573:. In addition to this effort by the Mexican government, for its importance and recognition worldwide, all islands in the gulf are also part of the international program "Man and Biosphere" (MAB) and are part of the World Reserve Network UNESCO Biosphere as Special Biosphere Reserve. Because of the vast expanse covered by this federal protected area, conservation and management is carried out through a system of four regional directorates (one per state bordering the Gulf of California). The work of direct and indirect conservation done in the islands is governed by a single management program, published in 2000, which is complemented by local and specific management programs. The Directorate of Protection Area Wildlife California Gulf Islands in Baja California is responsible for 56 islands located off the coast of the state. These are grouped into four archipelagos: San Luis Gonzaga or Enchanted, Guardian Angel, Bahía de los Ángeles and San Lorenzo.
1234:
politically powerful commercial fishing industry has been slow to embrace even economically viable conservation measures. Conservation of the gulf's fisheries and coastlines is also complicated by a long history of overcapitalization in the sector, and the direct, often negative, impacts that conservation measures have on the livelihoods of Mexico's coastal inhabitants. At present, the
Mexican government and business interests have promoted a macro-level, tourist development vision for the gulf, the impacts of which on local ecology and society are uncertain. In 2019, the gulf was added to the
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617:). Porous rocks will naturally have more cracks and crevices in them, making them ideal living spaces for many animals. The rocks themselves, however, generally need to be stable on the shore for a habitat to be stable. Additionally, the color of the rocks can affect the organisms living on a shore. For example, darker rocks will be significantly warmer than lighter ones, and can deter animals that do not have a high tolerance for heat.
686:(61 °F) in winter and highs of 24 °C (75 °F) in summer. But temperatures can vary greatly in the gulf, and the water is almost always warmer by the coast than the open ocean. For example, the waters surrounding La Paz reach 30 °C (86 °F) in August, while the waters in neighboring city Cabo San Lucas, only reach 26 °C (79 °F).
41:
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The depth of the water helps to determine its temperature. For example, shallow depths are directly influenced by the local temperature of the air, while deeper waters are less susceptible to changes in air temperature. The temperature of the water in the gulf generally experiences lows of 16 °C
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have been hampered by lack of enforcement resources as well as a lack of a political consensus on this issue of conservation of the Gulf. This occurs even though significant areas are a UNESCO World
Heritage Site. The thousands of miles of coastline are remote and difficult to police, and the
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Many marine organisms can survive only within a particular salinity range, which makes salinity a notable factor in determining the types of potentially commercial organisms found in the gulf. The mean annual ranges of salinity of the Sea of Cortez are between 3.5 and 3.58% at the surface.
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Occasionally, the northern gulf will go through significantly cold winters. The water in the northern gulf can sometimes drop below 8 °C (46 °F), which can lead to a large die-off of marine organisms. The animals most susceptible to the large decrease in water temperature include
1214:. Its more than 900 islands are important nesting sites for thousands of seabirds, and its waters are primary breeding, feeding, and nursing grounds for myriad migratory and resident fish species. For decades, the gulf has been a primary source of two of Mexico's leading marine resources,
453:
One recognized transition zone is termed the
Southwestern Baja California peninsula. Transition zones exist between faunal regions, and they usually vary for each individual species. (Faunal regions are distinguishable based on the specific types of animals found there.)
648:, with salinity less than that of the ocean. However, because of human settlement around the gulf and water diversion for municipal and agricultural use in an area of comparatively low rainfall, there are no longer many rivers that freely empty into the gulf. The upper
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The gulf is 1,126 km (700 mi) long and 48–241 km (30–150 mi) wide, with an area of 177,000 km (68,000 sq mi), a mean depth of 818.08 m (2,684.0 ft), and a volume of 145,000 km (35,000 cu mi).
1308:) of the Sea of Cortez. It is usually considered to be a black shark, and less commonly as a whale, measuring about 20 to 60 ft (6.1 to 18.3 m) and weighing 50,000 to 100,000 lb (23 to 45 t), similar to the estimated length of the
1446:
Ernesto Campos, Alma Rosa de Campos & Jesús Angel de León-González (2009). "Diversity and ecological remarks of ectocommensals and ectoparasites (Annelida, Crustacea, Mollusca) of echinoids (Echinoidea: Mellitidae) in the Sea of Cortez, Mexico".
568:
The gulf has more than 900 islets and islands which together total about 420 hectares. All of them as a whole were enacted as "Area
Reserve and Migratory Bird Refuge and Wildlife" on August 2, 1978. In June 2000, the islands were designated a
1203:. However, the data vary wildly according to the species being studied, and the gulf's ability to recuperate after years of overfishing remains uncertain. Moreover, changes in terrestrial ecology, such as the vast reduction in flow from the
552:
are thought to be the result of such eruptions. The formations of the islands, however, are not dependent on each other. They were each formed as a result of an individual structural occurrence. Several islands, including
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that characterize the gulf and make it such a hotspot for fishing can be attributed to seemingly insignificant factors, such as the types of rocks that make up a shore. Beaches with softer, more porous rocks (such as
544:. Most of the islands are found on the west side of the gulf. In fact, many of the islands of the gulf are the result of volcanic eruptions that occurred during the early history of Baja California. The islands of
1585:
Lucenilla, y T. F, Carranco J. Cavallero, Juan B. Ramirez, and
Antonio S. Toledo. Report of the Voyage of Captain Francisco De Lucenilla to the Californias in 1668. , 1668. Manuscript. Newberry Library.
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Furthermore, the salinity of the water of the northern gulf is generally higher than the central and southern faunal regions due to the increased amount of evaporation that occurs in that region.
1628:
Pipes, Nellie Bowden. “Extract from
Exploration of the Oregon Territory, the Californias, and the Gulf of California, Undertaken during the Years 1840, 1841 and 1842 by Eugene Duflot de Mofras.”
636:, that is, ones in which the evaporation of seawater is relatively greater than that of the fresh water input. The salinities of these inlets are higher than that of the ocean. The temperatures,
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defines the southern limit of the gulf as: "A line joining
Piaxtla Point (latitude 23°38'N) on the west coast of the mainland of Mexico, and the southern extreme of Lower California".
1572:
Montané Martí, Julio C, Francisco
Preciado, and Francisco Noguerol de Ulloa. Francisco De Ulloa: Explorador De Ilusiones. Hermosillo, Sonora, México: Universidad de Sonora, 1995
640:, of these negative estuaries also are higher than the general temperature of the gulf. It is possible that at one time these estuaries were positive, that is, ones in which the
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360:. The surface of the gulf is about 160,000 km (62,000 sq mi). Maximum depths exceed 3,000 meters (9,800 ft) because of the complex geology, linked to
673:
Even though the shores of the gulf are generally sheltered from the continuous wave shock that is experienced by most other North
American shores, storms known as a "
367:
The gulf is thought to be one of the most diverse seas on Earth and is home to more than 5,000 species of micro-invertebrates. Parts of the Gulf of
California are a
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1222:. Water pollution is a problem in the gulf, but the more immediate concerns are overfishing and bottom trawling, which destroys eelgrass beds and shellfish.
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remnant estuary. The remaining gulf inlets still are important to several species of fishes, crustaceans, and shellfish that are commercially harvested.
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An anthology of writings that describe Baja California, and the Gulf of California, from sources dated from the mid-sixteenth century to present.
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ecosystem, that since the 20th century construction of upriver dams and diversion aqueducts on the Colorado River, is now a small
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1757:"Caracterización geoquímica de las manifestaciones termales intermareales de Bahía Concepción en la Península de Baja California"
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due to extension tectonic regime, related to the opening of the gulf, are found in the Bahía de Concepción, Baja California Sur.
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Geologic evidence is widely interpreted by geologists as indicating the gulf came into being around 5.3 million years ago as
1312:. It is one of a number of alleged cases of giant sharks in the Pacific Ocean, made throughout the 20th and 21st centuries.
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propagated up the middle of the Gulf along the seabed. This extension of the East Pacific Rise is often referred to as the
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with a coastline of approximately 4,000 km (2,500 mi). Rivers that flow into the Gulf of California include the
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515:
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1992:
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Fujita, Harumi. “Prehistoric Occupation of Espíritu Santo Island, Baja California Sur, Mexico: Update and Synthesis.”
1377:"The Islands and Protected Areas of the Gulf of California (Mexico) inscribed on the List of World Heritage in Danger"
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Studies by researchers, on both sides of the border, on the threats to the diversity of species in the gulf's waters.
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activities, with a rich history of sporting world records. The region also has a rich history as a commercial
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Friends of Wild Baja conserves and protects the critical habitats and biodiversity of The Gulf of California
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1703:
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Kessell, John L. “‘To See Such Marvels with My Own Eyes’: Spanish Exploration in the Western Borderlands.”
487:
1293:, on the Mexican mainland's Pacific coast, heavily exploit the commercial fisheries of the southern gulf.
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2016:
1967:
1700:"The Gulf of California Invertebrate Database: The Invertebrate Portion of the Macrofauna Golfo Database"
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do not migrate annually. The area near the Colorado River Delta has a small remnant population of
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1494:"The Mythological Geography of California: Origins, Development, Confirmation and Disappearance"
16:
Gulf of the Pacific Ocean between the Baja California peninsula and the mainland coast of Mexico
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The Gulf of California is divided into three faunal regions: Northern, Central, and Southern.
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into the gulf, have negatively affected fisheries, particularly in the northern region.
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Coastal communities are highly reliant on both commercial and sport fishing, including
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1817:"Área de Protección de Flora y Fauna Islas del Golfo de California en Baja California"
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Locals have alleged the existence of a giant creature known as the "Black Demon" (
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The northern gulf experiences tidal ranges of up to 5 m (16 ft). Mixed
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The gulf sustains a large number of marine mammals, many of which are rare and
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1649:, edited by Richard C. Brusca, University of Arizona Press, 2010, pp. 96–118,
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A Handbook to the Common Intertidal Invertebrates of the Gulf of California
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The narrow sea is home to a rich ecosystem. In addition to a wide range of
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Burckhalter, David, et al. “Early Attempts to Colonize Baja California.”
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1914:"San Jorge Water Temperature (Sea) and Wetsuit Guide (Baja Sur, Mexico)"
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1349:"The Gulf of California: A Physical, Geological, and Biological Study"
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677:" can cause significant damage to shorelines, despite their brevity.
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1719:, 1961, Origin of the Gulf of California: GSA Bull., 72, 1307–1318.
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19:"Sea of Cortez" redirects here. For the John Steinbeck book, see
1645:
Hastings, Philip A., et al. “Fishes of the Gulf of California.”
4100:
Earliest 16th-century monasteries on the slopes of Popocatépetl
4010:
Earliest 16th-century monasteries on the slopes of Popocatépetl
3762:
3757:
3292:
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3227:
3212:
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1632:, vol. 26, no. 2, Oregon Historical Society, 1925, pp. 151–90,
1615:, vol. 41, no. 4, Montana Historical Society, 1991, pp. 68–75,
610:
518:
is one example of this ongoing volcanic activity. Furthermore,
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329:
317:
136:
1940:
Alleged Megalodon Sightings That Will Make You Want to Believe
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Publications of the Historical Society of Southern California
1195:. This region has historically been a magnet for world-class
3967:
Agave Landscape and Ancient Industrial Facilities of Tequila
581:
The three general types of shores found in the gulf include
3777:
3767:
3742:
3252:
3182:
3130:
3125:
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The gulf contains 37 major islands, the two largest being
3257:
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1421:. Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press. pp.
1557:
Baja California Missions: In the Footsteps of the Padres
1932:
1930:
3885:
El Pinacate y Gran Desierto de Altar Biosphere Reserve
1238:
because of concerns of the imminent extinction of the
2043:
The Gulf of California: Biodiversity and Conservation
1647:
The Gulf of California: Biodiversity and Conservation
208:
Islands and Protected Areas of the Gulf of California
4151:
Ancient Maya City and Protected Tropical Forests of
3922:
Franciscan Missions in the Sierra Gorda of Querétaro
2122:
1927:
1859:
1857:
1594:
Griffin, George Butler, and Sebastian Vizcaino. “.”
1542:, vol. 30, no. 1, Malki Museum, Inc., 2010, p. 18.,
652:is one example of a historically major estuary and
532:
List of islands of Mexico § Gulf of California
415:reached the gulf overland in 1605 by following the
3863:
2045:. University of Arizona Press. pp. 354 pages.
2040:
1540:Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology
1414:
1289:. The well-developed shrimp and sardine fleets of
1993:"Could a Prehistoric, 60-Foot Shark Still Exist?"
1854:
1839:
1837:
1412:
4203:
1960:Aitchison, Stewart W. (2010). "3: Island Life".
1803:"Valle de los Cirios. Tesoro de Baja California"
1559:, University of Arizona Press, 2013, pp. 15–18,
51:
1155:, it hosts many migratory species, such as the
2009:
1834:
1755:Leal-Acosta, M.L., Prol-Ledesma, R.M. (2016).
1630:The Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society
644:component is diluted; therefore, the water is
502:. This delta blocks the sea from flooding the
45:Gulf of California (highlighted in light blue)
3849:
2999:
2108:
1953:
1151:creatures, such as the critically endangered
1963:The Desert Islands of Mexico's Sea of Cortez
1787:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1371:
1369:
1225:Efforts by the Mexican government to create
3856:
3842:
3006:
2992:
2115:
2101:
1984:
1346:
624:are the norm throughout most of the Gulf.
320:mainland. It is bordered by the states of
3951:Sanctuary of Jesús Nazareno de Atotonilco
3896:Rock Paintings of Sierra de San Francisco
2050:
1959:
1772:
1761:Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana
1366:
2053:Isle of the Amazons In the Vermilion Sea
1732:. review.nsf-margins.org. Archived from
1664:"Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition"
1613:Montana: The Magazine of Western History
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1135:
461:
166:160,000 km (62,000 sq mi)
4064:Pre-Hispanic City and National Park of
1671:International Hydrographic Organization
588:Some of the rich biodiversity and high
441:International Hydrographic Organization
4204:
4093:Central University City Campus of the
1990:
1491:
1183:. The unusual resident populations of
1179:, and the world's largest animal, the
407:, Captain Francisco de Lucenilla, and
3837:
3013:
2987:
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1391:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1706:: Center for Sonoran Desert Studies.
1598:, vol. 2, no. 1, , 1891, pp. 35–52,
4125:Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve
3994:Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve
3987:Islands and Protected Areas of the
3889:Islands and Protected Areas of the
1936:
1893:"Marine Biology of Baja California"
576:
13:
3702:Integrated coastal zone management
2055:. Kansas City, MO: 39 West Press.
2034:
1673:. 1953. p. 35. Archived from
1333:
561:contains several islands, such as
490:. The Gulf would extend as far as
14:
4288:
4081:Archaeological Monuments Zone of
2071:
4237:Landforms of Baja California Sur
3818:
3817:
3355:
3348:
2966:
2965:
2953:
2041:Brusca, Richard C., ed. (2010).
1236:List of World Heritage in Danger
690:macroscopic algae and plankton.
39:
4061:in the Central Valley of Oaxaca
1906:
1885:
1874:from the original on 2012-07-15
1809:
1795:
1748:
1722:
1710:
1692:
1656:
1639:
1622:
1605:
1588:
1354:. University of Texas at Dallas
632:There are a number of negative
585:, sandy beach, and tidal flat.
571:flora and fauna protection area
482:. As part of this process, the
251:Latin America and the Caribbean
158:48–241 km (30–150 mi)
4267:World Heritage Sites in Mexico
4120:Luis Barragán House and Studio
3901:Whale Sanctuary of El Vizcaino
3865:World Heritage Sites in Mexico
3800:Region of freshwater influence
1579:
1566:
1549:
1532:
1485:
1439:
1131:
411:document its earliest record.
21:The Log from the Sea of Cortez
1:
4105:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
3983:Hospicio Cabañas, Guadalajara
3917:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
3562:Large-scale coastal behaviour
3394:Beaches in estuaries and bays
1327:
557:, are home to volcanoes. The
466:Satellite picture of the gulf
429:United States Fish Commission
4232:Landforms of Baja California
4171:Sian Kaʼan Biosphere Reserve
2019:. Biology of Sharks and Rays
2017:"Does Megalodon Still Live?"
1937:Cox, Caroline (2018-08-07),
1704:Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum
986:Average sea temperatures of
840:Average sea temperatures of
694:Average sea temperatures of
627:
494:, except for the tremendous
488:Gulf of California Rift Zone
377:
308:), is a marginal sea of the
34:Sea of Cortés, Vermilion Sea
7:
4158:Historic Fortified Town of
4088:Aqueduct of Padre Tembleque
4047:and Archaeological Site of
4026:Historic Monuments Zone of
3932:Historic Monuments Zone of
2051:MacDonald, Gregory (2019).
1968:University of Arizona Press
1492:Mathes, W. Michael (1989).
1315:
548:, Islas San Francisco, and
150:1,126 km (700 mi)
10:
4293:
4277:Cenozoic rifts and grabens
4262:Temperate Northern Pacific
4222:Gulfs of the Pacific Ocean
2334:American Mediterranean Sea
1991:Viegas, Jen (2013-08-02).
1848:December 21, 2011, at the
1413:Richard C. Brusca (1973).
663:
529:
525:
510:. Volcanism dominates the
457:
387:The marine expeditions of
382:
300:, or less commonly as the
198:UNESCO World Heritage Site
18:
4185:
4144:
4130:Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley
4074:
4036:
4002:
3972:Revillagigedo Archipelago
3959:
3909:
3871:
3813:
3715:
3682:
3487:
3447:
3364:
3346:
3021:
2947:
2921:
2888:
2670:
2577:
2309:
2221:
2138:
1619:Retrieved 18 March 2022.
1463:10.1007/s00436-009-1419-8
476:Baja California peninsula
314:Baja California peninsula
270:
266:
256:
246:
236:
228:
220:
212:
204:
195:
191:
184:
174:
170:
162:
154:
146:
142:
129:
119:
89:
50:
38:
33:
28:
3507:Coastal biogeomorphology
2140:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
1774:10.18268/BSGM2016v68n3a2
1653:Retrieved 18 March 2022.
1636:Retrieved 18 March 2022.
1602:Retrieved 18 March 2022.
1576:Retrieved 18 March 2022.
1563:Retrieved 18 March 2022.
1546:Retrieved 18 March 2022.
680:
4227:Pacific Coast of Mexico
3878:Archaeological Zone of
2286:Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea
538:Isla Ángel de la Guarda
434:
397:Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo
3880:Paquimé, Casas Grandes
3404:Coastal morphodynamics
2607:Great Australian Bight
1305:
1246:porpoise in the area.
1177:leatherback sea turtle
1144:
668:
467:
419:. In the 19th century
285:
4175:Pre-Hispanic Town of
4164:Pre-Hispanic City of
4134:Pre-Hispanic City of
4053:Prehistoric Caves of
4014:Pre-Hispanic City of
3947:San Miguel de Allende
3795:Physical oceanography
1450:Parasitology Research
1161:California gray whale
1139:
465:
288:), also known as the
4257:Ecoregions of Mexico
4247:Landforms of Sinaloa
3624:Submergent coastline
3577:Marine transgression
3532:Discordant coastline
3517:Concordant coastline
2454:Gulf of St. Lawrence
1736:on February 18, 2009
650:Colorado River Delta
559:Colorado River Delta
480:North American Plate
4242:Landforms of Sonora
4189:Shared by more one
4109:Historic Centre of
4043:Historic Centre of
4020:Historic Centre of
3976:Historic Centre of
3926:Historic Centre of
3728:Coastal engineering
2755:Gulf of Carpentaria
2549:Sea of the Hebrides
2178:King Haakon VII Sea
1916:. Surf-forecast.com
1730:"Science Plans RCL"
990:
844:
698:
405:Hernando de Alarcón
372:World Heritage Site
326:Baja California Sur
312:that separates the
286:Golfo de California
70: /
4212:Gulf of California
3989:Gulf of California
3945:Protected town of
3942:and Adjacent Mines
3891:Gulf of California
3697:Coastal management
3537:Emergent coastline
3208:Intertidal wetland
3111:Continental margin
2750:Gulf of California
2647:Mozambique Channel
2291:Queen Victoria Sea
2153:Bellingshausen Sea
2078:CEDO Intercultural
1574:HathiTrust website
1227:conservation zones
1145:
985:
839:
693:
520:hydrothermal vents
468:
431:visited the area.
409:Sebastián Vizcaíno
401:Francisco de Ulloa
278:Gulf of California
237:Reference no.
74:28.000°N 112.000°W
29:Gulf of California
4199:
4198:
3938:Historic Town of
3831:
3830:
3659:Wave-cut platform
3572:Marine regression
3116:Continental shelf
3106:Coastal waterfall
3015:Coastal geography
2981:
2980:
2960:Oceans portal
2509:Mediterranean Sea
2459:Gulf of Venezuela
2251:East Siberian Sea
2193:Riiser-Larsen Sea
2062:978-1-946358-14-1
1977:978-0-8165-2774-8
1432:978-0-8165-0356-8
1322:Ferdinand Konščak
1129:
1128:
983:
982:
837:
836:
622:semidiurnal tides
512:East Pacific Rise
492:Indio, California
484:East Pacific Rise
274:
273:
121:Ocean/sea sources
4284:
4090:Hydraulic System
3858:
3851:
3844:
3835:
3834:
3821:
3820:
3582:Raised shoreline
3557:Ingression coast
3552:Graded shoreline
3527:Cuspate foreland
3359:
3352:
3303:Submarine canyon
3163:Freshwater marsh
3008:
3001:
2994:
2985:
2984:
2969:
2968:
2958:
2957:
2890:Endorheic basins
2770:Gulf of Thailand
2622:Gulf of Khambhat
2117:
2110:
2103:
2094:
2093:
2066:
2046:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1934:
1925:
1924:
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1910:
1904:
1903:
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1889:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1869:
1861:
1852:
1841:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1819:. Archived from
1813:
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1778:
1776:
1752:
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1389:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1373:
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1359:
1353:
1347:Rebekah K. Nix.
1344:
1306:El Demonio Negro
991:
984:
845:
838:
699:
692:
577:Shores and tides
514:. The island of
508:Imperial Valleys
421:Duflot de Mofras
122:
85:
84:
82:
81:
80:
79:28.000; -112.000
75:
71:
68:
67:
66:
63:
53:
43:
26:
25:
4292:
4291:
4287:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4282:
4281:
4272:Cenozoic Mexico
4217:Gulfs of Mexico
4202:
4201:
4200:
4195:
4181:
4140:
4070:
4032:
3998:
3955:
3905:
3867:
3862:
3832:
3827:
3809:
3785:Intertidal zone
3711:
3678:
3567:Longshore drift
3512:Coastal erosion
3483:
3443:
3379:Beach evolution
3360:
3354:
3353:
3344:
3031:Anchialine pool
3017:
3012:
2982:
2977:
2952:
2943:
2917:
2884:
2860:South China Sea
2840:Seto Inland Sea
2760:Gulf of Fonseca
2666:
2573:
2424:Gulf of Finland
2419:Gulf of Bothnia
2404:English Channel
2374:Bay of Campeche
2339:Archipelago Sea
2305:
2261:Gulf of Boothia
2217:
2158:Cooperation Sea
2134:
2121:
2074:
2063:
2037:
2035:Further reading
2032:
2022:
2020:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2001:
1999:
1989:
1985:
1978:
1958:
1954:
1946:
1944:
1943:, The Portalist
1935:
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1911:
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1850:Wayback Machine
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498:created by the
472:tectonic forces
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322:Baja California
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3076:Brackish marsh
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3058:
3056:Barrier island
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2872:
2867:
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2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2830:Sea of Okhotsk
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2810:Philippine Sea
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2775:Gulf of Tonkin
2772:
2767:
2765:Gulf of Panama
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2745:Gulf of Anadyr
2742:
2740:Gulf of Alaska
2737:
2735:East China Sea
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2676:
2674:
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2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2583:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2564:Tyrrhenian Sea
2561:
2556:
2554:Sea of Marmara
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
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2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2444:Gulf of Mexico
2441:
2436:
2431:
2429:Gulf of Guinea
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2369:Bay of Bothnia
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
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2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2315:
2313:
2311:Atlantic Ocean
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2163:Cosmonauts Sea
2160:
2155:
2150:
2144:
2142:
2136:
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2120:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2073:
2072:External links
2070:
2069:
2068:
2061:
2048:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2008:
1983:
1976:
1970:. p. 81.
1952:
1926:
1905:
1895:. Math.ucr.edu
1884:
1853:
1833:
1808:
1794:
1767:(3): 395–407.
1763:(in Spanish).
1747:
1721:
1717:Hamilton, W.B.
1709:
1691:
1655:
1638:
1621:
1604:
1587:
1578:
1565:
1548:
1531:
1504:(3): 315–341.
1484:
1457:(2): 479–487.
1438:
1431:
1390:
1365:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1317:
1314:
1279:Puerto Peñasco
1259:Cabo San Lucas
1205:Colorado River
1173:Humboldt squid
1157:humpback whale
1140:Giant Pacific
1133:
1130:
1127:
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988:Cabo San Lucas
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696:Puerto Peñasco
682:
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638:poikilothermal
629:
626:
578:
575:
555:Isla Coronados
527:
524:
500:Colorado River
459:
456:
436:
433:
423:of France and
417:Colorado River
389:Fortún Ximénez
384:
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4075:South Central
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4056:
4052:
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4029:
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4019:
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3910:North Central
3908:
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3793:
3791:
3790:Littoral zone
3788:
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3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
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3735:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
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3723:Bulkhead line
3721:
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3714:
3708:
3705:
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3700:
3698:
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3664:Wave shoaling
3662:
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3647:
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3642:
3640:
3639:Surge channel
3637:
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3502:Cliffed coast
3500:
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3429:Shingle beach
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3405:
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3119:
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3101:Coastal plain
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2806:
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2801:
2798:
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2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2780:Halmahera Sea
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
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2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
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2683:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2672:Pacific Ocean
2669:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2642:Laccadive Sea
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2627:Gulf of Kutch
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2617:Gulf of Aqaba
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2597:Bay of Bengal
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
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2584:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
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2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2524:Norwegian Sea
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2494:Levantine Sea
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2449:Gulf of Sidra
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2439:Gulf of Maine
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2414:Greenland Sea
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2394:Caribbean Sea
2392:
2390:
2387:
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2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2364:Bay of Biscay
2362:
2360:
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2355:
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2344:Argentine Sea
2342:
2340:
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2327:
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2317:
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2282:
2279:
2277:
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2269:
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2259:
2257:
2256:Greenland Sea
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2231:Amundsen Gulf
2229:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
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2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
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2173:D'Urville Sea
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
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2083:Desert Museum
2081:
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2018:
2012:
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1823:on 2015-03-28
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1701:
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1680:on 2011-10-08
1676:
1672:
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1659:
1652:
1651:JSTOR website
1648:
1642:
1635:
1634:JSTOR website
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1617:JSTOR website
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1600:JSTOR website
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1561:JSTOR website
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1544:JSTOR website
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1197:sport fishing
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563:Isla Montague
560:
556:
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430:
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422:
418:
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413:Juan de Oñate
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
393:Hernán Cortés
390:
375:
373:
370:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
310:Pacific Ocean
307:
303:
302:Vermilion Sea
299:
298:Sea of Cortez
295:
294:Mar de Cortés
291:
290:Sea of Cortés
287:
283:
279:
269:
265:
261:
259:
255:
252:
249:
245:
242:
239:
235:
231:
227:
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205:Official name
203:
199:
194:
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187:
183:
179:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
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138:
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128:
125:Pacific Ocean
124:
118:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
92:
90:River sources
88:
83:
55:
49:
42:
37:
32:
27:
22:
4166:Chichén Itzá
3988:
3890:
3654:Volcanic arc
3542:Feeder bluff
3449:River mouths
3414:Raised beach
3409:Pocket beach
3337:
3308:Tidal island
3298:Strand plain
3243:Natural arch
2970:
2951:
2825:Sea of Japan
2749:
2700:Bismarck Sea
2652:Persian Gulf
2637:Gulf of Suez
2632:Gulf of Oman
2612:Gulf of Aden
2579:Indian Ocean
2559:Thracian Sea
2544:Sea of Crete
2534:Sea of Åland
2529:Sargasso Sea
2504:Ligurian Sea
2489:Labrador Sea
2479:Irminger Sea
2434:Gulf of Lion
2389:Bothnian Sea
2379:Bay of Fundy
2354:Balearic Sea
2319:Adriatic Sea
2241:Beaufort Sea
2223:Arctic Ocean
2148:Amundsen Sea
2052:
2042:
2021:. Retrieved
2011:
2000:. Retrieved
1986:
1962:
1955:
1945:, retrieved
1939:
1918:. Retrieved
1908:
1897:. Retrieved
1887:
1876:. Retrieved
1825:. Retrieved
1821:the original
1811:
1797:
1783:cite journal
1764:
1760:
1750:
1738:. Retrieved
1734:the original
1724:
1712:
1694:
1682:. Retrieved
1675:the original
1658:
1646:
1641:
1629:
1624:
1612:
1607:
1595:
1590:
1581:
1568:
1556:
1551:
1539:
1534:
1501:
1498:The Americas
1497:
1487:
1454:
1448:
1441:
1416:
1381:. Retrieved
1356:. Retrieved
1299:
1295:
1248:
1224:
1209:
1189:sperm whales
1165:killer whale
1146:
1123:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
977:
971:
965:
959:
953:
947:
941:
935:
929:
923:
917:
911:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
831:
825:
819:
813:
807:
801:
795:
789:
783:
777:
771:
765:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
688:
684:
672:
631:
619:
587:
580:
567:
550:Isla Partida
546:Islas Marías
542:Isla Tiburón
535:
516:Isla Tortuga
469:
452:
449:
445:
438:
425:C.H. Gilbert
386:
366:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
277:
275:
262:2019–present
163:Surface area
4136:Teotihuacán
4111:Mexico City
4049:Monte Albán
4028:Tlacotalpan
3805:River plume
3619:Steep coast
3592:Rocky shore
3587:Rip current
3467:River delta
3439:Wash margin
3434:Storm beach
3424:Shell beach
3389:Beach wrack
3384:Beach ridge
3374:Beach cusps
3323:Tied island
3313:Tidal marsh
3036:Archipelago
2903:Caspian Sea
2875:Visayan Sea
2855:Solomon Sea
2850:Sibuyan Sea
2845:Shantar Sea
2800:Molucca Sea
2795:Mar de Grau
2725:Chilean Sea
2720:Celebes Sea
2715:Camotes Sea
2680:Arafura Sea
2592:Arabian Sea
2587:Andaman Sea
2539:Sea of Azov
2514:Myrtoan Sea
2329:Alboran Sea
2281:Pechora Sea
2276:Lincoln Sea
2246:Chukchi Sea
2236:Barents Sea
2213:Weddell Sea
2183:Lazarev Sea
1684:28 December
1283:Topolobampo
1132:Marine life
1124:72 °F
1122:22 °C
1118:75 °F
1116:24 °C
1112:79 °F
1110:26 °C
1106:79 °F
1104:26 °C
1100:79 °F
1098:26 °C
1094:75 °F
1092:24 °C
1088:70 °F
1086:21 °C
1082:68 °F
1080:20 °C
1076:66 °F
1074:19 °C
1070:66 °F
1068:19 °C
1064:66 °F
1062:19 °C
1058:68 °F
1056:20 °C
978:70 °F
976:21 °C
972:75 °F
970:24 °C
966:81 °F
964:27 °C
960:82 °F
958:28 °C
954:85 °F
952:30 °C
948:82 °F
946:28 °C
942:81 °F
940:27 °C
936:77 °F
934:25 °C
930:73 °F
928:23 °C
924:70 °F
922:21 °C
918:66 °F
916:19 °C
912:66 °F
910:19 °C
832:66 °F
830:19 °C
826:73 °F
824:23 °C
820:79 °F
818:26 °C
814:82 °F
812:28 °C
808:82 °F
806:28 °C
802:79 °F
800:26 °C
796:73 °F
794:23 °C
790:70 °F
788:21 °C
784:66 °F
782:19 °C
778:63 °F
776:17 °C
772:61 °F
770:16 °C
766:63 °F
764:17 °C
597:limestone,
583:rocky shore
474:rifted the
306:Mar Vermejo
147:Max. length
77: /
52:Coordinates
4206:Categories
4145:South East
4115:Xochimilco
4083:Xochicalco
4037:South West
3940:Guanajuato
3872:North West
3733:Grain size
3707:Submersion
3684:Management
3669:Wind fetch
3629:Surf break
3547:Flat coast
3477:regressive
3263:Salt marsh
3121:Coral reef
2939:Superocean
2913:Salton Sea
2880:Yellow Sea
2870:Tasman Sea
2815:Salish Sea
2695:Bering Sea
2602:Flores Sea
2569:Wadden Sea
2499:Libyan Sea
2469:Ionian Sea
2464:Hudson Bay
2409:Foxe Basin
2399:Celtic Sea
2359:Baltic Sea
2349:Baffin Bay
2324:Aegean Sea
2296:Wandel Sea
2271:Laptev Sea
2203:Scotia Sea
2188:Mawson Sea
2002:2018-09-18
1997:Seeker.com
1947:2018-09-19
1920:2013-12-08
1899:2013-12-08
1878:2012-06-12
1865:"47942204"
1827:2016-06-27
1328:References
1275:Bahía Kino
1255:San Carlos
1251:San Felipe
1212:endangered
1185:fin whales
1181:blue whale
530:See also:
356:, and the
258:Endangered
229:Designated
224:vii, ix, x
185:References
155:Max. width
3934:Querétaro
3928:Zacatecas
3692:Accretion
3674:Wind wave
3634:Surf zone
3489:Processes
3462:Mouth bar
3419:Recession
3399:Beachrock
3318:Tide pool
3248:Peninsula
3136:cliff-top
3023:Landforms
2835:Seram Sea
2805:Moro Gulf
2730:Coral Sea
2710:Bohol Sea
2705:Bohai Sea
2690:Banda Sea
2662:Timor Sea
2519:North Sea
2484:James Bay
2474:Irish Sea
2384:Black Sea
2301:White Sea
2208:Somov Sea
2168:Davis Sea
2023:2 October
1526:130939548
1358:April 10,
1310:megalodon
1220:anchovies
1169:manta ray
1142:manta ray
658:ephemeral
634:estuaries
628:Estuaries
599:rhyolites
378:Geography
316:from the
4160:Campeche
4153:Calakmul
4066:Palenque
4016:El Tajín
3949:and the
3823:Category
3649:Undertow
3602:Sea foam
3597:Sea cave
3497:Blowhole
3339:Windwatt
3198:Headland
3046:Avulsion
2972:Category
2908:Dead Sea
2898:Aral Sea
2865:Sulu Sea
2820:Savu Sea
2790:Koro Sea
2785:Java Sea
2685:Bali Sea
2266:Kara Sea
2198:Ross Sea
1872:Archived
1846:Archived
1479:19481500
1471:19337754
1379:. UNESCO
1316:See also
1291:Mazatlán
1216:sardines
675:chubasco
654:wetlands
646:brackish
642:seawater
590:endemism
504:Mexicali
478:off the
338:Colorado
221:Criteria
94:Colorado
3978:Morelia
3773:shingle
3753:granule
3738:boulder
3716:Related
3612:peresyp
3522:Current
3457:Debouch
3366:Beaches
3333:Waituna
3328:Tombolo
3238:Mudflat
3233:Machair
3223:Isthmus
3143:Estuary
3086:Channel
2657:Red Sea
1740:May 27,
1518:1007225
1302:Spanish
1271:Guaymas
1244:endemic
1240:vaquita
1201:fishery
1193:totoaba
1153:vaquita
1149:endemic
664:Climate
615:diabase
607:diorite
603:granite
595:coquina
526:Islands
458:Geology
427:of the
383:History
350:Sinaloa
334:Sinaloa
318:Mexican
282:Spanish
216:Natural
176:Islands
106:Sinaloa
65:112°0′W
4191:region
4045:Oaxaca
4022:Puebla
3763:pebble
3758:gravel
3748:cobble
3293:Strait
3273:Skerry
3228:Lagoon
3213:Island
3168:Fundus
3071:Bodden
2922:Others
2128:oceans
2059:
1974:
1524:
1516:
1477:
1469:
1429:
1383:8 July
1287:Mulegé
1267:Loreto
1263:La Paz
842:La Paz
611:basalt
369:UNESCO
354:Sonora
342:Fuerte
332:, and
330:Sonora
247:Region
137:Mexico
110:Sonora
98:Fuerte
62:28°0′N
4177:Uxmal
4059:Mitla
4055:Yagul
3644:Swash
3607:Shoal
3288:Stack
3278:Sound
3268:Shoal
3218:Islet
3203:Inlet
3193:Hapua
3158:Fjord
3153:Fjard
3148:Firth
3096:Coast
3091:Cliff
3066:Bight
3041:Atoll
2929:Ocean
2124:Earth
1868:(PDF)
1678:(PDF)
1667:(PDF)
1522:S2CID
1514:JSTOR
1475:S2CID
1423:10–15
1352:(PDF)
1242:, an
681:Ocean
605:, or
496:delta
358:Yaqui
296:) or
131:Basin
114:Yaqui
4113:and
4095:UNAM
4057:and
4003:East
3960:West
3778:silt
3768:sand
3743:clay
3472:mega
3283:Spit
3253:Reef
3183:Gulf
3131:Dune
3126:Cove
3081:Cape
3051:Ayre
2132:seas
2130:and
2057:ISBN
2025:2017
1972:ISBN
1789:link
1742:2008
1686:2020
1467:PMID
1427:ISBN
1385:2019
1360:2010
1285:and
1229:and
1218:and
1187:and
1175:and
540:and
506:and
439:The
435:Area
346:Mayo
276:The
241:1182
232:2005
213:Type
102:Mayo
3258:Ria
3188:Gut
3178:Geo
3173:Gat
3061:Bay
2934:Sea
2126:'s
1769:doi
1506:doi
1459:doi
1455:105
1050:Dec
1045:Nov
1040:Oct
1035:Sep
1030:Aug
1025:Jul
1020:Jun
1015:May
1010:Apr
1005:Mar
1000:Feb
995:Jan
904:Dec
899:Nov
894:Oct
889:Sep
884:Aug
879:Jul
874:Jun
869:May
864:Apr
859:Mar
854:Feb
849:Jan
758:Dec
753:Nov
748:Oct
743:Sep
738:Aug
733:Jul
728:Jun
723:May
718:Apr
713:Mar
708:Feb
703:Jan
669:Air
613:or
4208::
1995:.
1966:.
1929:^
1870:.
1856:^
1836:^
1785:}}
1781:{{
1765:68
1759:.
1702:.
1669:.
1520:.
1512:.
1502:45
1500:.
1496:.
1473:.
1465:.
1453:.
1425:.
1393:^
1368:^
1335:^
1304::
1281:,
1277:,
1273:,
1269:,
1265:,
1261:,
1257:,
1253:,
1171:,
1167:,
1163:,
1159:,
601:,
565:.
403:,
399:,
395:,
391:,
374:.
364:.
352:,
348:,
344:,
340:,
328:,
324:,
284::
180:37
112:,
108:,
104:,
100:,
96:,
4155:,
3857:e
3850:t
3843:v
3007:e
3000:t
2993:v
2116:e
2109:t
2102:v
2065:.
2027:.
2005:.
1980:.
1923:.
1902:.
1881:.
1830:.
1791:)
1777:.
1771::
1744:.
1688:.
1528:.
1508::
1481:.
1461::
1435:.
1387:.
1362:.
304:(
292:(
280:(
23:.
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