Natural rubber - Knowledge

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As it is often impossible to preserve the latex sufficiently to get it to a factory that processes latex in time for it to be used to make high quality products, and as the latex would anyway have coagulated by the time it reached the factory, the smallholder will coagulate it by any means available, in any container available. Some smallholders use small containers, buckets etc., but often the latex is coagulated in holes in the ground, which are usually lined with plastic sheeting. Acidic materials and fermented fruit juices are used to coagulate the latex – a form of assisted biological coagulation. Little care is taken to exclude twigs, leaves, and even bark from the lumps that are formed, which may also include tree lace.

941: 816: 684: 1467: 1057:. In plants, isoprene pyrophosphate can also be obtained from the 1-deox-D-xyulose-5-phosphate/2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate pathway within plasmids. The relative ratio of the farnesyl pyrophosphate initiator unit and isoprenyl pyrophosphate elongation monomer determines the rate of new particle synthesis versus elongation of existing particles. Though rubber is known to be produced by only one enzyme, extracts of latex host numerous small molecular weight proteins with unknown function. The proteins possibly serve as cofactors, as the synthetic rate decreases with complete removal. 1797:

mid-range which comes from the technically specified natural rubber materials ends up largely in tires but also in conveyor belts, marine products, windshield wipers, and miscellaneous goods. Natural rubber offers good elasticity, while synthetic materials tend to offer better resistance to environmental factors such as oils, temperature, chemicals, and ultraviolet light. "Cured rubber" is rubber that has been compounded and subjected to the vulcanisation process to create cross-links within the rubber matrix. Rubber can be added to cement to improve its properties.

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extruded film. Because of its low dye acceptance, feel and appearance, the rubber fiber was either covered by yarn of another fiber or directly woven with other yarns into the fabric. Rubber yarns were used in foundation garments. While rubber is still used in textile manufacturing, its low tenacity limits its use in lightweight garments because latex lacks resistance to oxidizing agents and is damaged by aging, sunlight, oil and perspiration. The textile industry turned to

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consumption per year. The latex-containing tubes in the bark ascend in a spiral to the right. For this reason, tapping cuts usually ascend to the left to cut more tubes. The trees drip latex for about four hours, stopping as latex coagulates naturally on the tapping cut, thus blocking the latex tubes in the bark. Tappers usually rest and have a meal after finishing their tapping work and then start collecting the liquid "field latex" at about midday.

1595: 1400: 1274: 1071: 757: 1306:'Cup lumps' can also be used to describe a completely different type of coagulate that has collected in smallholder plantations over a period of 1–2 weeks. After tapping all of the trees, the tapper will return to each tree and stir in some type of acid, which allows the newly harvested latex to mix with the previously coagulated material. The rubber/acid mixture is what gives rubber plantations, markets, and factories a strong odor. 1653: 1554: 1291: 1136: 5868: 4739: 1728: 178:) or others. The latex is a sticky, milky and white colloid drawn off by making incisions in the bark and collecting the fluid in vessels in a process called "tapping". The latex then is refined into the rubber that is ready for commercial processing. In major areas, latex is allowed to coagulate in the collection cup. The coagulated lumps are collected and processed into dry forms for sale. 1253: 540:. King Leopold II's colonial state brutally enforced production quotas due to the high price of natural rubber at the time. Tactics to enforce the rubber quotas included removing the hands of victims to prove they had been killed. Soldiers often came back from raids with baskets full of chopped-off hands. Villages that resisted were razed to encourage better compliance locally. 1355:

into the higher-grade, technically specified block rubbers such as SVR 3L or SVR CV or used to produce Ribbed Smoke Sheet grades. Naturally coagulated rubber (cup lump) is used in the manufacture of TSR10 and TSR20 grade rubbers. Processing for these grades is a size reduction and cleaning process to remove contamination and prepare the material for the final stage of drying.

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three layers of material, the rubber particle, a biomembrane and free monomeric units. The biomembrane is held tightly to the rubber core by the high negative charge along the double bonds of the rubber polymer backbone. Free monomeric units and conjugated proteins make up the outer layer. The rubber precursor is

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For instance, during the 2020 and 2021 international COVID-19 pandemic, demand for rubber gloves surged, leading to a spike in rubber prices of about 30%. In addition to the pandemic, demand exceeded supply in part because long term plantations had been torn out and replaced with other crops over the

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During vulcanization, rubber's polyisoprene molecules (long chains of isoprene) are heated and cross-linked with molecular bonds to sulfur, forming a 3-D matrix. The optimal percentage of sulfur is approximately 10%. In this form, the polyisoprene molecules orientation is still random but they become

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The four types of field coagula are "cuplump", "treelace", "smallholders' lump", and "earth scrap". Each has significantly different properties. Some trees continue to drip after the collection leading to a small amount of "cup lump" that is collected at the next tapping. The latex that coagulates on

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normally takes place early in the morning, when the internal pressure of the tree is highest. A good tapper can tap a tree every 20 seconds on a standard half-spiral system, and a common daily "task" size is between 450 and 650 trees. Trees are usually tapped on alternate or third days, although many

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were influential figures in exposing these atrocities. Roger Casement was also prominent in revealing the Congo atrocities to the world. Days before entering Iquitos by boat Casement wrote "'Caoutchouc was first called 'india rubber,' because it came from the Indies, and the earliest European use of

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Around 25 million tonnes of rubber are produced each year, of which 30 percent is natural. The remainder is synthetic rubber derived from petrochemical sources. The top end of latex production results in latex products such as surgeons' gloves, balloons, and other relatively high-value products. The

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Ernest Hopkinson around 1920, preserves the latex in a colloidal state for longer periods of time. Latex is generally processed into either latex concentrate for manufacture of dipped goods or coagulated under controlled, clean conditions using formic acid. The coagulated latex can then be processed

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Earth scrap is material that gathers around the base of the tree. It arises from latex overflowing from the cut and running down the bark, from rain flooding a collection cup containing latex, and from spillage from tappers' buckets during collection. It contains soil and other contaminants, and has

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Many other plants produce forms of latex rich in isoprene polymers, though not all produce usable forms of polymer as easily as the Pará. Some of them require more elaborate processing to produce anything like usable rubber, and most are more difficult to tap. Some produce other desirable materials,

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The importance of developing alternative sources of natural rubber becomes clear when considering that there has been a shortage in the supply of this critical resource every year since 2004. By 2020, the global shortfall of natural rubber is projected to be more than the entire amount (1.2 million

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There is growing concern for the future supply of rubber due to various factors, including plant disease, climate change, and the volatile market price of rubber. Producers of natural rubber are mostly small family-held plantations, often serving large industrial aggregators. High volatility in the

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Latex coagulates in the cups if kept for long and must be collected before this happens. The collected latex, "field latex", is transferred into coagulation tanks for the preparation of dry rubber or transferred into air-tight containers with sieving for ammoniation. Ammoniation, invented by patent

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Smallholders' lump is produced by smallholders, who collect rubber from trees far from the nearest factory. Many Indonesian smallholders, who farm paddies in remote areas, tap dispersed trees on their way to work in the paddy fields and collect the latex (or the coagulated latex) on their way home.

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tails pointed inward. The membrane allows biosynthetic proteins to be sequestered at the surface of the growing rubber particle, which allows new monomeric units to be added from outside the biomembrane, but within the lacticifer. The rubber particle is an enzymatically active entity that contains

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The rubber boom in the Amazon also similarly affected indigenous populations to varying degrees. Correrias, or slave raids were frequent in Colombia, Peru and Bolivia where many were either captured or killed. The most well known case of atrocities generated from rubber extraction in South America

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Cup lump is the coagulated material found in the collection cup when the tapper next visits the tree to tap it again. It arises from latex clinging to the walls of the cup after the latex was last poured into the bucket, and from late-dripping latex exuded before the latex-carrying vessels of the

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More than 28 million tons of rubber were produced in 2017, of which approximately 47% was natural. Since the bulk is synthetic, which is derived from petroleum, the price of natural rubber is determined, to a large extent, by the prevailing global price of crude oil. Asia was the main source of

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compound), which elongates by Mg-dependent condensation by the action of rubber transferase. The monomer adds to the pyrophosphate end of the growing polymer. The process displaces the terminal high-energy pyrophosphate. The reaction produces a cis polymer. The initiation step is catalyzed by

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Rubber produced as a fiber, sometimes called 'elastic', had significant value to the textile industry because of its excellent elongation and recovery properties. For these purposes, manufactured rubber fiber was made as either an extruded round fiber or rectangular fibers cut into strips from

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to destinations around the world. As the cost of natural rubber has risen significantly and rubber products are dense, the shipping methods offering the lowest cost per unit weight are preferred. Depending on destination, warehouse availability, and transportation conditions, some methods are

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Raw rubber storage depots and rubber processing can produce malodour that is serious enough to become a source of complaints and protest to those living in the vicinity. Microbial impurities originate during the processing of block rubber. These impurities break down during storage or thermal

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It is usual to tap a panel at least twice, sometimes three times, during the tree's life. The economic life of the tree depends on how well the tapping is carried out, as the critical factor is bark consumption. A standard in Malaysia for alternate daily tapping is 25 cm (vertical) bark

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On a microscopic scale, relaxed rubber is a disorganized cluster of erratically changing wrinkled chains. In stretched rubber, the chains are almost linear. The restoring force is due to the preponderance of wrinkled conformations over more linear ones. For the quantitative treatment see

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of rubber is appealing in hoses, tires and rollers for devices ranging from domestic clothes wringers to printing presses; its elasticity makes it suitable for various kinds of shock absorbers and for specialized machinery mountings designed to reduce vibration. Its relative gas

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variable rubber content, depending on the amount of contaminants. Earth scrap is collected by field workers two or three times a year and may be cleaned in a scrap-washer to recover the rubber, or sold to a contractor who cleans it and recovers the rubber. It is of low quality.

992:. Most rubber in everyday use is vulcanized to a point where it shares properties of both; i.e., if it is heated and cooled, it is degraded but not destroyed. The final properties of a rubber item depend not just on the polymer, but also on modifiers and fillers, such as 618:

from 1888 to 1911. He distributed rubber seeds to many planters and developed the first technique for tapping trees for latex without causing serious harm to the tree. Because of his fervent promotion of this crop, he is popularly remembered by the nickname "Mad Ridley".

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Tree lace is the coagulum strip that the tapper peels off the previous cut before making a new cut. It usually has higher copper and manganese contents than cup lump. Both copper and manganese are pro-oxidants and can damage the physical properties of the dry rubber.

1374:(a stretchy polymer). Polymers are simply chains of molecules that can be linked together. Rubber is one of the few naturally occurring polymers and prized for its high stretch ratio, resilience, and water-proof properties. Other examples of natural polymers include 1249:) of the tree. Since the cambium controls the growth of the tree, growth stops if it is cut. Thus, rubber tapping demanded accuracy, so that the incisions would not be too many given the size of the tree, or too deep, which could stunt its growth or kill it." 1540:

previous 5–10 years, and other areas were affected by climate-fueled natural disasters. In this environment, producers did increase their prices in keeping with supply and demand dynamics, putting upward price pressure on the whole downstream supply chain.

873:. Crystallization has occurred, for example, when, after days, an inflated toy balloon is found withered at a relatively large remaining volume. Where it is touched, it shrinks because the temperature of the hand is enough to melt the crystals. 1747:

has many more applications. Resistance to abrasion makes softer kinds of rubber valuable for the treads of vehicle tires and conveyor belts, and makes hard rubber valuable for pump housings and piping used in the handling of abrasive sludge.

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aligned when the rubber is stretched. This sulfur vulcanization makes the rubber stronger and more rigid, but still very elastic. And through the vulcanization process, the sulfur and latex are meant to be totally used up in individual form.

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Some allergic reactions are not to the latex itself, but from residues of chemicals used to accelerate the cross-linking process. Although this may be confused with an allergy to latex, it is distinct from it, typically taking the form of

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the cut is also collected as "tree lace". Tree lace and cup lump together account for 10%–20% of the dry rubber produced. Latex that drips onto the ground, "earth scrap", is also collected periodically for processing of low-grade product.

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Natural rubber is used extensively in many applications and products, either alone or in combination with other materials. In most of its useful forms, it has a large stretch ratio and high resilience and also is buoyant and water-proof.

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South America remained the main source of latex rubber used during much of the 19th century. The rubber trade was heavily controlled by business interests but no laws expressly prohibited the export of seeds or plants. In 1876,

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variations in timing, length and number of cuts are used. "Tappers would make a slash in the bark with a small hatchet. These slanting cuts allowed latex to flow from ducts located on the exterior or the inner layer of bark (

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and to the action of most fluid chemicals has led to its use in rainwear, diving gear, and chemical and medicinal tubing and as a lining for storage tanks, processing equipment and railroad tank cars. Because of their

225:. Once native to Brazil, the species is now pan-tropical. This species is preferred because it grows well under cultivation. A properly managed tree responds to wounding by producing more latex for several years. 287:, research projects tried to use dandelions as a base for rubber production, but failed. In 2013, by inhibiting one key enzyme and using modern cultivation methods and optimization techniques, scientists in the 1148:, Indonesia, and Malaysia, together account for around 72% of all natural rubber production. Natural rubber is not cultivated widely in its native continent of South America because of the South American leaf 1231:

In places such as Kerala and Sri Lanka, where coconuts are in abundance, the half shell of coconut was used as the latex collection container. Glazed pottery or aluminium or plastic cups became more common in

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Many high-yielding clones have been developed for commercial planting. These clones yield more than 2,000 kilograms per hectare (1,800 lb/acre) of dry rubber per year, under ideal conditions.

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Rubber latex is extracted from rubber trees. The economic life of rubber trees in plantations is around 32 years, with up to 7 years being an immature phase and about 25 years of productive phase.

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Natural rubber is reactive and vulnerable to oxidization, but it can be stabilized through a heating process called vulcanization. Vulcanization is a process by which the rubber is heated and

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price of rubber affects rubber plantation investment, and farmers may remove their rubber trees if the international market spot price of a seemingly more profitable crop (for example

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preferred by certain buyers. In international trade, latex rubber is mostly shipped in 20-foot ocean containers. Inside the container, smaller containers are used to store the latex.

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and other countries. The cups are supported by a wire that encircles the tree. This wire incorporates a spring so it can stretch as the tree grows. The latex is led into the cup by a

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Linos, A. and Steinbuchel, A. (1998) Microbial degradation of natural and synthetic rubbers by novel bacteria belonging to the genus Gordona. Kautsch. Gummi Kunstst. 51, 496–499.

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Climate change, capitalism and disease are threatening to strike a mortal blow to the world's rubber trees. Do we need to find alternative sources of rubber before it's too late?

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cultures: in addition to making balls, Aztecs used rubber for other purposes, such as making containers and to make textiles waterproof by impregnating them with the latex sap.

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Chemical structure of cis-polyisoprene, the main constituent of natural rubber. Synthetic cis-polyisoprene and natural cis-polyisoprene are derived from distinct precursors,

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The parallel chains of stretched rubber are susceptible to crystallization. This takes some time because turns of twisted chains have to move out of the way of the growing

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Emory Dean Keoke, Kay Marie Porterfield. 2009. Encyclopedia of American Indian Contributions to the World: 15,000 Years of Inventions and Innovations. Infobase Publishing

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and results in chains that tighten more quickly for a given strain, thereby increasing the elastic force constant and making the rubber harder and less extensible.

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to the Académie (published in 1755) that described many of rubber's properties. This has been referred to as the first scientific paper on rubber. In England,

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Hoven, Vipavee P.; Rattanakaran, Kesinee; Tanaka, Yasuyuki (1 November 2003). "Determination of Chemical Components that Cause Mal-Odor from Natural Rubber".

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Ducháček, Vratislav; Kuta, Antonín (October 1986). "Long-time sulfenamide-accelerated sulfur vulcanization of natural rubber/chlorobutyl rubber compounds".

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in many manufacturing industries and products, although the two most noticeable were the paper and the carpet industries. Rubber was commonly used to make

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Uncured rubber is used for cements; for adhesive, insulating, and friction tapes; and for crepe rubber used in insulating blankets and footwear.

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Industrial demand for rubber-like materi began to outstrip natural rubber supplies by the end of the 19th century, leading to the synthesis of

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Dananjaya, Vimukthi; Somarathna, Yashoda; Siriwardena, Susantha; Sirimuthu, Narayana; Karunanayake, Laleen; Abeykoon, Chamil (1 May 2024).

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Rainfall of around 250 centimetres (98 in) evenly distributed without any marked dry season and with at least 100 rainy days per year

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Ali, Muhammad Fadzli, et al. "The dynamics of rubber production in Malaysia: Potential impacts, challenges and proposed interventions."

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Muhammad Fadzli Ali, et al., "The dynamics of rubber production in Malaysia: Potential impacts, challenges and proposed interventions."

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is used for articles such as telephone housings and parts for radio sets, meters, and other electrical instruments. The coefficient of

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Asaro, Lucia; Gratton, Michel; Seghar, Saïd; Aït Hocine, Nourredine (1 June 2018). "Recycling of rubber wastes by devulcanization".

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Noble obsession: Charles Goodyear, Thomas Hancock, and the race to unlock the greatest industrial secret of the nineteenth century

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were large consumers of rubber, although the type of rubber used is concentrated latex. Significant tonnage of rubber was used as

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Jendrossek, D.; Tomasi, G.; Kroppenstedt, R.M. (1997). "Bacterial degradation of natural rubber: a privilege of actinomycetes?".

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Rubber is generally cultivated in large plantations. The image shows a coconut shell used in collecting latex, in plantations in

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species. Others that have been commercially exploited, or at least showed promise as rubber sources, include the rubber fig (

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is sometimes applied to the tree-obtained version of natural rubber in order to distinguish it from the synthetic version.

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Humboldt State University Botanical Studies Open Educational Resources and Data, Humboldt State University Digital Commons

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Temperature range of about 20 to 34 °C (68 to 93 °F), with a monthly mean of 25 to 28 °C (77 to 82 °F)

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marks on paper, hence the name "rubber". It slowly made its way around England. In 1764, François Fresnau discovered that

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Rubber production has been linked to deforestation. Rubber therefore is one of seven commodities included in the 2023

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Hosler, D.; Burkett, S.L.; Tarkanian, M.J. (1999). "Prehistoric polymers: Rubber processing in ancient Mesoamerica".

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is used for coagulation. This produces malodourous hydrogen sulfide. The industry can mitigate these bad odours with

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failed to relax to fill a widening gap. The glass transition is fast and reversible: the force resumes on heating.

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and his company that would become the Peruvian Amazon Company controlled the Putumayo river. W.E. Hardenburg,

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latex are greatly reduced by about 99.9 percent (though not eliminated) through vulcanization processing.

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Vintage tobacco card, Tapping a Rubber Tree, India, Products of the World series, Player's Cigarettes, 1909

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Paterson-Jones, J.C.; Gilliland, M.G.; Van Staden, J. (June 1990). "The Biosynthesis of Natural Rubber".

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permits local conformational changes but a reordering is practically impossible because of the larger

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Rubber exhibits unique physical and chemical properties. Rubber's stress–strain behavior exhibits the

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it was to rub out or erase. It is now called India rubber because it rubs out or erases the Indians."

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Encyclopedia of American Indian contributions to the world 15,000 years of inventions and innovations

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makes it useful in the manufacture of articles such as air hoses, balloons, balls and cushions. The

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for more information on the rubber trade in the Congo Free State in the late 1800s and early 1900s.)

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This article is about the polymeric material "natural rubber". For human-made rubber materials, see

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Fundamentals of Materials Science for Technologists: Properties, Testing, and Laboratory Exercises

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Phomrak, Sirilak; Nimpaiboon, Adun; Newby, Bi-min Zhang; Phisalaphong, Muenduen (29 August 2020).

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Sirimaporn Leepromrath, et al. "Rubber crop diversity and its influential factors in Thailand."

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Schuster, Jens; Lutz, Johannes; Shaik, Yousuf Pasha; Yadavalli, Venkat Reddy (1 October 2022).

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Before World War II significant uses included door and window profiles, hoses, belts, gaskets,

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of India. Today, India is the world's 3rd largest producer and 4th largest consumer of rubber.

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tree become blocked. It is of higher purity and of greater value than the other three types.

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Linos, Alexandros; Reichelt, Rudolf; Keller, Ulrike; Steinbuchel, Alexander (October 1999).

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Linos, Alexandros; Steinbuchel, Alexander; Spröer, Cathrin; Kroppenstedt, Reiner M. (1999).

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natural rubber, accounting for about 90% of output in 2021. The three largest producers,

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degradation and produce volatile organic compounds. Examination of these compounds using

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Fadhlan Zuhdi, "The Indonesian natural rubber export competitiveness in global market."

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About 2,000 hours sunshine per year at the rate of six hours per day throughout the year

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Natural rubber is susceptible to degradation by a wide range of bacteria. The bacteria

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of rubber, which is high on dry surfaces and low on wet surfaces, leads to its use for

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for the concerted movement of longer chains. "Frozen" rubber's elasticity is low and

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Liu, Luqing; Wang, Chaohui; Liang, Qing; Chen, Feng; Zhou, Xiaolei (15 March 2023).

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in Africa was also a significant source of natural rubber latex, mostly gathered by

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milk contains latex. The latex exhibits the same quality as the natural rubber from

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Helge B. Bode; Axel Zeeck; Kirsten Plückhahn; Dieter Jendrossek (September 2000).

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Autarkie und Ostexpansion: Pflanzenzucht und Agrarforschung im Nationalsozialismus

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The major commercial source of natural rubber latex is the Amazonian rubber tree (

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of raw latex. Rubber begins to melt at approximately 180 °C (356 °F).

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King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa

3612: 1788: 493:

smuggled 70,000 Amazonian rubber tree seeds from Brazil and delivered them to

283:. In the wild types of dandelion, latex content is low and varies greatly. In 6928: 6834: 6800: 6795: 6746: 5976: 5813: 5594: 5569: 5514: 5270: 5239: 5066: 5061: 4962: 4905: 4753: 4579: 4556: 3690: 3449: 3406: 3355: 3250: 2921: 2281: 2194: 2112: 2071: 1981: 1812: 1806: 1782: 1744: 1511: 1375: 1237: 985: 961: 925: 876: 859: 848: 716: 221: 62: 58: 3026: 3009: 2537: 1912: 485:

had used stabilized rubber for balls and other objects as early as 1600 BC.

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Nur Fadhilah Idris; Nor Hidayaty Kamarulzaman; Zairossani Mohd Nor (2012).

2415: 2159: 2130: 1897: 1491: 1233: 1017: 993: 977: 740: 696: 537: 482: 410:. The earliest archeological evidence of the use of natural latex from the 315: 284: 280: 241: 156: 69: 5914: 4006: 3066: 3035: 2935:

Xie, W.; McMahan, C.M.; Distefano, A.J. DeGraw, M.D.; et al. (2008).

2349:"Oops There Goes Another Rubber Tree Plant: the History of Natural Rubber" 2103: 1358:

The dried material is then baled and palletized for storage and shipment.

6820: 6810: 6786: 6771: 6613: 6578: 6573: 6462: 6457: 6325: 6289: 6266: 6205: 6154: 6144: 6094: 6014: 5778: 5719: 5609: 5604: 5579: 5562: 5552: 5543: 5409: 5260: 5155: 4895: 4639: 4574: 4520: 4482: 4477: 4444: 1891: 1816: 1752: 1732: 1515: 1383: 1030: 1021: 884: 870: 825: 712: 668: 652: 494: 407: 401: 91: 4363: 3643: 2835: 1990:. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 795. 6805: 6723: 6649: 6608: 6596: 6591: 6477: 6467: 6261: 6256: 6209: 5689: 5684: 5641: 5624: 5614: 5584: 5574: 5524: 5414: 5302: 5191: 5011: 4957: 4920: 4875: 4870: 4860: 4834: 4810: 3930:"Isolation of microorganisms able to metabolize puri¢ed natural rubber" 3564: 3261:"Processing of Natural Rubber, Manufacture of Latex-Grade Crepe Rubber" 2766: 2043: 1761: 1757: 1619: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1095: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1050: 1046: 969: 781: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 728: 632: 628: 610:

In Singapore and Malaya, commercial production was heavily promoted by

600: 497:, England. Only 2,400 of these germinated. Seedlings were then sent to 458: 411: 250: 5714: 2816: 1844:, can be used without allergic reaction by persons with an allergy to 940: 37:"Caoutchouc" redirects here. For the painting by Francis Picabia, see 6432: 6341: 6294: 6225: 6065: 5920: 5768: 5619: 5489: 5464: 5352: 5337: 5317: 5176: 5107: 5097: 4994: 4984: 4915: 4900: 4865: 4659: 1483: 1371: 1257: 1013: 1009: 989: 880: 596: 518: 514: 506: 370: 348: 330: 276: 160: 145: 53: 4322:

Brazil and the Struggle for Rubber: A Study in Environmental History

1681:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 1594: 1399: 1273: 1070: 756: 6776: 6761: 6733: 6662: 6628: 6427: 6299: 6200: 6174: 6159: 6110: 6100: 6060: 5985: 5924: 5509: 5382: 5367: 5265: 5221: 5206: 5196: 5181: 5171: 4925: 4850: 4589: 4439: 4329:

Fordlandia: The Rise and Fall of Henry Ford's Forgotten Jungle City

1948:, researched natural rubber being a polymer of the monomer isoprene 1878: 1774: 1533: 1479: 1367: 1168: 1164: 1163:

The soil requirement is well-drained, weathered soil consisting of

1145: 949: 929: 664: 648: 228: 149: 141: 137: 133: 95: 81: 4042: 3259:

Cecil, John; Mitchell, Peter; Diemer, Per; Griffee, Peter (2013).

2865:"Biosynthesis of Natural Rubber and Other Natural Polyisoprenoids" 2084: 1038:, which converts three monomers of isopentenyl pyrophosphate into 1016:

within rubber plants. Rubber particles are surrounded by a single

984:

that has similar properties. Natural rubber is an elastomer and a

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culture, in which rubber was first used for making balls for the

381: 358: 353: 292: 129: 2512:"King Leopold's ghost: The legacy of labour coercion in the DRC" 1252: 1174:

The climatic conditions for optimum growth of rubber trees are:

6815: 6357: 6215: 6149: 6115: 6086: 5999: 5794: 5756: 5741: 5704: 5662: 5657: 5557: 5312: 5216: 4885: 4845: 4687: 1727: 1475: 1149: 1128: 913: 909: 863: 656: 640: 592: 454: 325: 213: 30:"Rubber" and "India rubber" redirect here. For other uses, see 4083: 3836:

Leeang, K.W.H. (1963). "Microbiologic degradation of rubber".

3759: 2538:"Young Boy Forced to Collect Rubber · Antislavery Usable Past" 2050:

International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture

289:

Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology

5724: 5599: 5519: 5504: 5451: 5201: 5160: 4952: 4830: 4805: 4419: 3267:. FAO, Agricultural and Food Engineering Technologies Service 2871:. Biopolymers. Vol. 2. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 73–81. 2863:

Koyama, Tanetoshi; Steinbüchel, Alexander, eds. (June 2011).

1975: 1836: 1379: 973: 917: 708: 580: 498: 430: 418: 197: 167: 3984: 3376: 1856:

in the presence of traces of specific processing chemicals.

1205:(EU) citizens consume do not contribute to deforestation or 1045:

The required isopentenyl pyrophosphate is obtained from the

5731: 5699: 4944: 4654: 3099:"Overview of the Causes of Natural Rubber Price Volatility" 2250:

History of the Atlantic Cable & Undersea Communications

1915:, failed attempt to establish a rubber plantation in Brazil 636: 3327: 3258: 2934: 1167:, lateritic types, sedimentary types, nonlateritic red or 406:

The first use of rubber was by the indigenous cultures of

5539: 5244: 4800: 4376: 1882:

spp. are capable of degrading vulcanized natural rubber.

631:, flooring, and dampeners (antivibration mounts) for the 244:, formerly a major source of rubber, which motivated the 166:

Currently, rubber is harvested mainly in the form of the

3183:"Rubber Exports From Indonesia May Grow 6%–8% Next Year" 1815:, and exposure to natural latex rubber products such as 4202:

The King Incorporated: Leopold the Second and the Congo

2802: 2679:

Leng, Dr Loh Wei; Keong, Khor Jin (19 September 2011).

1526: 3873:"Microbial degradation of natural rubber vulcanizates" 3614:

VULKAN Couplings System Competence – Compound Research

3249:

This section has been copied almost verbatim from the

2393: 529:) was later to become the biggest producer of rubber. 439:

is credited with introducing samples of rubber to the

3557:"The wonder material we all need but is running out: 3477:"US seeks domestic rubber as global shortage worsens" 3291:. ASTM International. pp. 6–. GGKEY:8BT2U3TQN7G. 614:, who served as the first Scientific Director of the 6884:

Terpene synthase enzymes (many), having in common a

3789:"Microbiological deterioration of vulcanized rubber" 3334:

Advanced Industrial and Engineering Polymer Research

1942:, historical British plan to stabilize rubber prices 956:

Rubber is the polymer cis-1,4-polyisoprene – with a

445:

of France in 1736. In 1751, he presented a paper by

136:, with minor impurities of other organic compounds. 3870: 3130:. International Rubber Study Group. December 2018. 3101:. En.wlxrubber.com. 1 February 2010. Archived from 595:in 1902. In later years the plantation expanded to 159:that are used as natural rubbers are classified as 4605:Rubber Industry Smallholders Development Authority 3330:"Recycling of fluoro-carbon-elastomers – A review" 2647: 1506:Natural rubber latex is shipped from factories in 1201:(EUDR), which aims to guarantee that the products 3157:"Natural rubber leading producers worldwide 2021" 2862: 2718:Report – Investigation of the Challenger Accident 6926: 3656: 4248:Seeds of Wealth: Five Plants That Made Men Rich 3927: 3125:"Statistical Summary of World Rubber Situation" 5962:Iridoid glycosides (iridoids bound to a sugar) 4783: 2274:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 591:plantations were established at Thattekadu in 295:developed a cultivar of the Kazakh dandelion ( 5900: 4769: 4392: 4019:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 ( 1894:, center of the United States rubber industry 643:(medical, household, and industrial) and toy 4350:The Devil's Milk; A Social History of Rubber 3871:Tsuchii, A.; Suzuki, T.; Takeda, K. (1985). 3427: 2993:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2304:The Devil's Milk: A Social History of Rubber 2272:Heinz-Hermann Greve "Rubber, 2. Natural" in 1792:Compression molding machine for rubber parts 1199:EU Regulation on Deforestation-free products 1012:of specialized latex-producing cells called 980:, are composed of trans-1,4-polyisoprene, a 65:'s Research and Innovation Center in France. 4250:. Shoemaker & Hoard. pp. 125–185. 3493:metric tonnes) the U.S. imports every year. 3209:"Regulation on Deforestation-free products" 3180: 3048: 3007: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2484:"Belgian King Establishes Congo Free State" 2182: 2028:International Journal of Agriculture System 1926:, a highly elastic protein found in insects 1582:Learn how and when to remove these messages 1428:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1345:Removing coagulum from coagulating troughs. 152:are four of the leading rubber producers. 5907: 5893: 4776: 4762: 4399: 4385: 4264: 2268: 2266: 4295:. Springer Science & Business Media. 4195: 4158: 4101: 4060: 3961: 3904: 3812: 3345: 3074: 3025: 2678: 2422: 2120: 2102: 2061: 1715:Learn how and when to remove this message 1697:Learn how and when to remove this message 1635:Learn how and when to remove this message 1448:Learn how and when to remove this message 1111:Learn how and when to remove this message 988:. Once the rubber is vulcanized, it is a 797:Learn how and when to remove this message 4245: 3550: 3548: 3474: 3049:Kang, H.; Kang, M.Y.; Han, K.H. (2000). 2823: 2595: 1969: 1967: 1859: 1787: 1726: 1465: 1340: 1289: 1272: 1251: 1222: 1134: 1122: 939: 814: 682: 570: 86: 68: 52: 4352:. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2011. 4224: 3710: 3708: 2561: 2506: 2504: 2455: 2263: 2152: 1973: 887:bonds between chains, which limits the 14: 6927: 4288: 4131:Applied and Environmental Microbiology 3835: 3584: 3475:Espinoza, Mauricio (1 November 2012). 2148:. University of California, Riverside. 1361: 5888: 4757: 4380: 4228:Rubbery Materials and their Compounds 3621:from the original on 11 December 2021 3554: 3545: 3529: 3379:Resources, Conservation and Recycling 3234: 3201: 3181:Listiyorini, Eko (16 December 2010). 2428: 2301: 2216: 1964: 1800: 1470:Torn latex rubber dry suit wrist seal 1318: 1152:, and other natural predators there. 374:species, including common dandelion ( 128:, as initially produced, consists of 5867: 4738: 3928:Heisey, R.M.; Papadatos, S. (1995). 3786: 3760:American Latex Allergy Association. 3705: 3137:from the original on 5 February 2019 2852:from the original on 9 October 2022. 2599:The Amazon Journal of Roger Casement 2501: 2325: 2323: 2190:"Making Rubber from Dandelion Juice" 2158: 1646: 1617:adding citations to reliable sources 1588: 1547: 1527:Rubber shortage and global economics 1486:are added to improve resistance and 1426:adding citations to reliable sources 1393: 1389: 1093:adding citations to reliable sources 1064: 851:lengths and angles: this caused the 779:adding citations to reliable sources 750: 27:Polymer harvested from certain trees 2727:from the original on 9 October 2022 2648:Cornelius-Takahama, Vernon (2001). 1008:Rubber particles are formed in the 715:, natural rubber is susceptible to 635:industry. The use of rubber in car 622: 24: 6886:terpene synthase N terminal domain 4311: 4103:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2000.tb08890.x 3858:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1963.tb01176.x 3530:Meyer, Robert (9 September 2019). 3430:Journal of Applied Polymer Science 3008:Casey, P.J.; Seabra, M.C. (1996). 2143: 1490:and to prevent it from oxidizing. 1184:Atmospheric humidity of around 80% 935: 544:Atrocities in the Congo Free State 469:is credited with the discovery of 246:atrocities in the Congo Free State 25: 7006: 4356: 3741:"New Type of Latex Glove Cleared" 3255:Food and Agriculture Organization 2755:Chemical Engineering Transactions 2720:. US Government Printing Office. 2602:. Anaconda Editions. p. 85. 2459:The Thief at the End of the World 2374:"Rubber | Metallurgy for Dummies" 2320: 2243: 2146:"Rubber and Other Latex Products" 1974:Dunstan, Wyndham Rowland (1911). 1563:This section has multiple issues. 1536:) surges in relation to rubber. 1501: 1350:lawyer and vice-president of the 5866: 5857: 5856: 4737: 4728: 4727: 4612:Rubber Manufacturers Association 4585:Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company 4362: 4343:The Amazon Rubber Boom 1850–1920 3591:(2nd ed.). Waveland Press. 3463:Transportation of Natural Rubber 2681:"Mad Ridley and the rubber boom" 2488:education.nationalgeographic.org 1651: 1593: 1552: 1398: 1268: 1069: 755: 4151:10.1128/AEM.66.9.3680-3685.2000 4118: 4077: 4036: 4027: 3978: 3954:10.1128/AEM.61.8.3092-3097.1995 3921: 3864: 3829: 3780: 3753: 3733: 3650: 3632: 3605: 3578: 3523: 3498: 3468: 3456: 3421: 3399:10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.02.016 3370: 3321: 3295: 3279: 3243: 3239:. Checkmark Books. p. 156. 3228: 3185:. bloomberg.com. Archived from 3174: 3149: 3117: 3091: 3042: 3014:Journal of Biological Chemistry 3001: 2961:10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.07.011 2928: 2885: 2856: 2805:Rubber Chemistry and Technology 2796: 2739: 2703: 2672: 2641: 2623: 2589: 2555: 2530: 2476: 2449: 2387: 2366: 2341: 2331:"Charles Marie de la Condamine" 2295: 2286: 2237: 2210: 1604:needs additional citations for 1571:or discuss these issues on the 1366:Rubber is a natural polymer of 1240:"spout" knocked into the bark. 1080:needs additional citations for 1003: 766:needs additional citations for 425:. Rubber was later used by the 248:, came from vines in the genus 2137: 2078: 2037: 2020: 2007: 1994: 1327: 1155: 847:results from small changes of 719:as well as being sensitive to 473:as a rubber solvent in 1779. 305:, IME began a pilot facility. 13: 1: 4367:The dictionary definition of 4324:. Cambridge University Press. 3999:10.1016/s0378-1097(97)00072-4 3897:10.1128/AEM.50.4.965-970.1985 3683:10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.136270 3663:Journal of Cleaner Production 3555:Swain, Frank (8 March 2021). 2914:10.1016/S0176-1617(11)80047-7 2408:10.1126/science.284.5422.1988 2276:, 2000, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. 1952: 1762:resistance of rubber to water 1336: 1294:Cup lump rubber coagula in a 1212: 1060: 746: 707:. Because there are weakened 678: 437:Charles Marie de La Condamine 73:Latex being collected from a 6363:Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate 4703:Persistent organic pollutant 4617:United States Rubber Company 4345:. Stanford University Press. 3805:10.1128/aem.3.5.302-309.1955 3746:Food and Drug Administration 3257:(FAO), ecoport.com article: 3010:"Protein Prenyltransferases" 2217:Smith, James P. Jr/ (2006). 1957: 1352:United States Rubber Company 1309: 1049:pathway, which derives from 837:glass transition temperature 442:Académie Royale des Sciences 271: 192: 189:in 1909 by chemical means. 7: 6913:Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate 4698:Great Pacific garbage patch 4600:Rubber industry in Malaysia 4188:Forest Policy and Economics 3347:10.1016/j.aiepr.2022.08.002 2894:Journal of Plant Physiology 2650:"Sir Henry Nicholas Ridley" 2063:10.1016/j.ijlmm.2023.12.002 2015:Forest Policy and Economics 1885: 1811:Some people have a serious 1731:Compression molded (cured) 1677:the claims made and adding 1285: 894: 739:can be used to prevent the 605:Andaman and Nicobar Islands 541: 10: 7011: 6975:Non-timber forest products 4785:Non-timber forest products 4406: 4341:Weinstein, Barbara (1983) 4179: 4062:10.1099/00207713-49-4-1785 4001:(inactive 20 April 2024). 3442:10.1002/app.1986.070320507 2246:"The Gutta Percha Company" 2002:Journal of Rubber Research 1804: 1779:power-transmission belting 1459: 1260:harvesting rubber, c. 1920 1216: 808: 399: 395: 43: 36: 29: 6907:Isopentenyl pyrophosphate 6899: 6877: 6861:Norisoprenoids (modified) 6860: 6833: 6785: 6732: 6717: 6700: 6637: 6564: 6554: 6537: 6476: 6450: 6420: 6395: 6374: 6350: 6340: 6279: 6234: 6183: 6137: 6128: 6079: 6053: 6032: 6013: 5975: 5932: 5852: 5787: 5650: 5538: 5450: 5235: 5151: 5052: 4939: 4826: 4791: 4723: 4670: 4630: 4565: 4539: 4503: 4470: 4412: 4246:Hobhouse, Henry (2005) . 4090:FEMS Microbiology Letters 3987:FEMS Microbiology Letters 3506:"Natural rubber shortage" 3307:Science History Institute 2631:"Natural rubber in India" 2565:The Devil and Mr Casement 2353:Petroleum Service Company 1946:Charles Greville Williams 1873:Pseudomonas citronellolis 1027:isopentenyl pyrophosphate 946:isopentenyl pyrophosphate 616:Singapore Botanic Gardens 612:Sir Henry Nicholas Ridley 585:Calcutta Botanical Garden 555:. Between the 1880s–1913 6995:Thermoplastic elastomers 6900:Activated isoprene forms 6701:Sesquarterpenes/oids (7) 5950:Monocyclic (single ring) 4493:Micronized rubber powder 4231:. Springer Netherlands. 3934:Appl. Environ. Microbiol 3877:Appl. Environ. Microbiol 3838:J. Am. Water Works Assoc 3336:. Recycling of Rubbers. 2596:Casement, Roger (1997). 2562:Goodman, Jordan (2009). 2282:10.1002/14356007.a23_225 1854:Type IV hypersensitivity 1139:Sheets of natural rubber 960:of 100,000 to 1,000,000 828:, for more examples see 699:and is often modeled as 532:In the early 1900s, the 308: 132:of the organic compound 6990:Terpenes and terpenoids 6523:Secodehydroabietic acid 4678:Airfield rubber removal 4511:Biodegradable additives 4049:Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol 3027:10.1074/jbc.271.10.5289 2429:Slack, Charles (2002). 1987:Encyclopædia Britannica 1867:Streptomyces coelicolor 1543: 1370:(polyisoprene), and an 1190:Absence of strong winds 819:Rubber latex elasticity 587:. The first commercial 340:), Panama rubber tree ( 198:Amazonian rubber tree ( 32:Rubber (disambiguation) 6318:Farnesyl pyrophosphate 5799:(Iberian agroforestry) 5037:Pacific mountain onion 4622:List of tire companies 4331:. Picador Press 2010. 4225:Brydson, J.A. (1988). 3585:Horath, Larry (2017). 1793: 1740: 1471: 1346: 1299: 1278: 1261: 1228: 1140: 1132: 1040:farnesyl pyrophosphate 1000:, whiting and others. 953: 820: 688: 576: 561:Benjamin Saldaña Rocca 362:species), the related 98: 84: 66: 6950:Forestry in Indonesia 6520:Sandaracopimaric acid 6165:Geranyl pyrophosphate 5819:Indian forest produce 5290:Hydnocarpus wightiana 4693:Environmental hazards 3646:on 13 September 2016. 3481:Ohio State University 3303:"Science of Plastics" 3235:Keoke, Emory (2003). 3067:10.1104/pp.123.3.1133 2711:"Casing Joint Design" 2568:. Verso. p. 83. 2456:Jackson, Joe (2008). 2104:10.3390/polym12091959 2004:24.3 (2021): 461–473. 1860:Microbial degradation 1791: 1767:electrical resistance 1730: 1469: 1344: 1293: 1276: 1255: 1226: 1138: 1126: 943: 818: 686: 574: 423:Mesoamerican ballgame 386:Parthenium argentatum 365:Scorzonera tau-saghyz 231:Landolphia owariensis 90: 72: 56: 6960:Forestry in Thailand 6955:Forestry in Malaysia 6710:Tetraprenylcurcumene 6191:Grapefruit mercaptan 5062:Bare-toothed russula 3762:"Allergy Fact Sheet" 3617:, 22 November 2016, 3510:The Rubber Economist 3288:Basic Rubber Testing 2302:Tully, John (2011). 2168:. Wallstein Verlag. 2144:Legner, Erich Fred. 2030:8.2 (2021): 130–139 2017:127 (2021): 102449. 1785:are made of rubber. 1613:improve this article 1462:Sulfur vulcanization 1422:improve this section 1277:Mixed field coagula. 1089:improve this article 858:, when the American 775:improve this article 377:Taraxacum officinale 346:), various spurges ( 298:Taraxacum kok-saghyz 39:Caoutchouc (Picabia) 6965:History of forestry 6493:Dehydroabietic acid 5959:(cyclopentane ring) 5673:musical instruments 4931:Woodland strawberry 4531:Polymer stabilizers 4289:Morton, M. (2013). 4219:1999 Granta edition 4190:127 (2021): 102449. 4143:2000ApEnM..66.3680B 3946:1995ApEnM..61.3092H 3889:1985ApEnM..50..965T 3850:1963JAWWA..55l1523L 3787:Rook, J.J. (1955). 3675:2023JCPro.39236270L 3391:2018RCR...133..250A 2953:2008PChem..69.2539X 2906:1990JPPhy.136..257P 2784:on 15 December 2017 2654:Singapore Infopedia 2402:(5422): 1988–1991. 1908:Emulsion dispersion 1362:Molecular structure 705:strain crystallizes 527:Peninsular Malaysia 212:), a member of the 5953:Bicyclic (2 rings) 4650:Rubberized asphalt 4516:Filler (materials) 4440:Chloroprene rubber 3189:on 4 November 2012 2767:10.3303/CET1230030 2637:on 1 October 2016. 2335:bouncing-balls.com 2225:. pp. 137–141 1825:antigenic proteins 1821:anaphylactic shock 1801:Allergic reactions 1794: 1741: 1662:possibly contains 1472: 1347: 1319:Smallholders' lump 1300: 1279: 1262: 1229: 1207:forest degradation 1141: 1133: 954: 902:gas chromatography 889:degrees of freedom 879:of rubber creates 835:Cooling below the 821: 711:C-H bonds in each 689: 577: 481:in 1839, although 209:Hevea brasiliensis 200:Hevea brasiliensis 176:Hevea brasiliensis 99: 85: 67: 57:Pieces of natural 6970:Natural materials 6922: 6921: 6870:7,8-dihydroionone 6829: 6828: 6696: 6695: 6533: 6532: 6501:Lambertianic acid 6275: 6274: 6124: 6123: 5939:Acyclic (linear, 5882: 5881: 4751: 4750: 4710:Tire-derived fuel 4552:Rubber technology 4540:Rubber processing 4460:Styrene-butadiene 4337:978-0-312-42962-1 4302:978-94-017-2925-3 4292:Rubber Technology 4281:978-0-330-49233-1 4257:978-1-59376-089-2 4238:978-1-85166-215-9 4212:978-1-86207-290-9 3844:(12): 1523–1535. 3598:978-1-4786-3518-5 3465:– Industry Source 3020:(10): 5289–5292. 2975:on 2 October 2021 2947:(14): 2539–2545. 2878:978-3-527-30221-5 2817:10.5254/1.3547792 2575:978-1-84467-334-6 2542:antislavery.ac.uk 2469:978-0-670-01853-6 2442:978-0-7868-6789-9 2313:978-1-58367-260-0 2198:. 28 October 2013 2175:978-3-89244-496-1 1935:Rubber technology 1919:Reinforced rubber 1840:sources, such as 1745:Vulcanized rubber 1725: 1724: 1717: 1707: 1706: 1699: 1664:original research 1645: 1644: 1637: 1586: 1458: 1457: 1450: 1390:Vulcanized rubber 1121: 1120: 1113: 1036:prenyltransferase 982:structural isomer 906:mass spectrometry 811:Rubber elasticity 807: 806: 799: 557:Julio César Arana 553:Putumayo genocide 511:Dutch East Indies 467:Giovanni Fabbroni 447:François Fresneau 343:Castilla elastica 303:Continental Tires 16:(Redirected from 7002: 6985:Organic polymers 6980:Nonwoven fabrics 6730: 6729: 6562: 6561: 6539:Sesterterpenoids 6505:Levopimaric acid 6367:Geranyl-linalool 6348: 6347: 6281:Sesquiterpenoids 6221:Perillyl alcohol 6135: 6134: 6030: 6029: 5909: 5902: 5895: 5886: 5885: 5870: 5869: 5860: 5859: 5834:Resin extraction 5824:Mushroom hunting 5800: 5546: / etc. 5400: 5293: 5128:Saffron milk cap 5118:Parasol mushroom 4958:Fiddlehead ferns 4778: 4771: 4764: 4755: 4754: 4741: 4740: 4731: 4730: 4683:Rubber pollution 4526:Polymer additive 4471:Mechanical types 4430:Synthetic rubber 4401: 4394: 4387: 4378: 4377: 4366: 4306: 4285: 4266:Hochschild, Adam 4261: 4242: 4216: 4205:. Granta Books. 4173: 4172: 4162: 4137:(9): 3680–3685. 4122: 4116: 4115: 4105: 4081: 4075: 4074: 4064: 4055:(4): 1785–1791. 4040: 4034: 4031: 4025: 4024: 4018: 4010: 3982: 3976: 3975: 3965: 3940:(8): 3092–3097. 3925: 3919: 3918: 3908: 3868: 3862: 3861: 3833: 3827: 3826: 3816: 3784: 3778: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3768:on 13 March 2012 3764:. Archived from 3757: 3751: 3750: 3737: 3731: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3720: 3712: 3703: 3702: 3654: 3648: 3647: 3642:. Archived from 3636: 3630: 3629: 3628: 3626: 3609: 3603: 3602: 3582: 3576: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3552: 3543: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3527: 3521: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3502: 3496: 3495: 3489: 3487: 3472: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3453: 3436:(5): 4849–4855. 3425: 3419: 3418: 3374: 3368: 3367: 3349: 3325: 3319: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3299: 3293: 3292: 3283: 3277: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3247: 3241: 3240: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3205: 3199: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3178: 3172: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3136: 3129: 3121: 3115: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3095: 3089: 3088: 3078: 3061:(3): 1133–1142. 3046: 3040: 3039: 3029: 3005: 2999: 2998: 2992: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2971:. Archived from 2932: 2926: 2925: 2889: 2883: 2882: 2860: 2854: 2853: 2851: 2840: 2832: 2821: 2820: 2811:(5): 1128–1144. 2800: 2794: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2783: 2777:. Archived from 2752: 2743: 2737: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2726: 2715: 2707: 2701: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2687:. Archived from 2685:Malaysia History 2676: 2670: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2656:. Archived from 2645: 2639: 2638: 2633:. Archived from 2627: 2621: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2593: 2587: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2559: 2553: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2534: 2528: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2518:. 14 August 2019 2508: 2499: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2480: 2474: 2473: 2453: 2447: 2446: 2426: 2420: 2419: 2391: 2385: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2370: 2364: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2345: 2339: 2338: 2327: 2318: 2317: 2299: 2293: 2290: 2284: 2270: 2261: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2241: 2235: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2214: 2208: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2186: 2180: 2179: 2156: 2150: 2149: 2141: 2135: 2134: 2124: 2106: 2082: 2076: 2075: 2065: 2041: 2035: 2024: 2018: 2011: 2005: 1998: 1992: 1991: 1979: 1971: 1720: 1713: 1702: 1695: 1691: 1688: 1682: 1679:inline citations 1655: 1654: 1647: 1640: 1633: 1629: 1626: 1620: 1597: 1589: 1578: 1556: 1555: 1548: 1453: 1446: 1442: 1439: 1433: 1402: 1394: 1116: 1109: 1105: 1102: 1096: 1073: 1065: 958:molecular weight 930:scrubber systems 922:hydrogen sulfide 802: 795: 791: 788: 782: 759: 751: 737:ammonia solution 623:Pre–World War II 547: 534:Congo Free State 475:Charles Goodyear 451:Joseph Priestley 187:synthetic rubber 172:Pará rubber tree 114:Amazonian rubber 46:Synthetic rubber 21: 7010: 7009: 7005: 7004: 7003: 7001: 7000: 6999: 6925: 6924: 6923: 6918: 6895: 6873: 6856: 6825: 6781: 6721: 6719:Tetraterpenoids 6713: 6692: 6633: 6624:Cholecalciferol 6550: 6547:Geranylfarnesol 6529: 6512:Neoabietic acid 6497:Isopimaric acid 6472: 6446: 6416: 6391: 6370: 6336: 6271: 6230: 6179: 6130: 6129:Monoterpenoids 6120: 6075: 6049: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6009: 6005:Isovaleric acid 5995: 5991: 5971: 5928: 5913: 5883: 5878: 5848: 5798: 5783: 5774:Vegetable ivory 5646: 5534: 5446: 5394: 5287: 5249: 5231: 5165: 5147: 5113:Oyster mushroom 5103:Meadow mushroom 5048: 5032:Twincrest onion 4935: 4839: 4822: 4793:Animal products 4787: 4782: 4752: 4747: 4719: 4666: 4626: 4561: 4535: 4499: 4466: 4455:Silicone rubber 4408: 4405: 4359: 4348:Tully, John A. 4327:Grandin, Greg. 4314: 4312:Further reading 4309: 4303: 4282: 4258: 4239: 4213: 4197:Ascherson, Neal 4182: 4177: 4176: 4123: 4119: 4082: 4078: 4041: 4037: 4032: 4028: 4012: 4011: 3983: 3979: 3926: 3922: 3869: 3865: 3834: 3830: 3793:Appl. Microbiol 3785: 3781: 3771: 3769: 3758: 3754: 3739: 3738: 3734: 3724: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3713: 3706: 3655: 3651: 3638: 3637: 3633: 3624: 3622: 3611: 3610: 3606: 3599: 3583: 3579: 3569: 3567: 3553: 3546: 3536: 3534: 3528: 3524: 3514: 3512: 3504: 3503: 3499: 3485: 3483: 3473: 3469: 3461: 3457: 3426: 3422: 3375: 3371: 3326: 3322: 3312: 3310: 3301: 3300: 3296: 3285: 3284: 3280: 3270: 3268: 3248: 3244: 3233: 3229: 3219: 3217: 3207: 3206: 3202: 3192: 3190: 3179: 3175: 3165: 3163: 3155: 3154: 3150: 3140: 3138: 3134: 3127: 3123: 3122: 3118: 3108: 3106: 3097: 3096: 3092: 3047: 3043: 3006: 3002: 2986: 2985: 2978: 2976: 2933: 2929: 2890: 2886: 2879: 2869:Polyisoprenoids 2861: 2857: 2849: 2838: 2834: 2833: 2824: 2801: 2797: 2787: 2785: 2781: 2750: 2744: 2740: 2730: 2728: 2724: 2713: 2709: 2708: 2704: 2694: 2692: 2691:on 27 July 2013 2677: 2673: 2663: 2661: 2646: 2642: 2629: 2628: 2624: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2594: 2590: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2560: 2556: 2546: 2544: 2536: 2535: 2531: 2521: 2519: 2510: 2509: 2502: 2492: 2490: 2482: 2481: 2477: 2470: 2454: 2450: 2443: 2427: 2423: 2392: 2388: 2378: 2376: 2372: 2371: 2367: 2357: 2355: 2347: 2346: 2342: 2329: 2328: 2321: 2314: 2300: 2296: 2291: 2287: 2271: 2264: 2254: 2252: 2242: 2238: 2228: 2226: 2215: 2211: 2201: 2199: 2188: 2187: 2183: 2176: 2157: 2153: 2142: 2138: 2083: 2079: 2042: 2038: 2025: 2021: 2012: 2008: 1999: 1995: 1972: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1930:Rubber seed oil 1888: 1862: 1834:Latex from non- 1809: 1803: 1721: 1710: 1709: 1708: 1703: 1692: 1686: 1683: 1668: 1656: 1652: 1641: 1630: 1624: 1621: 1610: 1598: 1557: 1553: 1546: 1529: 1504: 1464: 1454: 1443: 1437: 1434: 1419: 1403: 1392: 1364: 1339: 1330: 1321: 1312: 1288: 1271: 1221: 1215: 1158: 1117: 1106: 1100: 1097: 1086: 1074: 1063: 1006: 938: 936:Chemical makeup 897: 813: 803: 792: 786: 783: 772: 760: 749: 727:for rubber are 723:. The two main 681: 625: 417:comes from the 404: 398: 321:Palaquium gutta 311: 274: 239: 204: 195: 49: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7008: 6998: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6920: 6919: 6917: 6916: 6910: 6903: 6901: 6897: 6896: 6894: 6893: 6890:protein domain 6881: 6879: 6875: 6874: 6872: 6871: 6868: 6864: 6862: 6858: 6857: 6855: 6854: 6851: 6846: 6844:Natural rubber 6840: 6838: 6835:Polyterpenoids 6831: 6830: 6827: 6826: 6824: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6792: 6790: 6783: 6782: 6780: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6757:Delta-Carotene 6754: 6752:Gamma-Carotene 6749: 6744: 6742:Alpha-Carotene 6738: 6736: 6727: 6715: 6714: 6712: 6711: 6708: 6704: 6702: 6698: 6697: 6694: 6693: 6691: 6690: 6689: 6688: 6683: 6681:Betulinic acid 6678: 6673: 6671:Oleanolic acid 6665: 6660: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6641: 6639: 6635: 6634: 6632: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6605: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6583:Citrostadienol 6581: 6570: 6568: 6559: 6552: 6551: 6549: 6548: 6544: 6542: 6535: 6534: 6531: 6530: 6528: 6527: 6526:Palustric acid 6524: 6521: 6518: 6513: 6510: 6507: 6502: 6499: 6494: 6491: 6488: 6482: 6480: 6474: 6473: 6471: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6454: 6452: 6448: 6447: 6445: 6444: 6441: 6438: 6435: 6430: 6424: 6422: 6418: 6417: 6415: 6414: 6409: 6406: 6399: 6397: 6393: 6392: 6390: 6389: 6384: 6378: 6376: 6372: 6371: 6369: 6368: 6365: 6360: 6354: 6352: 6345: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6334: 6331: 6328: 6323: 6320: 6315: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6286: 6284: 6277: 6276: 6273: 6272: 6270: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6252:Bornyl acetate 6249: 6244: 6238: 6236: 6232: 6231: 6229: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6187: 6185: 6181: 6180: 6178: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6141: 6139: 6132: 6126: 6125: 6122: 6121: 6119: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6083: 6081: 6077: 6076: 6074: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6057: 6055: 6051: 6050: 6048: 6047: 6042: 6036: 6034: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6011: 6010: 6008: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5982: 5980: 5977:Hemiterpenoids 5973: 5972: 5970: 5969: 5963: 5960: 5954: 5951: 5948: 5936: 5934: 5930: 5929: 5912: 5911: 5904: 5897: 5889: 5880: 5879: 5877: 5876: 5864: 5853: 5850: 5849: 5847: 5846: 5841: 5839:Rubber tapping 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5805:Forest farming 5802: 5791: 5789: 5785: 5784: 5782: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5760: 5759: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5728: 5727: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5681: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5660: 5654: 5652: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5633: 5632: 5627: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5566: 5565: 5555: 5549: 5547: 5536: 5535: 5533: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5456: 5454: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5444: 5441:Vateria indica 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397:Shorea robusta 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5247: 5242: 5236: 5233: 5232: 5230: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5168: 5166: 5164: 5163: 5158: 5152: 5149: 5148: 5146: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5089: 5087:Honey mushroom 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5058: 5056: 5050: 5049: 5047: 5046: 5045: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4998: 4997: 4992: 4982: 4981: 4980: 4970: 4968:Mahuwa flowers 4965: 4960: 4955: 4949: 4947: 4937: 4936: 4934: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4837: 4827: 4824: 4823: 4821: 4820: 4815: 4814: 4813: 4803: 4797: 4795: 4789: 4788: 4781: 4780: 4773: 4766: 4758: 4749: 4748: 4746: 4745: 4735: 4724: 4721: 4720: 4718: 4717: 4715:Tire recycling 4712: 4707: 4706: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4680: 4674: 4672: 4668: 4667: 4665: 4664: 4663: 4662: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4636: 4634: 4628: 4627: 4625: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4608: 4607: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4571: 4569: 4563: 4562: 4560: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4547:Rubber tapping 4543: 4541: 4537: 4536: 4534: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4507: 4505: 4501: 4500: 4498: 4497: 4496: 4495: 4485: 4480: 4474: 4472: 4468: 4467: 4465: 4464: 4463: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4450:Nitrile rubber 4447: 4442: 4437: 4427: 4425:Natural rubber 4422: 4416: 4414: 4413:Chemical types 4410: 4409: 4404: 4403: 4396: 4389: 4381: 4375: 4374: 4370:natural rubber 4358: 4357:External links 4355: 4354: 4353: 4346: 4339: 4325: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4307: 4301: 4286: 4280: 4262: 4256: 4243: 4237: 4222: 4211: 4192: 4191: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4175: 4174: 4117: 4096:(1): 155–161. 4076: 4035: 4026: 3993:(2): 179–188. 3977: 3920: 3883:(4): 965–970. 3863: 3828: 3799:(5): 302–309. 3779: 3752: 3732: 3704: 3649: 3631: 3604: 3597: 3577: 3544: 3522: 3497: 3467: 3455: 3420: 3369: 3340:(4): 248–254. 3320: 3309:. 18 July 2016 3294: 3278: 3242: 3227: 3214:European Union 3200: 3173: 3148: 3116: 3105:on 26 May 2013 3090: 3041: 3000: 2941:Phytochemistry 2927: 2900:(3): 257–263. 2884: 2877: 2855: 2822: 2795: 2738: 2702: 2671: 2640: 2622: 2608: 2588: 2574: 2554: 2529: 2500: 2475: 2468: 2448: 2441: 2421: 2386: 2365: 2340: 2319: 2312: 2294: 2285: 2262: 2236: 2209: 2181: 2174: 2151: 2136: 2077: 2056:(3): 450–466. 2036: 2019: 2006: 1993: 1982:Chisholm, Hugh 1977:"Rubber" 1962: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1950: 1949: 1943: 1940:Stevenson Plan 1937: 1932: 1927: 1921: 1916: 1910: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1887: 1884: 1861: 1858: 1805:Main article: 1802: 1799: 1783:lacrosse balls 1758:impermeability 1723: 1722: 1705: 1704: 1659: 1657: 1650: 1643: 1642: 1601: 1599: 1592: 1587: 1561: 1560: 1558: 1551: 1545: 1542: 1528: 1525: 1520:Central Africa 1508:Southeast Asia 1503: 1502:Transportation 1500: 1460:Main article: 1456: 1455: 1406: 1404: 1397: 1391: 1388: 1376:tortoise shell 1363: 1360: 1338: 1335: 1329: 1326: 1320: 1317: 1311: 1308: 1287: 1284: 1270: 1267: 1242:Rubber tapping 1219:Rubber tapping 1217:Main article: 1214: 1211: 1203:European Union 1192: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1157: 1154: 1119: 1118: 1077: 1075: 1068: 1062: 1059: 1020:membrane with 1005: 1002: 937: 934: 896: 893: 841:energy barrier 830:entropic force 809:Main article: 805: 804: 763: 761: 754: 748: 745: 721:ozone cracking 693:Mullins effect 680: 677: 624: 621: 565:Roger Casement 551:came from the 525:. Malaya (now 523:British Malaya 503:British Ceylon 397: 394: 337:Ficus elastica 310: 307: 273: 270: 238: 229:Congo rubber ( 227: 203: 196: 194: 191: 104:, also called 94:plantation in 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7007: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6932: 6930: 6914: 6911: 6908: 6905: 6904: 6902: 6898: 6891: 6887: 6883: 6882: 6880: 6876: 6869: 6867:3-oxo-α-ionol 6866: 6865: 6863: 6859: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6832: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6801:Cryptoxanthin 6799: 6797: 6796:Canthaxanthin 6794: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6784: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6747:Beta-Carotene 6745: 6743: 6740: 6739: 6737: 6735: 6731: 6728: 6725: 6720: 6716: 6709: 6707:Ferrugicadiol 6706: 6705: 6703: 6699: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6668: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659:Serratenediol 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6642: 6640: 6636: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6576: 6575: 6572: 6571: 6569: 6567: 6563: 6560: 6557: 6556:Triterpenoids 6553: 6546: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6536: 6525: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6511: 6509:Mercusic acid 6508: 6506: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6492: 6490:Communic acid 6489: 6487: 6484: 6483: 6481: 6479: 6475: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6455: 6453: 6449: 6442: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6425: 6423: 6419: 6413: 6410: 6407: 6404: 6401: 6400: 6398: 6394: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6379: 6377: 6373: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6355: 6353: 6349: 6346: 6343: 6339: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6278: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6239: 6237: 6233: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6211: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6188: 6186: 6182: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6142: 6140: 6136: 6133: 6127: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6085: 6084: 6082: 6078: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6058: 6056: 6052: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6037: 6035: 6031: 6028: 6016: 6012: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5987: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5974: 5967: 5964: 5961: 5958: 5955: 5952: 5949: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5937: 5935: 5931: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5910: 5905: 5903: 5898: 5896: 5891: 5890: 5887: 5875: 5874: 5865: 5863: 5855: 5854: 5851: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5814:Honey hunting 5812: 5810: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5792: 5790: 5786: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5758: 5755: 5754: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5726: 5723: 5722: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5665: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5655: 5653: 5649: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5622: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5570:Coconut sugar 5568: 5564: 5561: 5560: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5457: 5455: 5453: 5449: 5443: 5442: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5373: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5253: 5251: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5237: 5234: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5153: 5150: 5144: 5143:Yellow knight 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5133:Slippery jack 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5059: 5057: 5055: 5051: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5014: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4987: 4986: 4983: 4979: 4976: 4975: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4963:Heart of palm 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4950: 4948: 4946: 4942: 4941:Edible plants 4938: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4906:Juniper berry 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4843: 4841: 4836: 4832: 4829: 4828: 4825: 4819: 4816: 4812: 4809: 4808: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4779: 4774: 4772: 4767: 4765: 4760: 4759: 4756: 4744: 4736: 4734: 4726: 4725: 4722: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4685: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4675: 4673: 4669: 4661: 4658: 4657: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4629: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4606: 4603: 4602: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4564: 4558: 4557:Vulcanization 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4544: 4542: 4538: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4508: 4506: 4502: 4494: 4491: 4490: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4475: 4473: 4469: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4432: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4417: 4415: 4411: 4402: 4397: 4395: 4390: 4388: 4383: 4382: 4379: 4373:at Wiktionary 4372: 4371: 4365: 4361: 4360: 4351: 4347: 4344: 4340: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4323: 4319: 4316: 4315: 4304: 4298: 4294: 4293: 4287: 4283: 4277: 4273: 4272: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4253: 4249: 4244: 4240: 4234: 4230: 4229: 4223: 4220: 4214: 4208: 4204: 4203: 4198: 4194: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4184: 4170: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4121: 4113: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4080: 4072: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4039: 4030: 4022: 4016: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3981: 3973: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3924: 3916: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3867: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3832: 3824: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3783: 3767: 3763: 3756: 3748: 3747: 3742: 3736: 3717: 3711: 3709: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3653: 3645: 3641: 3640:"Rubber Faqs" 3635: 3620: 3616: 3615: 3608: 3600: 3594: 3590: 3589: 3581: 3566: 3562: 3560: 3551: 3549: 3533: 3526: 3511: 3507: 3501: 3494: 3482: 3478: 3471: 3464: 3459: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3424: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3373: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3324: 3308: 3304: 3298: 3290: 3289: 3282: 3266: 3262: 3256: 3252: 3251:public domain 3246: 3238: 3231: 3216: 3215: 3210: 3204: 3188: 3184: 3177: 3162: 3158: 3152: 3133: 3126: 3120: 3104: 3100: 3094: 3086: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3055:Plant Physiol 3052: 3045: 3037: 3033: 3028: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3004: 2996: 2990: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2931: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2888: 2880: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2859: 2848: 2844: 2837: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2799: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2749: 2742: 2723: 2719: 2712: 2706: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2675: 2660:on 4 May 2013 2659: 2655: 2651: 2644: 2636: 2632: 2626: 2611: 2609:1-901990-00-1 2605: 2601: 2600: 2592: 2577: 2571: 2567: 2566: 2558: 2543: 2539: 2533: 2517: 2513: 2507: 2505: 2489: 2485: 2479: 2471: 2465: 2461: 2460: 2452: 2444: 2438: 2434: 2433: 2425: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2390: 2375: 2369: 2354: 2350: 2344: 2336: 2332: 2326: 2324: 2315: 2309: 2306:. NYU Press. 2305: 2298: 2289: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2269: 2267: 2251: 2247: 2244:Burns, Bill. 2240: 2224: 2220: 2213: 2197: 2196: 2195:Science Daily 2191: 2185: 2177: 2171: 2167: 2166: 2161: 2160:Heim, Susanne 2155: 2147: 2140: 2132: 2128: 2123: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2105: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2081: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2040: 2033: 2029: 2023: 2016: 2010: 2003: 1997: 1989: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1970: 1968: 1963: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1889: 1883: 1881: 1880: 1875: 1874: 1869: 1868: 1857: 1855: 1849: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1838: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1813:latex allergy 1808: 1807:Latex allergy 1798: 1790: 1786: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1763: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1746: 1738: 1734: 1729: 1719: 1716: 1701: 1698: 1690: 1687:November 2016 1680: 1676: 1672: 1666: 1665: 1660:This section 1658: 1649: 1648: 1639: 1636: 1628: 1625:November 2016 1618: 1614: 1608: 1607: 1602:This section 1600: 1596: 1591: 1590: 1585: 1583: 1576: 1575: 1570: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1550: 1549: 1541: 1537: 1535: 1524: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1512:South America 1509: 1499: 1495: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1468: 1463: 1452: 1449: 1441: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1417: 1416: 1412: 1407:This section 1405: 1401: 1396: 1395: 1387: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1343: 1334: 1325: 1316: 1307: 1304: 1297: 1292: 1283: 1275: 1269:Field coagula 1266: 1259: 1254: 1250: 1248: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1225: 1220: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1195: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1177: 1176: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1166: 1161: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1137: 1130: 1125: 1115: 1112: 1104: 1094: 1090: 1084: 1083: 1078:This section 1076: 1072: 1067: 1066: 1058: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1043: 1041: 1037: 1032: 1028: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1001: 999: 995: 991: 987: 986:thermoplastic 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 951: 947: 942: 933: 931: 927: 926:sulfuric acid 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 892: 890: 886: 882: 878: 877:Vulcanization 874: 872: 867: 865: 862:'s flattened 861: 860:Space Shuttle 857: 855: 850: 846: 842: 838: 833: 831: 827: 817: 812: 801: 798: 790: 780: 776: 770: 769: 764:This section 762: 758: 753: 752: 744: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 717:vulcanisation 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 685: 676: 674: 670: 666: 660: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 620: 617: 613: 608: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 573: 569: 566: 562: 558: 554: 548: 545: 539: 535: 530: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 491:Henry Wickham 486: 484: 483:Mesoamericans 480: 479:vulcanization 476: 472: 468: 464: 461:was a rubber 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 443: 438: 434: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 414: 409: 403: 393: 391: 387: 383: 379: 378: 373: 372: 367: 366: 361: 360: 355: 351: 350: 345: 344: 339: 338: 333: 332: 327: 323: 322: 317: 306: 304: 300: 299: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 269: 267: 266:L. owariensis 263: 262:L. heudelotis 259: 258: 253: 252: 247: 243: 236: 232: 226: 224: 223: 222:Euphorbiaceae 218: 215: 211: 210: 201: 190: 188: 183: 179: 177: 173: 169: 164: 162: 158: 153: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 126: 121: 120: 115: 111: 107: 103: 97: 93: 89: 83: 79: 76: 71: 64: 60: 55: 51: 47: 40: 33: 19: 6853:Gutta-balatá 6849:Gutta percha 6843: 6787:Xanthophylls 6767:Neurosporene 6686:Moronic acid 6676:Ursolic acid 6619:Testosterone 6602:Stigmasterol 6587:Cycloartenol 6574:Phytosterols 6516:Pimaric acid 6486:Abietic acid 6437:Manoyl oxide 6412:Salvinorin A 6402: 6342:Diterpenoids 6206:Thujaplicins 6131:(2,modified) 6071:Phellandrene 6015:Monoterpenes 5944: 5940: 5933:Basic forms: 5871: 5844:Wildcrafting 5829:Naval stores 5807: / 5795: 5764:Tendu leaves 5720:Natural dyes 5636: 5590:Gutta-percha 5542: / 5480:Frankincense 5440: 5396: 5353:Mango butter 5298:Cocoa butter 5289: 5286:Chaulmoogra 5256:Allanblackia 5187:Black pepper 5072:Birch bolete 5022:Canada onion 5007:Wild ginseng 5002:Saw palmetto 4943: / 4833: / 4645:Rubber mulch 4595:Rubber Board 4488:Crumb rubber 4435:Butyl rubber 4424: 4369: 4349: 4342: 4328: 4321: 4318:Dean, Warren 4291: 4270: 4247: 4227: 4218: 4201: 4187: 4134: 4130: 4120: 4093: 4089: 4079: 4052: 4048: 4038: 4029: 4015:cite journal 3990: 3986: 3980: 3937: 3933: 3923: 3880: 3876: 3866: 3841: 3837: 3831: 3796: 3792: 3782: 3772:22 September 3770:. Retrieved 3766:the original 3755: 3744: 3735: 3725:22 September 3723:. Retrieved 3666: 3662: 3652: 3644:the original 3634: 3623:, retrieved 3613: 3607: 3587: 3580: 3568:. Retrieved 3558: 3535:. Retrieved 3525: 3513:. Retrieved 3509: 3500: 3491: 3484:. Retrieved 3480: 3470: 3458: 3433: 3429: 3423: 3382: 3378: 3372: 3337: 3333: 3323: 3311:. Retrieved 3306: 3297: 3287: 3281: 3269:. Retrieved 3264: 3245: 3236: 3230: 3218:. Retrieved 3212: 3203: 3191:. Retrieved 3187:the original 3176: 3164:. Retrieved 3160: 3151: 3139:. Retrieved 3119: 3107:. Retrieved 3103:the original 3093: 3058: 3054: 3044: 3017: 3013: 3003: 2989:cite journal 2977:. Retrieved 2973:the original 2944: 2940: 2930: 2897: 2893: 2887: 2868: 2858: 2842: 2808: 2804: 2798: 2786:. Retrieved 2779:the original 2758: 2754: 2741: 2729:. Retrieved 2717: 2705: 2693:. Retrieved 2689:the original 2684: 2674: 2662:. Retrieved 2658:the original 2653: 2643: 2635:the original 2625: 2613:. Retrieved 2598: 2591: 2579:. Retrieved 2564: 2557: 2545:. Retrieved 2541: 2532: 2520:. Retrieved 2515: 2491:. Retrieved 2487: 2478: 2458: 2451: 2435:. Hyperion. 2431: 2424: 2399: 2395: 2389: 2377:. Retrieved 2368: 2356:. Retrieved 2352: 2343: 2334: 2303: 2297: 2288: 2273: 2253:. Retrieved 2249: 2239: 2227:. Retrieved 2222: 2212: 2200:. Retrieved 2193: 2184: 2164: 2154: 2139: 2094: 2090: 2080: 2053: 2049: 2039: 2027: 2022: 2014: 2009: 2001: 1996: 1985: 1898:Crepe rubber 1877: 1871: 1865: 1863: 1850: 1845: 1835: 1833: 1828: 1817:latex gloves 1810: 1795: 1750: 1742: 1733:rubber boots 1711: 1693: 1684: 1661: 1631: 1622: 1611:Please help 1606:verification 1603: 1579: 1572: 1566: 1565:Please help 1562: 1538: 1530: 1505: 1496: 1492:Carbon black 1473: 1444: 1435: 1420:Please help 1408: 1365: 1357: 1348: 1331: 1322: 1313: 1305: 1301: 1280: 1263: 1234:Kerala-India 1230: 1196: 1193: 1173: 1162: 1159: 1142: 1107: 1098: 1087:Please help 1082:verification 1079: 1044: 1018:phospholipid 1007: 1004:Biosynthesis 994:carbon black 978:gutta-percha 955: 898: 875: 871:crystallites 868: 853: 834: 822: 793: 784: 773:Please help 768:verification 765: 701:hyperelastic 697:Payne effect 690: 687:Rubber latex 667:(polymer of 661: 653:rubber bands 626: 609: 588: 578: 549: 538:forced labor 531: 487: 477:redeveloped 440: 435: 412: 405: 389: 388:). The term 385: 375: 369: 363: 357: 347: 341: 335: 329: 319: 316:gutta-percha 314:for example 312: 296: 285:Nazi Germany 281:rubber trees 275: 265: 261: 255: 249: 242:Congo rubber 240: 234: 230: 220: 207: 205: 199: 184: 180: 175: 165: 157:polyisoprene 154: 124: 123: 118: 117: 113: 109: 106:India rubber 105: 101: 100: 50: 6821:Rubixanthin 6811:Astaxanthin 6772:Phytofluene 6724:Carotenoids 6614:Cholesterol 6609:Tocopherols 6579:Campesterol 6478:Resin acids 6463:Gibberellin 6458:Aphidicolin 6451:Tetracyclic 6326:Longifolene 6290:Artemisinin 6267:Umbellulone 6155:Citronellol 6145:Citronellal 5779:Willow bark 5610:Maple syrup 5605:Maple sugar 5580:Fruit syrup 5563:chewing gum 5553:Birch syrup 5410:Shea butter 5082:Chanterelle 5027:Crow garlic 5017:Bear garlic 5012:Wild onions 4990:filé powder 4911:Lingonberry 4896:Huckleberry 4640:Rubber band 4575:Bridgestone 4521:Plasticizer 4483:Foam rubber 4478:Cold rubber 4445:EPDM rubber 3385:: 250–262. 3313:18 February 3265:ecoport.org 3166:18 February 2979:24 November 2788:14 December 2255:14 February 2202:22 November 2097:(9): 1959. 1892:Akron, Ohio 1771:hard rubber 1753:flexibility 1739:are removed 1735:before the 1384:animal horn 1328:Earth scrap 1298:road stall. 1256:A woman in 1209:worldwide. 1156:Cultivation 1022:hydrophobic 970:fatty acids 885:polysulfide 826:ideal chain 787:August 2015 741:coagulation 713:repeat unit 669:chloroprene 655:and pencil 495:Kew Gardens 408:Mesoamerica 402:Rubber boom 92:Rubber tree 78:rubber tree 6929:Categories 6806:Zeaxanthin 6650:Lanosterol 6597:Sitosterol 6592:Sitostanol 6468:Paclitaxel 6375:Monocyclic 6262:Ascaridole 6257:Eucalyptol 6210:Hinokitiol 6184:Monocyclic 6054:Monocyclic 5921:terpenoids 5690:Birch beer 5685:Birch bark 5642:Spruce gum 5625:akpeteshie 5615:Palm sugar 5585:Gum arabic 5575:Date sugar 5525:Turpentine 5405:Sandalwood 5308:Eucalyptus 5303:Eucalyptol 5192:Brazil nut 5067:Bay bolete 4921:Strawberry 4876:Cocoa bean 4871:Breadfruit 4861:Blackberry 4835:tree fruit 3669:: 136270. 3565:BBC Future 3141:5 February 2695:9 February 2664:9 February 2462:. Viking. 1953:References 1913:Fordlândia 1819:can cause 1671:improve it 1568:improve it 1488:elasticity 1438:April 2018 1337:Processing 1238:galvanised 1213:Collection 1101:March 2019 1061:Production 1051:acetyl-CoA 1047:mevalonate 1014:laticifers 854:Challenger 747:Elasticity 729:turpentine 679:Properties 633:automotive 601:Tamil Nadu 459:turpentine 400:See also: 390:gum rubber 368:, various 251:Landolphia 161:elastomers 125:caoutchouc 63:Hutchinson 61:rubber at 59:vulcanized 18:Gum rubber 6940:Adhesives 6878:Synthesis 6734:Carotenes 6629:Ecdysones 6433:Forskolin 6421:Tricyclic 6408:Epimanool 6333:Nootkatin 6330:Muurolene 6322:Juniperol 6314:Chanootin 6295:Bisabolol 6226:Carvacrol 6066:Terpinene 5968:(4 rings) 5915:Types of 5809:gardening 5769:Thatching 5620:Palm wine 5465:Birch tar 5393:Sal-seed 5318:Japan wax 5271:Candlenut 5212:Malva nut 5177:Areca nut 5098:Matsutake 5054:Mushrooms 4995:root beer 4985:Sassafras 4973:Sago palm 4916:Raspberry 4901:Jackfruit 4866:Blueberry 4818:Wild game 4504:Additives 4320:. 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