99:
1103:, directly to the south of the river. In return for an end to raids in Waalo territory, the emir took the heiress of Waalo as a bride. The prospect that Trarza might inherit control of both banks of the Senegal struck at the security of French traders, and the French responded by sending a large expeditionary force that crushed Muhammad's army. The war incited the French to expand to the north of the Senegal River for the first time, heralding French direct involvement in the interior of West Africa. Africa continued to export gum arabic in large quantitiesâfrom the Sahel areas of
32:
91:
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arabic for their livelihoods. After market reforms in 2019, official figures showed that Sudan's exports of gum arabic were at about 60,000 tonnes in 2022, but exact numbers are difficult to ascertain because some production is in regions that are hard to access. Before the reforms, the production of gum arabic was heavily dominated by the
Sudanese government and in some periods there were attempts of using its importance to the global market as a leverage against other countries. Since the
889:
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902:
453:
1055:. By 1678, the French had driven out the Dutch and established a permanent settlement at Saint Louis at the mouth of the Senegal River. Gum Arabic came to play an essential role in textile printing and therefore in pre-industrial economies of France, Great Britain and other European countries. Throughout the 18th century, their competition over the commodity was so fierce, that some have referred to it as the gum wars.
3442:
727:
1059:
735:
1132:, the export of gum arabic has been interrupted, causing a crash in its price in Sudan because of a reduced ability to export the product, whereas international companies that rely on it are attempting to diversify the supply chain of gum arabic and find alternative ingredients that can be used as a replacement.
788:
The gum is normally made up into a solution in hot water (typically 10â25 g/L; ÂŒ to Âœ oz per pint), and then added to the glaze solution after any ball milling in concentrations from 0.02% to 3.0% of gum arabic to the dry weight of the glaze. On firing, the gum burns out at a low temperature, leaving
765:
If little water is used, after evaporation, the acacia gum functions as a true binder in a paint film, increasing luminosity and helping prevent the colors from lightening. Gum arabic allows more subtle control over washes, because it facilitates the dispersion of the pigment particles. In addition,
1127:
Since the 1950s, the global supply of gum arabic has been dominated by Sudan. In the early 2020s, about 70% of the global supply has been sourced from Sudan, with approximately 5 million
Sudanese people (more than 10 percent of a country's population) being directly or indirectly dependent on gum
853:. The etching process creates a gum adsorb layer within the matrix that attracts water, ensuring that the oil-based ink does not stick to those areas. Gum is also essential to what is sometimes called paper lithography, printing from an image created by a laser printer or photocopier.
1042:
for
Portugal. With the merger of the Portuguese and Spanish crowns in 1580, the Spaniards became the dominant influence along the coast. In 1638, however, they were replaced by the Dutch, who were the first to begin exploiting the acacia gum trade. Produced by the acacia trees of
1078:
For much of the 18th and 19th centuries, gum arabic was the major export from French and
British trading colonies in modern Senegal and Mauritania. West Africa had become the sole supplier of world acacia gum by the 18th century, and its export at the French colony of
288:(EFSA) said that although the above definition holds true for most internationally traded samples, the term "gum arabic" does not indicate a particular botanical source; in a few cases, soâcalled "gum arabic" may not even have been collected from
1438:
1003:
cycle, acacia gum remains a main export of several
African nations, including Mauritania, Niger, Chad, and Sudan. Total world gum arabic exports were estimated in 2019 at 160,000 tonnes, having recovered from 1987 to 1989 and
922:
since antiquity, sub-Saharan acacia gum has a long history as a prized export. The gum exported came from the band of acacia trees that once covered much of the Sahel region, the southern littoral of the
1984:
Renard D, Lavenant-Gourgeon L, Ralet MC, Sanchez C (September 2006). "Acacia senegal gum: continuum of molecular species differing by their protein to sugar ratio, molecular weight, and charges".
781:. It acts as a binder, helping the glaze adhere to the clay before it is fired, thereby minimising damage by handling during the manufacture of the piece. As a secondary effect, it also acts as a
769:
The addition of a little gum arabic to watercolor pigment and water allows for easier lifting of pigment from paper, thus can be a useful tool when lifting out color when painting in watercolor.
1714:
1680:
845:, both from traditional stones and aluminum plates. In lithography, gum by itself may be used to etch very light tones, such as those made with a number-five crayon.
789:
no residues in the glaze. More recently, particularly in commercial manufacturing, gum arabic is often replaced by more refined and consistent alternatives, such as
1505:"Effects of Gum acacia aqueous extract on the histology of the intestine and enzymes of both the intestine and the pancreas of albino rats treated with Meloxicam"
1331:
1794:
999:
is tapped for gum by stripping bits off the bark, from which gum then exudes. Traditionally harvested by seminomadic desert pastoralists in the course of their
185:) was used in the Middle East at least as early as the 9th century. Gum arabic first found its way to Europe via Arabic ports, and so retained its proper name.
2304:
2349:
1936:
1096:
2242:
1160:
and other
European poets of the 13th to 17th centuries, gum arabic represented the "noble Orient". In the Sahel, it is a symbol of the purity of youth.
493:
is not an issue, as the proportions of the various chemicals in gum arabic vary widely and make it unpredictable. It remains an important ingredient in
2220:
552:
165:
However, the term "gum arabic" does not actually indicate a particular botanical source. The gum is harvested commercially from wild trees, mostly in
762:. When all moisture evaporates, the acacia gum typically does not bind the pigment to the paper surface, but is totally absorbed by deeper layers.
714:. A 1998 review concluded that "based on present scientific knowledge, only an arbitrary value can be used for regulatory purposes". In 2008, the
1290:
730:
Powdered gum arabic for artists, one part of which is dissolved in four parts distilled water to make a liquid suitable for adding to pigments
2322:
3446:
876:
is a biopolymer consisting of arabinose and galactose monosaccharides. It is a major component of many plant gums, including gum arabic.
785:, increasing the fluidity of the glaze mixture, but also making it more likely to sediment out into a hard cake if not used for a while.
2030:
1436:, Matsuda, Hideaki; Iwaki, Masahiro & Kawase, Atsushi, "Accelerating Agent of Calcium Absorption", issued 2007-08-23
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2123:
1722:
593:. Lithographic printers employ it to keep the non-image areas of the plate receptive to water. This treatment also helps to stop
2145:
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of any color is suspended within the acacia gum in varying amounts, resulting in watercolor paint. Water acts as a vehicle or a
718:
sent a letter of no objection in response to an application to reduce the rated caloric value of gum arabic to 1.7 kcal/g.
1889:
1761:
1383:
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2335:
1692:
1305:
437:
1852:
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doubled in the decade of 1830 alone. A threat to bypass Saint-Louis and taxes by sending gum to the
British traders at
1786:
2057:
1920:
1663:
75:
53:
910:
from Paul
Hermann Wilhelm Taubert's Leguminosae, in Engelmann (ed.): NatĂŒrliche Pflanzenfamilien. Vol. III, 3., 1891
897:
from Paul
Hermann Wilhelm Taubert's Leguminosae, in Engelmann (ed.): NatĂŒrliche Pflanzenfamilien. Vol. III, 3., 1891
46:
2189:
849:, nitric, or tannic acid is added in varying concentrations to the acacia gum to etch the darker tones up to dark
3518:
3513:
1399:
Ali BH, Ziada A, Blunden G (January 2009). "Biological effects of gum arabic: a review of some recent research".
98:
2859:
285:
2313:
3498:
3493:
2262:"Effect of gum arabic on the absorption of a single oral dose of amoxicillin in healthy Sudanese volunteers"
2212:
3503:
880:
has been identified as covalently linked to carbohydrate moieties of the arabinogalactan-protein fraction.
715:
710:
initially set a value of 4 kcal/g for food labelling, but in Europe no value was assigned for soluble
671:
1816:
Phillips GO (April 1998). "Acacia gum (Gum Arabic): a nutritional fibre; metabolism and calorific value".
3533:
3246:
1434:
1092:
691:
656:, is sometimes used in cocktails to prevent the sugar from crystallising and provide a smooth texture.
354:
and therefore its intake is associated with many useful health effects. These health benefits include:
2541:
3528:
3478:
2358:
1282:
330:, it also possesses a broad range of health benefits that have been evidently proved through several
1231:
Mortensen A, Aguilar F, Crebelli R, Di
Domenico A, Frutos MJ, Galtier P, et al. (April 2017).
1108:
431:
40:
1748:
The Pastry Chef's Companion: A Comprehensive Resource Guide for the Baking and Pastry Professional
2966:
2514:
790:
388:
373:
3392:
2849:
877:
683:
363:
217:
57:
1753:
3488:
3337:
3003:
2901:
2484:
1912:
1906:
706:; an upper limit of 2 kcal/g was set for rats, but this is not valid for humans. The US
347:
1745:
116:
3073:
2931:
2921:
2906:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2464:
2168:"Conflict casts ominous shadow over global supplies of Sudan's flagship export: gum Arabic"
1169:
1112:
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1005:
814:
699:
20:
284:). A 2017 safety re-evaluation by the Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources of the
8:
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810:
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1604:
1580:
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1531:
1504:
1480:
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1337:. Nairobi, Kenya: Network for Natural Gums and Resins in Africa (NGARA). Archived from
1259:
1232:
1104:
2073:
Webb, J. L. (2009). "The Trade in Gum Arabic: Prelude to French Conquest in Senegal".
2024:
318:
and in addition to its widespread use in food and pharmaceutical industries as a safe
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2001:
1962:
1916:
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617:
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829:. In the final print, the acacia gum permanently binds the pigments onto the paper.
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1993:
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319:
253:
90:
2243:"Key Ingredient in Coca-Cola, Chocolate and Red Wine Is Caught Up in Sudan Crisis"
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to thin the watercolor paint and helps to transfer the paint to a surface such as
3347:
3268:
3033:
2945:
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2546:
873:
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In rats, a protective effect on the intestine against the adverse actions of the
377:
160:
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893:
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from 19 to 23 March 1999, as the dried exudate from the trunks and branches of
264:
Gum arabic was defined by the 31st Codex Committee for Food Additives, held at
197:
2580:
2563:
2086:
1961:
Azzaoui K, Hammouti B, Lamhamdi A, Mejdoubi E, Berrabah M (20 December 2014).
1829:
1412:
3462:
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3143:
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2019:
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into direct conflict with the French. In the 1820s, the French launched the
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acacia gum slows evaporation of water, giving slightly longer working time.
3417:
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3241:
3163:
3053:
2998:
2993:
2961:
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2854:
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2655:
2287:
2005:
1640:
1589:
1540:
1489:
1420:
1366:
Ahmed AA (January 2018). "Health benefits of gum arabic and medical use.".
1268:
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Island (off the coast of modern Mauritania), which acquired acacia gum and
1000:
952:
906:
806:
782:
687:
629:
563:
528:
474:
421:
392:
339:
256:, though less expensive materials compete with it for many of these roles.
193:
1837:
1454:"The lowering effect of Gum Arabic on hyperlipidemia in Sudanese patients"
3352:
3293:
3183:
3178:
3153:
3136:
3126:
3117:
2983:
2834:
2729:
2469:
2278:
2261:
1571:
1141:
1051:, this acacia gum was considered superior to that previously obtained in
842:
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653:
633:
570:
532:
509:
505:
398:
384:
281:
225:
139:
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plates in the interval between processing of the plate and its use on a
350:
that enhances the growth and proliferation of the beneficial intestinal
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3188:
3148:
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2765:
2585:
2531:
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2449:
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2434:
2408:
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2034:. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 482.
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343:
209:
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1997:
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598:
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265:
245:
241:
224:
E414 (I414 in the US). Gum arabic is a key ingredient in traditional
205:
201:
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2956:
2941:
2839:
2795:
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2770:
2755:
2745:
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1983:
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992:
984:
968:
862:
822:
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601:
578:
490:
478:
323:
277:
229:
221:
1787:"Gum arabic: the invisible ingredient in soft drink supply chains"
1681:"Effect of gum arabic on wine astringency and colloidal stability"
1678:
3325:
3320:
3310:
3283:
3203:
3103:
3068:
3058:
3043:
2800:
2711:
2575:
2454:
1140:
Gum arabic slows the rate of absorption of some drugs, including
980:
976:
960:
944:
932:
838:
818:
755:
751:
739:
574:
501:
466:
359:
302:
189:
178:
174:
1107:(modern Senegal, Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger) and
426:
Prebiotic improving the intestinal barrier function, preventing
3368:
3330:
3315:
3278:
3236:
3231:
3131:
2886:
2790:
2459:
2419:
1960:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1035:
915:
513:
486:
404:
290:
2146:"Sudan crisis spells uncertainty for key Coca-Cola ingredient"
1882:
Het kunstschilderboek â handboek voor materialen en technieken
3298:
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2775:
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988:
972:
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850:
759:
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497:
408:
233:
170:
166:
2124:"What does Sudan's crisis mean for the gum arabic industry?"
825:
that becomes relatively insoluble in water upon exposure to
690:
in the colon under the influence of microorganisms; it is a
3305:
3273:
2518:
1554:
Carlson JL, Erickson JM, Lloyd BB, Slavin JL (March 2018).
964:
948:
560:
237:
2260:
Eltayeb IB, Awad AI, Elderbi MA, Shadad SA (August 2004).
1679:
Vivas N, Vivas de Gaulejac N, Nonier MF, Nedjma M (2001).
1553:
734:
3113:
2818:
2374:
2317:
707:
559:-increasing agent. Wine makers have used gum arabic as a
249:
143:
2314:
Story on gum arabic, its production, and use in industry
2259:
1233:"Re-evaluation of acacia gum (E 414) as a food additive"
338:
studies. Gum arabic is not degraded in the stomach, but
1556:"Health Effects and Sources of Prebiotic Dietary Fiber"
294:(in the broad sense) species, instead coming from e.g.
2118:
2116:
2114:
2112:
1605:"Fiber and prebiotics: mechanisms and health benefits"
861:
Gum arabic is also used as a water-soluble binder in
383:
Lipid lowering potential (gum arabic decreases total
342:
in the large intestine into a number of short chain
169:(about 70% of the global supply) and throughout the
2109:
1306:"Tears of gold: how gum arabic conquered the world"
489:by humans. Other substances have replaced it where
2210:
1963:"The Gum Arabic in the southern region of Morocco"
1879:
1433:
1875:
1873:
1502:
1451:
674:for human consumption. An indication of harmless
244:, and various industrial applications, including
3460:
1062:West African tribes meet to trade gum arabic at
19:For the chewable resin known as Arabic gum, see
1656:Handbook of Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Excipients
1398:
935:. Today, the main populations of gum-producing
652:. A solution of sugar and gum arabic in water,
2357:
2050:Gum Arabic.The Golden Tears of the Acacia Tree
1904:
1870:
1752:. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. pp.
777:Gum arabic has a long history as additives to
2343:
1452:Mohamed RE, Gadour MO, Adam I (18 May 2015).
616:Gum arabic is used in the food industry as a
2323:Harvesting gum arabic in Sudan â in pictures
2204:
2043:
2041:
1809:
1743:
678:occurs in some people taking large doses of
212:in water, edible, and used primarily in the
2190:"Gum arabic threatened by the war in Sudan"
1329:
682:or more per day. It is not degraded in the
2350:
2336:
2213:"Impact of Bush's Sudan sanctions doubted"
1072:CĂŽte occidentale d'Afrique du Colonel Frey
1008:caused by the destruction of trees by the
2277:
2266:The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
2047:
2038:
1784:
1653:
1630:
1620:
1579:
1530:
1520:
1479:
1469:
1258:
1248:
76:Learn how and when to remove this message
2211:Gerstenzang J, Sanders E (30 May 2007).
2018:
1911:(3rd ed.). Cahners Bookj. pp.
1815:
1503:Abd El-Mawla AM, Osman HE (April 2011).
1332:"Production and marketing of gum arabic"
1057:
900:
887:
733:
725:
451:
97:
89:
39:This article includes a list of general
1954:
914:While gum arabic has been harvested in
837:Gum arabic is also used to protect and
3461:
1602:
1293:from the original on 28 February 2018.
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
750:because it dissolves easily in water.
142:originally consisting of the hardened
16:Natural gum obtained from Acacia trees
2331:
1850:
1365:
1303:
577:cones. It is also used as a lickable
573:, and can be used in making homemade
107:, pictured in the medicinal handbook
3441:
2072:
1370:. Academic Press. pp. 183â210.
1361:
1359:
1323:
1020:
25:
2052:. Leiden: Leiden University Press.
1217:
1152:In the works of English playwright
1115:, until these nations gained their
1099:, had signed an agreement with the
746:Gum arabic is used as a binder for
721:
13:
1853:"Gum arabic caloric value lowered"
1797:from the original on 15 March 2018
1376:10.1016/b978-0-12-812002-6.00016-6
821:to create a coloured photographic
309:
45:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
3545:
2298:
1880:Kraaijpoel D, Herenius C (2007).
1560:Current Developments in Nutrition
1356:
1147:
569:It is an important ingredient in
500:and "hard" gummy candies such as
3440:
3431:
3430:
2223:from the original on 1 June 2007
1884:. Tirion Creatief. p. 183.
531:, and it is used as a binder in
30:
3474:Agricultural products of Africa
2253:
2235:
2182:
2160:
2138:
2066:
2012:
1977:
1929:
1905:Parmalee CW, Harman CG (1973).
1898:
1844:
1818:Food Additives and Contaminants
1778:
1737:
1707:
1672:
1647:
1596:
1547:
1496:
1304:Braun, Bart (23 January 2020).
1135:
856:
420:modulating the release of some
314:Gum arabic is a rich source of
2148:. Deutsche Welle. 20 July 2023
2075:The Journal of African History
1785:McEachran R (16 August 2013).
1445:
1427:
1392:
1297:
1289:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
1275:
1182:
1025:
868:
832:
796:
430:, and alleviating symptoms of
286:European Food Safety Authority
1:
1967:Moroccan Journal of Chemistry
1210:
883:
878:8-5' Noncyclic diferulic acid
477:gives it the properties of a
259:
216:and soft-drink industry as a
94:Acacia gum, pieces and powder
1851:Hills S (17 November 2008).
1744:Rinsky LH, Rinsky G (2009).
1715:"Printing Process Explained"
1691:(8): 175â176. Archived from
1685:Progres Agricole et Viticole
1401:Food and Chemical Toxicology
742:, some containing gum arabic
672:generally recognized as safe
200:, predominantly polymers of
7:
1163:
1070:, 1890 (illustration from "
809:uses gum arabic mixed with
772:
702:has been reached about its
110:Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen
10:
3550:
2359:Non-timber forest products
2126:. Al Jazeera. 11 July 2023
1330:Muller D, Okoro C (2004).
1113:British-administered Sudan
1093:Franco-Trarzan War of 1825
1015:
807:gum bichromate photography
18:
3509:Agriculture in Mauritania
3426:
3361:
3224:
3112:
3024:
2809:
2725:
2626:
2513:
2400:
2365:
2192:. AfricaNews. 22 May 2023
2087:10.1017/S0021853700036914
1830:10.1080/02652039809374639
1413:10.1016/j.fct.2008.07.001
1111:(modern Chad) as well as
1087:, eventually brought the
1034:set up a trading post on
181:. The name "gum Arabic" (
138:and by other names) is a
2170:. Arab News. 29 May 2023
1658:. CRC Press. p. 7.
1471:10.3389/fphys.2015.00160
1250:10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4741
1175:
1122:
1109:French Equatorial Africa
659:Gum arabic is a complex
632:, fillings, soft candy,
516:, it is the traditional
456:Gum arabic exuding from
432:irritable bowel diseases
380:and body fat percentage)
274:Vachellia (Acacia) seyal
188:Gum arabic is a complex
2247:The Wall Street Journal
2031:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
1937:"Gum Bichromate Prints"
1603:Slavin J (April 2013).
1522:10.4103/0974-8490.81959
1458:Frontiers in Physiology
791:carboxymethyl cellulose
611:
527:and in photography for
512:chocolate candies. For
447:
376:(gum arabic lowers the
358:Improved absorption of
60:more precise citations.
3519:Agriculture in Nigeria
3514:Agriculture in Senegal
3373:(Iberian agroforestry)
2611:Pacific mountain onion
1509:Pharmacognosy Research
1075:
1074:", pl. en reg. p. 100)
911:
898:
843:lithographic processes
743:
731:
543:also use the gum as a
462:
422:inflammatory mediators
364:gastrointestinal tract
346:. It is regarded as a
146:of two species of the
120:
95:
3393:Indian forest produce
2864:Hydnocarpus wightiana
2305:Kew Species Profile:
1654:Smolinske SC (1992).
1061:
939:species are found in
904:
891:
737:
729:
455:
101:
93:
3499:Agriculture in Niger
3494:Agriculture in Sudan
2636:Bare-toothed russula
2048:van Dalen D (2020).
1170:Mastic (plant resin)
815:potassium dichromate
700:scientific consensus
698:). No regulatory or
694:(as distinct from a
537:Pharmaceutical drugs
21:Mastic (plant resin)
3504:Agriculture in Chad
3247:musical instruments
2505:Woodland strawberry
1154:William Shakespeare
1130:2023 Sudan conflict
1032:Henry the Navigator
927:that runs from the
748:watercolor painting
3534:E-number additives
2279:10.1093/jac/dkh372
1572:10.1093/cdn/nzy005
1105:French West Africa
1076:
912:
899:
744:
732:
640:, and to bind the
463:
254:textile industries
183:al-samgh al-'arabi
121:
117:Franz Eugen Köhler
96:
3456:
3455:
2217:Los Angeles Times
1998:10.1021/bm060145j
1986:Biomacromolecules
1913:131â133, 145, 589
1891:978-90-439-1107-8
1857:foodnavigator-usa
1763:978-0-470-00955-0
1725:on 15 August 2012
1622:10.3390/nu5041417
1385:978-0-12-812002-6
1097:Muhammad al Habib
1089:Emirate of Trarza
1021:Political aspects
827:ultraviolet light
622:emulsifying agent
581:, for example on
155:Senegalia senegal
86:
85:
78:
3541:
3529:Food stabilizers
3479:Food ingredients
3444:
3443:
3434:
3433:
3408:Resin extraction
3398:Mushroom hunting
3374:
3120: / etc.
2974:
2867:
2702:Saffron milk cap
2692:Parasol mushroom
2532:Fiddlehead ferns
2352:
2345:
2338:
2329:
2328:
2292:
2291:
2281:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2120:
2107:
2106:
2081:(2â3): 149â168.
2070:
2064:
2063:
2045:
2036:
2035:
2027:
2016:
2010:
2009:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1877:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1751:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1721:. Archived from
1711:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1634:
1624:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1583:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1534:
1524:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1483:
1473:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1363:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1344:on 11 March 2016
1343:
1336:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1262:
1252:
1228:
1204:
1186:
1144:, from the gut.
1095:. The new emir,
1030:In 1445, Prince
1006:2003â2005 crises
722:Painting and art
681:
626:thickening agent
591:cigarette papers
553:suspending agent
119:
113:
81:
74:
70:
67:
61:
56:this article by
47:inline citations
34:
33:
26:
3549:
3548:
3544:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3422:
3372:
3357:
3348:Vegetable ivory
3220:
3108:
3020:
2968:
2861:
2823:
2805:
2739:
2721:
2687:Oyster mushroom
2677:Meadow mushroom
2622:
2606:Twincrest onion
2509:
2413:
2396:
2367:Animal products
2361:
2356:
2301:
2296:
2295:
2258:
2254:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2226:
2224:
2209:
2205:
2195:
2193:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2173:
2171:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2151:
2149:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2129:
2127:
2122:
2121:
2110:
2071:
2067:
2060:
2046:
2039:
2017:
2013:
1982:
1978:
1959:
1955:
1945:
1943:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1878:
1871:
1861:
1859:
1849:
1845:
1814:
1810:
1800:
1798:
1783:
1779:
1764:
1742:
1738:
1728:
1726:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1698:
1696:
1677:
1673:
1666:
1652:
1648:
1601:
1597:
1552:
1548:
1501:
1497:
1450:
1446:
1439:
1432:
1428:
1397:
1393:
1386:
1364:
1357:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1334:
1328:
1324:
1314:
1312:
1302:
1298:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1229:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1207:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1166:
1150:
1138:
1125:
1028:
1023:
1018:
907:Vachellia seyal
886:
874:Arabinogalactan
871:
859:
835:
801:The historical
799:
775:
738:A selection of
724:
679:
614:
471:polysaccharides
459:Acacia nilotica
450:
415:Immune function
378:body mass index
312:
310:Health benefits
262:
228:and is used in
198:polysaccharides
161:Vachellia seyal
114:
108:
82:
71:
65:
62:
52:Please help to
51:
35:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3547:
3537:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3438:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3415:
3413:Rubber tapping
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3379:Forest farming
3376:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3234:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3129:
3123:
3121:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3030:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3015:Vateria indica
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:Shorea robusta
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2663:
2661:Honey mushroom
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2632:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2544:
2542:Mahuwa flowers
2539:
2534:
2529:
2523:
2521:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2377:
2371:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2355:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2311:
2307:Acacia senegal
2300:
2299:External links
2297:
2294:
2293:
2252:
2234:
2203:
2181:
2159:
2137:
2108:
2065:
2058:
2037:
2025:"Arguin"
2022:, ed. (1911).
2020:Chisholm, Hugh
2011:
1992:(9): 2637â49.
1976:
1953:
1928:
1921:
1908:Ceramic Glazes
1897:
1890:
1869:
1843:
1808:
1777:
1762:
1736:
1706:
1695:on 8 June 2012
1671:
1664:
1646:
1615:(4): 1417â35.
1595:
1546:
1495:
1444:
1426:
1391:
1384:
1355:
1322:
1296:
1285:Acacia senegal
1274:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1188:also known as
1180:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1165:
1162:
1149:
1148:Symbolic value
1146:
1137:
1134:
1124:
1121:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
929:Atlantic Ocean
894:Acacia senegal
885:
882:
870:
867:
858:
855:
834:
831:
798:
795:
779:ceramic glazes
774:
771:
723:
720:
661:polysaccharide
613:
610:
606:printing press
583:postage stamps
535:compositions.
449:
446:
445:
444:
434:
424:
412:
402:
396:
381:
371:
366:
316:dietary fibers
311:
308:
276:in the family
270:Acacia senegal
261:
258:
104:Acacia senegal
84:
83:
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3546:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3449:
3448:
3439:
3437:
3429:
3428:
3425:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3388:Honey hunting
3386:
3384:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3144:Coconut sugar
3142:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2808:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2718:
2717:Yellow knight
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2707:Slippery jack
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2537:Heart of palm
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2515:Edible plants
2512:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2480:Juniper berry
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2393:
2390:
2386:
2383:
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2373:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2353:
2348:
2346:
2341:
2339:
2334:
2333:
2330:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2303:
2302:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2256:
2249:. 3 May 2023.
2248:
2244:
2238:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2207:
2191:
2185:
2169:
2163:
2147:
2141:
2125:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2069:
2061:
2059:9789087283360
2055:
2051:
2044:
2042:
2033:
2032:
2026:
2021:
2015:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1957:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1924:
1922:0-8436-0609-6
1918:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1901:
1893:
1887:
1883:
1876:
1874:
1858:
1854:
1847:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1824:(3): 251â64.
1823:
1819:
1812:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1749:
1740:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1694:
1690:
1687:(in French).
1686:
1682:
1675:
1667:
1665:0-8493-3585-X
1661:
1657:
1650:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1599:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1566:(3): nzy005.
1565:
1561:
1557:
1550:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1515:(2): 114â21.
1514:
1510:
1506:
1499:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1435:
1430:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1395:
1387:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1360:
1340:
1333:
1326:
1311:
1307:
1300:
1292:
1288:
1287:(gum arabic)"
1286:
1278:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
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1227:
1225:
1223:
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1185:
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1168:
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1161:
1159:
1156:, Dutch poet
1155:
1145:
1143:
1133:
1131:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1101:Waalo Kingdom
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1073:
1069:
1068:Senegal River
1065:
1060:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1013:
1011:
1010:desert locust
1007:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
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978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
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934:
930:
926:
925:Sahara Desert
921:
917:
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908:
903:
896:
895:
890:
881:
879:
875:
866:
865:composition.
864:
854:
852:
848:
844:
840:
830:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
794:
792:
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784:
780:
770:
767:
763:
761:
757:
753:
749:
741:
736:
728:
719:
717:
713:
712:dietary fibre
709:
705:
704:caloric value
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
677:
673:
669:
668:dietary fibre
666:
662:
657:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
638:confectionery
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
609:
607:
603:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
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558:
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546:
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538:
534:
530:
526:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
475:glycoproteins
472:
468:
465:Gum arabic's
461:
460:
454:
443:
439:
435:
433:
429:
425:
423:
419:
416:
413:
410:
406:
403:
400:
397:
394:
390:
386:
382:
379:
375:
372:
370:
369:Anti-diabetic
367:
365:
361:
357:
356:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
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293:
292:
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279:
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271:
267:
257:
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251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
214:food industry
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
194:glycoproteins
191:
186:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
162:
157:
156:
151:
150:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
118:
111:
106:
105:
100:
92:
88:
80:
77:
69:
66:November 2022
59:
55:
49:
48:
42:
37:
28:
27:
22:
3489:Natural gums
3445:
3418:Wildcrafting
3403:Naval stores
3381: /
3369:
3338:Tendu leaves
3294:Natural dyes
3164:Gutta-percha
3158:
3116: /
3054:Frankincense
3014:
2970:
2927:Mango butter
2872:Cocoa butter
2863:
2860:Chaulmoogra
2830:Allanblackia
2761:Black pepper
2646:Birch bolete
2596:Canada onion
2581:Wild ginseng
2576:Saw palmetto
2517: /
2407: /
2309:(gum arabic)
2306:
2272:(2): 577â8.
2269:
2265:
2255:
2246:
2237:
2225:. Retrieved
2216:
2206:
2196:18 September
2194:. Retrieved
2184:
2174:18 September
2172:. Retrieved
2162:
2152:18 September
2150:. Retrieved
2140:
2130:18 September
2128:. Retrieved
2078:
2074:
2068:
2049:
2029:
2014:
1989:
1985:
1979:
1970:
1966:
1956:
1944:. Retrieved
1940:
1931:
1907:
1900:
1881:
1860:. Retrieved
1856:
1846:
1821:
1817:
1811:
1799:. Retrieved
1791:The Guardian
1790:
1780:
1747:
1739:
1727:. Retrieved
1723:the original
1718:
1709:
1697:. Retrieved
1693:the original
1688:
1684:
1674:
1655:
1649:
1612:
1608:
1598:
1563:
1559:
1549:
1512:
1508:
1498:
1461:
1457:
1447:
1429:
1404:
1400:
1394:
1367:
1346:. Retrieved
1339:the original
1325:
1313:. Retrieved
1309:
1299:
1284:
1277:
1240:
1237:EFSA Journal
1236:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1151:
1139:
1136:Pharmacology
1126:
1119:in 1959â61.
1117:independence
1077:
1071:
1029:
1001:transhumance
996:
953:Burkina Faso
936:
913:
905:
892:
872:
860:
857:Pyrotechnics
841:an image in
836:
800:
787:
783:deflocculant
776:
768:
764:
745:
658:
636:, and other
615:
568:
564:fining agent
529:gum printing
506:marshmallows
464:
457:
428:colon cancer
417:
393:triglyceride
374:Anti-obesity
335:
331:
313:
301:
295:
289:
273:
269:
263:
187:
182:
159:
153:
147:
135:
131:
127:
123:
122:
109:
103:
87:
72:
63:
44:
3353:Willow bark
3184:Maple syrup
3179:Maple sugar
3154:Fruit syrup
3137:chewing gum
3127:Birch syrup
2984:Shea butter
2656:Chanterelle
2601:Crow garlic
2591:Bear garlic
2586:Wild onions
2564:filé powder
2485:Lingonberry
2470:Huckleberry
1946:3 September
1941:www.nga.gov
1719:dynodan.com
1315:3 September
1310:Mare Online
1142:amoxicillin
1081:Saint-Louis
1026:West Africa
869:Composition
833:Printmaking
805:process of
803:photography
797:Photography
680:30 g (1 oz)
654:gomme syrup
650:soft drinks
634:chewing gum
571:shoe polish
533:pyrotechnic
399:Antioxidant
385:cholesterol
344:fatty acids
282:Leguminosae
248:control in
226:lithography
140:natural gum
136:Senegal gum
58:introducing
3524:Excipients
3463:Categories
3264:Birch beer
3259:Birch bark
3216:Spruce gum
3199:akpeteshie
3189:Palm sugar
3159:Gum arabic
3149:Date sugar
3099:Turpentine
2979:Sandalwood
2882:Eucalyptus
2877:Eucalyptol
2766:Brazil nut
2641:Bay bolete
2495:Strawberry
2450:Cocoa bean
2445:Breadfruit
2435:Blackberry
2409:tree fruit
1407:(1): 1â8.
1368:Gum Arabic
1211:References
1202:Indian gum
1198:Arabic gum
1190:acacia gum
1158:Jacob Cats
1085:Portendick
941:Mauritania
884:Production
847:Phosphoric
676:flatulence
646:flavorings
642:sweeteners
618:stabiliser
549:emulsifier
522:watercolor
495:soft drink
401:activities
352:microbiota
328:stabilizer
324:emulsifier
260:Definition
218:stabilizer
132:gum sudani
128:gum acacia
124:Gum arabic
41:references
3469:Adhesives
3383:gardening
3343:Thatching
3194:Palm wine
3039:Birch tar
2967:Sal-seed
2892:Japan wax
2845:Candlenut
2786:Malva nut
2751:Areca nut
2672:Matsutake
2628:Mushrooms
2569:root beer
2559:Sassafras
2547:Sago palm
2490:Raspberry
2475:Jackfruit
2440:Blueberry
2392:Wild game
2103:162162993
1973:: 99â107.
1772:173182689
1729:29 August
1609:Nutrients
920:West Asia
863:fireworks
696:probiotic
692:prebiotic
688:fermented
684:intestine
599:aluminium
595:oxidation
587:envelopes
557:viscosity
541:cosmetics
510:M&M's
442:meloxicam
362:from the
348:prebiotic
340:fermented
320:thickener
297:Combretum
266:The Hague
246:viscosity
242:cosmetics
206:galactose
202:arabinose
3436:Category
3252:textiles
3084:Pine tar
3049:Creosote
2999:Tea-tree
2994:Tea-seed
2962:Pongamia
2952:Phulwara
2937:Nagkesar
2932:Murumuru
2907:Kpangnan
2855:Carnauba
2796:Pine nut
2781:Hazelnut
2771:Cinnamon
2756:Bay leaf
2746:Allspice
2668:(reishi)
2500:Tamarind
2465:Gambooge
2425:Bilberry
2288:15269196
2221:Archived
2006:16961328
1801:29 April
1795:Archived
1699:29 April
1641:23609775
1590:30019028
1541:21772755
1490:26042049
1421:18672018
1348:10 March
1291:Archived
1269:32625453
1164:See also
993:Tanzania
985:Ethiopia
969:Cameroon
823:emulsion
811:ammonium
773:Ceramics
740:gouaches
670:that is
602:printing
579:adhesive
502:gumdrops
491:toxicity
485:that is
332:in vitro
278:Fabaceae
230:printing
222:E number
208:. It is
3447:Commons
3362:Related
3326:Tanbark
3321:Shellac
3311:Quinine
3284:Gambier
3204:ogogoro
3104:Varnish
3069:Lacquer
3059:Gamboge
3044:Camphor
3034:Benzoin
2944: (
2850:Capuacu
2835:Babassu
2801:Vanilla
2712:Truffle
2697:Red cap
2666:Lingzhi
2455:Coconut
2430:Binukaw
2405:Berries
1838:9666883
1756:, 134.
1632:3705355
1581:6041804
1532:3129020
1481:4434902
1464:: 160.
1260:7010027
1066:on the
1016:History
981:Somalia
977:Eritrea
961:Nigeria
945:Senegal
933:Red Sea
931:to the
819:pigment
756:diluent
752:Pigment
665:soluble
575:incense
514:artists
467:mixture
411:support
360:calcium
336:in vivo
303:Albizia
252:and in
220:, with
210:soluble
190:mixture
179:Somalia
175:Senegal
173:, from
54:improve
3370:Dehesa
3331:tannin
3316:Rattan
3279:Forage
3242:edible
3237:Bamboo
3232:Amadou
3211:Rubber
3132:Chicle
3074:Mastic
3026:Resins
3009:Ucuuba
3004:Tucuma
2989:Tamanu
2946:kernel
2917:Mafura
2887:Illipe
2840:Bacuri
2791:Nutmeg
2735:spices
2460:Durian
2420:Banana
2286:
2227:1 June
2101:
2095:181721
2093:
2056:
2004:
1919:
1888:
1862:6 June
1836:
1770:
1760:
1662:
1639:
1629:
1588:
1578:
1539:
1529:
1488:
1478:
1440:
1419:
1382:
1267:
1257:
1200:, and
1194:acacia
1053:Arabia
1049:Brakna
1045:Trarza
1040:slaves
1036:Arguin
997:Acacia
991:, and
937:Acacia
916:Arabia
851:blacks
686:, but
624:, and
589:, and
551:, and
545:binder
518:binder
508:, and
487:edible
483:binder
405:Kidney
391:, and
326:, and
291:Acacia
234:paints
152:tree,
149:Acacia
112:(1887)
43:, but
3484:Crops
3299:henna
3274:Ferns
3225:Other
3174:Latex
3094:Rosin
3089:Pitch
3079:Myrrh
3064:Kauri
2922:Mahua
2912:Kusum
2902:Kombo
2897:Kokum
2819:waxes
2776:Clove
2682:Morel
2616:Ramps
2552:queen
2527:Betel
2519:roots
2380:Honey
2316:from
2099:S2CID
2091:JSTOR
1342:(PDF)
1335:(PDF)
1176:Notes
1123:Sudan
1064:Bakel
989:Kenya
973:Sudan
957:Niger
760:paper
630:icing
525:paint
498:syrup
440:drug
438:NSAID
409:liver
238:glues
171:Sahel
167:Sudan
3306:Peat
3289:Moss
3269:Cork
3169:Kino
2957:Pilu
2942:Palm
2730:Nuts
2385:pine
2375:Furs
2284:PMID
2229:2007
2198:2023
2176:2023
2154:2023
2132:2023
2054:ISBN
2002:PMID
1948:2023
1917:ISBN
1886:ISBN
1864:2018
1834:PMID
1803:2018
1768:OCLC
1758:ISBN
1731:2012
1701:2018
1660:ISBN
1637:PMID
1586:PMID
1537:PMID
1486:PMID
1417:PMID
1380:ISBN
1350:2016
1317:2023
1265:PMID
1047:and
965:Chad
949:Mali
918:and
839:etch
817:and
663:and
644:and
612:Food
561:wine
539:and
481:and
479:glue
473:and
448:Uses
407:and
334:and
250:inks
204:and
196:and
158:and
3118:gum
3114:Sap
2814:Oil
2651:Cep
2318:NPR
2274:doi
2083:doi
1994:doi
1826:doi
1689:118
1627:PMC
1617:doi
1576:PMC
1568:doi
1527:PMC
1517:doi
1476:PMC
1466:doi
1409:doi
1372:doi
1255:PMC
1245:doi
813:or
716:FDA
708:FDA
648:in
628:in
597:of
555:or
520:in
469:of
418:via
389:LDL
300:or
272:or
192:of
177:to
144:sap
115:by
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