Guillain–Barré syndrome

747: 1184:(IVIG) are the two main immunotherapy treatments for GBS. Plasmapheresis attempts to reduce the body's attack on the nervous system by filtering antibodies out of the bloodstream. Similarly, administration of IVIG neutralizes harmful antibodies and inflammation. These two treatments are equally effective, but a combination of the two is not significantly better than either alone. Plasmapheresis speeds recovery when used within four weeks of the onset of symptoms. IVIG works as well as plasmapheresis when started within two weeks of the onset of symptoms, and has fewer complications. IVIG is usually used first because of its ease of administration and safety; the risks include occasionally causing 806: 1336:

worse prognosis. On the nerve conduction study, the presence of conduction block predicts poorer outcome at 6 months. In those who have received intravenous immunoglobulins, a smaller increase in IgG in the blood two weeks after administration is associated with poorer mobility outcomes at six months than those whose IgG level increased substantially. If the disease continues to progress beyond four weeks, or there are multiple fluctuations in the severity (more than two in eight weeks), the diagnosis may be

573: 1157:(BBE), for instance, is part of the group of conditions now regarded as forms of Miller Fisher syndrome (anti-GQ1b antibody syndrome), as well as a related condition labelled "acute ataxic hypersomnolence" where coordination problems and drowsiness are present but no muscle weakness can be detected. BBE is characterized by the rapid onset of ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and disturbance of consciousness, and may be associated with absent or decreased tendon reflexes and as well as 448: 4279:"Recurrent and chronic relapsing Guillain-Barré polyneuritis by P.K. Thomas, R.G. Lascelles, J.F. Hallpike and R.L. Hewer. From the Institute of Neurology and National Hospital, Queen Square, the Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, and Guy's Hospital, London. Brain 1969; 92: 589–606; with An acute axonal form of Guillain-Barré polyneuropathy by T.E. Feasby, J.J. Gilbert, W.F. Brown, C.F. Bolton, A.F. Hahn, W.F. Koopman and D.W. Zochodne. Brain 1986; 109: 1115–1126" 425:(paraplegia or paraparesis). Involvement of the muscles that control the bladder and anus is unusual. In total, about a third of people with Guillain–Barré syndrome continue to be able to walk. Once the weakness has stopped progressing, it persists at a stable level ("plateau phase") before improvement occurs. The plateau phase can take between two days and six months, but the most common duration is a week. Pain-related symptoms affect more than half, and include 1391: 667:(H1N1 A/NJ/76); 8.8 cases per million (0.0088 per 1000) recipients developed it as a complication. GBS cases occurred in 362 patients during the 6 weeks after influenza vaccination of 45 million persons, an 8.8-fold increase over normal rates. The 1976 swine flu vaccination-induced GBS was an outlier; small increases in incidence have been observed in subsequent vaccination campaigns, but not to the same extent. The 312:. Typically, both sides of the body are involved, and the initial symptoms are changes in sensation or pain often in the back along with muscle weakness, beginning in the feet and hands, often spreading to the arms and upper body. The symptoms may develop over hours to a few weeks. During the acute phase, the disorder can be life-threatening, with about 15% of people developing weakness of the 2488: 896:, GD1a, GT1a, and GQ1b, with different antiganglioside antibodies being associated with particular features; for instance, GQ1b antibodies have been linked with Miller Fisher variant GBS and related forms including Bickerstaff encephalitis. The production of these antibodies after an infection probably is the result of 378:, together with supportive care, will lead to good recovery in the majority of cases. Recovery may take weeks to years, with about a third having some permanent weakness. Globally, death occurs in approximately 7.5% of those affected. Guillain–Barré syndrome is rare, at 1 or 2 cases per 100,000 people every year. 986:. Characteristic findings in Guillain–Barré syndrome are an elevated protein level, usually greater than 0.55 g/L, and fewer than 10 white blood cells per cubic millimeter of fluid ("albuminocytological dissociation"). This pattern distinguishes Guillain–Barré syndrome from other conditions (such as 1020:

Formal criteria exist for each of the main subtypes of Guillain–Barré syndrome (AIDP and AMAN/AMSAN, see below), but these may misclassify some cases (particularly where there is reversible conduction failure) and therefore changes to these criteria have been proposed. Sometimes, repeated testing may

719:

issued a warning to the patients and healthcare providers. The incidence of GBS following the vaccination with the Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine was originally reported as being lower than the incidence of GBS following a COVID-19 infection. More recent studies, however, found no measurable link between

675:

did not cause a significant increase in cases. In fact, "studies found a small increase of approximately 1 case per million vaccines above the baseline rate, which is similar to that observed after administration of seasonal influenza vaccines over the past several years." Natural influenza infection

1335:

There is a variation in the rate and extent of recovery. The prognosis of Guillain–Barré syndrome is determined mainly by age (those over 40 may have a poorer outcome), and by the severity of symptoms after two weeks. Furthermore, those who experienced diarrhea before the onset of the disease have a

1283:

Physiotherapy interventions include strength, endurance, and gait training with graduated increases in mobility, maintenance of posture and alignment as well as joint function. Occupational therapy aims to improve everyday function with domestic and community tasks as well as driving and work. Home

1029:

A number of subtypes of Guillain–Barré syndrome are recognized. Despite this, many people have overlapping symptoms that can make the classification difficult in individual cases. All types have partial forms. For instance, some people experience only isolated eye-movement or coordination problems;

925:

It has been suggested that a poor injection technique may also cause a direct injury to the axillary nerves adjacent to the injection site in deltoid muscle that may lead to peripheral neuropathy. The consequent vaccine transfection and translation in the nerves may spur an immune response against

1373:

In Western countries, the number of new episodes per year has been estimated to be between 0.89 and 1.89 cases per 100,000 people. Children and young adults are less likely to be affected than the elderly: the relative risk increases by 20% for every decade of life. Men are more likely to develop

1459:

The understanding of the disease mechanism of Guillain–Barré syndrome has evolved in recent years. Development of new treatments has been limited since immunotherapy was introduced in the 1980s and 1990s. Current research is aimed at demonstrating whether some people who have received IVIg might

1450:

for vaccine safety in 2009, but is mainly intended for research. Plasma exchange was first used in 1978, and its benefit was confirmed in larger studies in 1985. Intravenous immunoglobulins were introduced in 1988, and studies in the early 1990s demonstrated that they were no less effective than

1438:

type in 1951 and made further contributions with another paper in 1957. Guillain had reported on some of these features before their full description in 1938. Further subtypes have been described since then, such as the form featuring pure ataxia and the type causing pharyngeal-cervical-brachial

1381:

The distribution of subtypes varies between countries. In Europe and the United States, 60–80% of people with Guillain–Barré syndrome have the demyelinating subtype (AIDP), and AMAN affects only a small number (6–7%). In Asia and Central and South America, that proportion is significantly higher

404:

The first symptoms of Guillain–Barré syndrome are numbness, tingling, and pain, alone or in combination. This is followed by weakness of the legs and arms that affects both sides equally and worsens over time. The weakness can take half a day to over two weeks to reach maximum severity, and then

1343:

In research studies, the outcome from an episode of Guillain–Barré syndrome is recorded on a scale from 0 to 6, where 0 denotes completely healthy; 1 very minor symptoms but able to run; 2 able to walk but not to run; 3 requiring a stick or other support; 4 confined to bed or chair; 5 requiring

943:

are supportive investigations commonly performed in the diagnosis of GBS. Testing for antiganglioside antibodies is often performed, but their contribution to diagnosis is usually limited. Blood tests are generally performed to exclude the possibility of another cause for weakness, such as a

455:

In children, particularly those younger than six years old, the diagnosis can be difficult and the condition is often initially mistaken (sometimes for up to two weeks) for other causes of pains and difficulty walking, such as viral infections, or bone and joint problems.

471:, respectively). However, a small proportion have normal reflexes in affected limbs before developing areflexia, and some may have exaggerated reflexes. In the Miller Fisher variant of Guillain–Barré syndrome (see below), a triad of weakness of the eye muscles, 908:

class; only a small proportion of people also produce IgG antibodies against bacterial substance cell wall substances (e.g. lipooligosaccharides) that cross react with human nerve cell gangliosides. It is not currently known how this process escapes

1495:. An antibody targeted against the anti-GD3 antiganglioside antibody has shown benefit in laboratory research. Given the role of the complement system in GBS, it has been suggested that complement inhibitors (such as the drug 1331:

Guillain–Barré syndrome can lead to death as a result of many complications: severe infections, blood clots, and cardiac arrest likely due to autonomic neuropathy. Despite optimum care, this occurs in about 5% of cases.

934:

The diagnosis of Guillain–Barré syndrome depends on findings such as rapid development of muscle paralysis, absent reflexes, absence of fever, and absence of a likely cause. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis (through a

4588: 4573: 813:

The nerve dysfunction in Guillain–Barré syndrome is caused by an immune attack on the nerve cells of the peripheral nervous system and their support structures. The nerve cells have their body (the soma) in the

2470: 1382:(30–65%). This may be related to the exposure to different kinds of infection, but also the genetic characteristics of that population. Miller Fisher variant is thought to be more common in Southeast Asia. 914: 921:

simultaneously (heterodimeric binding) and that this determines the response. Furthermore, the development of pathogenic antibodies may depend on the presence of other strains of bacteria in the bowel.

1164:

Whether isolated acute sensory loss can be regarded as a form of Guillain–Barré syndrome is a matter of dispute; this is a rare occurrence compared to GBS with muscle weakness but no sensory symptoms.

842:) where the axon is exposed. Different types of Guillain–Barré syndrome feature different types of immune attacks. The demyelinating variant (AIDP, see below) features damage to the myelin sheath by 4117:[On a syndrome of radiculoneuritis with hypoalbuminemia of the cerebrospinal fluid without cellular reaction. Remarks on the clinical and graphical characters of the tendon reflexes]. 683:. On March 24, 2021, after reviewing several post-marketing observational studies, where an increased risk of Guillain–Barré syndrome was observed after 42 days following vaccination with the 405:

becomes steady. In one in five people, the weakness continues to progress for as long as four weeks. The muscles of the neck may also be affected, and about half experience involvement of the

1424:

diagnosed two soldiers with the illness and described the key diagnostic abnormality—albuminocytological dissociation—of increased spinal fluid protein concentration but a normal cell count.

637:

have been associated with GBS. GBS is known to occur after influenza, and influenza vaccination has been demonstrated to be associated with a reduced risk. The tropical flaviviral infections

4115:"Sur un syndrome de radiculonévrite avec hyperalbuminose du liquide céphalo-rachidien sans réaction cellulaire. Remarques sur les caractères cliniques et graphiques des réflexes tendineux" 1017:(EMG) and nerve conduction studies may be performed. In the first two weeks, these investigations may not show any abnormality. Neurophysiology studies are not required for the diagnosis. 436:

Many people with Guillain–Barré syndrome have experienced the signs and symptoms of an infection in the 3–6 weeks before the onset of the neurological symptoms. This may consist of

676:

is a stronger risk factor for the development of GBS than is influenza vaccination and the vaccination reduced the risk of GBS overall by lowering the risk of catching influenza.

971:, this may be indicative of GBS. In children, this feature is present in 95% of scans, but it is not specific to Guillain–Barré syndrome, so other confirmation is also needed. 3833: 5243: 4728: 2989: 1292:

input may be required in those with speech and swallowing problems, as well as to support communication in those who require ongoing breathing support (often through a

539:, is affected in two-thirds of people with Guillain–Barré syndrome, but the impact is variable. Twenty percent may experience severe blood-pressure fluctuations and 3090:"Inadvertent injection of COVID-19 vaccine into deltoid muscle vasculature may result in vaccine distribution to distance tissues and consequent adverse reactions" 998:. Elevated CSF protein levels are found in approximately 50% of patients in the first 3 days after onset of weakness, which increases to 80% after the first week. 953: 1397:, together with Barré and Strohl, described two cases of self-limiting acute paralysis with peculiar changes in the cerebrospinal fluid. He succeeded his teacher 1351:(HRQL) after an attack of Guillain–Barré syndrome can be significantly impaired. About a fifth are unable to walk unaided after six months, and many experience 900:, where the immune system is reacting to microbial substances, but the resultant antibodies also react with substances occurring naturally in the body. After a 5058: 1460:

benefit from a second course if the antibody levels measured in blood after treatment have shown only a small increase. Studies of the immunosuppressive drugs

869:

Various antibodies directed at nerve cells have been reported in Guillain–Barré syndrome. In the axonal subtype, these antibodies have been shown to bind to

1161:. The course of the disease is usually monophasic, but recurrent episodes have been reported. MRI abnormalities in the brainstem have been reported in 11%. 1137:

This variant occurs more commonly in men than in women (2:1 ratio). Cases typically occur in the spring and the average age of occurrence is 43 years old.

1083:

Rare in Europe and North America, a substantial proportion (30–65%) in Asia and Central and South America; sometimes called "Chinese paralytic syndrome"

734:, an antidepressant, had a very favorable safety profile but as a result of rare case reports of Guillain–Barré syndrome was withdrawn from the market. 590:

Two-thirds of people with Guillain–Barré syndrome have experienced an infection before the onset of the condition. Most commonly, these are episodes of

1368: 5090: 4351:"Guillain-Barré syndrome and Fisher syndrome: case definitions and guidelines for collection, analysis, and presentation of immunization safety data" 1337: 5722: 2842:"Peripheral neuropathy in COVID-19 is due to immune-mechanisms, pre-existing risk factors, anti-viral drugs, or bedding in the Intensive Care Unit" 3562:"Practice parameter: immunotherapy for Guillain-Barré syndrome: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology" 2713: 1256:(ADLs). Studies into the subject have been limited, but it is likely that intensive rehabilitation improves long-term symptoms. Teams may include 982:

envelops the brain and the spine, and lumbar puncture or spinal tap is the removal of a small amount of fluid using a needle inserted between the

723:

COVID-19 has been reported as causing peripheral neuropathy and more recently some evidence of aggravation of autoimmune disorders including GBS.

5872: 5236: 4721: 1626: 1252:

Following the acute phase, around 40% of people require intensive rehabilitation with the help of a multidisciplinary team to focus on improving

1001:

Repeating the lumbar puncture during the disease course is not recommended. The protein levels may rise after treatment has been administered.

3280:

Uncini A, Kuwabara S (August 2012). "Electrodiagnostic criteria for Guillain-Barrè syndrome: a critical revision and the need for an update".

5867: 5852: 4099: 1300:. Psychologists may provide counselling and support. Psychological interventions may also be required for anxiety, fear, and depression. 1557: 1323:

by a range of organisations under the umbrella of EPODIN (European Patient Organization for Disimmune & Inflammatory Neuropathies).

5229: 4714: 3416:

Wakerley, BR; Soon, D; Yuki, N (2013). "Atypical Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis: ataxic hypersomnolence without ophthalmoplegia".

351:. The diagnosis is usually based on the signs and symptoms through the exclusion of alternative causes and supported by tests such as 5877: 5805: 5800: 5401: 4114: 1634: 963:

of the spinal cord is performed to distinguish between Guillain–Barré syndrome and other conditions causing limb weakness, such as

1875:

Eldar AH, Chapman J (April 2014). "Guillain Barré syndrome and other immune mediated neuropathies: diagnosis and classification".

612:

or CMV infections develop Guillain–Barré syndrome (0.25–0.65 per 1000 and 0.6–2.2 per 1000 episodes, respectively). The strain of

5756: 5030: 4540: 4144:

Fisher M (July 1956). "An unusual variant of acute idiopathic polyneuritis (syndrome of ophthalmoplegia, ataxia and areflexia)".

2816: 1154: 1013:

can exclude other causes of acute muscle weakness, as well as distinguish the different types of Guillain–Barré syndrome. Needle

712: 3813: 35:

Guillain–Barré–Strohl syndrome, Landry's paralysis, postinfectious polyneuritis, Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy

5578: 2324:

Lehmann HC, Hartung HP, Kieseier BC, Hughes RA (September 2010). "Guillain-Barré syndrome after exposure to influenza virus".

3330:

Wakerley BR, Uncini A, Yuki N (September 2014). "Guillain-Barré and Miller Fisher syndromes--new diagnostic classification".

1825:

van Doorn PA, Ruts L, Jacobs BC (October 2008). "Clinical features, pathogenesis, and treatment of Guillain-Barré syndrome".

1277: 707:, and may be a potential neurological complication of the disease. GBS has been reported as a very rare side effect of the 1475:

An animal model (experimental autoimmune neuritis in rats) is often used for studies, and some agents have shown promise:

359:. There are a number of subtypes based on the areas of weakness, results of nerve conduction studies, and the presence of 5038: 4603: 2234:

Carod-Artal FJ, Wichmann O, Farrar J, Gascón J (September 2013). "Neurological complications of dengue virus infection".

720:

COVID-19 infection and GBS, while correlations with a first dose of AstraZeneca or Janssen vaccines were still positive.

347:

insulation. Sometimes this immune dysfunction is triggered by an infection or, less commonly, by surgery, and rarely, by

3847:

Khan F, Ng L, Amatya B, Brand C, Turner-Stokes L (October 2010). "Multidisciplinary care for Guillain-Barré syndrome".

2740:"Autoimmune damage to the nerves following Covid vaccines: EMA issued warning to patients and healthcare professionals" 1435: 2441: 1402: 5795: 5573: 4524: 1551: 1465: 437: 3814:"Rehabilitation interventions in patients with acute demyelinating inflammatory polyneuropathy: a systematic review" 3373:

Mori M, Kuwabara S, Yuki N (January 2012). "Fisher syndrome: clinical features, immunopathogenesis and management".

913:

to gangliosides, which is meant to suppress the production of antibodies against the body's own substances. Not all

5432: 4888: 1359:

and difficulty with work, education, hobbies and social activities. HRQL improves significantly in the first year.

5614: 5476: 5568: 4551:

Information on GBS from NGO EPODIN (European Patient Organization for Disimmune & Inflammatory Neuropathies)

3053:

Willison HJ, Goodyear CS (September 2013). "Glycolipid antigens and autoantibodies in autoimmune neuropathies".

926:

nerve cells potentially causing an autoimmune nerve damage, leading to conditions like Guillain–Barré syndrome.

598:. In many cases, the exact nature of the infection can be confirmed. Approximately 30% of cases are provoked by 5842: 5182: 4991: 476: 1510:. If the coonhound has not been around raccoons, the disease is called acute idiopathic polyradiculoneuritis. 5694: 5053: 1488: 1308: 1074: 480: 5847: 5751: 2840:

Finsterer, Josef; Scorza, Fulvio Alexandre; Scorza, Carla Alessandra; Fiorini, Ana Claudia (19 July 2021).

1348: 577: 548: 1571: 491:

A quarter of all people with Guillain–Barré syndrome develop weakness of the breathing muscles leading to

5653: 5456: 5063: 5043: 4310:

Asbury AK, Cornblath DR (1990). "Assessment of current diagnostic criteria for Guillain-Barré syndrome".

1181: 595: 516: 2658:"Guillain-Barré syndrome spectrum associated with COVID-19: an up-to-date systematic review of 73 cases" 5684: 5362: 5192: 1253: 1221: 1080:

Isolated muscle weakness without sensory symptoms in less than 10%; cranial nerve involvement uncommon

1010: 960: 889: 371: 360: 232: 5862: 5714: 5537: 5117: 4738: 4706: 1303:

Ongoing specialist community support, information, advice, and guidance is available from a range of

1289: 1269: 1192:

alone have not been found to be effective in speeding recovery and could potentially delay recovery.

917:

cause disease, and it has recently been suggested that some antibodies bind to more than one type of

716: 679:

In the United States, GBS after seasonal influenza vaccination is listed on the federal government's

668: 559:. Autonomic nervous system involvement can affect even those who do not have severe muscle weakness. 309: 663:

An increased incidence of Guillain–Barré syndrome followed influenza immunization that followed the

5628: 5397: 5383: 5143: 5122: 4614: 2990:"The Rise and Sudden Fall of Zimelidine: The First SSRI | 2020-11-16 | CARLAT PUBLISHING" 708: 528: 460: 325: 3994:

Darweesh SK, Polinder S, Mulder MJ, Baena CP, van Leeuwen N, Franco OH, et al. (March 2014).

3007:

Kuwabara S, Yuki N (December 2013). "Axonal Guillain-Barré syndrome: concepts and controversies".

1502:

In animals it is called acute polyradiculoneuritis or "coonhound paralysis", and may onset in the

1240:

While pain is common in people with Guillain–Barré syndrome, studies comparing different types of

1060:

Sensory symptoms and muscle weakness, often with cranial nerve weakness and autonomic involvement

5857: 5501: 5264: 4950: 4844: 4541:

Information on GBS from UK Charity GAIN (Guillain–Barré and Associated Inflammatory Neuropathies)

3560:

Hughes RA, Wijdicks EF, Barohn R, Benson E, Cornblath DR, Hahn AF, et al. (September 2003).

1409: 1304: 964: 882: 664: 658: 182: 4401:

Walgaard C, Jacobs BC, van Doorn PA (March 2011). "Emerging drugs for Guillain-Barré syndrome".

1417: 389: 282: 5632: 5187: 5112: 5018: 4942: 4914: 4896: 4867: 4801: 4778: 2605:

Paterson RW, Brown RL, Benjamin L, Nortley R, Wiethoff S, Bharucha T, et al. (July 2020).

2556:

Toscano G, Palmerini F, Ravaglia S, Ruiz L, Invernizzi P, Cuzzoni MG, et al. (June 2020).

1447: 1442:

Diagnostic criteria were developed in the late 1970s after the series of cases associated with

1205: 940: 827: 672: 628: 624: 352: 317: 214: 4654: 4087: 2656:

Abu-Rumeileh, Samir; Abdelhak, Ahmed; Foschi, Matteo; Tumani, Hayrettin; Otto, Markus (2021).

1541: 1224:(NIF). An FVC of less than 15 mL per kilogram body weight or an NIF of less than 60 873:, a group of substances found in peripheral nerves. A ganglioside is a molecule consisting of 805: 503:

in the blood. This life-threatening scenario is complicated by other medical problems such as

5202: 5077: 4982: 4811: 4493: 2607:"The emerging spectrum of COVID-19 neurology: clinical, radiological and laboratory findings" 1217: 680: 633: 605: 343:

in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the peripheral nerves and damages their

3950:

Hughes RA, Swan AV, Raphaël JC, Annane D, van Koningsveld R, van Doorn PA (September 2007).

5790: 5785: 5769: 5679: 5609: 5466: 5378: 5221: 3642:

Hughes, Richard Ac; Brassington, Ruth; Gunn, Angela A.; van Doorn, Pieter A. (2016-10-24).

3145:

Spasovski G, Vanholder R, Allolio B, Annane D, Ball S, Bichet D, et al. (March 2014).

2947: 2766:"Neurological complications after first dose of COVID-19 vaccines and SARS-CoV-2 infection" 2505:

Ellul MA, Benjamin L, Singh B, Lant S, Michael BD, Easton A, et al. (September 2020).

2195:"Guillain-Barre Syndrome, Influenza, and Influenza Vaccination: The Epidemiologic Evidence" 1315:

this is provided by GAIN (Guillain–Barré and Associated Inflammatory Neuropathies), in the

1261: 600: 582: 5497: 4685: 8: 4968: 4932: 4854: 4592: 4230:"Brain-stem encephalitis; further observations on a grave syndrome with benign prognosis" 3996:"Health-related quality of life in Guillain-Barré syndrome patients: a systematic review" 3603:"Intravenous immunoglobulins: in-depth review of excipients and acute kidney injury risk" 1225: 1209: 1201: 1153:

Other diagnostic entities are often included in the spectrum of Guillain–Barré syndrome.

979: 540: 492: 356: 340: 5812: 2951: 2144:

van Doorn PA, Kuitwaard K, Walgaard C, van Koningsveld R, Ruts L, Jacobs BC (May 2010).

1765:

van den Berg B, Walgaard C, Drenthen J, Fokke C, Jacobs BC, van Doorn PA (August 2014).

1665:"Population incidence of Guillain-Barré syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 5817: 5699: 5689: 5583: 5509: 5481: 5461: 5298: 5256: 4783: 4470: 4445: 4426: 4349:

Sejvar JJ, Kohl KS, Gidudu J, Amato A, Bakshi N, Baxter R, et al. (January 2011).

4331: 4254: 4229: 4205: 4180: 4068: 4025: 3782: 3749: 3725: 3700: 3676: 3643: 3534: 3509: 3485: 3460: 3441: 3398: 3355: 3305: 3257: 3127: 3032: 2971: 2915: 2890: 2871: 2792: 2765: 2690: 2657: 2633: 2606: 2582: 2557: 2533: 2506: 2259: 2170: 2145: 2059: 1850: 1796: 1689: 1664: 1476: 617: 616:

involved may determine the risk of GBS; different forms of the bacteria have different

556: 512: 313: 172: 4597: 3020: 2523: 2337: 2247: 1928: 1911: 1838: 5519: 5514: 5314: 5303: 4834: 4806: 4625: 4520: 4475: 4418: 4370: 4323: 4259: 4210: 4161: 4126: 4060: 4017: 3973: 3860: 3825: 3787: 3769: 3730: 3681: 3663: 3624: 3583: 3539: 3490: 3433: 3390: 3359: 3347: 3297: 3249: 3203: 3168: 3131: 3119: 3111: 3106: 3070: 3024: 2963: 2920: 2875: 2863: 2797: 2714:"COVID-19 Vaccine Janssen: Guillain-Barré syndrome listed as a very rare side effect" 2695: 2677: 2638: 2587: 2538: 2423: 2382: 2361:"Invited Commentary: Influenza Vaccine and Guillain-Barre Syndrome--Is There a Risk?" 2341: 2303: 2251: 2216: 2175: 2117: 2096:"Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis and Fisher syndrome: anti-GQ1b antibody syndrome" 2051: 2013: 1933: 1892: 1842: 1788: 1694: 1547: 1469: 1461: 1431: 1356: 910: 897: 855: 646: 208: 160: 4665: 4335: 3445: 3309: 3261: 3036: 2975: 2858: 2841: 2263: 2063: 1800: 463:, characteristic features are the reduced strength of muscles and reduced or absent 5563: 5414: 5409: 5350: 5277: 5252: 4465: 4457: 4430: 4410: 4362: 4315: 4290: 4249: 4241: 4200: 4192: 4153: 4052: 4007: 3963: 3856: 3852: 3777: 3765: 3761: 3720: 3712: 3671: 3659: 3655: 3614: 3573: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3480: 3472: 3425: 3402: 3382: 3339: 3289: 3241: 3195: 3158: 3101: 3062: 3016: 2955: 2910: 2902: 2853: 2787: 2779: 2685: 2669: 2628: 2618: 2577: 2569: 2528: 2518: 2413: 2372: 2333: 2293: 2243: 2206: 2165: 2157: 2107: 2043: 2005: 1923: 1884: 1854: 1834: 1778: 1684: 1676: 1413: 1394: 1257: 1014: 983: 905: 859: 843: 830:, where the impulse is transferred to the muscle. Axons are wrapped in a sheath of 823: 623:

Links between other infections and GBS are less certain. Two other herpes viruses (

433:, and pain in the head and neck relating to irritation of the lining of the brain. 418: 385: 277: 100: 94: 54: 4366: 4072: 3476: 1114:

Weakness particularly of the throat muscles, and face, neck, and shoulder muscles

620:

on their surface, and some may induce illness (see below) while others will not.

5704: 5674: 5558: 5486: 5340: 5293: 4619: 4414: 3293: 2770: 2739: 2047: 1888: 1443: 1189: 952:

is often encountered in Guillain–Barré syndrome. This has been attributed to the

936: 839: 776: 692: 591: 410: 228: 218: 148: 48: 4674: 4157: 4029: 3199: 1446:

vaccination. These were refined in 1990. The case definition was revised by the

1421: 854:); this process is preceded by activation of a group of blood proteins known as 393: 5588: 5542: 5335: 5048: 5014: 4862: 4751: 2783: 2673: 2278: 1320: 1312: 1177: 1158: 684: 536: 500: 464: 406: 375: 364: 333: 236: 203:

Typically triggered by an infection; occasionally by surgery and by vaccination

4668: 4630: 4582: 4446:"Two cases of acute polyradiculoneuritis in dogs consuming a raw poultry diet" 3716: 3343: 2161: 1783: 1766: 5836: 5763: 5355: 5100: 4960: 4924: 4671: 4043:

Goetz CG (May 1998). "Georges Guillain's neurologic exploration of America".

3773: 3667: 3429: 3115: 3066: 2681: 2492: 2279:"Zika virus: a previously slow pandemic spreads rapidly through the Americas" 2112: 2095: 1427: 1375: 1316: 991: 783: 305: 4245: 4130: 2959: 2623: 1212:. The need for ventilatory support can be anticipated by measurement of two 5658: 5448: 5330: 5319: 5127: 5073: 4906: 4826: 4770: 4479: 4422: 4374: 4295: 4278: 4263: 4214: 4165: 4021: 3977: 3968: 3951: 3879:"GAIN Charity: Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) & Associated Neuropathies" 3864: 3829: 3791: 3734: 3685: 3628: 3587: 3543: 3494: 3437: 3394: 3351: 3301: 3253: 3172: 3123: 3074: 3028: 2967: 2867: 2801: 2699: 2642: 2591: 2542: 2427: 2386: 2345: 2307: 2255: 2220: 2179: 2121: 2055: 2017: 1937: 1896: 1846: 1792: 1767:"Guillain-Barré syndrome: pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis" 1698: 1480: 1398: 1352: 1293: 1265: 949: 831: 788: 771: 766: 638: 572: 552: 468: 321: 4327: 4319: 4196: 4064: 4056: 3207: 2924: 2009: 447: 5345: 5325: 5309: 4793: 4649: 4461: 3578: 3561: 3147:"Clinical practice guideline on diagnosis and treatment of hyponatraemia" 3089: 2906: 2573: 2418: 2401: 2377: 2360: 2298: 2211: 2194: 2143: 995: 945: 870: 815: 382: 348: 4550: 3163: 3146: 5104: 4839: 4816: 4680: 4012: 3995: 3459:

Liu, Shuang; Dong, Chaoling; Ubogu, Eroboghene Ekamereno (2021-06-02).

3386: 3245: 1496: 1492: 1472:(IFN-β) have not demonstrated benefit to support their widespread use. 1430:

described the variant that bears his name in 1956. British neurologist

1213: 968: 851: 756: 731: 642: 532: 422: 329: 69: 4736: 4565: 4119:

Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société des Médecins des Hôpitaux de Paris

3619: 3602: 2463: 1680: 1244:

are insufficient to make a recommendation as to which should be used.

1140:

Generally normal, sometimes discrete changes in sensory conduction or

5197: 4660: 1503: 1297: 1285: 1241: 1185: 746: 504: 426: 414: 301: 243: 165: 4350: 495:, the inability to breathe adequately to maintain healthy levels of 339:

Although the cause is unknown, the underlying mechanism involves an

4694: 1507: 1390: 1276:. The team usually works under the supervision of a neurologist or 1141: 987: 874: 863: 751: 704: 544: 441: 4444:

Kim, Se-Hoon; Choi, Seo-In; Song, Kun-Ho; Seo, Kyoung-Won (2021).

2938:

Carlsson A (November 2001). "A paradigm shift in brain research".

1103:

Axonal polyneuropathy, reduced or absent sensory action potential

604:

bacteria, which cause diarrhea. A further 10% are attributable to

177:

Muscle weakness beginning in the feet and hands, usually ascending

5268: 2491:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

1764: 1484: 1273: 918: 430: 4608: 4545: 3952:"Immunotherapy for Guillain-Barré syndrome: a systematic review" 2655: 2402:"Principal controversies in vaccine safety in the United States" 5637: 4577: 3750:"Pharmacological treatment for pain in Guillain-Barré syndrome" 3144: 2817:"Rise in Guillain-Barré syndrome following AstraZeneca vaccine" 2233: 1131: 1057:

Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP)

878: 847: 835: 793: 649:

infection has been found to be more common in people with GBS.

508: 496: 472: 344: 269: 4519:. New York: Demos; ANN Press (American Academy of Neurology). 3878: 3641: 2034:

Ryan MM (December 2013). "Pediatric Guillain-Barré syndrome".

1134:, eye muscle weakness, areflexia but usually no limb weakness 586:, which triggers about 30% of cases of Guillain–Barré syndrome 80: 63: 5604: 5272: 5013: 4546:

Information on GBS from NGO GBS/CIDP Foundation International

1311:(NGOs), and Patient Advisory Groups around the world. In the 1097:

Severe muscle weakness similar to AMAN but with sensory loss

531:, which is involved in the control of body functions such as 126: 5251: 3902: 3232:

Rinaldi S (June 2013). "Update on Guillain-Barré syndrome".

2839: 2604: 2555: 2323: 1319:

it is provided by GBS/CIDP Foundation International, and in

451:

Various patterns of manifestation of Guillain–Barré syndrome

3993: 1996:

Yuki N, Hartung HP (June 2012). "Guillain-Barré syndrome".

819: 761: 479:

is normally unaffected in Guillain–Barré syndrome, but the

135: 106: 83: 3926: 3559: 2889:

Fagius J, Osterman PO, Sidén A, Wiholm BE (January 1985).

1439:

weakness. The axonal subtype was first described in 1986.

1296:). Nutritional support may be provided by the team and by 16:

Autoimmune disease affecting the peripheral nervous system

2888: 2146:"IVIG treatment and prognosis in Guillain-Barré syndrome" 893: 695:

to include warnings for risk of Guillain–Barré syndrome.

688: 645:

have also been associated with episodes of GBS. Previous

187:

Breathing difficulties, heart and blood pressure problems

115: 103: 66: 60: 3818:

European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine

3748:

Liu, Jia; Wang, Lu-Ning; McNicol, Ewan D. (2015-04-09).

3510:"Intravenous immunoglobulin for Guillain-Barré syndrome" 1662: 698: 4400: 3949: 3186:

Ropper AH (April 1992). "The Guillain-Barré syndrome".

3048: 3046: 2891:"Guillain-Barré syndrome following zimeldine treatment" 2399: 1909: 1086:

Axonal polyneuropathy, normal sensory action potential

5059:

Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsy

3452: 2504: 1232:

are considered markers of severe respiratory failure.

1120:

Generally normal, sometimes axonal neuropathy in arms

608:(CMV, HHV-5). Despite this, only very few people with 4348: 2471:"New safety communication regarding Shingrix vaccine" 2193:

Vellozzi, C.; Iqbal, S.; Broder, K. (15 April 2014).

483:

subtype may feature drowsiness, sleepiness, or coma.

370:

In those with severe weakness, prompt treatment with

118: 4555: 3043: 2558:"Guillain-Barré Syndrome Associated with SARS-CoV-2" 1910:

Willison HJ, Jacobs BC, van Doorn PA (August 2016).

1034:

and have similar antiganglioside antibody patterns.

691:

required safety label changes from the manufacturer

519:

in 60% of those who require artificial ventilation.

132: 123: 112: 77: 4517:

Guillain–Barré syndrome: from diagnosis to recovery

4112: 3508:Hughes RA, Swan AV, van Doorn PA (September 2014). 3507: 2400:DeStefano F, Bodenstab HM, Offit PA (August 2019). 2192: 1824: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1754: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1730: 1728: 129: 109: 74: 57: 3329: 2895:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 2100:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 2089: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2073: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1712: 1710: 1708: 1663:Sejvar JJ, Baughman AL, Wise M, Morgan OW (2011). 1094:Acute motor and sensory axonal neuropathy (AMSAN) 5091:Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy 4178: 3846: 1338:chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy 858:. In contrast, the axonal variant is mediated by 551:. Other associated problems are abnormalities in 5834: 5723:Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease 4092:Gazette Hebdomadaire de Médecine et de Chirurgie 3415: 3372: 3052: 1264:, speech language pathologists, social workers, 409:that supply the head and face; this may lead to 4396: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4309: 3989: 3987: 3698: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3319: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2093: 2070: 1705: 1412:first described the disorder in 1859. In 1916, 954:inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone 904:infection, the body produces antibodies of the 881:-type sugars and containing various numbers of 475:, as well as absent reflexes can be found. The 328:, which can lead to dangerous abnormalities in 4514: 4443: 3747: 3279: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3217: 2319: 2317: 1820: 1818: 1816: 1814: 1812: 1810: 5237: 4722: 3692: 3644:"Corticosteroids for Guillain-Barré syndrome" 3275: 3273: 3271: 2393: 4381: 4106: 3984: 3458: 3316: 3006: 3000: 2276: 2128: 1874: 1658: 1656: 1654: 1652: 1123:Mostly GT1a, occasionally GQ1b, rarely GD1a 890:against which antibodies have been described 4227: 3849:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3807: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3754:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3648:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3514:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3214: 2314: 2029: 2027: 1995: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1903: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1807: 1543:Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2017: 5 Books in 1 1369:List of people with Guillain–Barré syndrome 950:abnormally low level of sodium in the blood 5244: 5230: 4729: 4715: 3811: 3594: 3461:"Immunotherapy of Guillain-Barré syndrome" 3268: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1621: 1619: 1617: 1615: 1613: 1611: 967:. If an MRI scan shows enhancement of the 956:, leading to relative retention of water. 703:GBS has been reported in association with 4469: 4294: 4253: 4204: 4011: 3967: 3781: 3724: 3675: 3618: 3577: 3555: 3553: 3533: 3484: 3162: 3105: 2914: 2857: 2791: 2689: 2632: 2622: 2581: 2532: 2522: 2417: 2376: 2297: 2227: 2210: 2169: 2111: 1927: 1782: 1688: 1649: 1609: 1607: 1605: 1603: 1601: 1599: 1597: 1595: 1593: 1591: 1546:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 529. 1535: 1533: 1531: 1529: 1527: 1525: 1523: 4276: 4088:"Note sur la paralysie ascendante aiguë" 4000:Journal of the Peripheral Nervous System 3798: 3366: 3234:Journal of the Peripheral Nervous System 3087: 2937: 2352: 2024: 1861: 1389: 1374:Guillain–Barré syndrome than women; the 1344:long-term respiratory support; 6 death. 1195: 1063:Most common in Europe and North America 804: 571: 522: 446: 5757:Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis 4181:"Mesencephalitis and rhombencephalitis" 4179:Bickerstaff ER, Cloake PC (July 1951). 3465:Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 3231: 2507:"Neurological associations of COVID-19" 1944: 1572:"Definition of GUILLAIN-BARRÉ SYNDROME" 1011:nerve conduction of electrical impulses 866:without direct lymphocyte involvement. 529:autonomic or involuntary nervous system 381:The syndrome is named after the French 5873:Syndromes affecting the nervous system 5835: 4143: 4113:Guillain G, Barré J, Strohl A (1916). 4085: 3701:"Guillain-Barré syndrome and variants" 3600: 3550: 3185: 2882: 2763: 2358: 1588: 1520: 1454: 809:Guillain–Barré syndrome – nerve damage 486: 392:, who, together with French physician 5579:Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis 5225: 5164: 5012: 4749: 4710: 4450:Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 4042: 2706: 1539: 1506:7 to 10 days after transmission from 1111:Pharyngeal-cervical-brachial variant 1030:these are thought to be a subtype of 699:COVID-19 infection or vaccine related 399: 147: 3699:Dimachkie MM, Barohn RJ (May 2013). 2732: 2277:Gatherer D, Kohl A (February 2016). 2033: 1627:"Guillain–Barré Syndrome Fact Sheet" 1188:, or in rare cases, kidney failure. 1155:Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis 1024: 994:) in which both the protein and the 713:Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccines 5868:Peripheral nervous system disorders 5853:Cytomegalovirus-associated diseases 4146:The New England Journal of Medicine 3812:Khan F, Amatya B (September 2012). 3188:The New England Journal of Medicine 2814: 2562:The New England Journal of Medicine 1998:The New England Journal of Medicine 1378:for men is 1.78 compared to women. 946:low level of potassium in the blood 673:pandemic swine flu virus H1N1/PDM09 411:weakness of the muscles of the face 396:, described the condition in 1916. 13: 4750: 4508: 3375:Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 2094:Shahrizaila N, Yuki N (May 2013). 1637:from the original on 5 August 2016 1004: 888:groups. The key four gangliosides 838:. Between Schwann cells are gaps ( 737: 567: 543:, sometimes to the point that the 481:Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis 14: 5889: 5796:Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome 4534: 3907:GBS/CIDP Foundation International 3151:European Journal of Endocrinology 2475:U.S. Food and Drug Administration 1466:brain-derived neurotrophic factor 1401:as professor of neurology at the 1247: 438:upper respiratory tract infection 5878:Diseases named after discoverers 5433:Hemolytic disease of the newborn 4889:lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh 4403:Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs 4277:Compston, Alastair (July 2016). 4102:from the original on 2017-02-27. 3836:from the original on 2015-08-26. 3107:10.1136/postgradmedj-2021-141119 2486: 2365:American Journal of Epidemiology 1560:from the original on 2016-08-21. 1340:, which is treated differently. 1200:Respiratory failure may require 1172: 745: 652: 541:irregularities in the heart beat 99: 53: 5615:Subacute bacterial endocarditis 5477:Immune thrombocytopenic purpura 4515:Steinberg GJ, Parry JS (2006). 4486: 4437: 4342: 4303: 4270: 4221: 4172: 4137: 4079: 4036: 3943: 3919: 3895: 3871: 3840: 3741: 3635: 3501: 3409: 3179: 3138: 3081: 2982: 2931: 2859:10.1590/0004-282X-ANP-2021-0030 2833: 2808: 2757: 2649: 2598: 2549: 2498: 2434: 2326:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases 2286:The Journal of General Virology 2270: 2186: 1362: 1288:, and splints may be provided. 1089:GM1a/b, GD1a & GalNac-GD1a 974: 864:cell membrane covering the axon 726: 517:bleeding in the digestive tract 363:. It is classified as an acute 5183:Complex regional pain syndrome 4992:Template:Cranial nerve disease 3857:10.1002/14651858.CD008505.pub2 3766:10.1002/14651858.CD009950.pub3 3660:10.1002/14651858.CD001446.pub5 3607:American Journal of Nephrology 3526:10.1002/14651858.CD002063.pub6 3088:Merchant, Hamid (2022-07-01). 2150:Journal of Clinical Immunology 1564: 1349:health-related quality of life 1204:and breathing support through 1: 5695:Postorgasmic illness syndrome 5054:Hereditary spastic paraplegia 4367:10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.06.003 3477:10.1080/21645515.2018.1493415 3418:J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 3021:10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70215-1 2846:Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 2524:10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30221-0 2442:"Vaccine Injury Table - HRSA" 2338:10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70140-7 2248:10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70150-9 2036:Current Opinion in Pediatrics 1929:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00339-1 1839:10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70215-1 1513: 1075:Acute motor axonal neuropathy 1066:Demyelinating polyneuropathy 800:Structure of a typical neuron 473:abnormalities in coordination 256:2 per 100,000 people per year 5752:Hypersensitivity pneumonitis 4415:10.1517/14728214.2011.531699 4228:Bickerstaff ER (June 1957). 3294:10.1016/j.clinph.2012.01.025 3094:Postgraduate Medical Journal 2406:Clinical Infectious Diseases 2199:Clinical Infectious Diseases 2048:10.1097/MOP.0b013e328365ad3f 1889:10.1016/j.autrev.2014.01.033 1491:enzyme), and the heart drug 1326: 1309:Non-Government Organisations 1216:-based breathing tests: the 1167: 929: 578:scanning electron microscope 440:(rhinitis, sore throat), or 7: 5818:Systemic autoimmune disease 5654:Allergic contact dermatitis 5574:Hypersensitivity vasculitis 5457:Autoimmune hemolytic anemia 5064:Familial amyloid neuropathy 5039:Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease 4158:10.1056/NEJM195607122550201 3200:10.1056/NEJM199204233261706 1410:Jean-Baptiste Octave Landry 1280:directing treatment goals. 1270:allied health professionals 1182:intravenous immunoglobulins 1052:Antiganglioside antibodies 862:and complement against the 818:and a long projection (the 596:respiratory tract infection 419:weakness of the eye muscles 372:intravenous immunoglobulins 248:Weeks to years for recovery 10: 5894: 5324:common allergies include: 5193:Nerve compression syndrome 2784:10.1038/s41591-021-01556-7 2674:10.1007/s00415-020-10124-x 1405:hospital in Paris in 1925. 1385: 1366: 1284:modifications, gait aids, 1254:activities of daily living 1222:negative inspiratory force 961:magnetic resonance imaging 915:antiganglioside antibodies 877:bound to a small group of 656: 631:/HHV-3) and the bacterium 233:intravenous immunoglobulin 5778: 5744: 5735: 5713: 5667: 5646: 5627: 5597: 5551: 5536: 5495: 5447: 5440: 5426: 5396: 5371: 5286: 5263: 5175: 5171: 5165: 5160: 5136: 5118:Pectoralis minor syndrome 5099: 5072: 5029: 5025: 5008: 4981: 4959: 4941: 4923: 4905: 4887: 4880: 4853: 4825: 4792: 4769: 4762: 4758: 4745: 4739:peripheral nervous system 4737:Diseases relating to the 4640: 4559: 3717:10.1016/j.ncl.2013.01.005 3601:Dantal J (October 2013). 3344:10.1038/nrneurol.2014.138 3332:Nature Reviews. Neurology 2718:European Medicines Agency 2162:10.1007/s10875-010-9407-4 1912:"Guillain-Barré syndrome" 1784:10.1038/nrneurol.2014.121 1771:Nature Reviews. Neurology 1290:Speech-language pathology 1202:intubation of the trachea 1049:Nerve conduction studies 824:electrical nerve impulses 717:European Medicines Agency 669:2009 flu pandemic vaccine 562: 549:pacemaker-based treatment 310:peripheral nervous system 268: 260: 252: 242: 224: 207: 199: 191: 181: 171: 159: 39: 31: 26: 5569:Henoch–Schönlein purpura 5384:Eosinophilic esophagitis 5144:Alcoholic polyneuropathy 5123:Thoracic outlet syndrome 3430:10.1136/jnnp-2013-304993 3282:Clinical Neurophysiology 3067:10.1016/j.it.2013.05.001 2764:Patone, Martina (2021). 2113:10.1136/jnnp-2012-302824 1278:rehabilitation physician 941:nerve conduction studies 557:reactivity of the pupils 513:blood clots in the lungs 461:neurological examination 353:nerve conduction studies 326:autonomic nervous system 215:nerve conduction studies 5685:Hashimoto's thyroiditis 5472:Guillain–Barré syndrome 5086:Guillain–Barré syndrome 5044:Dejerine–Sottas disease 4845:Cheiralgia paresthetica 4686:Guillain–Barré syndrome 4246:10.1136/bmj.1.5032.1384 4234:British Medical Journal 4185:British Medical Journal 2994:www.thecarlatreport.com 2960:10.1126/science.1066969 1576:www.merriam-webster.com 1262:occupational therapists 1235: 1128:Miller Fisher syndrome 996:cell count are elevated 965:spinal cord compression 665:1976 swine flu outbreak 659:1976 swine flu outbreak 415:swallowing difficulties 355:and examination of the 322:changes in the function 320:. Some are affected by 294:Guillain–Barré syndrome 27:Guillain–Barré syndrome 5786:Autoimmune adrenalitis 5188:Mononeuritis multiplex 5113:Brachial plexus injury 5019:Polyradiculoneuropathy 4943:superior gluteal nerve 4915:Tarsal tunnel syndrome 4897:Meralgia paraesthetica 4802:Ulnar nerve entrapment 4779:Carpal tunnel syndrome 2359:Nelson, K. E. (2012). 1448:Brighton Collaboration 1406: 1206:mechanical ventilation 1032:Miller Fisher syndrome 937:lumbar spinal puncture 886:-acetylneuraminic acid 828:neuromuscular junction 810: 629:varicella zoster virus 587: 477:level of consciousness 452: 421:. In 8%, the weakness 318:mechanical ventilation 264:7.5% of those affected 195:Rapid (hours to weeks) 5843:1976 health disasters 5203:Peripheral neuropathy 5078:demyelinating disease 4812:Ulnar tunnel syndrome 4494:"Coonhound Paralysis" 4320:10.1002/ana.410270707 4197:10.1136/bmj.2.4723.77 4057:10.1212/WNL.50.5.1451 3009:The Lancet. Neurology 2624:10.1093/brain/awaa240 2511:The Lancet. Neurology 2236:The Lancet. Neurology 2010:10.1056/NEJMra1114525 1827:The Lancet. Neurology 1487:(an inhibitor of the 1462:mycophenolate mofetil 1393: 1218:forced vital capacity 1069:No clear association 808: 634:Mycoplasma pneumoniae 575: 523:Autonomic dysfunction 450: 423:affects only the legs 5791:Autoimmune hepatitis 5770:Transplant rejection 5680:Giant cell arteritis 5610:Rheumatoid arthritis 5467:Goodpasture syndrome 5379:Autoimmune urticaria 4951:Trendelenburg's sign 4462:10.1292/jvms.20-0522 4296:10.1093/brain/aww127 4098:: 472–474, 486–488. 3969:10.1093/brain/awm004 3579:10.1212/WNL.61.6.736 3055:Trends in Immunology 2907:10.1136/jnnp.48.1.65 2662:Journal of Neurology 2574:10.1056/NEJMc2009191 2299:10.1099/jgv.0.000381 1877:Autoimmunity Reviews 1499:) may be effective. 1418:Jean Alexandre Barré 1046:Population affected 681:vaccine injury table 601:Campylobacter jejuni 583:Campylobacter jejuni 429:, painful tingling, 390:Jean Alexandre Barré 283:Jean Alexandre Barré 5848:Autoimmune diseases 5257:autoimmune diseases 4969:Piriformis syndrome 4855:long thoracic nerve 4498:VCA Animal Hospital 4314:. 27 Suppl: S21-4. 4312:Annals of Neurology 3164:10.1530/EJE-13-1020 2952:2001Sci...294.1021C 1455:Research directions 1258:physical therapists 1210:intensive care unit 1196:Respiratory failure 1009:Directly assessing 980:Cerebrospinal fluid 618:lipopolysaccharides 555:and changes in the 493:respiratory failure 487:Respiratory failure 357:cerebrospinal fluid 341:autoimmune disorder 300:) is a rapid-onset 213:Based on symptoms, 149:[ɡilɛ̃baʁe] 5700:Reactive arthritis 5690:Multiple sclerosis 5584:Reactive arthritis 5482:Pemphigus vulgaris 5462:Bullous pemphigoid 5363:Penicillin allergy 5299:Allergic urticaria 4784:Ape hand deformity 4641:External resources 4086:Landry JB (1859). 4013:10.1111/jns5.12051 3705:Neurologic Clinics 3387:10.1586/ern.11.182 3246:10.1111/jns5.12020 2815:UCL (2022-05-30). 2419:10.1093/cid/ciz135 2378:10.1093/aje/kws194 2212:10.1093/cid/ciu005 2156:(Suppl 1): S74-8. 1477:glatiramer acetate 1407: 1321:The European Union 1208:, generally on an 1186:liver inflammation 811: 625:Epstein–Barr virus 588: 580:-derived image of 469:hypo- or areflexia 453: 400:Signs and symptoms 361:certain antibodies 5830: 5829: 5826: 5825: 5731: 5730: 5623: 5622: 5532: 5531: 5528: 5527: 5520:Pernicious anemia 5515:Myasthenia gravis 5392: 5391: 5315:Atopic dermatitis 5304:Allergic rhinitis 5219: 5218: 5215: 5214: 5211: 5210: 5156: 5155: 5152: 5151: 5004: 5003: 5000: 4999: 4977: 4976: 4876: 4875: 4835:Radial neuropathy 4704: 4703: 3962:(Pt 9): 2245–57. 3620:10.1159/000354893 3471:(11): 2568–2579. 2778:(12): 2144–2153. 2617:(10): 3104–3120. 2568:(26): 2574–2576. 2371:(11): 1129–1132. 1922:(10045): 717–27. 1681:10.1159/000324710 1669:Neuroepidemiology 1540:Ferri FF (2016). 1451:plasma exchange. 1432:Edwin Bickerstaff 1151: 1150: 1025:Clinical subtypes 911:central tolerance 898:molecular mimicry 844:white blood cells 647:hepatitis E virus 509:severe infections 314:breathing muscles 291: 290: 209:Diagnostic method 21:Medical condition 5885: 5863:Myelin disorders 5813:Sjögren syndrome 5742: 5741: 5644: 5643: 5549: 5548: 5445: 5444: 5424: 5423: 5284: 5283: 5253:Hypersensitivity 5246: 5239: 5232: 5223: 5222: 5173: 5172: 5162: 5161: 5049:Refsum's disease 5027: 5026: 5010: 5009: 4933:Morton's neuroma 4885: 4884: 4767: 4766: 4760: 4759: 4747: 4746: 4731: 4724: 4717: 4708: 4707: 4557: 4556: 4530: 4502: 4501: 4490: 4484: 4483: 4473: 4441: 4435: 4434: 4398: 4379: 4378: 4346: 4340: 4339: 4307: 4301: 4300: 4298: 4289:(7): 2096–2100. 4274: 4268: 4267: 4257: 4240:(5032): 1384–7. 4225: 4219: 4218: 4208: 4176: 4170: 4169: 4141: 4135: 4134: 4110: 4104: 4103: 4083: 4077: 4076: 4040: 4034: 4033: 4015: 3991: 3982: 3981: 3971: 3947: 3941: 3940: 3938: 3937: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3914: 3913: 3899: 3893: 3892: 3890: 3889: 3875: 3869: 3868: 3851:(10): CD008505. 3844: 3838: 3837: 3809: 3796: 3795: 3785: 3745: 3739: 3738: 3728: 3696: 3690: 3689: 3679: 3654:(10): CD001446. 3639: 3633: 3632: 3622: 3598: 3592: 3591: 3581: 3557: 3548: 3547: 3537: 3520:(10): CD002063. 3505: 3499: 3498: 3488: 3456: 3450: 3449: 3413: 3407: 3406: 3370: 3364: 3363: 3327: 3314: 3313: 3277: 3266: 3265: 3229: 3212: 3211: 3183: 3177: 3176: 3166: 3142: 3136: 3135: 3109: 3085: 3079: 3078: 3050: 3041: 3040: 3004: 2998: 2997: 2986: 2980: 2979: 2946:(5544): 1021–4. 2935: 2929: 2928: 2918: 2886: 2880: 2879: 2861: 2837: 2831: 2830: 2828: 2827: 2812: 2806: 2805: 2795: 2761: 2755: 2754: 2752: 2751: 2736: 2730: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2710: 2704: 2703: 2693: 2668:(4): 1133–1170. 2653: 2647: 2646: 2636: 2626: 2602: 2596: 2595: 2585: 2553: 2547: 2546: 2536: 2526: 2502: 2496: 2490: 2489: 2485: 2483: 2482: 2467: 2461: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2451:. March 22, 2017 2446: 2438: 2432: 2431: 2421: 2397: 2391: 2390: 2380: 2356: 2350: 2349: 2321: 2312: 2311: 2301: 2283: 2274: 2268: 2267: 2231: 2225: 2224: 2214: 2205:(8): 1149–1155. 2190: 2184: 2183: 2173: 2141: 2126: 2125: 2115: 2091: 2068: 2067: 2031: 2022: 2021: 2004:(24): 2294–304. 1993: 1942: 1941: 1931: 1907: 1901: 1900: 1872: 1859: 1858: 1822: 1805: 1804: 1786: 1762: 1703: 1702: 1692: 1660: 1647: 1646: 1644: 1642: 1633:. June 1, 2016. 1623: 1586: 1585: 1583: 1582: 1568: 1562: 1561: 1537: 1428:C. Miller Fisher 1414:Georges Guillain 1395:Georges Guillain 1037: 1036: 1015:electromyography 984:lumbar vertebrae 840:nodes of Ranvier 749: 545:heart beat stops 386:Georges Guillain 278:Georges Guillain 151: 146: 142: 141: 138: 137: 134: 131: 128: 125: 121: 120: 117: 114: 111: 108: 105: 98: 90: 89: 86: 85: 82: 79: 76: 72: 71: 68: 65: 62: 59: 52: 24: 23: 5893: 5892: 5888: 5887: 5886: 5884: 5883: 5882: 5833: 5832: 5831: 5822: 5774: 5737: 5727: 5709: 5705:Type 1 diabetes 5675:Coeliac disease 5663: 5635: 5619: 5593: 5559:Arthus reaction 5540: 5524: 5510:Graves' disease 5491: 5487:Rheumatic fever 5436: 5404: 5388: 5367: 5294:Allergic asthma 5275: 5259: 5250: 5220: 5207: 5167: 5148: 5132: 5095: 5068: 5021: 4996: 4973: 4955: 4937: 4919: 4901: 4872: 4849: 4821: 4788: 4754: 4741: 4735: 4705: 4700: 4699: 4636: 4635: 4568: 4537: 4527: 4511: 4509:Further reading 4506: 4505: 4492: 4491: 4487: 4442: 4438: 4399: 4382: 4347: 4343: 4308: 4304: 4275: 4271: 4226: 4222: 4191:(4723): 77–81. 4177: 4173: 4142: 4138: 4111: 4107: 4084: 4080: 4041: 4037: 3992: 3985: 3948: 3944: 3935: 3933: 3925: 3924: 3920: 3911: 3909: 3901: 3900: 3896: 3887: 3885: 3877: 3876: 3872: 3845: 3841: 3810: 3799: 3760:(4): CD009950. 3746: 3742: 3697: 3693: 3640: 3636: 3599: 3595: 3558: 3551: 3506: 3502: 3457: 3453: 3414: 3410: 3371: 3367: 3328: 3317: 3278: 3269: 3230: 3215: 3184: 3180: 3143: 3139: 3086: 3082: 3051: 3044: 3005: 3001: 2988: 2987: 2983: 2936: 2932: 2887: 2883: 2852:(10): 924–928. 2838: 2834: 2825: 2823: 2813: 2809: 2771:Nature Medicine 2762: 2758: 2749: 2747: 2738: 2737: 2733: 2723: 2721: 2712: 2711: 2707: 2654: 2650: 2603: 2599: 2554: 2550: 2503: 2499: 2487: 2480: 2478: 2469: 2468: 2464: 2454: 2452: 2444: 2440: 2439: 2435: 2398: 2394: 2357: 2353: 2322: 2315: 2281: 2275: 2271: 2232: 2228: 2191: 2187: 2142: 2129: 2092: 2071: 2032: 2025: 1994: 1945: 1908: 1904: 1883:(4–5): 525–30. 1873: 1862: 1823: 1808: 1763: 1706: 1661: 1650: 1640: 1638: 1625: 1624: 1589: 1580: 1578: 1570: 1569: 1565: 1554: 1538: 1521: 1516: 1470:interferon beta 1457: 1388: 1371: 1365: 1329: 1250: 1242:pain medication 1238: 1229: 1198: 1190:Glucocorticoids 1175: 1170: 1159:Babinski's sign 1027: 1007: 1005:Neurophysiology 977: 959:In many cases, 932: 822:) that carries 803: 802: 801: 798: 797: 796: 791: 786: 781: 778: 774: 769: 764: 759: 754: 740: 738:Pathophysiology 729: 701: 693:GlaxoSmithKline 661: 655: 606:cytomegalovirus 592:gastroenteritis 570: 568:Infection onset 565: 525: 489: 465:tendon reflexes 402: 302:muscle weakness 287: 229:Supportive care 219:lumbar puncture 155: 144: 143: 122: 102: 93: 92: 91: 73: 56: 47: 46: 22: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5891: 5881: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5858:Medical triads 5855: 5850: 5845: 5828: 5827: 5824: 5823: 5821: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5809: 5808: 5803: 5793: 5788: 5782: 5780: 5776: 5775: 5773: 5772: 5767: 5761: 5760: 5759: 5748: 5746: 5739: 5733: 5732: 5729: 5728: 5726: 5725: 5719: 5717: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5671: 5669: 5665: 5664: 5662: 5661: 5656: 5650: 5648: 5641: 5625: 5624: 5621: 5620: 5618: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5601: 5599: 5595: 5594: 5592: 5591: 5589:Serum sickness 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5555: 5553: 5546: 5543:Immune complex 5534: 5533: 5530: 5529: 5526: 5525: 5523: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5506: 5504: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5453: 5451: 5442: 5438: 5437: 5435: 5430: 5428: 5421: 5420: 5419: 5418: 5417: 5412: 5394: 5393: 5390: 5389: 5387: 5386: 5381: 5375: 5373: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5365: 5360: 5359: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5301: 5296: 5290: 5288: 5281: 5261: 5260: 5249: 5248: 5241: 5234: 5226: 5217: 5216: 5213: 5212: 5209: 5208: 5206: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5179: 5177: 5169: 5168: 5158: 5157: 5154: 5153: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5146: 5140: 5138: 5134: 5133: 5131: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5109: 5107: 5097: 5096: 5094: 5093: 5088: 5082: 5080: 5070: 5069: 5067: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5035: 5033: 5023: 5022: 5015:Polyneuropathy 5006: 5005: 5002: 5001: 4998: 4997: 4995: 4994: 4987: 4985: 4983:Cranial nerves 4979: 4978: 4975: 4974: 4972: 4971: 4965: 4963: 4957: 4956: 4954: 4953: 4947: 4945: 4939: 4938: 4936: 4935: 4929: 4927: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4917: 4911: 4909: 4903: 4902: 4900: 4899: 4893: 4891: 4882: 4878: 4877: 4874: 4873: 4871: 4870: 4868:Backpack palsy 4865: 4863:Winged scapula 4859: 4857: 4851: 4850: 4848: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4831: 4829: 4823: 4822: 4820: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4807:Froment's sign 4804: 4798: 4796: 4790: 4789: 4787: 4786: 4781: 4775: 4773: 4764: 4756: 4755: 4752:Mononeuropathy 4743: 4742: 4734: 4733: 4726: 4719: 4711: 4702: 4701: 4698: 4697: 4688: 4677: 4657: 4645: 4644: 4642: 4638: 4637: 4634: 4633: 4622: 4611: 4600: 4585: 4569: 4564: 4563: 4561: 4560:Classification 4554: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4536: 4535:External links 4533: 4532: 4531: 4525: 4510: 4507: 4504: 4503: 4485: 4456:(3): 465–468. 4436: 4380: 4361:(3): 599–612. 4341: 4302: 4269: 4220: 4171: 4136: 4105: 4078: 4035: 3983: 3942: 3918: 3894: 3870: 3839: 3797: 3740: 3711:(2): 491–510. 3691: 3634: 3593: 3549: 3500: 3451: 3424:(11): 1206–7. 3408: 3365: 3315: 3288:(8): 1487–95. 3267: 3213: 3194:(17): 1130–6. 3178: 3137: 3080: 3042: 3015:(12): 1180–8. 2999: 2981: 2930: 2881: 2832: 2807: 2756: 2731: 2720:. 22 July 2021 2705: 2648: 2597: 2548: 2517:(9): 767–783. 2497: 2462: 2433: 2412:(4): 726–731. 2392: 2351: 2313: 2292:(2): 269–273. 2269: 2242:(9): 906–919. 2226: 2185: 2127: 2069: 2023: 1943: 1902: 1860: 1833:(10): 939–50. 1806: 1704: 1648: 1587: 1563: 1552: 1518: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1456: 1453: 1434:described the 1387: 1384: 1364: 1361: 1328: 1325: 1313:United Kingdom 1249: 1248:Rehabilitation 1246: 1237: 1234: 1227: 1220:(FVC) and the 1197: 1194: 1178:Plasmapheresis 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1149: 1148: 1145: 1138: 1135: 1129: 1125: 1124: 1121: 1118: 1115: 1112: 1108: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1098: 1095: 1091: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1078: 1071: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1058: 1054: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1026: 1023: 1006: 1003: 976: 973: 931: 928: 860:IgG antibodies 799: 792: 787: 782: 775: 770: 765: 760: 755: 750: 744: 743: 742: 741: 739: 736: 728: 725: 700: 697: 687:Shingrix, the 685:Zoster vaccine 654: 651: 569: 566: 564: 561: 537:blood pressure 524: 521: 501:carbon dioxide 488: 485: 417:and sometimes 407:cranial nerves 401: 398: 376:plasmapheresis 365:polyneuropathy 334:blood pressure 304:caused by the 289: 288: 286: 285: 280: 274: 272: 266: 265: 262: 258: 257: 254: 250: 249: 246: 240: 239: 237:plasmapheresis 226: 222: 221: 211: 205: 204: 201: 197: 196: 193: 189: 188: 185: 179: 178: 175: 169: 168: 163: 157: 156: 154: 153: 43: 41: 37: 36: 33: 29: 28: 20: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5890: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5840: 5838: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5798: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5783: 5781: 5777: 5771: 5768: 5765: 5764:Latex allergy 5762: 5758: 5755: 5754: 5753: 5750: 5749: 5747: 5743: 5740: 5734: 5724: 5721: 5720: 5718: 5716: 5712: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5672: 5670: 5666: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5651: 5649: 5645: 5642: 5639: 5634: 5633:cell-mediated 5630: 5626: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5602: 5600: 5596: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5564:Farmer's lung 5562: 5560: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5550: 5547: 5544: 5539: 5535: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5507: 5505: 5503: 5499: 5494: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5454: 5452: 5450: 5446: 5443: 5439: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5425: 5422: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5407: 5406: 5405: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5370: 5364: 5361: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5323: 5322: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5285: 5282: 5279: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5247: 5242: 5240: 5235: 5233: 5228: 5227: 5224: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5163: 5159: 5145: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5135: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5102: 5101:Radiculopathy 5098: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5036: 5034: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5011: 5007: 4993: 4989: 4988: 4986: 4984: 4980: 4970: 4967: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4961:sciatic nerve 4958: 4952: 4949: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4940: 4934: 4931: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4925:plantar nerve 4922: 4916: 4913: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4904: 4898: 4895: 4894: 4892: 4890: 4886: 4883: 4879: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4856: 4852: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4832: 4830: 4828: 4824: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4799: 4797: 4795: 4791: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4768: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4732: 4727: 4725: 4720: 4718: 4713: 4712: 4709: 4696: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4683: 4682: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4670: 4667: 4663: 4662: 4658: 4656: 4652: 4651: 4647: 4646: 4643: 4639: 4632: 4628: 4627: 4623: 4621: 4617: 4616: 4612: 4610: 4606: 4605: 4601: 4599: 4595: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4584: 4580: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4570: 4567: 4562: 4558: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4538: 4528: 4526:9781932603569 4522: 4518: 4513: 4512: 4499: 4495: 4489: 4481: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4440: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4409:(1): 105–20. 4408: 4404: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4345: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4306: 4297: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4273: 4265: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4224: 4216: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4175: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4140: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4121:(in French). 4120: 4116: 4109: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4082: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4051:(5): 1451–5. 4050: 4046: 4039: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3990: 3988: 3979: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3946: 3932: 3928: 3922: 3908: 3904: 3898: 3884: 3880: 3874: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3843: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3824:(3): 507–22. 3823: 3819: 3815: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3793: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3744: 3736: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3695: 3687: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3638: 3630: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3613:(4): 275–84. 3612: 3608: 3604: 3597: 3589: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3572:(6): 736–40. 3571: 3567: 3563: 3556: 3554: 3545: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3504: 3496: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3455: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3412: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3369: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3338:(9): 537–44. 3337: 3333: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3240:(2): 99–112. 3239: 3235: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3182: 3174: 3170: 3165: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3141: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3108: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3084: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3049: 3047: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3003: 2995: 2991: 2985: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2934: 2926: 2922: 2917: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2885: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2860: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2836: 2822: 2818: 2811: 2803: 2799: 2794: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2772: 2767: 2760: 2745: 2741: 2735: 2719: 2715: 2709: 2701: 2697: 2692: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2652: 2644: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2601: 2593: 2589: 2584: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2552: 2544: 2540: 2535: 2530: 2525: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2501: 2494: 2493:public domain 2476: 2472: 2466: 2450: 2443: 2437: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2396: 2388: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2355: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2332:(9): 643–51. 2331: 2327: 2320: 2318: 2309: 2305: 2300: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2280: 2273: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2230: 2222: 2218: 2213: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2189: 2181: 2177: 2172: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2123: 2119: 2114: 2109: 2106:(5): 576–83. 2105: 2101: 2097: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2042:(6): 689–93. 2041: 2037: 2030: 2028: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1939: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1906: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1871: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1777:(8): 469–82. 1776: 1772: 1768: 1761: 1759: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1751: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1743: 1741: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1733: 1731: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1719: 1717: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1709: 1700: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1675:(2): 123–33. 1674: 1670: 1666: 1659: 1657: 1655: 1653: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1622: 1620: 1618: 1616: 1614: 1612: 1610: 1608: 1606: 1604: 1602: 1600: 1598: 1596: 1594: 1592: 1577: 1573: 1567: 1559: 1555: 1553:9780323448383 1549: 1545: 1544: 1536: 1534: 1532: 1530: 1528: 1526: 1524: 1519: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1500: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1473: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1452: 1449: 1445: 1440: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1383: 1379: 1377: 1376:relative risk 1370: 1360: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1345: 1341: 1339: 1333: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1301: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1266:psychologists 1263: 1259: 1255: 1245: 1243: 1233: 1231: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1173:Immunotherapy 1165: 1162: 1160: 1156: 1146: 1143: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1130: 1127: 1126: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1109: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1092: 1088: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1073: 1072: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1051: 1048: 1045: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1022: 1018: 1016: 1012: 1002: 999: 997: 993: 992:poliomyelitis 989: 985: 981: 972: 970: 966: 962: 957: 955: 951: 947: 942: 938: 927: 923: 920: 916: 912: 907: 903: 902:Campylobacter 899: 895: 891: 887: 885: 880: 876: 872: 867: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 848:T lymphocytes 845: 841: 837: 834:that contain 833: 832:Schwann cells 829: 825: 821: 817: 807: 795: 794:Myelin sheath 790: 785: 784:Axon terminal 780: 773: 768: 763: 758: 753: 748: 735: 733: 724: 721: 718: 714: 710: 706: 696: 694: 690: 686: 682: 677: 674: 670: 666: 660: 653:Vaccine onset 650: 648: 644: 640: 636: 635: 630: 626: 621: 619: 615: 614:Campylobacter 611: 610:Campylobacter 607: 603: 602: 597: 593: 585: 584: 579: 574: 560: 558: 554: 550: 547:and requires 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 520: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 484: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 457: 449: 445: 443: 439: 434: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 397: 395: 391: 387: 384: 379: 377: 373: 368: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 337: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 308:damaging the 307: 306:immune system 303: 299: 295: 284: 281: 279: 276: 275: 273: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 245: 241: 238: 234: 230: 227: 223: 220: 216: 212: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 184: 183:Complications 180: 176: 174: 170: 167: 164: 162: 158: 150: 140: 96: 88: 50: 45: 44: 42: 40:Pronunciation 38: 34: 30: 25: 19: 5659:Mantoux test 5471: 5320:Food allergy 5128:Phantom limb 5085: 4907:tibial nerve 4827:radial nerve 4771:median nerve 4690: 4679: 4659: 4648: 4624: 4613: 4602: 4587: 4572: 4516: 4497: 4488: 4453: 4449: 4439: 4406: 4402: 4358: 4354: 4344: 4311: 4305: 4286: 4282: 4272: 4237: 4233: 4223: 4188: 4184: 4174: 4152:(2): 57–65. 4149: 4145: 4139: 4122: 4118: 4108: 4095: 4091: 4081: 4048: 4044: 4038: 4006:(1): 24–35. 4003: 3999: 3959: 3955: 3945: 3934:. Retrieved 3930: 3921: 3910:. Retrieved 3906: 3897: 3886:. Retrieved 3882: 3873: 3848: 3842: 3821: 3817: 3757: 3753: 3743: 3708: 3704: 3694: 3651: 3647: 3637: 3610: 3606: 3596: 3569: 3565: 3517: 3513: 3503: 3468: 3464: 3454: 3421: 3417: 3411: 3381:(1): 39–51. 3378: 3374: 3368: 3335: 3331: 3285: 3281: 3237: 3233: 3191: 3187: 3181: 3157:(3): G1-47. 3154: 3150: 3140: 3100:(1161): e5. 3097: 3093: 3083: 3061:(9): 453–9. 3058: 3054: 3012: 3008: 3002: 2993: 2984: 2943: 2939: 2933: 2898: 2894: 2884: 2849: 2845: 2835: 2824:. Retrieved 2820: 2810: 2775: 2769: 2759: 2748:. Retrieved 2746:. 2024-07-31 2743: 2734: 2724:13 September 2722:. Retrieved 2717: 2708: 2665: 2661: 2651: 2614: 2610: 2600: 2565: 2561: 2551: 2514: 2510: 2500: 2479:. Retrieved 2477:. 2021-03-25 2474: 2465: 2453:. Retrieved 2448: 2436: 2409: 2405: 2395: 2368: 2364: 2354: 2329: 2325: 2289: 2285: 2272: 2239: 2235: 2229: 2202: 2198: 2188: 2153: 2149: 2103: 2099: 2039: 2035: 2001: 1997: 1919: 1915: 1905: 1880: 1876: 1830: 1826: 1774: 1770: 1672: 1668: 1639:. Retrieved 1630: 1579:. Retrieved 1575: 1566: 1542: 1501: 1481:quinupramine 1474: 1458: 1441: 1436:encephalitis 1426: 1422:André Strohl 1408: 1399:Pierre Marie 1380: 1372: 1363:Epidemiology 1353:chronic pain 1346: 1342: 1334: 1330: 1302: 1294:tracheostomy 1282: 1251: 1239: 1199: 1176: 1163: 1152: 1031: 1028: 1021:be helpful. 1019: 1008: 1000: 978: 975:Spinal fluid 958: 933: 924: 901: 883: 871:gangliosides 868: 812: 789:Schwann cell 767:Axon hillock 730: 727:Drug induced 722: 702: 678: 662: 639:dengue fever 632: 622: 613: 609: 599: 589: 581: 553:perspiration 526: 490: 458: 454: 435: 403: 394:André Strohl 383:neurologists 380: 369: 338: 297: 293: 292: 18: 5310:Anaphylaxis 5306:(Hay fever) 4794:ulnar nerve 4650:MedlinePlus 4131:10024485853 4125:: 1462–70. 2901:(1): 65–9. 2455:October 23, 1403:Salpêtrière 1147:GQ1b, GT1a 969:nerve roots 852:macrophages 816:spinal cord 627:/HHV-4 and 431:muscle pain 349:vaccination 270:Named after 192:Usual onset 32:Other names 5837:Categories 5779:Autoimmune 5668:Autoimmune 5598:Autoimmune 5441:Autoimmune 5372:Autoimmune 5105:plexopathy 5074:Autoimmune 4840:Wrist drop 4817:Ulnar claw 4681:Patient UK 4626:DiseasesDB 3936:2024-06-27 3912:2024-06-27 3888:2024-06-27 2826:2022-06-22 2750:2024-08-06 2481:2021-10-18 1581:2023-01-27 1514:References 1497:eculizumab 1493:flecainide 1489:Rho-kinase 1367:See also: 1298:dietitians 1214:spirometry 1106:GM1, GD1a 856:complement 732:Zimelidine 657:See also: 643:Zika virus 533:heart rate 330:heart rate 316:requiring 5449:Cytotoxic 5198:Neuralgia 4675:neuro/598 4666:emerg/222 4661:eMedicine 4045:Neurology 3774:1469-493X 3668:1469-493X 3566:Neurology 3360:205515884 3132:238229239 3116:0032-5473 2876:236157120 2682:1432-1459 1641:29 August 1504:coonhound 1444:swine flu 1327:Prognosis 1305:Charities 1286:orthotics 1168:Treatment 1144:detected 1043:Symptoms 930:Diagnosis 505:pneumonia 499:, and/or 427:back pain 253:Frequency 244:Prognosis 225:Treatment 166:Neurology 161:Specialty 5738:multiple 5736:Unknown/ 5538:Type III 5502:receptor 5351:Tree nut 4480:33518606 4423:21352072 4375:20600491 4336:39483795 4264:13436795 4215:14848512 4166:13334797 4100:Archived 4022:24456426 3978:17337484 3927:"Epodin" 3865:20927774 3834:Archived 3830:22820829 3792:25855461 3735:23642721 3686:27775812 3629:24051350 3588:14504313 3544:25238327 3495:29953326 3446:22756453 3438:23564757 3395:22149656 3352:25072194 3310:33276521 3302:22480600 3262:23577086 3254:23781958 3173:24569125 3124:34588294 3075:23770405 3037:35101547 3029:24229616 2976:24365669 2968:11691978 2868:34287509 2821:UCL News 2802:34697502 2700:32840686 2643:32637987 2592:32302082 2543:32622375 2428:30753348 2387:22582208 2346:20797646 2308:26684466 2264:13948773 2256:23948177 2221:24415636 2180:20396937 2122:22984203 2064:34011924 2056:24240288 2018:22694000 1938:26948435 1897:24434363 1847:18848313 1801:25154778 1793:25023340 1699:21422765 1635:Archived 1558:Archived 1508:raccoons 1268:, other 1142:H-reflex 988:lymphoma 875:ceramide 752:Dendrite 715:and the 705:COVID-19 671:against 442:diarrhea 173:Symptoms 5745:Foreign 5647:Foreign 5638:T cells 5629:Type IV 5552:Foreign 5427:Foreign 5398:Type II 5341:Seafood 5287:Foreign 5269:allergy 5176:General 4695:Q205214 4691:Scholia 4669:neuro/7 4620:D020275 4471:8025411 4431:3162151 4355:Vaccine 4328:2194422 4255:1973653 4206:2069534 4065:9596004 3783:6361619 3726:3939842 3677:6464149 3535:6781841 3486:6314401 3403:5597853 3208:1552914 2948:Bibcode 2940:Science 2925:3156214 2916:1028185 2793:8629105 2744:The BMJ 2691:7445716 2634:7454352 2583:7182017 2534:7332267 2171:2883091 1855:9307245 1690:5703046 1485:fasudil 1386:History 1357:fatigue 1077:(AMAN) 919:epitope 826:to the 779:Ranvier 777:Node of 772:Nucleus 709:Janssen 324:of the 145:French: 5766:(I+IV) 5498:Type V 5336:Peanut 5265:Type I 4672:pmr/48 4655:000684 4609:139393 4523: 4478: 4468: 4429: 4421: 4373: 4334: 4326: 4262: 4252: 4213: 4203: 4164: 4129: 4073:823333 4071: 4063: 4028: 4020: 3976: 3931:Epodin 3903:"Home" 3863: 3828: 3790: 3780: 3772: 3733: 3723: 3684: 3674: 3666: 3627: 3586: 3542: 3532: 3493: 3483: 3444: 3436: 3401: 3393: 3358: 3350: 3308: 3300: 3260: 3252: 3206: 3171: 3130: 3122: 3114: 3073: 3035: 3027: 2974: 2966: 2923: 2913: 2874: 2866: 2800: 2790: 2698: 2688: 2680: 2641: 2631: 2590: 2580: 2541: 2531: 2426: 2385: 2344: 2306: 2262: 2254: 2219: 2178: 2168: 2120: 2062: 2054: 2016: 1936: 1916:Lancet 1895: 1853: 1845: 1799: 1791: 1697: 1687: 1550: 1420:, and 1274:nurses 1132:Ataxia 939:) and 879:hexose 836:myelin 563:Causes 515:, and 497:oxygen 345:myelin 261:Deaths 200:Causes 152: 5605:Lupus 5356:Wheat 5273:atopy 5166:Other 5137:Other 4598:357.0 4583:G61.0 4427:S2CID 4332:S2CID 4283:Brain 4069:S2CID 4026:S2CID 3956:Brain 3442:S2CID 3399:S2CID 3356:S2CID 3306:S2CID 3258:S2CID 3128:S2CID 3033:S2CID 2972:S2CID 2872:S2CID 2611:Brain 2445:(PDF) 2282:(PDF) 2260:S2CID 2060:S2CID 1851:S2CID 1797:S2CID 1631:NIAMS 1040:Type 948:. An 594:or a 5806:APS2 5801:APS1 5715:GVHD 5402:ADCC 5331:Milk 5255:and 5103:and 5076:and 5031:HMSN 5017:and 4990:See 4631:5465 4615:MeSH 4604:OMIM 4593:9-CM 4521:ISBN 4476:PMID 4419:PMID 4371:PMID 4324:PMID 4260:PMID 4211:PMID 4162:PMID 4127:NAID 4061:PMID 4030:6822 4018:PMID 3974:PMID 3883:GAIN 3861:PMID 3826:PMID 3788:PMID 3770:ISSN 3758:2015 3731:PMID 3682:PMID 3664:ISSN 3652:2016 3625:PMID 3584:PMID 3540:PMID 3518:2019 3491:PMID 3434:PMID 3391:PMID 3348:PMID 3298:PMID 3250:PMID 3204:PMID 3169:PMID 3120:PMID 3112:ISSN 3071:PMID 3025:PMID 2964:PMID 2921:PMID 2864:PMID 2798:PMID 2726:2021 2696:PMID 2678:ISSN 2639:PMID 2588:PMID 2539:PMID 2457:2019 2449:HRSA 2424:PMID 2383:PMID 2342:PMID 2304:PMID 2252:PMID 2217:PMID 2176:PMID 2118:PMID 2052:PMID 2014:PMID 1934:PMID 1893:PMID 1843:PMID 1789:PMID 1695:PMID 1643:2022 1548:ISBN 1468:and 1347:The 1272:and 1236:Pain 1180:and 990:and 892:are 850:and 820:axon 762:Axon 757:Soma 711:and 641:and 535:and 527:The 388:and 332:and 5415:IgM 5410:IgG 5346:Soy 5326:Egg 5278:IgE 4881:Leg 4763:Arm 4589:ICD 4574:ICD 4466:PMC 4458:doi 4411:doi 4363:doi 4316:doi 4291:doi 4287:139 4250:PMC 4242:doi 4201:PMC 4193:doi 4154:doi 4150:255 4053:doi 4008:doi 3964:doi 3960:130 3853:doi 3778:PMC 3762:doi 3721:PMC 3713:doi 3672:PMC 3656:doi 3615:doi 3574:doi 3530:PMC 3522:doi 3481:PMC 3473:doi 3426:doi 3383:doi 3340:doi 3290:doi 3286:123 3242:doi 3196:doi 3192:326 3159:doi 3155:170 3102:doi 3063:doi 3017:doi 2956:doi 2944:294 2911:PMC 2903:doi 2854:doi 2788:PMC 2780:doi 2686:PMC 2670:doi 2666:268 2629:PMC 2619:doi 2615:143 2578:PMC 2570:doi 2566:382 2529:PMC 2519:doi 2414:doi 2373:doi 2369:175 2334:doi 2294:doi 2244:doi 2207:doi 2166:PMC 2158:doi 2108:doi 2044:doi 2006:doi 2002:366 1924:doi 1920:388 1885:doi 1835:doi 1779:doi 1685:PMC 1677:doi 1317:USA 1226:cmH 906:IgA 894:GM1 689:FDA 459:On 374:or 298:GBS 5839:: 5500:"/ 4693:: 4684:: 4664:: 4653:: 4629:: 4618:: 4607:: 4596:: 4581:: 4578:10 4496:. 4474:. 4464:. 4454:83 4452:. 4448:. 4425:. 4417:. 4407:16 4405:. 4383:^ 4369:. 4359:29 4357:. 4353:. 4330:. 4322:. 4285:. 4281:. 4258:. 4248:. 4236:. 4232:. 4209:. 4199:. 4187:. 4183:. 4160:. 4148:. 4123:40 4094:. 4090:. 4067:. 4059:. 4049:50 4047:. 4024:. 4016:. 4004:19 4002:. 3998:. 3986:^ 3972:. 3958:. 3954:. 3929:. 3905:. 3881:. 3859:. 3832:. 3822:48 3820:. 3816:. 3800:^ 3786:. 3776:. 3768:. 3756:. 3752:. 3729:. 3719:. 3709:31 3707:. 3703:. 3680:. 3670:. 3662:. 3650:. 3646:. 3623:. 3611:38 3609:. 3605:. 3582:. 3570:61 3568:. 3564:. 3552:^ 3538:. 3528:. 3516:. 3512:. 3489:. 3479:. 3469:14 3467:. 3463:. 3440:. 3432:. 3422:84 3420:. 3397:. 3389:. 3379:12 3377:. 3354:. 3346:. 3336:10 3334:. 3318:^ 3304:. 3296:. 3284:. 3270:^ 3256:. 3248:. 3238:18 3236:. 3216:^ 3202:. 3190:. 3167:. 3153:. 3149:. 3126:. 3118:. 3110:. 3098:98 3096:. 3092:. 3069:. 3059:34 3057:. 3045:^ 3031:. 3023:. 3013:12 3011:. 2992:. 2970:. 2962:. 2954:. 2942:. 2919:. 2909:. 2899:48 2897:. 2893:. 2870:. 2862:. 2850:79 2848:. 2844:. 2819:. 2796:. 2786:. 2776:27 2774:. 2768:. 2742:. 2716:. 2694:. 2684:. 2676:. 2664:. 2660:. 2637:. 2627:. 2613:. 2609:. 2586:. 2576:. 2564:. 2560:. 2537:. 2527:. 2515:19 2513:. 2509:. 2473:. 2447:. 2422:. 2410:69 2408:. 2404:. 2381:. 2367:. 2363:. 2340:. 2330:10 2328:. 2316:^ 2302:. 2290:97 2288:. 2284:. 2258:. 2250:. 2240:12 2238:. 2215:. 2203:58 2201:. 2197:. 2174:. 2164:. 2154:30 2152:. 2148:. 2130:^ 2116:. 2104:84 2102:. 2098:. 2072:^ 2058:. 2050:. 2040:25 2038:. 2026:^ 2012:. 2000:. 1946:^ 1932:. 1918:. 1914:. 1891:. 1881:13 1879:. 1863:^ 1849:. 1841:. 1829:. 1809:^ 1795:. 1787:. 1775:10 1773:. 1769:. 1707:^ 1693:. 1683:. 1673:36 1671:. 1667:. 1651:^ 1629:. 1590:^ 1574:. 1556:. 1522:^ 1483:, 1479:, 1464:, 1416:, 1355:, 1307:, 1260:, 1117:— 1100:— 576:A 511:, 507:, 444:. 413:, 367:. 336:. 235:, 231:, 217:, 136:eɪ 127:ɑː 97:: 95:US 84:eɪ 81:ær 70:æ̃ 64:iː 51:: 49:UK 5640:) 5636:( 5631:/ 5545:) 5541:( 5496:" 5400:/ 5280:) 5276:( 5271:/ 5267:/ 5245:e 5238:t 5231:v 4730:e 4723:t 4716:v 4591:- 4576:- 4566:D 4529:. 4500:. 4482:. 4460:: 4433:. 4413:: 4377:. 4365:: 4338:. 4318:: 4299:. 4293:: 4266:. 4244:: 4238:1 4217:. 4195:: 4189:2 4168:. 4156:: 4133:. 4096:6 4075:. 4055:: 4032:. 4010:: 3980:. 3966:: 3939:. 3915:. 3891:. 3867:. 3855:: 3794:. 3764:: 3737:. 3715:: 3688:. 3658:: 3631:. 3617:: 3590:. 3576:: 3546:. 3524:: 3497:. 3475:: 3448:. 3428:: 3405:. 3385:: 3362:. 3342:: 3312:. 3292:: 3264:. 3244:: 3210:. 3198:: 3175:. 3161:: 3134:. 3104:: 3077:. 3065:: 3039:. 3019:: 2996:. 2978:. 2958:: 2950:: 2927:. 2905:: 2878:. 2856:: 2829:. 2804:. 2782:: 2753:. 2728:. 2702:. 2672:: 2645:. 2621:: 2594:. 2572:: 2545:. 2521:: 2495:. 2484:. 2459:. 2430:. 2416:: 2389:. 2375:: 2348:. 2336:: 2310:. 2296:: 2266:. 2246:: 2223:. 2209:: 2182:. 2160:: 2124:. 2110:: 2066:. 2046:: 2020:. 2008:: 1940:. 1926:: 1899:. 1887:: 1857:. 1837:: 1831:7 1803:. 1781:: 1701:. 1679:: 1645:. 1584:. 1230:O 1228:2 884:N 846:( 467:( 296:( 139:/ 133:r 130:ˈ 124:b 119:n 116:æ 113:l 110:ˈ 107:i 104:ɡ 101:/ 87:/ 78:b 75:ˈ 67:j 61:ɡ 58:ˈ 55:/

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Guillain–Barré syndrome

Index