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29:
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654:: The Guinean forest-savanna mosaic is home to a wide variety of mammalian species. This includes iconic species such as African elephants, western chimpanzees, and western lowland gorillas. Other notable mammals include leopards, various species of antelope (such as duikers and bushbucks), and a diverse range of primates (like guenons, colobus monkeys, and baboons).
506:: The forested areas in this mosaic are primarily composed of tropical rainforests, characterized by high rainfall, high humidity, and diverse flora and fauna. These forests are home to a wide variety of plant species, including towering hardwood trees, lianas, epiphytes, and a rich understory of
660:: The avifauna of this region is highly diverse, with hundreds of species recorded. This includes a mix of forest-dwelling birds like turacos, hornbills, and various species of parrots, as well as savanna-adapted species like raptors, bustards, and various types of weavers.
2289:
Carr, Jamie; Adewale
Adeleke; Angu, Kenneth Angu; Belle, Elise; Burgess, Neil; Savrina Carrizo; Choimes, Argyris; Nonie Coulthard; Darwall, William; Foden, Wendy; Jean-Marc Garreau; Wenceslas Gatarabirwa; Hicks, Charlotte; Kapijimpanga, Daniel Ramlose; King, Emily (2015).
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Conservation
Efforts: Several conservation organizations and government agencies are working to protect and restore the biodiversity of this mosaic. This includes the establishment of protected areas, community-based conservation initiatives, and sustainable land-use
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Biodiversity: The
Guinean forest-savanna mosaic is renowned for its high biodiversity, supporting a wide variety of plant and animal species. This region is home to several endangered and endemic species, such as chimpanzees, pygmy hippos, and various rare
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Biodiversity
Assessment: Researchers aim to conduct comprehensive surveys to document the plant and animal species in the region. This includes identifying and cataloging both common and rare species, which helps in understanding the ecosystem's overall
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Scientists and researchers are actively studying this region to better understand its ecological dynamics, species distribution, and responses to environmental changes. Some key aspects of this research and monitoring initiative includes:
987:
Ecotone: It is an ecotone, which means it's the transition zone between two major biomes: the dense tropical rainforests to the south and the open savannas to the north. This unique blend of habitats contributes to its ecological
1035:
Community
Engagement: Engaging local communities in conservation efforts is critical. This includes providing alternative livelihoods to reduce their reliance on forest resources and raising awareness about the importance of
1802:
Brockerhoff, E. G., Barbaro, L., Castagneyrol, B., Forrester, D. I., Gardiner, B., González-Olabarria, J. R., ... & Jactel, H. (2017). Forest biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and the provision of ecosystem services.
860:
Deforestation and
Habitat Loss: One of the most significant threats to the biodiversity of the Guinean forest-savanna mosaic is deforestation. This occurs due to agriculture expansion, logging, and infrastructure
1094:
Eric
Dinerstein, David Olson, et al. (2017). An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm, BioScience, Volume 67, Issue 6, June 2017, Pages 534–545; Supplemental material 2 table S1b.
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Protected Areas: Research findings often lead to the creation or expansion of protected areas or national parks. These areas help conserve the unique biodiversity found in the
Guinean forest-savanna mosaic.
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Indigenous
Knowledge: Collaborating with local communities to tap into their indigenous knowledge about the ecosystem and its conservation. This local knowledge is invaluable for understanding the region's
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zone, where the average yearly high temperatures range from 30 to 33°C and the lows range from 14 to 21°C. The annual rainfall typically falls between 1,600 and 2,000 mm, although there are areas in the
2746:"Ecoagriculture: strategies to feed the world and save wild biodiversityJeffrey A. McNeely, Sara J. Scherr; Island Press, Washington, DC, 2003, paperback, ISBN 1-55963-645-9, US price $ 27.50"
1003:
Conservation Status: Assessing the conservation status of key species and identifying threats, such as habitat loss, poaching, and climate change, to develop effective conservation strategies.
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expansion, and mining operations pose significant challenges to its conservation. Additionally, infrastructure development and road construction can fragment habitats, making it difficult for
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3486:
Wingate, V.R.; Akinyemi, F.O.; Iheaturu, C.J. (2022). "A Remote
Sensing-Based Inventory of West Africa Tropical Forest Patches: A Basis for Enhancing Their Conservation and Sustainable Use".
2400:
Fotang, Chefor; Bröring, Udo; Roos, Christian; Enoguanbhor, Evidence Chinedu; Abwe, Ekwoge E.; Dutton, Paul; Schierack, Peter; Angwafo, Tsi Evaristus; Birkhofer, Klaus (2021-02-01).
1205:
Fjeldsaå, J., & Lovett, J. C. (1997). Geographical patterns of old and young species in African forest biota: the significance of specific montane areas as evolutionary centres.
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Walters, A.E. (2019). "Pillaging Bloodwood: An Exploratory Examination of Illegal Deforestation in Guinea-Bissau Through Forest Disturbance Algorithms and Unsupervised Clustering".
1000:
Ecosystem Dynamics: Investigating the interactions between the forest and savanna components, such as how fires and land use changes affect the balance between these two ecosystems.
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Policy Advocacy: Sharing research results with policymakers can influence decisions related to land use, logging, agriculture, and other activities that can impact the ecosystem.
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Remote Sensing: Satellite imagery and GIS (Geographic Information Systems) are used to monitor land cover changes, deforestation, and the expansion of agriculture in the region.
70:
1617:"Changing fire regimes in East and Southern Africa's savanna-protected areas: opportunities and challenges for indigenous-led savanna burning emissions abatement schemes"
1225:"Origin and history of the Dahomey Gap separating West and Central African rain forests: insights from the phylogeography of the legume tree Distemonanthus benthamianus"
1053:
Climate Change: Shifts in weather patterns and increased droughts and wildfires due to climate change can affect the balance between the forest and savanna components.
2785:"G. Schroth, G. A. B. da Fonseca, C. A. Harvey, C. Gascon, H. L. Vasconcelos and A. N. Izac (eds), Agroforestry and Biodiversity Conservation in Tropical Landscapes"
1015:
Camera Traps: Researchers often use camera traps to capture images of wildlife in the area. This technology allows for non-intrusive monitoring of elusive species.
260:, also known as the Guinean forest-savanna transition, is a distinctive ecological region located in West Africa. It stretches across several countries including
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Atsri, H. K., Konko, Y., Cuni-Sanchez, A., Abotsi, K. E., & Kokou, K. (2018). Changes in the West African forest-savanna mosaic, insights from central Togo.
883:
organizations and governments in the region have recognized the importance of preserving the Guinean forest-savanna mosaic. Efforts have been made to establish
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676:: The biodiversity of invertebrates, including insects and arachnids, is extremely high, with countless species contributing to the overall ecological balance.
1946:
del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Christie, David (2020-03-04), Del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David; De Juana, Eduardo (eds.),
670:: The mosaic is also home to a variety of reptiles and amphibians, including numerous snake species, chameleons, crocodiles, and an array of frogs and toads.
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Field Surveys: Ecologists and biologists conduct field surveys to collect data on plant and animal populations, habitat quality, and ecological processes.
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crossed with trees growing alongside streams and on hillsides, with the constantly occurring fires keeping back the growth of trees in open country.
478:
The Guinean forest–savanna mosaic is known for its high biological diversity. It is home to a wide range of plant and animal species, including many
1909:"Group Release of Sanctuary Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in the Haut Niger National Park, Guinea, West Africa: Ranging Patterns and Lessons So Far"
1868:
Pennec, Flora; Gérard, Caroline; Meterreau, Laura; Monghiemo, Claude; Ngawolo, Jean-Christophe Bokika; Laurent, Romain; Narat, Victor (2020-10-30).
864:
Hunting and Poaching: Unsustainable hunting and poaching for bushmeat and the pet trade can put immense pressure on the local wildlife populations.
320:
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Climate Change: Changes in rainfall patterns, temperature, and other climatic factors can disrupt the delicate ecological balance of the region.
1755:
Liu, Z., Wimberly, M. C., & Dwomoh, F. K. (2016). Vegetation dynamics in the upper guinean forest region of West Africa from 2001 to 2015.
935:, make it an area of global importance for conservation efforts. A 2017 assessment found that 107,116 km, or 16%, of the ecoregion is in
494:
and birds. They also include several species of primates, reptiles, amphibians, and plants that have evolved in isolation within this region.
2402:"Human Activity and Forest Degradation Threaten Populations of the Nigeria–Cameroon Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti) in Western Cameroon"
3597:
DESTINA, S (2019). "COMMUNITY-CENTERED SUSTAINABLE CONSERVATION AND ECOTOURISM PLANNING IN THE BOSSOU FOREST RESERVE, GUINEA, WEST AFRICA".
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trees, while the savanna regions feature grasslands and scattered trees. In terms of plant life, it contains a mix of tree species such as
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Weather and Climate Data: Monitoring meteorological and climate data helps understand how changing weather patterns impact the ecosystem.
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Goetze, D., Hörsch, B., & Porembski, S. (2006). Dynamics of forest–savanna mosaics in north‐eastern Ivory Coast from 1954 to 2002.
98:
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Bouvet, Alexandre; Mermoz, Stéphane; Le Toan, Thuy; Villard, Ludovic; Mathieu, Renaud; Naidoo, Laven; Asner, Gregory P. (2018-03-01).
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Ngomanda, A.; Chepstow-Lusty, A.; Makaya, M.; Favier, C.; Schevin, P.; Maley, J.; Fontugne, M.; Oslisly, R.; Jolly, D. (2009-02-09).
3543:
Z, Liu; MC, Wimberly; FK, Dwomoh (2016). "Vegetation dynamics in the upper guinean forest region of West Africa from 2001 to 2015".
516:: The savanna component consists of grasslands interspersed with scattered trees, which are adapted to periodic fires. The savanna
1420:
Christiana Ndidi, E., & Adeniyi Suleiman, G. (2009). Species diversity patterns along the forest savanna boundary in Nigeria.
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Illegal Wildlife Trade: The region is also a hotspot for illegal wildlife trade, posing a severe risk to many endangered species.
1047:
Habitat Loss: The conversion of natural habitat for agriculture, logging, and infrastructure development is a significant threat.
335:
The Guinean forest–savanna mosaic covers an area of 673,600 square kilometers (260,100 sq mi), extending from western
721:- the band of lowland areas parallel to the coast and then running south-east of the central mountains, including the towns of
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Chatelain, C., Dao, H., Gautier, L., & Spichiger, R. (2004). Forest cover changes in Côte d'Ivoire and Upper Guinea. In
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296:. This region is characterized by a unique blend of forested areas and savannas, creating a diverse and dynamic landscape.
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1702:"Modelling forest–savanna mosaic dynamics in man-influenced environments: effects of fire, climate and soil heterogeneity"
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4545:
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Mayers, J.; Bass, S. (1999). "Policy That Works for Forests and People: Real Prospects for Governance and Livelihoods".
2576:"Effects of Habitat Fragmentation on the Cross River Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla diehli): Recommendations for Conservation"
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2451:"Asymmetric effect of environmental cost of forest rents in the Guinean forest-savanna mosaic: The Nigerian experience"
93:
3407:"Examining primate community occurrence patterns in agroforest landscapes using arboreal and terrestrial camera traps"
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4555:
3654:"Agriculture is the primary driver of tree cover loss across the Forestière region of the Republic of Guinea, Africa"
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2036:
4535:
3506:"The Ethnography of Landscape: GIS and Remote Sensing in the Study of Forest Change in West African Guinea Savanna"
3201:
Darwall, W; Polidoro, B; Smith, K (2015). "Ecosystem profile guinean forests of West Africa biodiversity hotspot".
1823:"Forest structure and seasonally inundated grassland shape tropical mammal communities under moderate disturbance"
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because it consists of a patchwork of different vegetation types. In the forested areas, you can find a mix of
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conditions. Like many ecosystems worldwide, the Guinean forest-savanna mosaic is susceptible to the impacts of
2945:"Evaluation of Protected Areas in Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana, West Africa, Using a Remote Sensing-Based Approach"
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Luiselli, Luca; Dendi, Daniele; Eniang, Edem A.; Fakae, Barineme B.; Akani, Godfrey C.; Fa, John E. (2017).
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1374:"An above-ground biomass map of African savannahs and woodlands at 25m resolution derived from ALOS PALSAR"
944:
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Justice, C; Wilkie, D; Zhang, Q; Brunner, J (2001). "Central African forests, carbon and climate change".
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Amin, Rajan; Bowkett, Andrew E.; Wacher, Tim (2016-07-21), Bro‐Jørgensen, Jakob; Mallon, David P. (eds.),
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Atsri, Honam Komina; Konko, Yawo; Cuni-Sanchez, Aida; Abotsi, Komla Elikplim; Kokou, Kouami (2018-10-05).
1305:"What controls the distribution of tropical forest and savanna?: Tropical forest and savanna distribution"
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3218:"Border and Ecotone Detection by Vegetation Composition along Forest-Savanna Transects in Ivory Coast"
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The mixture of forest and grassland provide habitat for a range of species from large mammals such as
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is characterized by lower precipitation and drier conditions. This ecoregion is situated in the humid
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is a region of Togo and Benin where the forest-savanna mosaic extends to the coast, and separates the
4215:
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Hennenberg, Klaus J.; Goetze, Dethardt; Kouamé, Lucien; Orthmann, Bettina; Porembski, Stefan (2005).
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2618:"28. The Economics of Sustainable Forest Management and Wildlife Conservation in Tropical Forests"
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to the north. This transition creates a unique mix of plant and animal species adapted to varying
4415:
3560:"Biodiversity and Conservation of Tropical Montane Ecosystems in the Gulf of Guinea, West Africa"
3445:
2209:"From the Research on Socially-Sustainable Agriculture (44). Food Security and Agro-Biodiversity"
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Favier, Charly; Chave, Jérôme; Fabing, Aline; Schwartz, Dominique; Dubois, Marc A. (2004-01-01).
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103:
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2136:
The Nature of Northern Australia: its natural values, ecological processes and future prospects
1738:
Whittaker, R. H., & Levin, S. (1977). The role of mosaic phenomena in natural communities.
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supports a different set of plant species, including various grasses, shrubs, and acacia trees.
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Curry-Lindahl, K. (1974). Conservation problems and progress in equatorial African countries.
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that are found nowhere else in the world. Some iconic species found here include chimpanzees,
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Western equatorial African forest-savanna mosaics: a legacy of late Holocene climatic change?
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Bersacola, Elena; Hill, Catherine M.; Nijman, Vincent; Hockings, Kimberley J. (2022-12-01).
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ecosystems, this mosaic is under threat from various human activities. Deforestation due to
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1870:"Spatiotemporal Variation in Bonobo (Pan paniscus) Habitat Use in a Forest–Savanna Mosaic"
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8:
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1499:"Vegetation Dynamics in the Upper Guinean Forest Region of West Africa from 2001 to 2015"
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in this region varies depending on the specific location, but it generally experiences a
53:
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Fitzgerald, Maegan; Nackoney, Janet; Potapov, Peter; Turubanova, Svetlana (2021-12-01).
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Humle, Tatyana; Colin, Christelle; Laurans, Matthieu; Raballand, Estelle (2010-12-23).
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1980:"The Bird Fauna of a Deciduous Woodland in the Wet-Dry Tropics of Northern Australia"
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Cronin, Drew T.; Libalah, Moses B.; Bergl, Richard A.; Hearn, Gail W. (2014-11-01).
3365:"The role of indigenous knowledge in forestry assessment and monitoring in Uganda".
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3287:"Dynamics of forest–savanna mosaics in north‐eastern Ivory Coast from 1954 to 2002"
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Usman, Ojonugwa; Alola, Andrew Adewale; Usman, Monday; Uzuner, Gizem (2023-02-16).
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2244:"Dynamics of forest-savanna mosaics in north-eastern Ivory Coast from 1954 to 2002"
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Kruk, Hanna; Krzyżanowski, Julian; Kwasek, Mariola; Obiedzińska, Agnieszka (2017).
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1991:
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Andrews, P. (2006). Taphonomic effects of faunal impoverishment and faunal mixing.
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Africa's Gulf of Guinea Forests: Biodiversity Patterns and Conservation Priorities
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is one of the tree species found that is more resistant to fire than many others.
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Poorter, L.; Bongers, F.; Kouamé, F. N'.; Hawthorne, W. D., eds. (January 2004).
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Poorter, L.; Bongers, F.; Kouamé, F. N'.; Hawthorne, W. D., eds. (January 2004).
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Biodiversity of West African forests: an ecological atlas of woody plant species
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Biodiversity of West African forests: an ecological atlas of woody plant species
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Biodiversity of West African forests: an ecological atlas of woody plant species
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Misreading the African landscape: society and ecology in a forest-savanna mosaic
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Biodiversity of West African forests: an ecological atlas of woody plant species
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2878:"Changes in the West African forest-savanna mosaic, insights from central Togo"
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Masseloux, Juliana; Le, Quy Tan; Burr, Jessica; Gerber, Brian D. (March 2022).
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3172:"State of knowledge of research in the Guinean forests of West Africa region"
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Singh, Minerva; Massimino, Lorena M.; Collins, Catherine Matilda (May 2022).
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3326:"The status and conservation of threatened birds in the Upper Guinea forest"
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2705:Şekercioğlu, Çağan H.; Primack, Richard B.; Wormworth, Janice (April 2012).
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3009:"GUINEA: Launch of a conservation project in the Upper-Niger National Park"
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2660:"Indigenous Land Management in West Africa: An Environmental Balancing Act"
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The ecoregion covers large areas of many West African nations including:
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3054:"Parks.it - Parks, Reserves, and Other Protected Areas in Sierra Leone"
2292:"Ecosystem Profile Guinean Forests of West Africa Biodiversity Hotspot"
1979:
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Croker, Abigail Rose; Woods, Jeremy; Kountouris, Yiannis (2023-07-27).
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462:. Altered rainfall patterns, increased temperatures, and more frequent
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28:
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1995:
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1280:"World Species : Climate Data for Latitude 8.75 Longitude -1.25"
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Nix, Henry; Mackey, Brendan; Traill, Barry; Woinarski, John (2007).
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of Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Côte d'Ivoire, and Ghana from the
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2823:"Reducing Deforestation, Forest Degradation, And Biodiversity Loss"
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Demenou, Boris B.; Piñeiro, Rosalía; Hardy, Olivier J. (May 2016).
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37:
3078:"Discover the national parks of Ivory Coast | Discover Ivorycoast"
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Goetze, Dethardt; Horsch, Bianca; Porembski, Stefan (April 2006).
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significant region in West Africa. Its unique blend of forest and
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Tropical forest, savanna, and grassland ecoregion in West Africa
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4435:
4210:
4093:
3795:
3752:
812:
800:
741:
726:
718:
651:
568:
544:
503:
352:
344:
308:
261:
187:
177:
3215:
3103:"Protected Areas in Ghana | Clearing House mechanism of Ghana"
2054:"Remaindered Books: Glen Duncan's Twenty-First Century Novels"
1867:
1497:
Liu, Zhihua; Wimberly, Michael; Dwomoh, Francis (2016-12-24).
4656:
Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
4480:
4123:
2497:
1422:
Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal
1141:
824:
808:
786:
766:
576:
564:
540:
507:
467:
372:
364:
285:
277:
182:
167:
71:
tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
65:
3446:"The Use of Camera‐Traps to Monitor Forest Antelope Species"
3285:
Goetze, Dethardt; Hörsch, Bianca; Porembski, Stefan (2006).
2875:
2399:
2288:
2096:"Review of Bradt travel guides to Tajikistan and Uzbekistan"
4073:
3895:
3404:
2704:
780:
722:
657:
368:
281:
222:
2822:
1906:
1371:
3705:
2658:
Moseley, William G.; Baker, Kathleen M. (December 2001).
1699:
3169:
2132:
466:
events have affected the health and composition of this
3557:
3485:
3127:"The Gashaka Primate Project: Nigeria's National Parks"
1945:
943:
in Guinea, Dulombi-Boe National Park in Guinea-Bissau,
4426:
List of countries where Arabic is an official language
547:
areas and open savannas. It is often referred to as a
3284:
2942:
2448:
2241:
2170:"Julie J. Lesnik: Edible Insects and Human Evolution"
1820:
1614:
3200:
1303:
Murphy, Brett P.; Bowman, David M.J.S. (July 2012).
387:
separate the Guinean forest–savanna mosaic from the
2016:
1222:
42:Map of the Guinean forest–savanna mosaic ecoregion
3443:
3034:"New National Parks for Guinea Bissau - IUCN SOS"
2707:"The effects of climate change on tropical birds"
2377:"Guinean Forests of West Africa - Threats | CEPF"
2060:, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 66–80,
1977:
1787:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1668:Properties and Management of Soils in the Tropics
1496:
439:The Guinean savanna mosaic represents a critical
4527:
2624:, Columbia University Press, pp. 635–648,
3504:Nyerges, A. Endre; Green, Glen Martin (2000).
1462:Fairhead, James; Leach, Melissa (1996-10-17).
1107:Fairhead, James; Leach, Melissa (1996-10-17).
639:in the region are rich in birdlife, including
3733:
2849:(pp. 15-32). Wallingford UK: CABI Publishing.
2582:, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 343–363,
1461:
1106:
3503:
2657:
2455:Environmental Science and Pollution Research
1302:
625:as well as more localised species including
450:to the south and the more open, tree-dotted
2540:, Routledge, pp. 142–168, 2013-11-05,
1546:, Oxford University Press, pp. 16–46,
875:
835:
789:- the southern areas including the city of
3740:
3726:
3611:
1579:
970:
758:through the country's second-largest city
3341:
2970:
2960:
2919:
2901:
2474:
2417:
1514:
1397:
1356:
1320:
1090:
1088:
696:arm of the country including the city of
151:668,905 km (258,266 sq mi)
528:
436:that receive 1,000 mm or less annually.
389:Northern Congolian forest–savanna mosaic
124:Northern Congolian forest–savanna mosaic
3690:
3596:
3452:(1 ed.), Wiley, pp. 190–216,
3323:
3031:
3006:
2743:
2534:"Cameroon: Bushmeat and Wildlife Trade"
2051:
1664:
919:The Guinean forest-savanna mosaic is a
799:- a large area including the cities of
754:- a swathe across the middle east from
419:with distinct wet and dry seasons. The
4528:
3564:Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research
2573:
2167:
2093:
1772:Fairhead, J., & Leach, M. (1996).
1552:10.1093/actrade/9780198717225.003.0002
1537:
1085:
319:running east to west and dividing the
4471:Portuguese-speaking African countries
3747:
3721:
3658:Environmental Research Communications
3542:
3499:
3497:
3257:
3253:
3251:
3032:Species, IUCN Save Our (2018-04-26).
2615:
1978:Woinarski, JCZ; Tidemann, SC (1991).
1776:(No. 90). Cambridge University Press.
1029:Conservation and Policy Implications
2782:
2538:The Root Causes of Biodiversity Loss
2406:International Journal of Primatology
1913:International Journal of Primatology
1874:International Journal of Primatology
1177:
1175:
1173:
1544:Savannas: A Very Short Introduction
680:
443:transition zone between the dense,
13:
3494:
3248:
2017:Routledge-Cavendish (2002-02-14).
914:
805:where the forest meets the savanna
99:Cross–Sanaga–Bioko coastal forests
14:
4667:
2783:Saha, Subhrajit K. (2006-08-18).
2020:Cavendish: Jurisprudence Lawcards
1580:Owen-Smith, Norman (2021-09-09).
1170:
1059:
856:to move between different areas.
423:brings heavy rainfall, while the
3303:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01312.x
2260:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01312.x
2168:Ingram, Daniel J. (2019-07-09).
1665:Sanchez, Pedro A. (2019-01-09).
1465:Misreading the African Landscape
1322:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01771.x
1110:Misreading the African Landscape
36:
27:
3699:
3684:
3645:
3605:
3590:
3551:
3536:
3479:
3437:
3398:
3358:
3330:Bird Conservation International
3317:
3278:
3209:
3194:
3163:
3143:
3119:
3095:
3070:
3046:
3025:
3000:
2987:
2936:
2869:
2852:
2839:
2815:
2776:
2737:
2698:
2651:
2609:
2567:
2526:
2491:
2442:
2393:
2369:
2352:
2335:"Ecological Regions Of Nigeria"
2327:
2282:
2235:
2200:
2161:
2126:
2087:
2045:
2010:
1971:
1939:
1900:
1861:
1814:
1796:
1779:
1766:
1749:
1732:
1718:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2003.07.003
1693:
1658:
1608:
1573:
1538:Furley, Peter A. (2016-06-23),
1531:
1490:
1455:
1431:
1414:
1365:
1337:
1207:Biodiversity & Conservation
1067:"Guinean forest-savanna mosaic"
1012:Monitoring and Data Collection
473:
134:Western Guinean lowland forests
4306:Guinean Forests of West Africa
3264:. Conservation International.
1954:, Cornell Lab of Ornithology,
1740:Theoretical population biology
1671:. Cambridge University Press.
1586:. Cambridge University Press.
1468:. Cambridge University Press.
1296:
1272:
1255:
1216:
1199:
1135:
1113:. Cambridge University Press.
1100:
769:including the country east of
712:- in particular, south of the
391:, which lies to the east. The
94:Cross–Niger transition forests
1:
4321:Guinean forest-savanna mosaic
3818:Cameroonian Highlands forests
3222:Journal of Vegetation Science
3007:Ngounou, Boris (2023-01-09).
2762:10.1016/s0743-0167(03)00087-1
1805:Biodiversity and Conservation
1378:Remote Sensing of Environment
1078:
901:Gola Rainforest National Park
543:is characterized by a mix of
497:
22:Guinean forest–savanna mosaic
4446:Middle East and North Africa
3903:East African montane forests
2903:10.1371/journal.pone.0203999
2723:10.1016/j.biocon.2011.10.019
2588:10.1007/978-1-4757-3770-7_22
2112:10.1080/03068374.2014.874710
2094:Arnold, Chloe (2014-01-02).
2058:Twenty-First Century Fiction
945:Outamba-Kilimi National Park
343:, and including portions of
7:
4631:Grasslands of Guinea-Bissau
4571:Ecoregions of Guinea-Bissau
2993:Poorter, L. (Ed.). (2004).
1625:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2684809/v2
965:Gashaka-Gumti National Park
10:
4672:
4606:Grasslands of Burkina Faso
4546:Ecoregions of Burkina Faso
3576:10.1657/1938-4246-46.4.891
3458:10.1002/9781118409572.ch11
3423:10.1007/s10980-022-01524-7
2860:Environmental Conservation
2616:Byron, Neil (2001-12-31),
2510:10.1079/9780851997346.0000
2467:10.1007/s11356-023-25653-x
2419:10.1007/s10764-020-00191-2
2186:10.1007/s10745-019-00089-5
1948:"Odedi (Horornis haddeni)"
1886:10.1007/s10764-020-00180-5
1154:10.1079/9780851997346.0000
939:. Protected areas include
534:Woodland in Guinea Savanna
406:
330:
89:Cameroon Highlands forests
4636:Grasslands of Ivory Coast
4576:Ecoregions of Ivory Coast
4373:
4261:
4216:Indian Ocean coastal belt
4154:
4027:
3846:
3759:
3343:10.1017/S095927090000054X
2801:10.1007/s10457-006-9011-z
2300:10.13140/RG.2.1.1724.8889
1925:10.1007/s10764-010-9482-7
1540:"2. Shaping the savannas"
1399:10.1016/j.rse.2017.12.030
949:Mont Sangbé National Park
941:Upper Niger National Park
931:habitats, along with its
773:, where the main town is
567:, and various species of
490:, and various species of
403:of Nigeria and Cameroon.
246:
236:
231:
155:
147:
142:
76:
64:
52:
47:
35:
26:
21:
4616:Grasslands of the Gambia
4556:Ecoregions of the Gambia
3670:10.1088/2515-7620/ac4278
2750:Journal of Rural Studies
2744:GEISLER, C (July 2004).
2574:Eniang, Edem A. (2003),
2546:10.4324/9781315071688-14
1474:10.1017/cbo9781139164023
1439:"Guinean Forest-Savanna"
1183:"Guinean Forest-Savanna"
1119:10.1017/cbo9781139164023
876:Conservation Initiatives
836:Threats and Conservation
807:, the country's capital
629:and Ghana worm lizards (
596:
524:
323:near the coast from the
119:Nigerian lowland forests
4536:Afrotropical ecoregions
4416:Guineo-Congolian region
3693:Library.oregonstate.edu
3510:American Anthropologist
3291:Journal of Biogeography
3258:Oates, John F. (2004).
3151:"Old Oyo National Park"
3082:discover-ivorycoast.com
2711:Biological Conservation
2504:. UK: CABI Publishing.
2248:Journal of Biogeography
2213:SSRN Electronic Journal
2066:10.1057/9781137035189_5
2052:Bennett, Alice (2013),
1263:Journal of biogeography
1229:Journal of Biogeography
1148:. UK: CABI Publishing.
1044:Challenges and Threats
971:Research and Monitoring
783:- the southern plateau.
740:including the towns of
692:- much of the southern
583:. The region is mainly
383:of eastern Nigeria and
307:, a band of interlaced
258:Guinean forest-savanna
114:Guinean montane forests
104:Eastern Guinean forests
4611:Grasslands of Cameroon
4551:Ecoregions of Cameroon
3633:Cite journal requires
3324:Allport, Gary (1991).
2664:African Studies Review
2315:Cite journal requires
1646:Cite journal requires
1358:10.5194/cpd-5-341-2009
1073:. World Wildlife Fund.
1071:Terrestrial Ecoregions
980:Ecosystem Description
536:
321:tropical moist forests
4646:Grasslands of Senegal
4641:Grasslands of Nigeria
4586:Ecoregions of Senegal
4581:Ecoregions of Nigeria
4358:West Sudanian savanna
4316:Lower Guinean forests
4311:Upper Guinean forests
4226:Cape Floristic Region
4089:Cataracts of the Nile
3908:Eastern Arc Mountains
3828:Congolian rainforests
3823:East Sudanian savanna
3450:Antelope Conservation
2630:10.7312/fimb11454-035
2580:Primates in Fragments
2145:10.26530/oapen_459382
2029:10.4324/9781843144373
1960:10.2173/bow.odedi1.01
1677:10.1017/9781316809785
1592:10.1017/9781108961646
961:Old Oyo National Park
532:
401:Lower Guinean forests
397:Upper Guinean forests
325:West Sudanian savanna
129:West Sudanian savanna
4626:Grasslands of Guinea
4566:Ecoregions of Guinea
4012:Zanzibar Archipelago
3980:Indian Ocean islands
2962:10.3390/land11050720
2789:Agroforestry Systems
2221:10.2139/ssrn.3604993
1706:Ecological Modelling
765:A wide strip across
641:iris glossy starling
4621:Grasslands of Ghana
4601:Grasslands of Benin
4561:Ecoregions of Ghana
4541:Ecoregions of Benin
4431:Mediterranean Basin
4411:Greater Middle East
3948:Ethiopian Highlands
3856:African Great Lakes
2894:2018PLoSO..1303999A
2461:(17): 50549–50566.
1390:2018RSEnv.206..156B
957:Digya National Park
645:black crowned crane
242:Critical/endangered
238:Conservation status
4651:Grasslands of Togo
4591:Ecoregions of Togo
4491:Sub-Saharan Africa
4396:Commonwealth realm
4005:Northern Highlands
3953:Dahlak Archipelago
1952:Birds of the World
619:red-flanked duiker
590:Lophira lanceolata
537:
381:Cameroon Highlands
4596:Forests of Guinea
4521:
4520:
4421:Islands of Africa
4401:Equatorial Africa
4353:Inner Niger Delta
4141:Tibesti Mountains
4000:Central Highlands
3886:Virunga Mountains
3881:Rift Valley lakes
3871:Great Rift Valley
3866:East African Rift
3833:Ouaddaï highlands
3467:978-1-118-40964-0
3417:(12): 3103–3121.
3411:Landscape Ecology
3386:Missing or empty
3271:978-1-881173-82-3
2597:978-1-4757-3772-1
2555:978-1-315-07168-8
2519:978-0-85199-734-6
2154:978-1-921313-31-8
2075:978-1-349-44217-1
1996:10.1071/wr9910479
1984:Wildlife Research
1839:10.1002/ecs2.3999
1686:978-1-316-80978-5
1601:978-1-108-96164-6
1561:978-0-19-871722-5
1516:10.3390/rs9010005
1483:978-0-521-56353-6
1241:10.1111/jbi.12688
1163:978-0-85199-734-6
1128:978-0-521-56353-6
953:Bui National Park
947:in Sierra Leone,
893:Taï National Park
327:of the interior.
254:
253:
250:107,116 km² (16%)
109:Guinean mangroves
4663:
4513:Zambezian region
4501:Sudanian savanna
4486:Southeast Africa
4466:Northeast Africa
4451:Miombo woodlands
4326:Guinea Highlands
3990:Lamu Archipelago
3968:Gulf of Tadjoura
3742:
3735:
3728:
3719:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3708:Climate Research
3703:
3697:
3696:
3688:
3682:
3681:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3636:
3631:
3629:
3621:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3540:
3534:
3533:
3501:
3492:
3491:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3389:
3384:
3382:
3374:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3345:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3255:
3246:
3245:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3004:
2998:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2974:
2964:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2923:
2905:
2888:(10): e0203999.
2873:
2867:
2856:
2850:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2622:The Cutting Edge
2613:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2478:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2421:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2373:
2367:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2318:
2313:
2311:
2303:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2014:
2008:
2007:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1818:
1812:
1800:
1794:
1783:
1777:
1770:
1764:
1753:
1747:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1649:
1644:
1642:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1518:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1435:
1429:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1401:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1350:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1324:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1284:worldspecies.org
1276:
1270:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1235:(5): 1020–1031.
1220:
1214:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1179:
1168:
1167:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1074:
951:in Ivory Coast,
681:Human settlement
607:forest elephants
488:forest elephants
429:tropical savanna
417:tropical climate
40:
31:
19:
18:
4671:
4670:
4666:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4661:
4660:
4526:
4525:
4522:
4517:
4508:Tropical Africa
4369:
4257:
4236:Kalahari Desert
4221:Albany thickets
4186:Succulent Karoo
4150:
4052:Atlas Mountains
4023:
3842:
3755:
3746:
3716:
3715:
3704:
3700:
3689:
3685:
3650:
3646:
3634:
3632:
3623:
3622:
3610:
3606:
3599:Digital Commons
3595:
3591:
3556:
3552:
3541:
3537:
3502:
3495:
3484:
3480:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3442:
3438:
3403:
3399:
3387:
3385:
3376:
3375:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3322:
3318:
3283:
3279:
3272:
3256:
3249:
3214:
3210:
3199:
3195:
3176:Acta Oecologica
3168:
3164:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3135:
3133:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3111:
3109:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3087:
3085:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3062:
3060:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3038:
3036:
3030:
3026:
3017:
3015:
3005:
3001:
2992:
2988:
2941:
2937:
2874:
2870:
2857:
2853:
2844:
2840:
2831:
2829:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2781:
2777:
2742:
2738:
2703:
2699:
2656:
2652:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2614:
2610:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2572:
2568:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2520:
2496:
2492:
2447:
2443:
2398:
2394:
2385:
2383:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2366:(10), e0203999.
2357:
2353:
2344:
2342:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2316:
2314:
2305:
2304:
2287:
2283:
2240:
2236:
2205:
2201:
2166:
2162:
2155:
2131:
2127:
2092:
2088:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2050:
2046:
2039:
2015:
2011:
1976:
1972:
1964:
1962:
1944:
1940:
1905:
1901:
1866:
1862:
1819:
1815:
1801:
1797:
1793:(3-4), 572-589.
1784:
1780:
1771:
1767:
1754:
1750:
1737:
1733:
1698:
1694:
1687:
1663:
1659:
1647:
1645:
1636:
1635:
1629:
1627:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1578:
1574:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1536:
1532:
1495:
1491:
1484:
1460:
1456:
1447:
1445:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1419:
1415:
1370:
1366:
1348:
1342:
1338:
1309:Ecology Letters
1301:
1297:
1288:
1286:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1260:
1256:
1221:
1217:
1204:
1200:
1191:
1189:
1181:
1180:
1171:
1164:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1105:
1101:
1093:
1086:
1081:
1065:
1062:
993:Research Goals
973:
937:protected areas
933:endemic species
917:
915:Protected areas
885:protected areas
878:
838:
683:
603:African leopard
599:
527:
500:
480:endemic species
476:
464:extreme weather
409:
333:
227:
164:
163:
138:
85:
84:
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4669:
4659:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4504:
4503:
4496:Sudan (region)
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4377:
4375:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4367:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4340:
4339:
4338:
4333:
4331:Gulf of Guinea
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4267:
4265:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4246:Cape Peninsula
4243:
4241:Okavango Delta
4238:
4233:
4231:Skeleton Coast
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4177:
4176:
4171:
4160:
4158:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4148:
4146:Western Sahara
4143:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4119:Nuba Mountains
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4039:
4037:Eastern Desert
4033:
4031:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4009:
4008:
4007:
4002:
3992:
3987:
3985:Comoro Islands
3977:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3958:Hanish Islands
3955:
3950:
3945:
3943:Danakil Desert
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3918:Horn of Africa
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3861:Albertine Rift
3852:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3838:Ennedi Plateau
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3799:
3798:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3774:Gulf of Guinea
3765:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3745:
3744:
3737:
3730:
3722:
3714:
3713:
3698:
3683:
3664:(12): 121004.
3644:
3635:|journal=
3604:
3589:
3570:(4): 891–904.
3550:
3545:Remote Sensing
3535:
3516:(2): 271–289.
3493:
3488:Remote Sensing
3478:
3466:
3436:
3397:
3357:
3316:
3297:(4): 653–664.
3277:
3270:
3247:
3228:(3): 301–310.
3208:
3193:
3162:
3142:
3118:
3107:gh.chm-cbd.net
3094:
3069:
3045:
3024:
2999:
2986:
2935:
2868:
2851:
2838:
2827:www.wabicc.org
2814:
2795:(3): 247–249.
2775:
2736:
2697:
2676:10.2307/525613
2650:
2638:
2608:
2596:
2566:
2554:
2525:
2518:
2490:
2441:
2412:(1): 105–129.
2392:
2368:
2351:
2326:
2317:|journal=
2281:
2254:(4): 653–664.
2234:
2199:
2180:(4): 637–638.
2160:
2153:
2125:
2106:(1): 151–153.
2086:
2074:
2044:
2037:
2009:
1970:
1938:
1919:(2): 456–473.
1899:
1880:(6): 775–799.
1860:
1813:
1795:
1778:
1765:
1757:Remote Sensing
1748:
1731:
1692:
1685:
1657:
1648:|journal=
1607:
1600:
1583:Only in Africa
1572:
1560:
1530:
1503:Remote Sensing
1489:
1482:
1454:
1430:
1413:
1364:
1336:
1315:(7): 748–758.
1295:
1271:
1254:
1215:
1198:
1169:
1162:
1134:
1127:
1099:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1061:
1060:External links
1058:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1004:
1001:
998:
991:
990:
989:
985:
972:
969:
967:in Nigeria.
959:in Ghana, and
916:
913:
889:national parks
877:
874:
873:
872:
868:
865:
862:
837:
834:
833:
832:
803:, which means
794:
784:
778:
763:
749:
734:
716:
707:
703:All of inland
701:
682:
679:
678:
677:
671:
661:
655:
621:to the common
598:
595:
526:
523:
522:
521:
511:
499:
496:
475:
472:
460:climate change
408:
405:
332:
329:
252:
251:
248:
244:
243:
240:
234:
233:
229:
228:
226:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
161:
160:
159:
157:
153:
152:
149:
145:
144:
140:
139:
137:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
82:
81:
80:
78:
74:
73:
68:
62:
61:
56:
50:
49:
45:
44:
41:
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4668:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4524:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4374:Macro-regions
4372:
4366:
4363:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4344:
4341:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4302:
4301:Guinea region
4299:
4297:
4296:Cape Mesurado
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4260:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4153:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4075:
4072:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4062:Gibraltar Arc
4060:
4058:
4057:Barbary Coast
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4047:Ancient Libya
4045:
4044:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4020:
4019:Swahili coast
4017:
4013:
4010:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3978:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3923:Afar Triangle
3921:
3920:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3769:Guinea region
3767:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3743:
3738:
3736:
3731:
3729:
3724:
3723:
3720:
3709:
3702:
3694:
3687:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3648:
3640:
3627:
3619:
3615:
3608:
3600:
3593:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3554:
3546:
3539:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3500:
3498:
3489:
3482:
3469:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3440:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3401:
3393:
3380:
3372:
3368:
3361:
3353:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3320:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3281:
3273:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3254:
3252:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3212:
3204:
3197:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3166:
3152:
3146:
3132:
3131:www.ucl.ac.uk
3128:
3122:
3108:
3104:
3098:
3083:
3079:
3073:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3035:
3028:
3014:
3010:
3003:
2996:
2990:
2982:
2978:
2973:
2972:10044/1/97296
2968:
2963:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2939:
2931:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2872:
2866:(2), 111-122.
2865:
2861:
2855:
2848:
2842:
2828:
2824:
2818:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2779:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2740:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2701:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2654:
2641:
2639:9780231114554
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2612:
2599:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2570:
2557:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2529:
2521:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2494:
2486:
2482:
2477:
2476:11250/3119377
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2445:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2396:
2382:
2378:
2372:
2365:
2361:
2355:
2340:
2336:
2330:
2322:
2309:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2285:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2174:Human Ecology
2171:
2164:
2156:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2139:. ANU Press.
2138:
2137:
2129:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2100:Asian Affairs
2097:
2090:
2077:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2048:
2040:
2038:9781135592042
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2013:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1810:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1788:
1782:
1775:
1769:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1746:(2), 117-139.
1745:
1741:
1735:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1712:(1): 85–102.
1711:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1688:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1669:
1661:
1653:
1640:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1611:
1603:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1576:
1563:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1493:
1485:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1458:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1427:
1423:
1417:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1368:
1359:
1354:
1347:
1340:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1299:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1269:(4), 653-664.
1268:
1264:
1258:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1219:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1165:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1138:
1130:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1089:
1084:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1038:
1036:conservation.
1034:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1005:
1002:
999:
995:
994:
992:
988:significance.
986:
982:
981:
979:
978:
977:
968:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
912:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
869:
866:
863:
859:
858:
857:
855:
851:
847:
843:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
795:
792:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
772:
768:
764:
761:
757:
753:
752:Côte d'Ivoire
750:
747:
743:
739:
735:
732:
728:
724:
720:
717:
715:
711:
708:
706:
705:Guinea-Bissau
702:
699:
695:
691:
688:
687:
686:
675:
674:Invertebrates
672:
669:
665:
662:
659:
656:
653:
650:
649:
648:
646:
642:
638:
634:
633:
628:
627:patas monkeys
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
594:
592:
591:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
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361:Côte d'Ivoire
358:
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349:Guinea Bissau
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193:Guinea-Bissau
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4456:Mittelafrika
4406:Françafrique
4271:Pepper Coast
4109:Middle Egypt
3963:Gulf of Aden
3938:Danakil Alps
3876:Gregory Rift
3707:
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3203:Academia.edu
3202:
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3110:. Retrieved
3106:
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3086:. Retrieved
3084:. 2018-12-19
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3058:www.parks.it
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2381:www.cepf.net
2380:
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2341:. 2019-08-01
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1186:
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1070:
974:
925:ecologically
923:diverse and
921:biologically
918:
905:Sierra Leone
881:Conservation
879:
861:development.
839:
804:
738:Sierra Leone
714:River Gambia
684:
632:Amphisbaenia
630:
617:such as the
611:hippopotamus
600:
588:
571:, alongside
538:
533:
484:pygmy hippos
477:
474:Biodiversity
438:
410:
357:Sierra Leone
334:
298:
266:Sierra Leone
257:
255:
232:Conservation
218:Sierra Leone
59:Afrotropical
4441:Middle East
4386:Afromontane
4348:Niger Delta
4343:Niger Basin
4336:Dahomey Gap
4291:Cape Palmas
4286:Ivory Coast
4281:Slave Coast
4134:Upper Egypt
4104:Lower Nubia
4099:Lower Egypt
4074:Nile Valley
3808:Congo Basin
3803:Pool Malebo
2717:(1): 1–18.
1428:(1), 64-72.
1384:: 156–173.
897:Ivory Coast
850:agriculture
821:River Benue
817:River Niger
731:Kissidougou
448:rainforests
434:Dahomey Gap
393:Dahomey Gap
339:to eastern
305:West Africa
274:Ivory Coast
198:Ivory Coast
4530:Categories
4391:Arab world
4365:Yorubaland
4276:Gold Coast
4201:Maputaland
4191:Nama Karoo
4181:Thembuland
4129:The Sudans
4114:Nile Delta
4079:Nile Delta
3995:Madagascar
3813:Chad Basin
3781:Cape Lopez
3473:2023-10-22
3388:|url=
3156:2023-09-07
3136:2023-09-07
3112:2023-09-07
3088:2023-09-07
3063:2023-09-07
3039:2023-09-07
3018:2023-09-07
2955:(5): 720.
2832:2023-09-19
2756:(3): 383.
2670:(3): 110.
2645:2023-10-12
2603:2023-10-12
2561:2023-10-12
2386:2023-09-19
2345:2023-09-07
2339:WorldAtlas
2081:2023-10-12
1990:(4): 479.
1965:2023-10-12
1630:2023-10-12
1567:2023-10-12
1448:2023-09-06
1351:(Report).
1289:2023-09-09
1213:, 325-346.
1192:2023-03-24
1079:References
891:, such as
840:Like many
815:where the
771:Lake Volta
710:The Gambia
698:Ziguinchor
668:Amphibians
579:common to
510:and herbs.
498:Vegetation
456:ecological
441:ecological
425:dry season
421:wet season
4461:Negroland
4381:Aethiopia
4251:False Bay
3928:Al-Habash
3913:Serengeti
3891:Kavirondo
3678:2515-7620
3618:152380421
3584:1523-0430
3522:0002-7294
3431:1572-9761
3371:129755294
3352:0959-2709
3311:0305-0270
3234:1100-9233
3188:1146-609X
2981:2073-445X
2912:1932-6203
2809:0167-4366
2770:0743-0167
2731:0006-3207
2684:0002-0206
2485:1614-7499
2436:254543800
2428:1573-8604
2268:0305-0270
2229:1556-5068
2194:0300-7839
2120:0306-8374
2004:1035-3712
1933:0164-0291
1894:0164-0291
1855:247649193
1847:2150-8925
1827:Ecosphere
1726:0304-3800
1525:2072-4292
1443:One Earth
1408:0034-4257
1187:One Earth
1007:dynamics.
871:planning.
736:Northern
694:Casamance
615:antelopes
585:grassland
557:deciduous
553:evergreen
518:ecosystem
445:evergreen
317:grassland
301:ecoregion
299:It is an
247:Protected
156:Countries
143:Geography
4206:Highveld
4196:Bushveld
4164:Rhodesia
4067:Ifriqiya
3933:Barbaria
3791:Igboland
3379:cite web
3013:Afrik 21
2930:30289922
2882:PLOS ONE
2360:PloS one
2276:84365358
1509:(1): 5.
1331:22452780
1249:88091097
854:wildlife
842:tropical
664:Reptiles
637:wetlands
623:tortoise
581:savannas
561:mahogany
545:forested
492:primates
452:savannas
385:Cameroon
377:Cameroon
294:Cameroon
173:Cameroon
4084:Bashmur
4042:Maghreb
3973:Red Sea
3786:Mayombe
3761:Central
3749:Regions
3242:4096693
2997:. CABI.
2921:6173393
2890:Bibcode
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1386:Bibcode
997:health.
984:plants.
929:savanna
909:Liberia
846:logging
829:Makurdi
797:Nigeria
791:Bohicon
690:Senegal
652:Mammals
635:). The
573:grasses
514:Savanna
413:climate
407:Climate
341:Nigeria
337:Senegal
331:Setting
313:savanna
290:Nigeria
270:Liberia
213:Senegal
208:Nigeria
203:Liberia
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4476:Sahara
4436:MENASA
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577:shrubs
569:acacia
549:mosaic
508:shrubs
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379:. The
353:Guinea
345:Gambia
315:, and
309:forest
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262:Guinea
188:Guinea
178:Gambia
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4174:South
4169:North
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539:This
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286:Benin
278:Ghana
183:Ghana
168:Benin
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4263:West
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