:
5829:
3582:
3280:
3273:
2993:
2966:
2931:
2636:
2502:
2284:
1693:
1646:
1641:
1621:
1594:
1459:
1056:
136:
5017:"The Return of the Guilds: Towards a Global History of the Guilds in Pre-industrial Times"
3771:
2144:
207:
8:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6774:
6636:
6596:
6358:
6328:
6196:
6057:
5981:
5971:
5794:
5696:
5686:
3111:
2824:
2800:
2793:
2700:
2409:
2189:
1806:
1600:
1262:
1052:
789:
753:
510:
140:
6254:
3573:
3447:
3308:
3251:
2815:
and other profession-specific guilds have the ability to exercise strong control in the
2654:
has from time to time explored a guild-like structure to unite against competition from
2323:
2277:
1961:
6835:
6747:
6626:
6551:
6368:
6333:
6244:
6201:
6171:
6143:
6138:
6108:
6082:
5906:
5858:
5747:
5676:
5342:
5113:
5048:
5040:
4789:
Death of Guilds:Professions, States, and The Advance of Capitalism, 1930 to The Present
4765:
4745:
4691:
4649:
4627:
4561:
4544:
4519:
4484:
4438:
4326:
3665:
3628:
3578:
3106:
3033:
2644:
2079:
1841:
1616:
1537:
1258:
1070:, and all over Europe a tendency to oppose government control over trades in favour of
168:
4122:
1155 Charter - Worshipful Company of Weavers. The oldest recorded City Livery Company.
1254:
579:'s Book of Handicrafts, by the mid-13th century there were no less than 100 guilds in
576:
6696:
6566:
6458:
6422:
6412:
6373:
6363:
6291:
6281:
6211:
5799:
5610:
5582:
5520:
5496:
5475:
5456:
5428:
5409:
5386:
5365:
5346:
5300:
5279:
5105:
4488:
4442:
4434:
4401:
4330:
4322:
4303:
4186:
4174:
4139:
4079:
3991:
3892:
3751:
3724:
3620:
3553:
3284:
3232:
3222:
3179:
3168:
2764:
2460:
2403:
2195:
1851:
1753:
1381:, seamstresses acquired an independent guild in 1579. In several other cities of the
1130:
941:
866:
785:
726:
615:
548:
502:
411:
5516:
The Rise and Decline of Nations: Economic Growth, Stagflation, and Social Rigidities
5066:
5052:
4523:
2257:
1946:
1370:. If she did join a guild, the status was conferred automatically. The privilege of
1187:
Some guild traditions still remain in a few handicrafts, in Europe especially among
6809:
6764:
6709:
6701:
6691:
6468:
6392:
6232:
6206:
6191:
6098:
5916:
5898:
5819:
5737:
5671:
5355:
5332:
5324:
5097:
5030:
4985:
4962:
4708:
4669:
4597:
4511:
4476:
4430:
4318:
3942:
3657:
3459:
3408:
3320:
3127:
3095:
2828:
2714:
the forerunner of the engineering school (still called City and Guilds College) at
2616:
2563:
2414:
2129:
2024:
2009:
1901:
1891:
1821:
1542:
1512:
1019:
964:, etc., helped to establish a town's place in global commerce — this led to modern
878:
843:
770:
672:
668:
560:
483:
109:
61:
4887:"The Early Development of Medical Licensing Laws in the United States, 1875-1900*"
4580:"GUILDS, WOMEN IN" in "Women in the Middle Ages", Greenwood Press 2004, pp. 384-85
2923:
with song and dance upon her arrival. They present her with am oversized lollipop.
2545:
Licensing and accreditation practices which typically result from the lobbying of
1215:, that is, to shift money to the membership at the expense of the entire economy.
6869:
6864:
6821:
6784:
6760:
6561:
6556:
6536:
6495:
6490:
6437:
6432:
6296:
6276:
6153:
6118:
5656:
5551:
5514:
5490:
5380:
5294:
5273:
4367:
4073:
3947:
3795:
3422:
3122:
2998:
2848:
2632:
2490:
2317:
2243:
2182:
2168:
2114:
2084:
2019:
1986:
1971:
1896:
1856:
1801:
1726:
1497:
1405:
1000:
961:
855:
700:
498:
443:
358:
226:
191:
179:
5563:
2854:
Medical associations comparable to guilds include the state Medical Boards, the
2396:
819:". Fiercer struggles were those between essentially conservative guilds and the
458:
346:
6727:
6576:
6259:
6123:
6017:
5963:
5773:
5752:
5732:
5602:
5593:
5328:
4033:
Diccionario geográfico universal, por una sociedad de literatos, S.B.M.F.C.L.D.
3413:
3137:
3080:
2912:
2696:
2692:
2465:
2162:
2139:
1991:
1816:
1771:
1703:
1626:
1588:
1492:
996:
981:
882:
777:
766:
749:
741:
626:
599:
524:
362:
101:
5382:
Craft Guilds in the Early Modern Low Countries: Work, Power and Representation
5229:
5035:
5016:
4515:
4480:
2878:, representing the country's directors, documentary makers and animators, the
699:. Before this time it was not possible to run a money-driven organization, as
6858:
6530:
6451:
6399:
6338:
6176:
6042:
5712:
5586:
5109:
4304:"Guilds, efficiency, and social capital: evidence from German proto-industry"
4012:
3646:
Ginsburg, Michael (1940). "Roman military clubs and their social functions".
3624:
3158:
3147:
2944:
2899:
2892:
2785:
2575:
2228:
2221:
2029:
1876:
1573:
1071:
973:
869:
originated as a meeting place for guilds, as well as a magistrates' seat and
556:
486:
as craftsmen united to protect their common interests. In the German city of
395:
303:
264:
4421:
Ogilvie, Sheilagh C. (February 2008). "Rehabilitating the Guilds: A Reply".
4384:
Kartelltheorie und Internationale Beziehungen. Theoriegeschichtliche Studien
4171:
Property and Prophets: The Evolution of Economic Institutions and Ideologies
1436:
seemed to perform a substantial amount of this work outside masters' shops.
1222:
The extent to which guilds were able to monopolize markets is also debated.
679:
economy of the 13th century, and there were 101 trades in Paris by 1260. In
591:
were a basic agent in the society: a shoemakers' guild is recorded in 1208.
6779:
6591:
6586:
6546:
6507:
5809:
5742:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5510:
4980:"How Medieval-Style Guilds Will Remake the Tech Behind Facebook and Google"
4857:
The Lazzaroni: Science and Scientists in The Mid Nineteenth Century America
3689:
3503:
3364:
3085:
2916:
2823:
rights and a history of power-brokers also holding guild membership (e.g.,
2640:
2546:
2442:
2109:
2014:
1941:
1921:
1886:
1831:
1791:
1781:
1738:
1656:
1569:
1553:
1507:
1502:
1212:
1177:
1150:
1126:
1023:
1004:
984:, origin were not allowed to join some guilds. According to Wilhelm Raabe,
781:
740:
The guilds were identified with organizations enjoying certain privileges (
696:
675:. The practice of the journeyman years still exists in Germany and France.
537:
520:
391:
334:
330:
315:
307:
281:
260:
238:
2788:
guilds exist in several fields. Often, they are better characterized as a
602:, survive today, with the oldest 869 years old. Other groups, such as the
6814:
6769:
6442:
6227:
5839:
5804:
5778:
3236:
3194:
3189:
3075:
3070:
2927:
2789:
2624:
2214:
1926:
1906:
1651:
1606:
1532:
1522:
1467:
1382:
1265:
documents payments to female musicians from Le Puy, Lyons, and Paris. In
1135:
1111:
1074:
929:
921:
373:
350:
326:
246:
121:
5044:
4956:
4769:
4749:
4653:
4631:
4548:
3632:
3608:
2485:
6713:
6705:
6581:
6502:
6463:
6407:
5570:
5337:
4695:
4565:
3694:
2975:
2920:
2571:
2534:
2373:
2340:
2207:
1881:
1836:
1688:
1661:
1631:
1558:
1354:
1067:
1044:
886:
796:
664:
656:
611:
427:
407:
128:
124:, but defenders maintained that they protected professional standards.
5548:
The Art of Solidarity in the Middle Ages: Guilds in England 1250–1550,
5472:
On the History and Development of Gilds and the Origin of Trade-Unions
5247:
5117:
5085:
3669:
3253:
The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages: Salerno. Bologna. Paris
3216:
2902:
controls the means of interstellar travel and thus wields great power.
418:, revealed inscriptions in a shipyard constructed during the reign of
6755:
6571:
6541:
6512:
5881:
5834:
3649:
Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association
3491:
3443:
3404:
3352:
3304:
3101:
3049:
2952:
2939:
2655:
2628:
2430:
2425:
2390:
2311:
1916:
1776:
1683:
1393:
1378:
1246:
1199:
1188:
1154:
1122:
1100:
1078:
965:
870:
835:
800:
761:
711:
584:
479:
403:
378:
113:
47:
5193:
4886:
1444:
6479:
5150:"Regulation of the legal profession in the United States: overview"
5101:
4727:
Fabricating women: the seamstresses of Old Regime France, 1675-1791
4712:
4673:
4601:
3661:
3153:
2958:
2659:
1181:
986:"down into the eighteenth century no German guild accepted a Wend."
945:
861:
820:
688:
684:
487:
383:
369:
93:
5624:
911:
773:
transformed into mutual assistance fraternities along such lines.
6417:
6353:
3508:
3369:
3132:
2726:
2435:
2385:
1448:
they were part of the council who had sworn to uphold the guild.
1333:
1278:
1166:
953:
831:
745:
660:
633:
541:
527:
displaying symbols of various European medieval trades and crafts
494:
471:
467:
399:
203:
187:
183:
151:
105:
89:
4231:
Great Events from History: Ancient and Medieval Series: 951–1500
4133:
3609:"D. 47,22, 1, pr.-1 and the Formation of Semi-Public "Collegia""
3279:. Vol. III. New York, NY: Charles Scribner's Sons. p.
1114:
behavior, the tide of public opinion turned against the guilds.
406:
date the formation of burial societies among Roman soldiers and
127:
An important result of the guild framework was the emergence of
6072:
5681:
3173:
3164:
3043:
2915:
was a group of Munchkins in the Munchkin Country, who welcomed
2760:
2059:
1547:
1475:
1309:
1192:
1173:
1162:
1118:
949:
757:
707:
568:
463:
439:
419:
415:
267:
between a charterer and shipmaster, while Law 277 stipulated a
222:
199:
150:); they originated as guilds of students (as at Bologna) or of
3013:
928:
sons of existing members), and the production of a so-called "
752:
and overseen by local town business authorities (some kind of
5015:
Lucassen, Jan; De Moor, Tine; van Zanden, Jan Luiten (2008).
1425:
1329:
1325:
1305:
1266:
977:
692:
680:
580:
516:
234:
230:
5850:
5609:
4075:
Treasure Islands: Tax Havens and the Men who Stole the World
990:
6427:
5425:
Craftsmen and their Associations in Asia, Africa and Europe
5361:
Institutions and European Trade: Merchant Guilds, 1000–1800
2870:
Australia has several guilds. The most notable of these is
1418:
1062:
Two of the most outspoken critics of the guild system were
1033:
An example of the last of the British Guilds meeting rooms
1029:
1008:
957:
784:
in economics, which dominated most European thinking about
422:(98–117) indicating the existence of a shipbuilders guild.
341:-era (second-century AD) clay tablet from the ruins of the
5086:"The Abolition of the Guilds during the French Revolution"
2610:
493:
The continental system of guilds and merchants arrived in
5404:. In Ariès, Philippe; Veyne, Paul; Duby, Georges (eds.).
5014:
3575:
The Documentary History of Insurance, 1000 B.C.–1875 A.D.
3176:– association of merchants, traders and artisans in India
1161:
Guilds are sometimes said to be the precursors of modern
67:
64:
5408:. Vol. 1. Harvard University Press. pp. 419–.
5453:
Elizabeth's London: Everyday Life in Elizabethan London
5406:
A History of Private Life: From Pagan Rome to Byzantium
4101:"Livery Company Records & Furthering Your Ancestry"
3507:. Translated by Harper, Robert Francis (2nd ed.).
3368:. Translated by Harper, Robert Francis (2nd ed.).
2844:, Civil Action No. 05C-5140 (N.D. Ill. Sept. 7, 2005).
2619:
championed a modern variant of the guild structure for
490:
craft guilds are mentioned in the Towncharter of 1156.
5296:
Guilds, Innovation and the European Economy, 1400–1800
5211:
4270:"The Situation with the Sorbs in the Past and Present"
453:
376:
in approximately 133 AD. Following the passage of the
3150:- a German guild of poets, songwriters, and musicians
2710:
In 1878, the London livery companies established the
776:
European guilds imposed long standardized periods of
82:
5474:. Research & Source Works Series. Burt Frankin.
4842:
The Rise of Professional Society; England since 1885
3009:
1251:
Livre des métiers de Paris (Book of Trades of Paris)
803:. "In Florence, they were openly distinguished: the
382:
in 45 BC, and its reaffirmation during the reign of
73:
70:
5177:
4931:"Can College Accreditation Live Up to Its Promise?"
4929:Leef, George C.; Burris, Roxana D. (July 1, 2002).
482:and religious guild. Guilds arose beginning in the
3272:
3264:
885:. After this period he could rise to the level of
651:of Spain: e.g., Valencia (1332) or Toledo (1426).
277:-shekel per day freight rate for a 60-gur vessel.
4181:; and James Christopher Postell and Jim Postell,
4050:. Cityoflondon.gov.uk. 2011-08-08. Archived from
3743:
2601:Can College Accreditation Live Up To Its Promise?
952:, tin-glazed earthenwares from certain cities in
795:The guild system survived the emergence of early
6856:
5180:Understanding Health Policy: A Clinical Approach
3685:"Huge Ancient Roman Shipyard Unearthed in Italy"
3484:
3479:275. If anyone hires a ... day as rent therefor.
3436:
3389:§234. If a boatman build ... silver as his wage.
3345:
3297:
865:One of the legacies of the guilds: the elevated
5314:
3340:234. If a shipbuilder builds ... as a present .
3052:- Roman associations similar to medieval guilds
5552:https://books.google.com/books?id=A0rTBgAAQBAJ
4791:. Yale University Press, New Haven and London.
4576:
4574:
116:constructed and used as guild meeting-places.
5866:
5640:
4501:
4011:Burton, Edwin; Marique, Pierre (1910-06-01).
4010:
2510:
756:). These were the predecessors of the modern
645:
5564:Medieval Guilds – World History Encyclopedia
4894:Deportment of History, University of Alberta
4365:
4242:
4240:
3600:
3066:Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands
2677:
1319:
198:for length, area, volume, weight, time, and
5293:Epstein, S.R.; Prak, Maarten, eds. (2008).
5292:
4622:
4620:
4618:
4616:
4614:
4612:
4610:
4571:
4455:
4029:
3399:
3397:
1129:— the guilds' power faded. After the
632:The guild system reached a mature state in
5873:
5859:
5647:
5633:
5132:"U.S. v. National Association of Realtors"
4928:
4760:
4758:
4740:
4738:
4736:
4504:Journal of the History of Economic Thought
4359:
3905:
3830:
3747:The Crafts And Culture of a Medieval Guild
3744:Jovinelly, Joann; Netelkos, Jason (2006).
2554:restrictive to consumers in their nature.
2517:
2503:
904:) from which came the middle English word
544:sought vainly to Christianise the guilds.
333:. In 1816, an archeological excavation in
5539:The European Guilds: An Economic Analysis
5402:"Private life conquers state and society"
5336:
5034:
4809:The European Guilds: An Economic Analysis
4686:
4684:
4682:
4592:
4590:
4588:
4586:
4554:
4237:
4134:Centre international de synthese (1971).
3985:
3528:§275. If a man hire ... its hire per day.
3490:
3442:
3403:
3351:
3303:
3061:Company of Merchant Adventurers of London
2985:The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power
2562:limiting work hours among guild members.
1339:
991:Guilds of merchants in the Russian Empire
310:. The Roman guilds failed to survive the
217:) stipulated a 2-shekel wage for each 60-
5492:Wage Labor and Guilds in Medieval Europe
5469:
5422:
5212:"ADG - Australian Directors' Guild Home"
4953:
4913:
4724:
4664:
4662:
4607:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4533:
4395:
4098:
3645:
3542:Wage Labor and Guilds in Medieval Europe
3394:
3249:
3214:
1257:, the Grand Provost of Paris under King
1205:
1149:
1125:protections — often revealing the
1028:
910:
860:
830:
720:
620:
515:
457:
36:
5568:
5488:
5354:
5271:
4935:American Council of Trustees and Alumni
4806:
4755:
4733:
4466:
4420:
4301:
4246:
4213:
4201:
4158:
4071:
3810:
3714:
3606:
3539:
3464:Records of the Past Exploration Society
3417:. Translated by King, Leonard William.
3325:Records of the Past Exploration Society
3161:- a French guild of poets and musicians
2961:' were allowed to reorganise as guilds.
2611:Quasi-guilds in the information economy
1411:
598:, more than 110 guilds, referred to as
100:. They sometimes depended on grants of
14:
6857:
5450:
5399:
5022:International Review of Social History
4884:
4854:
4839:
4786:
4729:. Duke University Press. pp. 2–3.
4701:
4679:
4644:
4642:
4640:
4583:
4350:
4233:. Vol. 3. Salem. pp. 1303–7.
4228:
3973:
3961:
3897:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3717:The Constitution of the Roman Republic
3683:Welsh, Jennifer (September 23, 2011).
3275:Civilizations of the Ancient Near East
3270:
3098:– merchants' guilds in Valencia, Spain
2674:investment in education and research.
2291:Brazilian Patrianovist Imperial Action
1293:
1110:their own inability to control unruly
769:declined during the 17th century, the
703:was the normal way of doing business.
5854:
5628:
5509:
5182:(8 ed.). McGraw Hill. p. 4.
5083:
4869:
4824:
4820:
4818:
4802:
4800:
4798:
4782:
4780:
4778:
4659:
4530:
4136:L'Encyclopedie et les encyclopedistes
3790:
3682:
1014:
625:The medieval Merchant Guild House in
442:, keeping religious texts, arranging
5378:
5317:Journal of Interdisciplinary History
5029:. Cambridge University Press: 5–18.
4999:
4976:
4918:. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.
4257:
3986:Rutenburg, Viktor Ivanovich (1988).
3496:"Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon"
3448:"Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon"
3409:"Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon"
3357:"Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon"
3309:"Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon"
3215:Gies, Joseph; Gies, Frances (1969).
3143:List of guilds in the United Kingdom
2997:, one of the most popular planes is
2720:City and Guilds of London Art School
1399:
27:Association of artisans or merchants
5654:
5246:. The Artists Guild. Archived from
5136:United States Department of Justice
5071:City and Guilds of London Institute
4637:
4398:Production and Operation Management
4386:, Hildesheim 2013, p. 79.
4355:. London: Unwin Hyman. p. 190.
2842:U.S. v. National Assoc. of Realtors
2712:City and Guilds of London Institute
1091:(Book I, Chapter X, paragraph 72):
454:Middle ages and early modern period
24:
5912:Accidental death and dismemberment
5443:
4815:
4795:
4775:
3550:University of North Carolina Press
2538:prerequisite to practising there.
1474:
1239:
1234:
1225:
725:A center of urban government: the
604:Worshipful Company of Tax Advisers
25:
6886:
5557:
4977:METZ, CADE (September 16, 2014).
4844:. Routledge, London and New York.
4396:Bakliwal, V.K. (March 18, 2011).
3458:(3). Translated by Sommer, Otto.
3319:(3). Translated by Sommer, Otto.
2819:as a result of a rigid system of
2752:There are also "craft chambers" (
1298:
43:The Syndics of the Drapers' Guild
6038:Directors and officers liability
4954:SCHWARTZ, PETER (July 1, 1998).
4903:from the original on 2020-10-24.
4859:. Smithsonian Institution Press.
4435:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2007.00417.x
4340:from the original on 2019-04-27.
4323:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2004.00279.x
4218:. The Folio Society. p. 27.
3012:
2838:National Association of Realtors
2779:
2695:, the ancient guilds survive as
2529:
2484:
667:eventually to widely recognized
594:In England, specifically in the
157:
60:
5550:Oxford University Press, 2015,
5236:
5222:
5204:
5198:The Pharmacy Guild of Australia
5186:
5171:
5142:
5124:
5077:
5059:
5008:
4993:
4970:
4947:
4922:
4907:
4878:
4863:
4848:
4833:
4718:
4495:
4460:
4449:
4414:
4389:
4376:
4353:The French Revolution 1787-1799
4344:
4295:
4286:
4262:
4251:
4222:
4207:
4195:
4173:(London: Routledge, 2016), 33.
4163:
4152:
4127:
4113:from the original on 2017-11-16
4092:
4065:
4040:
4023:
4004:
3979:
3967:
3955:
3935:
3860:
3804:
3784:
3764:
3737:
3708:
3676:
3639:
3566:
2911:, an organization known as the
2898:, an organization known as the
2872:The Pharmacy Guild of Australia
849:
706:The guild was at the center of
5364:. Cambridge University Press.
5299:. Cambridge University Press.
4829:. Basic Books, Inc., New York.
4302:Ogilvie, Sheilagh (May 2004).
3988:Feudal society and its culture
3948:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
3533:
3243:
3208:
2813:Writers Guild of America, West
2809:Writers Guild of America, East
13:
1:
5880:
5541:. Princeton University Press.
5455:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
5264:
5232:. Australian Butcher's Guild.
4811:. Princeton University Press.
4400:. Pinnacle Technology, 2011.
4216:Florence: Biography of a City
4214:Hibbert, Christopher (1993).
3046:– Chinese guilds of merchants
2885:
2652:open-source-software movement
2471:Common good constitutionalism
1034:
730:
636:
390:required the approval of the
280:A type of guild was known in
211:
196:common Mesopotamian standards
172:
144:
6805:Savings and loan association
5230:"Australian Butchers' Guild"
4372:. Hogarth Press. p. 35.
4185:(London: Wiley, 2007), 284.
4138:. B. Franklin. p. 366.
3256:. Clarendon Press. pp.
3197:– merchants' guilds in Japan
2865:
2856:American Medical Association
2335:Popular Representation Party
2296:Brazilian Integralist Action
1145:
7:
6238:Insurance-linked securities
5825:Mutualism (economic theory)
5605:(archived 28 November 2006)
5489:Epstein, Steven A. (1991).
4469:Journal of Economic History
3817:Bayerische Staatsbibliothek
3540:Epstein, Steven A. (1995).
3513:University of Chicago Press
3374:University of Chicago Press
3250:Rashdall, Hastings (1895).
3185:Trade Guilds of South India
3005:
2860:American Dental Association
2817:cinema of the United States
2631:including any professional
2301:Brazilian Integralist Front
917:The Haarlem Painter's Guild
811:—already there was a
523:of guilds in a town in the
446:, and maintaining specific
10:
6891:
5927:Total permanent disability
5379:Prak, Maarten Roy (2006).
5329:10.1162/jinh.2010.40.4.477
5272:Braudel, Fernand (1992) .
5216:Australian Directors Guild
4872:Guilds in The Middle Agese
4807:Ogilvie, Sheilagh (2019).
4072:Shaxson, Nicholas (2012).
4019:– via Newadvent.org.
2876:Australian Directors Guild
2805:Directors Guild of America
2729:, there are no longer any
1699:Traditionalist Catholicism
1565:Doctrine of the two swords
596:City of London Corporation
400:authorized as legal bodies
161:
139:(at least since 1096) and
29:
6875:Medieval economic history
6830:
6682:
6667:Health insurance coverage
6607:
6391:
6220:
6162:
6091:
6010:
5962:
5932:Business overhead expense
5897:
5888:
5787:
5761:
5705:
5664:
5537:Ogilvie, Sheilagh. 2019.
5519:. Yale University Press.
5423:Weyrauch, Thomas (1999).
5090:French Historical Studies
5036:10.1017/S0020859008003581
4914:Davidson, Thomas (1900).
4516:10.1080/10427710120049237
4481:10.1017/S0022050700021124
4229:Magill, Frank N. (1972).
4099:Mortorff, Denise (2009).
4017:The Catholic Encyclopedia
2905:In the classic 1939 film
2880:Australian Writers' Guild
2759:Guilds were abolished in
2682:
2678:International differences
2330:Palmarian Catholic Church
1320:Independent female guilds
744:), usually issued by the
557:religious confraternities
553:Roman craft organisations
265:contract of affreightment
208:Code of Hammurabi Law 234
6068:Protection and indemnity
5692:Workers' self-management
5601:The last Guild House in
5470:Brentano, Lujo (1969) .
4855:Miller, Lillian (1972).
4725:Crowston, Clare (2001).
4715:. Accessed 26 Nov. 2023.
4698:. Accessed 21 Nov. 2023.
4676:. Accessed 25 Nov. 2023.
4656:. Accessed 25 Nov. 2023.
4634:. Accessed 19 Nov. 2023.
4604:. Accessed 19 Nov. 2023.
4568:. Accessed 29 Nov. 2023.
3990:. Progress. p. 30.
3715:Lintott, Andrew (1999).
3202:
2770:
2236:Pascendi Dominici Gregis
2190:El liberalismo es pecado
2176:De regno, ad regem Cypri
1667:Political traditionalism
1518:Catholic social teaching
1049:technological innovation
249:. Law 276 stipulated a 2
164:Collegium (ancient Rome)
98:professional association
6525:Explanation of benefits
5997:Variable universal life
5617:Encyclopædia Britannica
5569:Agarwal, Ankit (2012).
5400:Rouche, Michel (1992).
4885:Hamowy, Ronald (1978).
4870:Terry, Dorothy (2000).
4840:Perkin, Harold (1993).
4787:Krause, Elliot (1996).
4772:. Accessed 2 Dec. 2023.
4752:. Accessed 2 Dec. 2023.
4551:. Accessed 2 Dec. 2023.
4456:Epstein & Prak 2008
4423:Economic History Review
4351:Soboul, Alfred (1989).
4311:Economic History Review
3777:Encyclopædia Britannica
3721:Oxford University Press
3218:Life in a medieval city
3118:Guild of St. Bernulphus
3020:Organized labour portal
2973:In Hiro Mashima's work
2716:Imperial College London
2621:independent contractors
2306:Catholic and Royal Army
2201:Famuli vestrae pietatis
689:woolen textile industry
555:, originally formed as
533:egalitarian communities
507:Court of Common Council
505:became the seat of the
325:was any association or
178:–2218 BC), grandson of
135:(established in 1088),
88:) is an association of
6662:Health insurance costs
6063:Professional liability
5769:National Guilds League
5620:(11th ed.). 1911.
5385:. Ashgate Publishing.
5275:The Wheels of Commerce
4916:A History of Education
4369:A History of Socialism
3838:"History and heritage"
3811:Sczesny, Anke (2012).
2705:Preston Guild Merchant
2604:
2592:
2258:O que Ă© o Integralismo
1673:Res publica Christiana
1479:
1340:Women's guild activity
1158:
1098:
1040:
924:
874:
839:
737:
646:
629:
528:
475:
339:Nerva–Antonine dynasty
51:
32:Guild (disambiguation)
6518:Out-of-pocket expense
6379:Workers' compensation
6033:Collateral protection
6023:Business interruption
5815:Libertarian socialism
5451:Picard, Liza (2003).
5427:. VVB Laufersweiler.
5084:Vardi, Liana (1988).
4957:"Re-Organization Man"
4366:Sally Graves (1939).
3913:"Freedom of the City"
3056:Community of practice
3039:Catholic Police Guild
3029:Bourgeois of Brussels
2950:In Terry Pratchett's
2821:intellectual-property
2749:(senior journeyman).
2597:
2584:
2456:Person Dignity Theory
1679:Sun and Moon allegory
1585:Divine right of kings
1478:
1206:Economic consequences
1153:
1093:
1088:The Wealth of Nations
1064:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
1032:
999:, from the reform of
914:
864:
834:
724:
716:Jean Baptiste Colbert
624:
571:, guilds were called
519:
461:
300:corpus naviculariorum
206:guilds in each city.
202:, which were used by
40:
6741:Corpus Juris Civilis
5830:National syndicalism
5543:covers 1000 to 1880.
5002:Capital and Ideology
4825:Starr, Paul (1982).
4030:Diccionario (1834).
3750:. Rosen. p. 8.
3723:. pp. 183–186.
3607:de Ligt, L. (2001).
2994:Magic: The Gathering
2967:The Venture Brothers
2932:player versus player
2668:Capital and Ideology
2637:intellectual capital
2251:Mes idées politiques
1694:Traditional monarchy
1647:National syndicalism
1642:National Catholicism
1622:Integral nationalism
1595:Ecclesiastical court
1443:In the mid-17th c.,
1412:Underground business
1057:business development
355:prescribed the rules
30:For other uses, see
6800:Rochdale Principles
6795:Mutual savings bank
6790:Mutual organization
6775:Cooperative banking
6692:Mesopotamian banker
5972:Longevity insurance
5795:Anarcho-syndicalism
5697:Workplace democracy
5495:. UNC Press Books.
5244:"The Artists Guild"
4382:Holm A. Leonhardt:
4048:"Alphabetical list"
3780:. 1 September 2010.
3452:Records of the Past
3313:Records of the Past
3112:Guild of Saint Luke
2825:DreamWorks Pictures
2801:Screen Actors Guild
2794:The Newspaper Guild
2701:Preston, Lancashire
2588:The Death of Guilds
2491:Politics portal
2410:Clerico-nationalism
1601:Error has no rights
1294:Early modern period
1263:John, Duke of Berry
1106:Communist Manifesto
1053:technology transfer
790:classical economics
754:chamber of commerce
511:Freedom of the City
215: 1755–1750 BC
6552:Insurable interest
6053:Payment protection
5954:Payment protection
5748:Rafael Uribe Uribe
5677:Economic democracy
5599:St. Eloy's Hospice
5000:Picketty, Thomas.
3951:. Merriam-Webster.
3552:. pp. 10–49.
3114:— painter's guilds
3107:Guilds of Brussels
3034:Bourgeois of Paris
2645:economies of scale
1787:Barbey d'Aurevilly
1617:Integral Education
1538:Counter-revolution
1480:
1372:marchande publique
1368:marchande publique
1364:marchande publique
1159:
1041:
1015:Fall of the guilds
1003:(beginning of the
925:
875:
840:
788:until the rise of
738:
630:
529:
503:London's Guildhall
476:
343:Temple of Antinous
169:Naram-Sin of Akkad
52:
6852:
6851:
6697:Code of Hammurabi
6672:Vehicle insurance
6567:Replacement value
6459:Actual cash value
6423:Adverse selection
6413:Actuarial science
6387:
6386:
6319:Kidnap and ransom
6292:Extended warranty
5939:Income protection
5848:
5847:
5800:Council communism
5546:Rosser, Gervase.
5526:978-0-300-15767-3
5502:978-0-8078-4498-4
5462:978-0-297-60729-8
5434:978-3-89687-537-2
5415:978-0-674-39974-7
5392:978-0-7546-5339-4
5371:978-1-139-50039-5
5356:Ogilvie, Sheilagh
5306:978-1-139-47107-7
5285:978-0-520-08115-4
5194:"About the Guild"
4145:978-0-8337-1157-1
4085:978-0-09-954172-1
3997:978-5-01-000528-3
3585:. 1915. pp.
3228:978-0-213-76379-4
3180:Trade association
3169:History of retail
2765:French Revolution
2527:
2526:
2461:Orthodox Peronism
2404:Sodalitium Pianum
1400:Division of labor
1131:French Revolution
867:Windsor Guildhall
786:political economy
727:Guildhall, London
549:Early Middle Ages
462:Traditional hand-
412:Septimius Severus
304:merchant mariners
302:, a collegium of
16:(Redirected from
6882:
6810:Social insurance
6765:Friendly society
6657:Health insurance
6485:Short rate table
6233:Catastrophe bond
6134:Lenders mortgage
5895:
5894:
5875:
5868:
5861:
5852:
5851:
5820:Market socialism
5738:Bertrand Russell
5687:Workers' control
5672:Direct democracy
5659:
5649:
5642:
5635:
5626:
5625:
5621:
5613:
5590:
5530:
5506:
5485:
5466:
5438:
5419:
5396:
5375:
5350:
5340:
5310:
5289:
5259:
5258:
5256:
5255:
5240:
5234:
5233:
5226:
5220:
5219:
5208:
5202:
5201:
5190:
5184:
5183:
5175:
5169:
5168:
5166:
5165:
5156:. Archived from
5146:
5140:
5139:
5128:
5122:
5121:
5081:
5075:
5074:
5063:
5057:
5056:
5038:
5012:
5006:
5005:
4997:
4991:
4990:
4982:
4974:
4968:
4967:
4959:
4951:
4945:
4944:
4942:
4941:
4926:
4920:
4919:
4911:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4891:
4882:
4876:
4875:
4874:. Batoche Books.
4867:
4861:
4860:
4852:
4846:
4845:
4837:
4831:
4830:
4822:
4813:
4812:
4804:
4793:
4792:
4784:
4773:
4762:
4753:
4742:
4731:
4730:
4722:
4716:
4705:
4699:
4688:
4677:
4666:
4657:
4646:
4635:
4624:
4605:
4594:
4581:
4578:
4569:
4558:
4552:
4541:
4528:
4527:
4499:
4493:
4492:
4464:
4458:
4453:
4447:
4446:
4418:
4412:
4411:
4393:
4387:
4380:
4374:
4373:
4363:
4357:
4356:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4308:
4299:
4293:
4290:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4275:. Archived from
4274:
4266:
4260:
4255:
4249:
4244:
4235:
4234:
4226:
4220:
4219:
4211:
4205:
4199:
4193:
4183:Furniture Design
4167:
4161:
4156:
4150:
4149:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4119:
4118:
4112:
4105:
4096:
4090:
4089:
4069:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4059:
4044:
4038:
4037:
4027:
4021:
4020:
4008:
4002:
4001:
3983:
3977:
3976:, pp. 431ff
3971:
3965:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3939:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3919:. Archived from
3909:
3903:
3902:
3896:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3879:
3873:. Archived from
3872:
3864:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3844:. Archived from
3834:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3768:
3762:
3761:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3643:
3637:
3636:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3583:Prudential Press
3570:
3564:
3563:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3523:
3500:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3474:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3401:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3384:
3361:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3335:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3278:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3212:
3128:Hanseatic League
3096:Germania (guild)
3022:
3017:
3016:
2908:The Wizard of Oz
2829:Steven Spielberg
2754:Handwerkskammern
2697:livery companies
2639:protections, an
2617:Thomas W. Malone
2564:Sheilagh Ogilvie
2519:
2512:
2505:
2489:
2488:
2415:Clerical fascism
2324:MilĂcia Catalana
2278:Action Française
1612:Gelasian Diarchy
1543:Decentralization
1513:Authoritarianism
1455:
1454:
1253:was compiled by
1039:
1036:
879:master craftsmen
844:cottage industry
771:Livery Companies
735:
732:
695:economy, and to
673:journeyman years
663:, and then from
649:
641:
638:
600:livery companies
573:corps de métiers
561:Gregory of Tours
484:High Middle Ages
466:guild sign of a
410:to the reign of
329:that acted as a
306:based at Rome's
284:times. Known as
276:
275:
271:
258:
257:
253:
216:
213:
182:who had unified
177:
174:
149:
146:
122:free competition
110:local government
85:
80:
79:
76:
75:
72:
69:
66:
21:
6890:
6889:
6885:
6884:
6883:
6881:
6880:
6879:
6855:
6854:
6853:
6848:
6826:
6822:Insurance cycle
6785:Fraternal order
6678:
6609:
6603:
6562:Proximate cause
6557:Insurance fraud
6537:General average
6496:Claims adjuster
6438:Risk management
6433:Risk assessment
6397:
6394:
6383:
6349:Prize indemnity
6216:
6164:
6158:
6087:
6048:Over-redemption
6006:
5958:
5949:National health
5890:
5884:
5879:
5849:
5844:
5783:
5757:
5701:
5660:
5657:Guild socialism
5655:
5653:
5608:
5594:Medieval guilds
5560:
5533:
5527:
5503:
5482:
5463:
5446:
5444:Further reading
5441:
5435:
5416:
5393:
5372:
5307:
5286:
5267:
5262:
5253:
5251:
5242:
5241:
5237:
5228:
5227:
5223:
5210:
5209:
5205:
5192:
5191:
5187:
5176:
5172:
5163:
5161:
5148:
5147:
5143:
5138:. 25 June 2015.
5130:
5129:
5125:
5082:
5078:
5065:
5064:
5060:
5013:
5009:
5004:. Galaxy Books.
4998:
4994:
4975:
4971:
4952:
4948:
4939:
4937:
4927:
4923:
4912:
4908:
4900:
4889:
4883:
4879:
4868:
4864:
4853:
4849:
4838:
4834:
4823:
4816:
4805:
4796:
4785:
4776:
4763:
4756:
4743:
4734:
4723:
4719:
4706:
4702:
4689:
4680:
4667:
4660:
4647:
4638:
4625:
4608:
4595:
4584:
4579:
4572:
4559:
4555:
4542:
4531:
4500:
4496:
4465:
4461:
4454:
4450:
4419:
4415:
4408:
4394:
4390:
4381:
4377:
4364:
4360:
4349:
4345:
4337:
4306:
4300:
4296:
4291:
4287:
4279:
4272:
4268:
4267:
4263:
4256:
4252:
4245:
4238:
4227:
4223:
4212:
4208:
4200:
4196:
4168:
4164:
4157:
4153:
4146:
4132:
4128:
4116:
4114:
4110:
4103:
4097:
4093:
4086:
4070:
4066:
4057:
4055:
4046:
4045:
4041:
4028:
4024:
4009:
4005:
3998:
3984:
3980:
3972:
3968:
3960:
3956:
3941:
3940:
3936:
3926:
3924:
3911:
3910:
3906:
3890:
3889:
3883:
3881:
3877:
3870:
3868:"Archived copy"
3866:
3865:
3861:
3851:
3849:
3836:
3835:
3831:
3821:
3819:
3809:
3805:
3800:. Plebs League.
3789:
3785:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3758:
3742:
3738:
3731:
3713:
3709:
3699:
3697:
3681:
3677:
3644:
3640:
3605:
3601:
3591:
3589:
3572:
3571:
3567:
3560:
3546:Chapel Hill, NC
3538:
3534:
3521:
3519:
3498:
3489:
3485:
3472:
3470:
3441:
3437:
3427:
3425:
3423:Yale Law School
3402:
3395:
3382:
3380:
3359:
3350:
3346:
3333:
3331:
3302:
3298:
3291:
3269:
3265:
3248:
3244:
3229:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3200:
3167:- particularly
3123:Guild socialism
3018:
3011:
3008:
2888:
2868:
2849:bar association
2792:— for example,
2782:
2773:
2685:
2680:
2633:legal liability
2613:
2532:
2523:
2483:
2476:
2475:
2364:
2356:
2355:
2318:Integrist Party
2285:Acción Española
2272:
2264:
2263:
2244:El Siglo Futuro
2196:Papal documents
2183:Treatise on Law
2169:The City of God
2158:
2150:
2149:
2005:
1997:
1996:
1767:
1759:
1758:
1744:Israeli/Zionist
1717:
1709:
1708:
1684:Social Kingship
1528:Confessionalism
1498:Anti-liberalism
1488:
1414:
1406:Aix-en-Provence
1402:
1342:
1322:
1301:
1296:
1255:Étienne Boileau
1242:
1240:Medieval period
1237:
1235:Women in guilds
1228:
1226:Product quality
1208:
1148:
1037:
1017:
1001:Peter the Great
993:
856:Florence, Italy
852:
826:Zunftrevolution
733:
701:commodity money
639:
577:Étienne Boileau
499:Norman Conquest
456:
448:religious cults
398:in order to be
386:(27 BC–14 AD),
384:Caesar Augustus
368:established in
359:membership dues
273:
269:
268:
259:-gerah per day
255:
251:
250:
214:
192:Akkadian Empire
180:Sargon of Akkad
175:
166:
160:
154:(as at Paris).
147:
83:
63:
59:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6888:
6878:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6850:
6849:
6847:
6846:
6843:List of topics
6839:
6831:
6828:
6827:
6825:
6824:
6819:
6818:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6758:
6753:
6752:
6751:
6737:
6736:
6735:
6730:
6728:Burial society
6718:
6717:
6716:
6710:§235–238; §240
6702:§100–105; §126
6694:
6688:
6686:
6680:
6679:
6677:
6676:
6675:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6652:Climate change
6644:
6642:United Kingdom
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6613:
6611:
6605:
6604:
6602:
6601:
6600:
6599:
6589:
6587:Underinsurance
6584:
6579:
6577:Self-insurance
6574:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6527:
6522:
6521:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6500:
6499:
6498:
6488:
6487:
6486:
6483:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6455:
6454:
6449:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6410:
6404:
6402:
6389:
6388:
6385:
6384:
6382:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6344:Political risk
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6324:Legal expenses
6321:
6316:
6311:
6310:
6309:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6273:
6272:
6267:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6241:
6240:
6235:
6224:
6222:
6218:
6217:
6215:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6168:
6166:
6160:
6159:
6157:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6104:Builder's risk
6101:
6095:
6093:
6089:
6088:
6086:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6028:Business owner
6025:
6020:
6014:
6012:
6008:
6007:
6005:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5992:Universal life
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5968:
5966:
5960:
5959:
5957:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5944:Long-term care
5941:
5936:
5935:
5934:
5929:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5903:
5901:
5892:
5886:
5885:
5878:
5877:
5870:
5863:
5855:
5846:
5845:
5843:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5791:
5789:
5788:Related topics
5785:
5784:
5782:
5781:
5776:
5774:Fabian Society
5771:
5765:
5763:
5759:
5758:
5756:
5755:
5753:Ernst Wigforss
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5733:Lionel Robbins
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5709:
5707:
5703:
5702:
5700:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5668:
5666:
5662:
5661:
5652:
5651:
5644:
5637:
5629:
5623:
5622:
5606:
5596:
5591:
5566:
5559:
5558:External links
5556:
5555:
5554:
5544:
5532:
5531:
5525:
5507:
5501:
5486:
5481:978-0833703682
5480:
5467:
5461:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5439:
5433:
5420:
5414:
5397:
5391:
5376:
5370:
5352:
5323:(4): 477–511.
5312:
5305:
5290:
5284:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5260:
5235:
5221:
5203:
5185:
5170:
5141:
5123:
5102:10.2307/286554
5096:(4): 704–717.
5076:
5058:
5007:
4992:
4969:
4946:
4921:
4906:
4877:
4862:
4847:
4832:
4814:
4794:
4774:
4754:
4732:
4717:
4713:10.2307/286798
4700:
4678:
4674:10.2307/286796
4658:
4636:
4606:
4602:10.2307/286795
4582:
4570:
4553:
4529:
4510:(2): 217–242.
4494:
4475:(3): 684–713.
4459:
4448:
4429:(1): 175–182.
4413:
4406:
4388:
4375:
4358:
4343:
4317:(2): 286–333.
4294:
4292:Raabe, p. 189.
4285:
4282:on 2011-07-13.
4261:
4250:
4236:
4221:
4206:
4194:
4162:
4151:
4144:
4126:
4091:
4084:
4064:
4039:
4036:pp. 730–.
4022:
4003:
3996:
3978:
3966:
3954:
3934:
3923:on 19 May 2013
3917:City of London
3904:
3859:
3848:on 18 May 2013
3842:City of London
3829:
3803:
3783:
3763:
3756:
3736:
3730:978-0198150688
3729:
3707:
3675:
3662:10.2307/283119
3638:
3619:(2): 346–349.
3599:
3565:
3559:978-0807844984
3558:
3532:
3483:
3460:Washington, DC
3435:
3414:Avalon Project
3393:
3344:
3321:Washington, DC
3296:
3289:
3263:
3242:
3227:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3171:
3162:
3156:
3151:
3145:
3140:
3138:Livery company
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3093:
3091:Timpani Guilds
3088:
3083:
3081:Craft Unionism
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3047:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2989:
2982:In the series
2980:
2971:
2962:
2948:
2935:
2924:
2913:Lollipop Guild
2903:
2887:
2884:
2867:
2864:
2781:
2778:
2772:
2769:
2693:City of London
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2625:remote workers
2612:
2609:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2514:
2507:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2466:Third Position
2463:
2458:
2453:
2446:
2439:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2412:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2376:
2371:
2369:Traditionalism
2365:
2362:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2320:
2315:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2281:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2254:
2247:
2240:
2232:
2225:
2218:
2211:
2204:
2193:
2186:
2179:
2172:
2165:
2163:Catholic Bible
2159:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2070:Lamamié (Juan)
2067:
2065:Lamamié (José)
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1704:Ultramontanism
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1629:
1627:Integral state
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1597:
1592:
1589:Deposing power
1582:
1576:
1567:
1562:
1556:
1551:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1493:Anti-communism
1489:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1471:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1413:
1410:
1401:
1398:
1341:
1338:
1321:
1318:
1300:
1299:Decline thesis
1297:
1295:
1292:
1285:The historian
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1227:
1224:
1207:
1204:
1147:
1144:
1016:
1013:
997:Russian Empire
992:
989:
883:apprenticeship
851:
848:
778:apprenticeship
767:City of London
742:letters patent
627:Vyborg, Russia
551:, most of the
525:Czech Republic
455:
452:
426:also included
363:burial society
243:ship charterer
194:, promulgated
162:Main article:
159:
156:
102:letters patent
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6887:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6862:
6860:
6845:
6844:
6840:
6838:
6837:
6833:
6832:
6829:
6823:
6820:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6767:
6766:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6750:
6749:
6745:
6744:
6743:
6742:
6738:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6725:
6724:
6723:
6719:
6715:
6711:
6707:
6703:
6700:
6699:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6689:
6687:
6685:
6681:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6649:
6648:
6647:United States
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6614:
6612:
6606:
6598:
6595:
6594:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6532:
6531:Force majeure
6528:
6526:
6523:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6505:
6504:
6501:
6497:
6494:
6493:
6492:
6489:
6484:
6482:
6481:
6477:
6476:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6453:
6452:Value of life
6450:
6448:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6415:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6405:
6403:
6401:
6396:
6390:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6314:Interest rate
6312:
6308:
6305:
6304:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6262:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6230:
6229:
6226:
6225:
6223:
6219:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6182:Inland marine
6180:
6178:
6177:GAP insurance
6175:
6173:
6170:
6169:
6167:
6165:Communication
6161:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6096:
6094:
6090:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6015:
6013:
6009:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5987:Unitised fund
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5977:Mortgage life
5975:
5973:
5970:
5969:
5967:
5965:
5961:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5924:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5904:
5902:
5900:
5896:
5893:
5887:
5883:
5876:
5871:
5869:
5864:
5862:
5857:
5856:
5853:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5792:
5790:
5786:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5766:
5764:
5762:Organisations
5760:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5713:G. D. H. Cole
5711:
5710:
5708:
5704:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5669:
5667:
5663:
5658:
5650:
5645:
5643:
5638:
5636:
5631:
5630:
5627:
5619:
5618:
5612:
5611:"Gilds"
5607:
5604:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5575:History Today
5572:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5561:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5535:
5534:
5528:
5522:
5518:
5517:
5512:
5511:Olson, Mancur
5508:
5504:
5498:
5494:
5493:
5487:
5483:
5477:
5473:
5468:
5464:
5458:
5454:
5449:
5448:
5436:
5430:
5426:
5421:
5417:
5411:
5407:
5403:
5398:
5394:
5388:
5384:
5383:
5377:
5373:
5367:
5363:
5362:
5357:
5353:
5348:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5302:
5298:
5297:
5291:
5287:
5281:
5277:
5276:
5270:
5269:
5250:on 2018-10-19
5249:
5245:
5239:
5231:
5225:
5217:
5213:
5207:
5199:
5195:
5189:
5181:
5174:
5160:on 2022-10-13
5159:
5155:
5154:Practical Law
5151:
5145:
5137:
5133:
5127:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5080:
5072:
5068:
5062:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5023:
5018:
5011:
5003:
4996:
4988:
4987:
4981:
4973:
4965:
4964:
4958:
4950:
4936:
4932:
4925:
4917:
4910:
4899:
4895:
4888:
4881:
4873:
4866:
4858:
4851:
4843:
4836:
4828:
4821:
4819:
4810:
4803:
4801:
4799:
4790:
4783:
4781:
4779:
4771:
4767:
4761:
4759:
4751:
4747:
4741:
4739:
4737:
4728:
4721:
4714:
4710:
4704:
4697:
4693:
4687:
4685:
4683:
4675:
4671:
4665:
4663:
4655:
4651:
4645:
4643:
4641:
4633:
4629:
4623:
4621:
4619:
4617:
4615:
4613:
4611:
4603:
4599:
4593:
4591:
4589:
4587:
4577:
4575:
4567:
4563:
4557:
4550:
4546:
4540:
4538:
4536:
4534:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4498:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4463:
4457:
4452:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4417:
4409:
4407:9788189472733
4403:
4399:
4392:
4385:
4379:
4371:
4370:
4362:
4354:
4347:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4305:
4298:
4289:
4278:
4271:
4265:
4259:
4254:
4248:
4243:
4241:
4232:
4225:
4217:
4210:
4204:, p. 316
4203:
4198:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4166:
4160:
4155:
4147:
4141:
4137:
4130:
4123:
4109:
4102:
4095:
4087:
4081:
4077:
4076:
4068:
4054:on 2012-04-18
4053:
4049:
4043:
4035:
4034:
4026:
4018:
4014:
4007:
3999:
3993:
3989:
3982:
3975:
3970:
3964:, p. 432
3963:
3958:
3950:
3949:
3944:
3938:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3908:
3900:
3894:
3880:on 2013-07-19
3876:
3869:
3863:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3833:
3818:
3814:
3807:
3799:
3798:
3793:
3787:
3779:
3778:
3773:
3767:
3759:
3757:9781404207578
3753:
3749:
3748:
3740:
3732:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3711:
3696:
3692:
3691:
3686:
3679:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3650:
3642:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3603:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3569:
3561:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3536:
3529:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3505:
3497:
3493:
3487:
3480:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3439:
3424:
3420:
3419:New Haven, CT
3416:
3415:
3410:
3406:
3400:
3398:
3390:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3366:
3358:
3354:
3348:
3341:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3300:
3292:
3290:0-684-19279-9
3286:
3282:
3277:
3276:
3267:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3246:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3224:
3220:
3219:
3211:
3207:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3148:Meistersinger
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3015:
3010:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2960:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2946:
2945:bounty hunter
2943:, there is a
2942:
2941:
2936:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2909:
2904:
2901:
2900:Spacing Guild
2897:
2895:
2890:
2889:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2850:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2833:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2786:United States
2780:North America
2777:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2757:
2755:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2608:
2603:
2602:
2596:
2591:
2589:
2583:
2579:
2577:
2576:Ronald Hamowy
2573:
2570:As argued by
2568:
2565:
2559:
2555:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2530:Modern guilds
2520:
2515:
2513:
2508:
2506:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2274:
2271:Organizations
2268:
2267:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2229:Rerum novarum
2226:
2224:
2223:
2222:Immortale Dei
2219:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2030:Constantine I
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1636:Accidentalism
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1574:Cooperativism
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1477:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1435:
1429:
1427:
1422:
1420:
1409:
1407:
1397:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1359:
1356:
1350:
1346:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1317:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1291:
1288:
1283:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1232:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1214:
1203:
1201:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1156:
1152:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1127:trade secrets
1124:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1083:d'Allarde Law
1080:
1076:
1073:
1072:laissez-faire
1069:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1031:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
988:
987:
983:
979:
975:
969:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
937:
933:
931:
923:
919:
918:
913:
909:
907:
903:
899:
895:
890:
888:
884:
880:
872:
868:
863:
859:
857:
847:
845:
837:
833:
829:
827:
822:
818:
814:
813:popolo grasso
810:
806:
805:Arti maggiori
802:
798:
793:
791:
787:
783:
779:
774:
772:
768:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
728:
723:
719:
717:
713:
709:
704:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
676:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
652:
650:
648:
635:
628:
623:
619:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
565:
562:
558:
554:
550:
545:
543:
539:
538:West Francian
534:
526:
522:
521:Coats of arms
518:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
491:
489:
485:
481:
473:
469:
465:
460:
451:
449:
445:
441:
438:, practicing
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
380:
375:
371:
367:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
319:
317:
313:
309:
308:La Ostia port
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
288:
283:
278:
266:
262:
248:
244:
240:
237:per day on a
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
170:
165:
158:Early history
155:
153:
142:
138:
134:
130:
125:
123:
117:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
86:
78:
57:
49:
45:
44:
39:
33:
19:
6841:
6834:
6780:Credit union
6746:
6739:
6732:
6720:
6592:Underwriting
6547:Insurability
6529:
6508:Co-insurance
6478:
6474:Cancellation
6265:Catastrophic
6250:Climate risk
6078:Trade credit
5810:Distributism
5743:R. H. Tawney
5728:Karl Polanyi
5723:Arthur Penty
5718:S. G. Hobson
5615:
5578:
5574:
5547:
5538:
5515:
5491:
5471:
5452:
5424:
5405:
5381:
5360:
5320:
5316:
5295:
5274:
5252:. Retrieved
5248:the original
5238:
5224:
5206:
5188:
5179:
5173:
5162:. Retrieved
5158:the original
5153:
5144:
5126:
5093:
5089:
5079:
5067:"What We Do"
5061:
5026:
5020:
5010:
5001:
4995:
4984:
4972:
4961:
4949:
4938:. Retrieved
4934:
4924:
4915:
4909:
4893:
4880:
4871:
4865:
4856:
4850:
4841:
4835:
4826:
4808:
4788:
4726:
4720:
4703:
4556:
4507:
4503:
4497:
4472:
4468:
4462:
4451:
4426:
4422:
4416:
4397:
4391:
4383:
4378:
4368:
4361:
4352:
4346:
4314:
4310:
4297:
4288:
4277:the original
4264:
4253:
4247:Ogilvie 2011
4230:
4224:
4215:
4209:
4202:Braudel 1992
4197:
4182:
4170:
4169:E. K. Hunt,
4165:
4159:Braudel 1992
4154:
4135:
4129:
4121:
4115:. Retrieved
4094:
4074:
4067:
4056:. Retrieved
4052:the original
4042:
4032:
4025:
4016:
4006:
3987:
3981:
3969:
3957:
3946:
3937:
3925:. Retrieved
3921:the original
3916:
3907:
3882:. Retrieved
3875:the original
3862:
3850:. Retrieved
3846:the original
3841:
3832:
3820:. Retrieved
3816:
3806:
3796:
3786:
3775:
3766:
3746:
3739:
3716:
3710:
3698:. Retrieved
3690:Live Science
3688:
3678:
3653:
3647:
3641:
3616:
3612:
3602:
3590:. Retrieved
3574:
3568:
3541:
3535:
3527:
3520:. Retrieved
3504:Liberty Fund
3502:
3486:
3478:
3471:. Retrieved
3455:
3451:
3438:
3426:. Retrieved
3412:
3388:
3381:. Retrieved
3365:Liberty Fund
3363:
3347:
3339:
3332:. Retrieved
3316:
3312:
3299:
3274:
3266:
3252:
3245:
3217:
3210:
3086:Distributism
2992:
2983:
2974:
2965:
2959:seamstresses
2951:
2938:
2917:Dorothy Gale
2906:
2893:
2869:
2853:
2846:
2841:
2834:
2798:
2783:
2774:
2758:
2753:
2751:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2724:
2709:
2690:
2686:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2649:
2641:ethical code
2614:
2605:
2600:
2598:
2593:
2587:
2585:
2580:
2569:
2560:
2556:
2551:
2547:professional
2544:
2540:
2535:Professional
2533:
2448:
2443:Nacionalismo
2441:
2418:
2402:
2397:NeocatĂłlicos
2395:
2378:
2346:
2339:
2322:
2310:
2283:
2276:
2256:
2249:
2242:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2188:
2181:
2174:
2167:
1671:
1657:Panhispanism
1578:
1570:Distributism
1554:Municipalism
1546:
1508:Anti-Zionism
1503:Anti-Masonry
1450:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1430:
1423:
1415:
1403:
1391:
1387:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1323:
1314:
1302:
1284:
1277:In medieval
1276:
1272:
1250:
1243:
1229:
1221:
1217:
1213:rent seeking
1209:
1197:
1186:
1178:trade secret
1171:
1160:
1136:corporations
1116:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1086:
1061:
1042:
1024:rent-seeking
1018:
1005:17th century
994:
985:
970:
938:
934:
926:
920:in 1675, by
915:
905:
901:
897:
893:
891:
876:
853:
850:Organization
841:
825:
817:popolo magro
816:
812:
808:
804:
794:
782:mercantilism
775:
739:
729:(engraving,
705:
697:urbanization
677:
653:
644:
631:
616:Remembrancer
607:
593:
588:
587:, guilds or
572:
566:
546:
536:26. In 858,
530:
492:
477:
428:fraternities
423:
392:Roman Senate
387:
377:
365:
347:Antinoöpolis
335:Minya, Egypt
331:legal entity
322:
320:
316:Roman Empire
299:
295:
291:
285:
279:
261:freight rate
239:charterparty
167:
129:universities
126:
118:
55:
53:
41:
6815:Trade union
6770:Cooperative
6443:Uncertainty
6302:Index-based
6270:Multi-peril
6228:Reinsurance
6187:Public auto
6092:Residential
5840:Syndicalism
5805:Corporatism
5779:Blue Labour
5338:1874/386235
4078:. Vintage.
3974:Rouche 1992
3962:Rouche 1992
3792:Starr, Mark
3656:: 149–156.
3221:. Crowell.
3195:Za (guilds)
3190:Trade union
3076:Corporatism
3071:Cooperative
2928:video games
2790:labor union
2763:during the
2743:Obermeister
2420:Estado Novo
2215:Quanta Cura
2004:Politicians
1842:Fontcuberta
1652:Natural law
1607:Familialism
1533:Corporatism
1523:Common good
1468:Integralism
1383:Netherlands
1287:Alice Clark
1140:corporatism
1075:free market
1038: 1820
948:regions of
930:masterpiece
922:Jan de Bray
809:Arti minori
797:capitalists
734: 1805
640: 1300
480:frith guild
434:overseeing
402:. Ruins at
337:produced a
327:corporation
176: 2254
148: 1150
6859:Categories
6610:by country
6608:Insurance
6582:Total loss
6503:Deductible
6464:Cash value
6408:Act of God
6393:Insurance
6307:Parametric
6287:Expatriate
6163:Transport/
6129:Landlords'
6114:Earthquake
6002:Whole life
5922:Disability
5265:References
5254:2018-10-18
5164:2022-06-26
4940:2022-05-22
4191:0471727962
4179:1317461983
4117:2021-04-01
4058:2012-01-10
3884:2013-03-12
3719:. Oxford:
3579:Newark, NJ
3515:. p.
3376:. p.
2976:Fairy Tail
2921:Land of Oz
2886:In fiction
2858:, and the
2572:Paul Starr
2374:Legitimism
2348:Viva Maria
2341:Sanfedisti
2208:Mirari Vos
2145:de Villèle
2135:dos Santos
2130:Santamaria
1982:Valdivieso
1957:dos Santos
1902:Meinvielle
1857:Gelasius I
1822:Eyzaguirre
1807:Castellani
1689:Solidarity
1662:Patriotism
1632:Monarchism
1559:Organicism
1487:Principles
1434:tresseuses
1358:standing.
1355:Les Halles
1189:shoemakers
1155:Shoemakers
1068:Adam Smith
1045:free trade
974:patricians
966:trademarks
887:journeyman
665:journeyman
657:apprentice
612:Lord Mayor
497:after the
436:sacrifices
247:shipmaster
241:between a
233:rate of 3-
114:guildhalls
6756:Syndicate
6722:Collegium
6617:Australia
6572:Risk pool
6542:Indemnity
6513:Copayment
6447:Knightian
6359:Terrorism
6329:Liability
6197:Satellite
6058:Pollution
5982:Term life
5891:insurance
5889:Types of
5882:Insurance
5835:Socialism
5587:2249-748X
5513:(2008) .
5347:145272268
5110:0016-1071
4489:154609939
4443:154741942
4331:154328341
4258:Prak 2006
3813:"Zuenfte"
3625:0023-8856
3492:Hammurabi
3444:Hammurabi
3405:Hammurabi
3353:Hammurabi
3305:Hammurabi
3102:Guildhall
3050:Collegium
2953:Discworld
2940:Star Wars
2866:Australia
2747:Altgesell
2703:, as the
2656:Microsoft
2629:Insurance
2615:In 1998,
2450:El Yunque
2431:Francoism
2426:Falangism
2391:Miguelism
2380:Federales
2312:Cristeros
2040:Fernández
2035:Estévanez
2025:Clavarana
1972:Taparelli
1802:de Bonald
1777:Augustine
1722:Brazilian
1394:Louis XIV
1379:Amsterdam
1247:silkwomen
1200:antitrust
1146:Influence
1123:copyright
1112:corporate
1101:Karl Marx
1079:feudalism
962:Chantilly
942:Champagne
871:town hall
836:Locksmith
801:piecework
762:trademark
712:Louis XIV
661:craftsman
610:, as the
585:Barcelona
444:festivals
404:Lambaesis
379:Lex Julia
366:collegium
323:collegium
287:collegium
190:into the
94:merchants
48:Rembrandt
6836:Category
6714:§275–277
6632:Pakistan
6480:Pro rata
6369:War risk
6334:No-fault
6245:Casualty
6202:Shipping
6172:Aviation
6149:Renters'
6144:Property
6139:Mortgage
6109:Contents
6083:Umbrella
6043:Fidelity
6011:Business
5907:Accident
5665:Concepts
5358:(2011).
5053:39908767
5045:26405465
4898:Archived
4770:44613682
4750:23699806
4654:25012124
4632:26405466
4549:30053631
4524:13298305
4335:Archived
4108:Archived
4013:"Guilds"
3893:cite web
3794:(1919).
3700:June 23,
3633:41539517
3592:June 15,
3522:June 20,
3494:(1904).
3473:June 20,
3446:(1903).
3428:June 20,
3407:(1910).
3383:June 20,
3355:(1904).
3334:June 20,
3307:(1903).
3154:Merchant
3006:See also
2896:universe
2827:founder
2739:Innungen
2660:Advogato
2552:directly
2363:See also
2120:Rocamora
2100:Olazábal
2080:Louis IX
1992:Veuillot
1987:Vermeule
1962:Sardinha
1872:González
1817:Delassus
1766:Thinkers
1749:Lusitano
1734:Catholic
1716:Variants
1579:Guildism
1460:a series
1458:Part of
1259:Louis IX
1182:monopoly
1007:) until
946:Bordeaux
821:merchant
807:and the
708:European
685:Florence
683:, as in
614:and the
608:The City
488:Augsburg
424:Collegia
408:mariners
388:collegia
370:Lanuvium
351:Aegyptus
312:collapse
292:collegia
90:artisans
6761:Benefit
6748:Digesta
6684:History
6418:Actuary
6374:Weather
6364:Tuition
6354:Takaful
6282:Deposit
6212:Vehicle
5603:Utrecht
4696:2123610
4566:3174558
3943:"guild"
3927:25 June
3852:25 June
3822:3 March
3772:"Guild"
3613:Latomus
3509:Chicago
3370:Chicago
3133:Kibbutz
2999:Ravnica
2934:combat.
2919:to the
2891:In the
2784:In the
2727:Germany
2691:In the
2658:, e.g.
2436:Tacuara
2386:Carlism
2140:Senante
2125:Sánchez
2115:Quiroga
2095:Nocedal
2085:Maurras
2075:LarraĂn
2020:Barroso
2015:Ahimeir
2010:Abascal
1977:Urquiza
1952:Salvany
1947:Salgado
1932:le Play
1922:Pius IX
1897:Maurras
1887:Madiran
1827:Ezcurra
1772:Aquinas
1754:Spanish
1334:Cologne
1279:Cologne
1198:Modern
1193:barbers
1167:cartels
1163:cartels
1103:in his
1020:Ogilvie
995:In the
980:, i.e.
978:Wendish
954:Holland
906:journei
902:journée
894:journey
647:gremios
634:Germany
547:In the
542:Hincmar
540:Bishop
495:England
472:Germany
468:glazier
432:priests
396:emperor
394:or the
314:of the
272:⁄
254:⁄
204:artisan
200:shekels
188:Assyria
184:Sumeria
152:masters
133:Bologna
106:monarch
104:from a
6870:Guilds
6865:Crafts
6637:Serbia
6597:Profit
6469:Broker
6395:policy
6207:Travel
6192:Marine
6099:Boiler
6073:Surety
5917:Dental
5899:Health
5706:People
5682:Guilds
5585:
5523:
5499:
5478:
5459:
5431:
5412:
5389:
5368:
5345:
5303:
5282:
5118:286554
5116:
5108:
5051:
5043:
4768:
4748:
4694:
4652:
4630:
4564:
4547:
4522:
4487:
4441:
4404:
4329:
4189:
4177:
4142:
4082:
3994:
3754:
3727:
3695:Future
3670:283119
3668:
3631:
3623:
3556:
3287:
3235:
3225:
3174:Shreni
3165:Retail
3044:Cohong
2947:guild.
2761:France
2735:Gilden
2731:ZĂĽnfte
2683:Europe
2672:public
2590:(1996)
2105:du Pin
2090:Moreno
2060:Josias
2045:GarcĂa
1967:Solana
1937:Raposo
1927:Pius X
1907:Ousset
1892:Maeztu
1877:Groulx
1812:Cuesta
1792:Billot
1782:Balmes
1739:French
1548:Fueros
1445:LĂĽbeck
1332:, and
1310:Nantes
1174:patent
1157:, 1568
1119:patent
1081:. The
982:Slavic
950:France
838:, 1451
815:and a
758:patent
687:, the
669:master
589:gremis
569:France
531:Early
464:forged
440:augury
420:Trajan
416:Portus
374:Italia
296:corpus
245:and a
227:vessel
223:bushel
137:Oxford
50:, 1662
18:Guilds
6733:Guild
6627:India
6622:China
6491:Claim
6297:Group
6277:Cyber
6255:Crime
6221:Other
6154:Title
6119:Flood
5343:S2CID
5114:JSTOR
5049:S2CID
5041:JSTOR
4986:Wired
4963:Wired
4901:(PDF)
4890:(PDF)
4766:JSTOR
4746:JSTOR
4692:JSTOR
4650:JSTOR
4628:JSTOR
4562:JSTOR
4545:JSTOR
4520:S2CID
4485:S2CID
4439:S2CID
4338:(PDF)
4327:S2CID
4307:(PDF)
4280:(PDF)
4273:(PDF)
4111:(PDF)
4104:(PDF)
3878:(PDF)
3871:(PDF)
3666:JSTOR
3629:JSTOR
3499:(PDF)
3360:(PDF)
3237:70662
3203:Notes
2771:India
2157:Works
2055:GĂłmez
2050:Gomar
1942:Reale
1912:Pemán
1867:GĂłmez
1862:Genta
1852:Gaume
1832:Feser
1797:Blanc
1426:Paris
1330:Rouen
1326:Paris
1306:Dijon
1267:Rouen
960:from
892:Like
750:state
693:money
681:Ghent
581:Paris
470:— in
361:of a
353:that
282:Roman
263:on a
235:gerah
231:ferry
221:(300-
141:Paris
56:guild
6706:§234
6428:Risk
6398:and
6260:Crop
6124:Home
6018:Bond
5964:Life
5583:ISSN
5521:ISBN
5497:ISBN
5476:ISBN
5457:ISBN
5429:ISBN
5410:ISBN
5387:ISBN
5366:ISBN
5301:ISBN
5280:ISBN
5106:ISSN
4402:ISBN
4187:ISBN
4175:ISBN
4140:ISBN
4080:ISBN
3992:ISBN
3929:2015
3899:link
3854:2015
3824:2018
3752:ISBN
3725:ISBN
3702:2021
3621:ISSN
3594:2021
3554:ISBN
3524:2021
3475:2021
3430:2021
3385:2021
3336:2021
3285:ISBN
3281:1955
3233:OCLC
3223:ISBN
2894:Dune
2733:(or
2650:The
2623:and
2574:and
2110:Pujo
1882:Hahn
1847:Gago
1837:Fita
1727:Neo-
1419:Lyon
1191:and
1121:and
1066:and
1055:and
1047:and
1009:1917
958:lace
944:and
900:and
898:jour
760:and
746:king
714:and
357:and
186:and
92:and
84:GILD
6400:law
6339:Pet
5333:hdl
5325:doi
5098:doi
5031:doi
4709:doi
4670:doi
4598:doi
4512:doi
4477:doi
4431:doi
4319:doi
3658:doi
3587:5–6
3258:150
3159:Puy
2991:In
2964:In
2937:In
2926:In
2725:In
1917:Pie
1424:In
1377:In
854:In
748:or
659:to
567:In
430:of
345:in
294:or
219:gur
131:at
46:by
6861::
6712:;
6708:;
6704:;
5614:.
5581:.
5579:13
5577:.
5573:.
5341:.
5331:.
5321:40
5319:.
5214:.
5196:.
5152:.
5134:.
5112:.
5104:.
5094:15
5092:.
5088:.
5069:.
5047:.
5039:.
5027:53
5025:.
5019:.
4983:.
4960:.
4933:.
4896:.
4892:.
4817:^
4797:^
4777:^
4757:^
4735:^
4681:^
4661:^
4639:^
4609:^
4585:^
4573:^
4532:^
4518:.
4508:23
4506:.
4483:.
4473:58
4471:.
4437:.
4427:61
4425:.
4333:.
4325:.
4315:57
4313:.
4309:.
4239:^
4120:.
4106:.
4015:.
3945:.
3915:.
3895:}}
3891:{{
3840:.
3815:.
3774:.
3693:.
3687:.
3664:.
3654:71
3652:.
3627:.
3617:60
3615:.
3611:.
3581::
3548::
3544:.
3526:.
3517:95
3511::
3501:.
3477:.
3468:88
3466::
3462::
3454:.
3450:.
3421::
3411:.
3396:^
3387:.
3378:83
3372::
3362:.
3338:.
3329:85
3327::
3323::
3315:.
3311:.
3283:.
3231:.
2811:,
2807:,
2803:,
2635:,
2627:.
1462:on
1328:,
1184:.
1051:,
1035:c.
968:.
956:,
792:.
731:c.
637:c.
618:.
450:.
372:,
349:,
321:A
318:.
290:,
225:)
212:c.
173:c.
145:c.
54:A
6763:/
6445:/
5874:e
5867:t
5860:v
5648:e
5641:t
5634:v
5589:.
5529:.
5505:.
5484:.
5465:.
5437:.
5418:.
5395:.
5374:.
5349:.
5335::
5327::
5309:.
5288:.
5257:.
5218:.
5200:.
5167:.
5120:.
5100::
5073:.
5055:.
5033::
4989:.
4966:.
4943:.
4711::
4672::
4600::
4526:.
4514::
4491:.
4479::
4445:.
4433::
4410:.
4321::
4148:.
4088:.
4061:.
4000:.
3931:.
3901:)
3887:.
3856:.
3826:.
3760:.
3733:.
3704:.
3672:.
3660::
3635:.
3596:.
3562:.
3456:2
3432:.
3317:2
3293:.
3260:.
3239:.
2518:e
2511:t
2504:v
2438:)
2417:(
2239:)
2198:(
1638:)
1634:(
1603:"
1599:"
1591:)
1587:(
1581:)
1572:(
1561:)
1545:(
873:.
736:)
274:6
270:1
256:2
252:1
210:(
171:(
143:(
77:/
74:d
71:l
68:ÉŞ
65:ɡ
62:/
58:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.