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capture the very "conditions that aesthetically constitute beauty." He reiterated this in the aesthetic section of the book where he spoke of his desire to portray the "conditions of beauty: beauty of form associated with the exactness of the facial expression, pose and gesture." Duchenne referred to these facial expressions as the "gymnastics of the soul". He replied to criticisms of his use of the old man by arguing that "every face could become spiritually beautiful through the accurate rendering of his or her emotions", and furthermore said that because the patient was suffering from an
682:
patients, believing them to be subject to absolute, mechanistic laws. However, unlike
Duchenne, who restricted his experiments to the realm of the sane, Charcot was interested almost exclusively in photographing the expressions of traumatized patients - the "hysterics". He is also known for enabling the public to witness these emotional displays by establishing his renowned weekly "theatre of the passions" for the fashionable society of the day to witness the expressions of the insane. This provided much inspiration for popular culture, including the
617:
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much care as the face so as to form an harmonious whole." For these plates
Duchenne used a partially blind young woman who he claimed "had become accustomed to the unpleasant sensation of this treatment …". As in many of the plates for the scientific section, this model was also stimulated faradically to provoke a different expression on either side of her face. Duchenne advised that looking at both sides of the face simultaneously would reveal only a "mere grimace" and he urged the reader to examine each side separately and with care.
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271:(1777–1835) before returning to Boulogne and setting up in practice there. Duchenne married a local woman, and, following the birth of their son, his wife died. This resulted in a lengthy period of personal difficulties for Duchenne with his family and in a prolonged estrangement from his son (who later followed Duchenne into medical practice) and they were only reunited towards the end of his life.
560:, who had included psychiatric patients in his studies. Duchenne may have avoided photographing the "passions" of the insane because of technical problems at the time; however, it is more likely that he did so for aesthetic reasons – that he did not regard the expressions of the insane as socially acceptable. Charles Bell's writings also showed an instinctive revulsion for the mentally ill.
650:, was published in 1872. This book elaborated on Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection and concentrated on the genetic aspects of human behaviour. Darwin's text carried illustrations drawn from Duchenne's photographs, and Darwin and Duchenne corresponded briefly. It is noteworthy, also, that Darwin lent his copy of Duchenne's book to the British psychiatrist
417:) which could reveal an "accurate rendering of the soul's emotions". He believed that he could observe and capture an "idealized naturalism" in a similar (and even improved) way to that observed in Greek art. It is these notions that he sought conclusively and scientifically to chart by his experiments and photography and it led to the publishing of
456:
emotions, even the most fleeting, to be written briefly on man's face. Once this language of facial expression was created, it sufficed for Him to give all human beings the instinctive faculty of always expressing their sentiments by contracting the same muscles. This rendered the language universal and immutable.
468:
Duchenne was convinced that the truth of his pathognomic experiments could only be effectively rendered by photography, the subject's expressions being too fleeting to be drawn or painted. "Only photography," he writes, "as truthful as a mirror, could attain such desirable perfection." He worked with
588:
Would Niobe have been less beautiful if the dreadful emotion of her spirit had bulged the head of her oblique eyebrow as nature does, and if a few lines of sorrow had furrowed the median section of her forehead? On the contrary, nothing is more moving and appealing than such an expression of pain on
514:
Whereas the scientific section was intended to exhibit the expressive lines of the face and the "truth of the expression," the aesthetic section was intended also to demonstrate that the "gesture and the pose together contribute to the expression; the trunk and the limbs must be photographed with as
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In the face our creator was not concerned with mechanical necessity. He was able in his wisdom or – please pardon this manner of speaking – in pursuing a divine fantasy … to put any particular muscles into action, one alone or several muscles together, when He wished the characteristic signs of the
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by which electric shock was administered beneath the skin with sharp electrodes to stimulate the muscles). After a brief second marriage, Duchenne returned to Paris in 1842 in order to continue his medical research. Here, he did not achieve a senior hospital appointment, but supported himself with a
526:
of the period. He believed that only by electroshock and in the setting of elaborately constructed theatre pieces featuring gestures and accessory symbols could he faithfully depict the complex combinatory expressions resulting from conflicting emotions and ambivalent sentiments. These melodramatic
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was the first publication on the expression of human emotions to be illustrated with actual photographs. Photography had only recently been invented, and there was a widespread belief that this was a medium that could capture the truth of any situation in a way that other mediums were unable to do.
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in 1862. He adopted
Duchenne's procedure of photographic experiments and also believed that it was possible to attain the truth through direct observation. He even named an examination room at the asylum after his teacher. Like Duchenne, Charcot sought to chart the gestures and expressions of his
385:
of man. He is known, in particular, for the way he triggered muscular contractions with electrical probes, recording the resulting distorted and often grotesque expressions with the recently invented camera. He published his findings in 1862, together with extraordinary photographs of the induced
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errors and failure to attend to the emotions. Thus at the end of the scientific section, for instance, Duchenne "corrects" the expressions of three widely revered classic Greek or Roman antiquities: In no manner, argues
Duchenne, do any of these countenances conform to nature as revealed by his
485:
Duchenne used six living models in the scientific section, all but one of whom were his patients. His primary model, however, was an "old toothless man, with a thin face, whose features, without being absolutely ugly, approached ordinary triviality." Through his experiments, Duchenne sought to
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the expression of which is controlled by one or two muscles. He also isolates the precise contractions that result in each expression and separates them into two categories: partial and combined. To stimulate the facial muscles and capture these "idealized" expressions of his patients, Duchenne
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Duchenne's ultimate legacy may be that he set the stage, as it were, for
Charcot's visual theater of the passions and defined the essential dramaturgy of all the visual theaters, both scientific and artistic, that have since been conceived in the attempt to picture our psyches. … In the end,
322:
Despite his unorthodox procedures, and his often uneasy relations with the senior medical staff with whom he worked, Duchenne's single-mindedness obtained him an international standing as a neurologist and researcher. He is counted as one of the developers of electro-physiology and
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in "extremely sorrowful prayer" experiencing "saintly transports of virginal purity"; a mother feeling both pain and joy while leaning over a child's crib; a bare-shouldered coquette looking at once offended, haughty and mocking; and three scenes from
727:. There, the protagonist, Charles Smithson, a young scientist, who "like most men of his time, was still faintly under the influence of the Lavater's Physiognomy," is intent on interpreting an alienated woman's true character from her expressions.
1260:
Freitas-MagalhĂŁes, A., & Castro, E. (2009). The
Neuropsychophysiological Construction of the Human Smile. In A. Freitas-Magalhães (Ed.), Emotional Expression: The Brain and The Face (pp. 1–18). Porto: University Fernando Pessoa Press.
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and the photographic stills from its experimental theater of electroshock excitations established the modern field on which the struggle to depict and thus discern the ever-elusive meanings of our coded faces continues even now to be waged.
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Although
Tournachon contributed some of the negatives for the scientific section, most of the photographs in this section, and all eleven plates corresponding to the aesthetic section, were made by Duchenne.
165:
wrote that
Duchenne found neurology "a sprawling infant of unknown parentage which he succored to a lusty youth." His greatest contributions were made in the myopathies that came to immortalize his name,
862:
In the first part of the century neurological works had been published by Cooke, Bell, Hall and others, but the first real advance in neurology did not come until the clinical experience of
Romberg and
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and other physiognomists of the era, Duchenne was skeptical of the face's ability to express moral character; rather he was convinced that it was through a reading of the expressions alone (known as
216:– also illustrated prominently by his photographs – was the first study on the physiology of emotion and was highly influential on Darwin's work on human evolution and emotional expression.
460:
Duchenne defines the fundamental expressive gestures of the human face and associates each with a specific facial muscle or muscle group. He identifies thirteen primary
327:, and he also showed that smiles resulting from true happiness not only utilize the muscles of the mouth but also those of the eyes: such "genuine" smiles are known as
730:
Perhaps we can best understand
Duchenne's contribution to art and science by Robert Sobieszek's concluding words to his comprehensive chapter on Duchenne, in his book
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Physiologie des mouvements démontrée à l'aide de l'expérimentation électrique et de l'observation clinique, et applicable à l'étude des paralysies et des déformations
997:
Physiologie des mouvements démontrée à l'aide de l'expérimentation électrique et de l'observation clinique, et applicable à l'étude des paralysies et des déformation
936:
This device was described by Gowers as 'Duchenne's histological harpoon,' and by others as a 'miniature harpoon' - metonymy that alluded to his parentage by the sea.
544:, of cruel instincts," modulated to varying degrees of contrary feelings of filial piety. This theatre of pathognomic effect dominates the aesthetic section of the
1204:
London: Ashgate Publishing. Gordon provides a scholarly overview of the impact of Darwinism on French neurology, and on the popular Parisian culture of the day.
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1857:
905:
McHenry, p. 282: "His interest in neurology, which was slow in evolving, was largely inspired by Duchenne, whom Charcot called his "master in neurology."
470:
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region of France. In opposition to his father's wishes that he become a sailor, and driven by a fascination with science, Duchenne enrolled at the
236:" to his name to avoid confusion with the like-sounding name of Édouard-Adolphe Duchesne (1804–1869) who was a popular society physician in Paris.
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Duchenne and his patient, an "old toothless man, with a thin face, whose features, without being absolutely ugly, approached ordinary triviality"
142:
developed from Duchenne's understanding of neural pathways and his diagnostic innovations including deep tissue biopsy, nerve conduction tests (
796:
MĂ©canisme de la physionomie humaine, ou Analyse Ă©lectro-physiologique de l'expression des passions applicable Ă la pratique des arts plastiques
427:
MĂ©canisme de la physionomie humaine, ou Analyse Ă©lectro-physiologique de l'expression des passions applicable Ă la pratique des arts plastiques
311:, was published. Were it not for this small, but remarkable, work, his next publication, the result of nearly 20 years of study, Duchenne's
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George, M S (January 1994). "Reanimating the face: early writings by Duchenne and Darwin on the neurology of facial emotion expression".
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150:) was achieved against the background of a troubled personal life and a generally indifferent medical and scientific establishment.
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1230:, by Robert A. Sobieszek, was published in 1999 and accompanied the exhibition of the same name which took place in the
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17:
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Modem neurology is mainly of French extraction and derives from Duchenne, of Boulogne, through Charcot and his pupils.
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to his asylum laboratory to undertake experiments involving the electrical stimulation of motor centres in the brain.
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included the use of performance and narratives which may well have been influenced by gestures and poses found in the
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1961:
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in 1869, that Crichton-Browne seems to have mislaid the book for a year or so (in the West Riding lunatic asylum in
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applied faradic shock through electrified metal probes pressed upon the surface of the various muscles of the face.
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These sections were accompanied by an atlas of photographic plates. Believing that he was investigating a God-given
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The Electro-Physiological Analysis of the Expression of the Passions, Applicable to the Practice of the Plastic Arts
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1231:
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477:), and also taught himself the art in order to document his experiments. From an art-historical point of view, the
1394:
Bach, J R (April 2000). "The Duchenne de Boulogne-Meryon controversy and pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy".
710:
401:
Duchenne believed that the human face was a kind of map, the features of which could be codified into universal
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510:. In the upper row and the lower two rows, patients with different expressions on either side of their faces
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2199:
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FILM/TV/Director: Documentary DUCHENNE DE BOULOGNE OU L'ANATOMIE DES PASSIONS by Mark Blezinger 1999, 26min
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In 1835, Duchenne began experimenting with therapeutic "Ă©lectropuncture" (a technique recently invented by
229:
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De l'electrisation localisée et de son application à la physiologie, à la pathologie et à la thérapeutique.
171:
162:
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De l'Électrisation localisée et de son application à la physiologie, à la pathologie et à la thérapeutique
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2209:
1997:
1925:
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332:
167:
1819:
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694:, who attended Charcot's clinical demonstrations in 1885, laid out the foundations of his life's work,
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1971:
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is complex and to a degree uncertain. It was published over the course of 1862 and possibly into 1863.
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2022:
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sculptors for unquestionably attaining an ideal of beauty, he nevertheless criticized them for their
409:; he was convinced that the expressions of the human face were a gateway to the soul of man. Unlike
1920:
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small private medical practice, while daily visiting a number of teaching hospitals, including the
183:
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condition of the face, he could experiment upon the muscles of his face without causing him pain.
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1981:
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307:) was published in 1862. A few months later, the first edition of his now much-discussed work,
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1825:
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Nelson, K R; Genain C (October 1989). "Vignette. Duchenne de Boulogne and the muscle biopsy".
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Neurology did not exist in France before Duchenne and although many medical historians regard
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2072:
1878:
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at the age of 19. He then trained under a number of distinguished Paris physicians including
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Lasègue, C.; Straus, J. (1875). "Duchenne de Boulogne; sa vie scientifique et ses oeuvres".
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as the father of the discipline, Charcot owed much to Duchenne, often acknowledging him as "
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2338:
2012:
630:. From Chapter VIII: Joy—High spirits—Love—Tender feelings—Devotion
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To help him locate and identify the facial muscles, Duchenne drew heavily upon the work of
324:
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psychiatric centre. He developed a non-invasive technique of muscle stimulation that used
275:
251:
Guillaume-Benjamin Duchenne descended from a long line of mariners who had settled in the
8:
2194:
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Hueston, J T; Cuthbertson R A (July 1978). "Duchenne de Boulogne and facial expression".
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A treatise on localized electrization, and its applications to pathology and therapeutics
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670:
268:
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198:). In 1855, he formalized the diagnostic principles of electrophysiology and introduced
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950:
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698:, with a sympathetic deconstruction of Charcot's neurological lectures on hypnosis and
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402:
210:, was the first neurology text illustrated by photographs. Duchenne's monograph, the
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883:
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335:. Duchenne died in 1875, after several years of illness. He was never elected to the
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90:
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2007:
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1403:
1366:
1335:
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678:
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147:
146:), and clinical photography. This extraordinary range of activities (mostly in the
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55:
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2143:
2255:
2153:
2133:
2057:
1915:
918:
Collins, Joseph (1908). "Duchenne of Boulogne. A biography and an appreciation".
877:
316:
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1357:
Siegel, I M (2000). "Charcot and Duchenne: of mentors, pupils, and colleagues".
612:(1872). Caption reads "FIG. 20.—Terror, from a photograph by Dr. Duchenne"
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1946:
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Demonstration of the mechanics of facial expression. Duchenne and an assistant
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2214:
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2017:
1899:
1715:
Cuthbertson, R A (1985). "Duchenne de Boulogne and human facial expression".
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when the book and its photographs were revealed - alongside illustrations of
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683:
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568:
507:
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406:
131:
948:
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It must be emphasized that, before Duchenne, French neurology did not exist.
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1545:
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1370:
1976:
1778:
1749:
1632:
1553:
Borg, K (April 1992). "The man behind the syndrome: Guillaume Duchenne".
882:. Cambridge UK; New York; etc.: Cambridge University Press. p. 227.
718:
647:
474:
370:
299:, first published in 1855. A pictorial supplement to the second edition,
127:
987:, Ist Edition 1862-3; 2nd Edition, published Paris, J.B. Baillière, 1876
1479:
577:
487:
414:
297:
On Localized Electrization and its Application to Pathology and Therapy
1289:"Duchenne De Boulogne: a pioneer in neurology and medical photography"
655:
523:
139:
107:
1022:
699:
541:
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electrophysiological research. He even questions the Greek artist
433:. The work compromises a volume of text divided into three parts:
572:
461:
410:
662:, Letter 7220) and that - in 1872 - Crichton-Browne invited Sir
224:
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of the finest art of whatever age, and although he praised the
374:
195:
187:
1202:
Dances with Darwin 1875 - 1910: Vernacular Modernity in France
2138:
1466:
Jay, V (1998). "On a historical note: Duchenne of Boulogne".
1228:
Ghost in the Shell: Photography and the Human Soul, 1850–2000
1156:
Duchenne, Mecanisme, part 3, 133-5; Cuthbertson trans., 102-3
581:
540:
expressing the "aggressive and wicked passions of hatred, of
354:
288:
878:
Duchenne de Boulogne, G.-B.; Cuthbertson, Andrew R. (1990).
1822:
Contemporary artist working on Electro-Facial Choreography.
1814:
382:
342:
373:
of the 19th century, Duchenne wanted to determine how the
1605:"Duchenne de Boulogne: electrodiagnosis of poliomyelitis"
1165:
Duchenne, Mecanisme, part 3, 141; Cuthbertson trans., 105
1011:"Vignettes in Neurology Duchenne de Boulogne (1806–1875)"
821:
789:
Paraplegie hypertrophique de l'enfance de cause cerebrale
532:
518:
Duchenne's experiments for the aesthetic section of the
331:
in his honor. He is also credited with the discovery of
949:
Duchenne, Guillaume-Benjamin; Tibbets, Herbert (1871).
493:
1756:
1736:
Roth, N (1979). "Duchenne and the accuracy esthetic".
1425:"Some contributions of Duchenne de Boulogne (1806–75)"
1396:
Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences
161:" (my master in neurology). The American neurologist
1865:
965:
828:. Philadelphia & London: W. B. Saunders. p.
705:
In 1981, a modern audience was exposed to Duchenne's
845:
563:The exact imitation of nature was for Duchenne the
291:
shock on the surface of the skin, which he called "
850:. Springfield IL: Charles C. Thomas. p. 270.
502:G.-B. Duchenne de Boulogne, Synoptic plate 4 from
295:" and he published these experiments in his work,
1602:
944:
942:
639:The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals
627:The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals
609:The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals
186:). He was the first clinician to practise muscle
2320:
1139:
1137:
134:'s research and greatly advanced the science of
917:
381:which he believed to be directly linked to the
120:Guillaume-Benjamin-Amand Duchenne (de Boulogne)
1656:
939:
589:a young forehead, which is usually so serene.
232:in Bethesda. Duchenne's colleagues appended "
1851:
1828:an 1870 book review of Duchenne's monograph,
1293:The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences
1134:
873:
871:
126:– September 15, 1875, in Paris) was a French
1786:Stillings, D (1975). "Darwin and Duchenne".
1283:. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2008.
959:
1830:MĂ©canisme de la Physionomie Humaine..&c
1714:
1555:Journal of the History of the Neurosciences
1505:Journal of the History of the Neurosciences
1178:, part 3, 169-74; Cuthbertson trans., 120-2
686:theatre which opened in 1897, and to which
2349:Academic staff of the École des Beaux-Arts
1858:
1844:
868:
825:An introduction to the history of medicine
339:nor did he belong to a French university.
1785:
1631:
1448:
1339:
1304:
1030:
913:
911:
642:written, in part, as a refutation of Sir
369:Influenced by the fashionable beliefs of
880:The Mechanism of Human Facial Expression
615:
597:
497:
431:The Mechanism of Human Facial Expression
392:The Mechanism of Human Facial Expression
360:
348:
344:The Mechanism of Human Facial Expression
239:
223:
1603:Reincke, H; Nelson K R (January 1990).
1191:, part 2, 125; Cuthbertson trans., 100.
815:
593:
14:
2321:
1693:
1531:
1502:
1422:
1356:
1321:
1286:
1147:, part 3, 133; Cuthbertson trans., 102
1066:The publication history of Duchenne's
1008:
908:
839:
504:Le MĂ©canisme de la Physionomie Humaine
357:the mimetic muscles of "The Old Man."
1839:
1096:, part I, 65; Cuthbertson trans., 36.
1083:, part I, 31; Cuthbertson trans., 19.
748:
315:, his most important contribution to
172:Duchenne-Aran spinal muscular atrophy
1735:
1581:
1552:
1393:
1131:, part 2, 8; Cuthbertson trans., 43.
985:MĂ©canisme de la Physiognomie Humaine
673:, who became director of the insane
494:Aesthetics and the narrative setting
305:Album de Photographies Pathologiques
208:Album de photographies pathologiques
206:A companion atlas to this work, the
1967:Joseph-Philibert Girault de Prangey
1717:Clinical and Experimental Neurology
1534:Revue médicale de la Suisse romande
1465:
1118:, part 2, 6; Cuthbertson trans., 42
741:Mecanisme de la Physionomie Humaine
717:- on screen in the film version of
669:Duchenne's most famous student was
551:
388:Mecanisme de la physionomie Humaine
244:Woodcut illustration of Duchenne's
213:MĂ©canisme de la physionomie humaine
24:
1324:"Duchenne de Boulogne (1806–1875)"
1253:
1057:, part 3, 130-1, trans. Sobieszek.
1015:Parkinsonism and Related Disorders
822:Garrison, Fielding Hudson (1913).
707:The Mechanism of Human Physiognomy
451:of facial signs, Duchenne writes:
419:The Mechanism of Human Physiognomy
396:The Mechanism of Human Physiognomy
319:, might well have gone unnoticed.
309:The Mechanism of Human Physiognomy
25:
2380:
2334:19th-century French photographers
1866:19th-century French photographers
1808:
1423:Pearce, J.M.S. (September 1999).
301:Album of Pathological Photographs
1771:10.1097/00000637-197807000-00009
1429:J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry
1341:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2005.04.004
1232:Los Angeles County Museum of Art
1032:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2005.04.004
469:a talented, young photographer,
265:René-Théophile-Hyacinthe Laënnec
40:
2180:Étienne-Prosper Berne-Bellecour
1694:Tayeau, F (December 1985). "".
1322:Parent, André (November 2005).
1237:
1220:
1207:
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1181:
1168:
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1150:
1121:
1108:
1099:
1086:
1073:
1060:
1047:
1009:Parent, Andre´ (7 April 2005).
1002:
990:
848:Garrison's history of neurology
190:, with an invention he called "
2329:19th-century French physicians
1962:Jean Louis Marie Eugène Durieu
1957:Guillaume Duchenne de Boulogne
978:
968:Archives Générales de Médecine
930:
899:
479:Mechanism of Human Physiognomy
228:Albumen print archived at the
34:Guillaume Duchenne de Boulogne
27:French neurologist (1806–1875)
13:
1:
1952:Louis Désiré Blanquart-Evrard
1287:Parent, André (August 2005).
1215:The French Lieutenant's Woman
846:McHenry, Lawrence C. (1969).
809:
724:The French Lieutenant's Woman
690:made numerous contributions.
660:Darwin Correspondence Project
646:'s theologically doctrinaire
429:), now generally rendered as
182:), and Duchenne's paralysis (
2200:Louis Arthur Ducos du Hauron
2028:André-Adolphe-Eugène Disdéri
1532:Ostini, S (March 1993). "".
246:"appareil volta-Ă©lectrique."
230:National Library of Medicine
219:
7:
2251:Séraphin-Médéric Mieusement
2033:Geneviève Élisabeth Disdéri
1998:Antoine Samuel Adam-Salomon
1926:Julien Vallou de Villeneuve
755:Duchenne muscular dystrophy
333:Duchenne muscular dystrophy
168:Duchenne muscular dystrophy
10:
2385:
1671:10.1177/088307388900400413
1582:Borg, K (March 1991). "".
1328:Parkinsonism Relat. Disord
580:accuracy in sculpting the
377:in the human face produce
337:French Academy of Sciences
163:Joseph Collins (1866–1950)
2295:
2269:
2223:
2167:
2081:
2023:Auguste Hippolyte Collard
1990:
1934:
1908:
1887:
1871:
1759:Annals of Plastic Surgery
1567:10.1080/09647049209525526
1517:10.1080/09647049409525585
1306:10.1017/s0317167100004315
440:A Scientific Section, and
386:expressions, in the book
280:Jean-Baptiste Sarlandière
113:
103:
96:
86:
78:
62:
48:
39:
32:
1921:Jean-Baptiste-Louis Gros
1200:Gordon, Rae Beth (2009)
770:
421:in 1862 (also entitled,
184:progressive bulbar palsy
159:mon maître en neurologie
122:(September 17, 1806, in
2364:History of neuroscience
2068:Alphonse Louis Poitevin
1972:François Fauvel Gouraud
1788:Medical Instrumentation
1738:Medical Instrumentation
1281:Anatomy of the Passions
437:General Considerations,
313:Physiology of Movements
293:électrisation localisée
267:(1781–1826) and Baron
2099:Auguste-Rosalie Bisson
2003:Marie-Alexandre Alophe
1408:10.1093/jhmas/55.2.158
1272:Sobieszek, Robert A.,
974:. P. Asselin: 687–715.
926:. William Wood: 50–54.
746:
658:, Yorkshire - see the
631:
613:
591:
511:
458:
366:
358:
259:where he received his
248:
237:
178:, Duchenne's disease (
176:Duchenne-Erb paralysis
2354:History of psychiatry
2073:Henri Victor Regnault
1820:Artifacial Expression
1696:Bull. Acad. Natl. Med
1624:10.1002/mus.880130111
1441:10.1136/jnnp.67.3.322
1371:10.1353/pbm.2000.0055
1279:Delaporte, François.
1247:, 2003, MIT Press, 79
765:Duchenne-Aran disease
736:
652:James Crichton-Browne
619:
601:
586:
501:
453:
443:An Aesthetic Section.
364:
352:
243:
227:
202:in a textbook titled
2175:Ernest Eugène Appert
2043:Jean-Baptiste Frénet
2013:Louis-Auguste Bisson
1982:FĂ©lix-Jacques Moulin
1468:Pediatr. Dev. Pathol
955:. London: Hardwicke.
777:Essai sur la brûlure
594:Duchenne's influence
325:electro-therapeutics
138:. The era of modern
2369:French neurologists
2205:Étienne-Jules Marey
2195:John Beasley Greene
1826:Electro-Physiognomy
1359:Perspect. Biol. Med
999:, published in 1867
715:evolutionary theory
671:Jean-Martin Charcot
269:Guillaume Dupuytren
257:University of Douai
155:Jean-Martin Charcot
1480:10.1007/PL00010897
1274:Ghost in the Shell
1245:Ghost in the Shell
760:Erb-Duchenne palsy
749:Eponymous diseases
732:Ghost in the Shell
632:
614:
512:
473:, (the brother of
379:facial expressions
367:
359:
249:
238:
66:September 15, 1875
52:September 17, 1806
18:Guillaume Duchenne
2316:
2315:
2114:Édouard Delessert
1276:, 2003, MIT Press
1267:978-989-643-034-4
734:where he writes:
471:Adrien Tournachon
276:François Magendie
136:electrophysiology
117:
116:
98:Scientific career
91:electrophysiology
16:(Redirected from
2376:
2303:Hippolyte Arnoux
2241:Gabriel Lippmann
2159:Auguste Salzmann
2149:Georges Penabert
2104:Bruno Braquehais
2094:Edmond Becquerel
2053:Charles Marville
1942:Hippolyte Bayard
1879:Nicéphore Niépce
1860:
1853:
1846:
1837:
1836:
1803:
1782:
1753:
1732:
1711:
1690:
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1006:
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994:
988:
982:
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934:
928:
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865:
843:
837:
836:
819:
552:Beauty and truth
394:, also known as
253:Boulogne-sur-Mer
124:Boulogne-sur-Mer
69:
44:
30:
29:
21:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2319:
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2317:
2312:
2291:
2265:
2256:Louis Rousselet
2219:
2163:
2154:Dominique Roman
2134:Gustave Le Gray
2077:
2058:Auguste Mestral
1986:
1930:
1916:Antoine Claudet
1904:
1883:
1867:
1864:
1811:
1806:
1659:J. Child Neurol
1607:
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1254:Further reading
1251:
1242:
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840:
820:
816:
812:
773:
751:
620:Plate III from
602:Figure 20 from
596:
554:
496:
347:
329:Duchenne smiles
317:medical science
222:
192:l'emporte-pièce
74:
71:
67:
58:
53:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2382:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2359:Charles Darwin
2356:
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2346:
2341:
2336:
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2299:
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2282:Georges DemenĂż
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2136:
2131:
2126:
2124:Esteban Gonnet
2121:
2119:Maxime Du Camp
2116:
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2109:Étienne Carjat
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2085:
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2015:
2010:
2008:Édouard Baldus
2005:
2000:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1987:
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1984:
1979:
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1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1947:Auguste Belloc
1944:
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1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
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1918:
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1910:
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1903:
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1897:
1895:Louis Daguerre
1891:
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1884:
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1810:
1809:External links
1807:
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200:electrotherapy
194:" (Duchenne's
180:Tabes dorsalis
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87:Known for
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2018:Adolphe Braun
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1927:
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1900:Horace Vernet
1898:
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1890:
1886:
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1861:
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1797:
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1765:(4): 411–20.
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1760:
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1739:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1713:
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1668:
1664:
1660:
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1633:2027.42/50146
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1606:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1561:(2): 145–54.
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1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
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1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1402:(2): 158–78.
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1397:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
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1360:
1355:
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1347:
1342:
1337:
1333:
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1316:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1299:(3): 369–77.
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716:
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692:Sigmund Freud
689:
685:
684:Grand Guignol
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672:
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665:
664:David Ferrier
661:
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653:
649:
645:
641:
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636:
629:
628:
623:
618:
611:
610:
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585:
583:
579:
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569:ancient Greek
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543:
539:
534:
530:
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508:albumen print
505:
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476:
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457:
452:
450:
442:
439:
436:
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428:
425:. in French:
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420:
416:
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408:
407:mental states
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132:Luigi Galvani
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2270:1850s births
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2224:1840s births
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2168:1830s births
2129:Charles Hugo
2082:1820s births
1991:1810s births
1956:
1935:1800s births
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1888:1780s births
1872:1760s births
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1791:
1787:
1762:
1758:
1741:
1737:
1720:
1716:
1699:
1695:
1662:
1658:
1618:(1): 56–62.
1615:
1612:Muscle Nerve
1611:
1587:
1583:
1558:
1554:
1540:(3): 245–6.
1537:
1533:
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1508:
1504:
1474:(3): 254–5.
1471:
1467:
1432:
1428:
1399:
1395:
1365:(4): 541–7.
1362:
1358:
1334:(7): 411–2.
1331:
1327:
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1292:
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1273:
1244:
1239:
1227:
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1067:
1062:
1054:
1049:
1018:
1014:
1004:
996:
992:
984:
980:
971:
967:
961:
951:
932:
923:
919:
901:
893:
879:
861:
847:
841:
833:
824:
817:
802:
795:
788:
782:
776:
740:
737:
731:
729:
722:
706:
704:
688:Alfred Binet
668:
659:
644:Charles Bell
637:
633:
625:
607:
587:
578:Praxiteles's
565:sine qua non
562:
558:Charles Bell
555:
545:
538:Lady Macbeth
519:
517:
513:
503:
484:
478:
467:
459:
454:
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418:
400:
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273:
261:Baccalauréat
250:
245:
233:
211:
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203:
191:
158:
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130:who revived
119:
118:
97:
68:(1875-09-15)
2344:1875 deaths
2339:1806 births
2236:Jules David
2063:Eugène Piot
1977:Jules Itier
1243:Sobieszek,
1025:: 411–412.
739:Duchenne's
679:Salpêtrière
648:physiognomy
475:Felix Nadar
371:physiognomy
285:Salpêtrière
234:de Boulogne
148:Salpêtrière
128:neurologist
79:Nationality
2323:Categories
2308:Paul Boyer
1744:(5): 308.
1665:(4): 315.
1435:(3): 322.
1187:Duchenne,
1174:Duchenne,
1143:Duchenne,
1127:Duchenne,
1114:Duchenne,
1092:Duchenne,
1079:Duchenne,
1053:Duchenne,
810:References
711:phrenology
573:anatomical
531:include a
488:anesthetic
415:pathognomy
403:taxonomies
1794:(1): 37.
1723:: 55–67.
1226:The book
1189:Mecanisme
1176:Mecanisme
1145:Mecanisme
1129:Mecanisme
1116:Mechanism
1094:Mecanisme
1081:Mecanisme
1068:MĂ©canisme
1055:Mecanisme
863:Duchenne.
656:Wakefield
546:Mecanisme
524:pantomime
520:Mechanism
220:Biography
140:neurology
108:neurology
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1575:11618423
1525:11618803
1496:44812187
1488:10463286
1459:10449553
1416:10820967
1387:28580400
1379:11058990
1350:16345141
1315:16225184
1041:16345141
1023:Elsevier
700:hysteria
635:Darwin's
542:jealousy
529:tableaux
506:. 1862,
462:emotions
449:language
355:faradize
56:Boulogne
1800:1092967
1729:3916360
1708:3915439
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675:asylum
196:trocar
188:biopsy
104:Fields
82:French
2139:Nadar
1683:S2CID
1646:S2CID
1608:(PDF)
1492:S2CID
1383:S2CID
1217:, 119
1021:(7).
771:Works
582:Niobe
73:Paris
1796:PMID
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1638:PMID
1592:PMID
1571:PMID
1542:PMID
1521:PMID
1484:PMID
1455:PMID
1412:PMID
1375:PMID
1346:PMID
1311:PMID
1263:ISBN
1037:PMID
884:ISBN
852:ISBN
713:and
383:soul
278:and
63:Died
49:Born
1767:doi
1700:169
1667:doi
1628:hdl
1620:doi
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1538:113
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