1848:...Saadut Ali unexpectedly died. I found, however, that what had been provisionally agitated with him was perfectly understood by his successor, so that the latter came forward with a spontaneous offer of a crore of rupees, which I declined as a peishcush or tribute on his accession to the sovereignty of Oude, but accepted as a loan for the Honourable Company. Eight lacs were afterwards added to this sum, in order that the interest of the whole, at six per cent, might equal the allowances to different branches of the Nawab Vizier's family, for which guarantee of the British Government had been pledged, and the payment of which, without vexatious retardments, was secured, by the appropriation of the interest to the specific purpose. The sum thus obtained was thrown into the general treasury, whence I looked to draw such portions of it as the demands of the approaching service might require. My surprise is not to be expressed, when I was shortly after informed from Calcutta, that it had been deemed expedient to employ fifty four lacs of the sum obtained by me in discharging an eight per cent loan, that the remainder was indispensable for current purposes, and it was hoped I should be able to procure from the Nawab Vizier a further aid for the objects of the war. This took place early in autumn, and operations against Nepaul could not commence till the middle of November, on which account the Council did not apprehend my being subjected to any sudden inconvenience through its disposal of the first sum. Luckily I was upon such frank terms with the Nawab Vizier, as that I could explain to him fairly my circumstances. He agreed to furnish another crore; so that the Honourable Company was accommodated with above two millions and a half sterling on my simple receipt.
1701:, assumed the office of the Governor-General, and his first act was to re-examine the border dispute between Nepal and British East India Company. These disputes arose because there was no fixed boundary separating the Nepalese and the British. A struggle with the former was unpromising as the British were ignorant of the country or its resources and, despite their technological superiority, it was a received persuasion that the nature of the mountainous tract, which they would have to penetrate, would be as baffling to them as it had been to all the efforts of many successive Mahomedan sovereigns. A border commission imposed on Nepal by the Governor-General failed to solve the problem. The Nepalese Commissioners had remarked to the British the futility of debating about a few square miles of territory since there never could be real peace between the two States, until the British should yield to the Nepalese all the British provinces north of the Ganges, making that river the boundary between the two, "as heaven had evidently designed it to be." However, Nepalese Historian
1674:
lands.” British forces’ focus on land and territoriality throughout the various articles of this Treaty exemplifies that territorial concern helped spur the war. Article 3 further states, “The Raja of Nepal hereby cedes to the
Honourable the East India Company in perpetuity all the under-mentioned territories,” followed by the listing of five very detailed territorial spaces. When describing one of these ceded lands, for example, the Treaty states, “hills eastward of the River Mitchee including the fort and lands of Nagree and the Pass of Nagarcote leading from Morung into the hills.” These high levels of specificity, once again, showcase the Company’s highly fixed perceptions of borders and borderlands. As a result of the Anglo-Nepalese War and the subsequent treaty, Nepal lost approximately one-third of its land. Disputes over territoriality, therefore, constituted a driving cause for war, following from the Company's deep concerns about Nepal’s fluid borders in the preceding years and decades.
1662:
leading up to 1814, conflicts over borderlands played a pivotal role in spurring conflict between Nepal and
British India. Throughout its history, the Himalayas served as a site of political malleability and entangled agrarian entitlements. As such, Nepal’s boundaries remained porous. As opposed to fixed territorial lines, Nepal possessed “an unbounded space” that facilitated heterogeneous movements of trade and people. Nepal’s borders experienced frequent shifts in administration determined by the environment, tribute and taxation claims, and landholding patterns. As a result, control over Anglo-Gorkha borderlands – Nepal’s frontiers with British India – oscillated frequently among different agents. In the eighteenth century, these borderlands became an area of deep concern for the British. The British viewed borders as fixed and immutable, leading the Company to interpret Nepal’s fluid boundaries as encroachments on British territory.
3429:, p. 458: The entire letter by Bhimsen Thapa is as follows: "Through the influence of your good fortune, and that of your ancestors, no one has yet been able to cope with the state of Nipal. The Chinese once made war upon us, but were reduced to seek peace. How then will the English be able to penetrate into the hills? Under your auspices, we shall by our own exertions be able to oppose to them a force of fifty-two lakhs of men, with which we will expel them. The small fort of Bhurtpoor was the work of man, yet the English being worsted before it, desisted from the attempt to conquer it; our hills and fastnesses are formed by the hand of God, and are impregnable. I therefore recommend the prosecution of hostilities. We can make peace afterwards on such terms as may suit our convenience."
1770:
Therefore, the
Company’s security concerns also aided in causing the war. In the early nineteenth century before the Anglo-Nepalese War, Nepal’s land stood directly north of Bengal, the heart of British administration. This posed a threat to the British. The Company feared that anti-British prejudices among the Nepalese might result in either an attack on Bengal that would strain British communication with North India, or may result in Indian states uniting into an anti-British alliance. Gorkhas’ impressive conquests of the Kathmandu Valley further supplied the British with an exaggerated view of Nepal’s strength, contributing to the British viewing Nepal as a security threat. Gorkhas’ strong resistance against British pressure since the 1760s contributed to British security concerns.
144:
1436:
possibility of an alliance between Nepal and Sikhs in northern India. The
Company believed that if Nepal was expelled from its Western lands, the “Terai” region, it would no longer pose a danger. In 1814, this is what the British set out to do, alongside a goal of establishing a second Residency in Kathmandu to keep a close watch on the nation. In May 1814, British forces in Nepal temporarily left to escape malaria season. When Nepali forces aimed to reassert power, Company officials were killed in the process. In 1814, Warren Hastings – Governor General of Bengal – officially declared war on Nepal. 16,000 troops were then sent to invade Nepal in September 1814. The Treaty of Sagauli (1816) then marked the end of the Anglo-Nepalese War.
1749:
funds in
Britain, in order to pay overheads, pensions, and dividends; but there were problems in remitting the necessary assets from India. Traditionally the company had bought Indian produce and sold it in London; but this no longer made economic sense. The staple Indian export was cotton goods, and demand for these was declining as home-produced textiles captured the British market. So the company was having to transfer its assets in another, more complicated and expensive way. It was having to ship its Indian textiles to Canton; sell them on the Chinese market; buy tea with the proceeds; then ship the tea for sale in Britain (all tea at this time came from China. It was not grown in India until the 1840s).
2259:
1738:, trade missions were carried out to further these trade interests with the goal of establishing commercial relations with Nepal, Bhutan, and, ultimately, Tibet. Tibet represented a source of Chinese silks, wool, dyestuffs, and other attractive commodities. The Gorkha’s conquest of Kathmandu Valley and Nepal’s push into the Terai regions during the latter half of the eighteenth century, however, was viewed by the British as a threat to the Company’s trading plans. British economic interests, therefore, played a major role in causing the Anglo-Nepalese War. The Treaty of Sagauli illustrates these economic interests, as seen by Britain ceding Nepali lands that covered these attractive trade routes.
2224:
losses. When word of this disaster reached the defenders at Almora, they were stunned. The
British closed in on Almora and the Nepalese was unable to prevent the British advance. On 25 April 1815, 2,000 British regulars under Col. Nicholls and a force of irregular troops under Col. Gardiner assaulted and captured the heights of the town of Almorah. Subsequently, the British managed to establish gun positions within seventy yards of the gate of the fort at Almora and the British artillery demolished the walls of the fort at point blank range. Bam Shah surrendered Almora on 27 April 1815. The result of this British victory was the capitulation of the province of Kumaon and all of its fortresses.
1815:
Sheoraj, and whose family derived most of the advantages. Prinsep estimates that the revenue of the usurped lands could not have been less than a lakh of rupees a year to the
Nepalese, in the manner they collected it: the retention of this income was therefore an object of no small importance to the ambitious views of Bhimsen Thapa and the preservation of the influence he had contrived to establish for his family. The Nepalese prime minister realized the Nepalese had several advantages over the British including knowledge of the region and recent experience fighting in the mountainous terrain. However, the British had numerical superiority and far more modern weapons.
2326:. Some of the heads of villagers were bribed for sensitive information about the defensive positions in the area of Hariharpur Gadhi. The information seriously compromised the Nepalese defences. Secret routes would have given the enemy advantage even if they were able to get only a battalion through. But the British were able to advance with more than a brigade's strength. Colonel Kelly and Colonel O’Hollorah launched their attack from two different directions on 29 February. The Nepalese troops were eventually driven back from Hariharpur Gadhi after a big battle. Kaji Ranjore Singh Thapa withdrew to Sindhuli Gadhi to link up with Bada Kaji
309:
299:
279:
267:
255:
223:
2434:
1815, while
British forces were campaigning in far western Nepal, a high-ranking Manchu official advanced with a large military force from China to Lhasa; and the following year, after the Anglo-Nepalese treaty had been signed, the Chinese army moved south again, right up to Nepal's frontier. The Nepalese panicked, because memories were still vivid of the Chinese invasion of 1792, and there was a flurry of urgent diplomatic activity. Hastings sent mollifying assurances to the imperial authorities, and ordered the British Resident, newly arrived in Kathmandu, to pack his bags and be ready to leave at once if the Chinese invaded again.
2157:
to carry his undivided army against Amar Singh's son, Colonel
Ranajor Singh Thapa, who was with about 2300 elite of the Gurkha army, at Nahan. It was further intended to reinforce the division considerably; and the command was handed over to Major-General Martindell. In the meantime Colonel Mawbey had led back the division through the Keree pass, leaving Colonel Carpenter posted at Kalsee, at the north western extremity of the Doon. This station commanded the passes of the Jumna on the main line of communication between the western and eastern portions of the Gurkha territory, and thus was well chosen for procuring intelligence.
1828:
1757:: the exquisitely soft and durable animal down that had been used since time immemorial to make the famous wraps, or shawls, of Kashmir. This down was found only on the shawl-wool goat, and the shawl-wool goat was found only in certain areas of western Tibet. It refused to breed anywhere else. This explains why, under the terms of the treaty of 1816, Nepal was required to surrender its far western provinces. Hastings hoped that this territory, partly annexed by the company and partly restored to its previous rulers, would give British merchants direct access to the wool-growing areas.
1896:
408:
396:
384:
372:
360:
347:
335:
323:
235:
2455:
Kashmir and Ladakh, and the only outsider with whom they dealt was
Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the powerful Sikh ruler of Lahore. Ranjit was very zealous of his privilege, and he was the last person the British could afford to offend at this time of crisis and uncertainty. So the East India Company never did get its shawl wool. When it finally acquired the Punjab and Kashmir, after the Sikh Wars of the 1840s, it had long since given up trade, and Kashmir was so little valued that it was quickly discarded – sold for a knock-down price to the Raja of Jammu.
1877:
jungle. The trenches in these ridges are generally water-courses, and rather chasms or gulfs than any thing that deserves the name of a valley. The roads are very insecure, and invariably pathways over mountains, or the beds of rivers, the usual means of transport throughout the country being by hill porters. Notwithstanding this general description, spaces comparatively open and hollow, and elevated tracts of tolerably level land, are to be met with, but so completely detached as to contribute but little to facilitate intercourse.
1873:...The territory subject to Nepal consists of a mountainous tract of country, lying between Tibet and the valley of the Ganges, in breadth not exceeding one hundred miles, but in length stretching nearly along the whole extent of the north-west frontier of the British dominions. Below the hills they held possession of a portion of the plain of irregular width, distinguished by the name of the Nepal Turrye, but the period at which the acquisition was made is not ascertained.
2372:
1785:: "Political safety meant military preparedness. The military expenditure for 1761–62 to 1770–71 was 44 percent of the total spending of 22 million pounds. War and diplomacy rather than trade and improvement; most of the soldiers-would-be politicians and Governor Generals rarely understood. The political safety of Bengal was their first priority and they interpreted safety as requiring the subjugation of Mysore, the Marathas, the Pindaris, the Nepalese and the Burmese."
2093:
versed in mountain tactics. The British advance took place on 6 January 1814, to Jit Gadh. While they were advancing to this fortress, crossing the Tinau River, the Nepalese troops opened fire from the fortress. Another of the attackers' columns was advancing to capture Tansen Bazar. Here too, Nepalese spoiling attacks forced the General to fall back to Gorakhpur. About 70 Nepalese lost their lives in Nuwakot pakhe Gadhi. Meanwhile, more than 300 of the enemy perished.
2136:, was in charge of the attacking British troops. Gillespie was killed on the first day of the siege while rallying his men and despite considerable odds, both in terms of numbers and firepower, Balbhadra and his 600-strong garrison, which also consisted of brave women who reportedly shielded the bullets and cannonballs with their bodies, successfully held out against more than 5,000 British troops for over a month. Fraser recorded the situation in the following terms:
1794:
497:
1717:, with a view of invoking a war against the Nepalese. In the meantime, the British found that the Nepalese were preparing for war; that they had for some time been laying up large stores of saltpetre; purchasing and fabricating arms, and organizing and disciplining their troops under some European deserters in this service, after the model of the companies of East India's sepoy battalions. The conviction that the Nepalese raids into the flatlands of the
2070:, brother of Bhimsen Thapa, was to be the Sector Commander of Makawanpur-Hariharpur axis. He was given a very large fortress and about 4,000 troops with old rifles and a few pieces of cannons. But the British could not move forward from the border. Colonel Ranabir Singh Thapa had been trying to lure the enemies to his selected killing area. But Major General Wood would not venture forward from Bara Gadhi and he eventually fell back to Betiya.
3671:
were three or four only; all principal officers of the court, commanding more than one battalion. The title of Major was held by the adjutant of a battalion or independent company; and Captain was the next grade to colonel, implying the command of a corps. Luftun, or Lieutenant, was the style of the officers commanding companies under the Captain; and then followed the subaltern ranks of Soobadar, Jemadar, and Havildar, without any Ensigns. (
1536:
2172:
38:
1332:
2141:
slaughtered comrades, the sufferings of their women and children thus immured with themselves, and the hopelessness of relief, which destroyed any other motive for their obstinate defence they made, than that resulting from a high sense of duty, supported by unsubdued courage. This, and a generous spirit of courtesy towards their enemy, certainly marked the character of the garrison of Kalunga, during the period of its siege.
1549:
2364:
2474:
2192:. The first assault ended in disaster, with the Nepalese successfully warding off the British offensive. The second managed to cut off the water supply to the fort, but could not capture it mainly because of the exhausted state of the troops and shortage of ammunition. Martindale lost heart and ordered a withdrawal. Jaithak was eventually captured much later in the war, when Ochterlony had taken over the command.
2213:
Kumaun, and the capture of the captain himself, the Nepalese army were unable to stem the tide of the British advance. Hasti Dal Shah arrived in Almora with a small body of reinforcement troops. A further reinforcement of four companies was sent from Kathmandu to aid the beleaguered defences of Kumaun, but the difficulties of communication through the hills prevented them from arriving in time to be of any help.
1904:
1481:, and an ill-equipped and ill-prepared expedition, numbering 2,500, was led by Captain Kinlock in 1767. The expedition was a disaster, and the Gorkhali army easily overpowered those who had not succumbed to malaria or desperation. The ineffectual British force provided the Gorkhali with firearms and filled the Gorkhas with confidence, which possibly caused them to underestimate their opponents in future wars.
1690:
and afterwards, by transfer, to the British. During the regency of Rani Rajendra Laxmi, towards the close of the 18th century, the hill country of Palpa was conquered and annexed to Nepal. The rajah retreated to Butwal, but was subsequently induced, under false promises of redress, to visit Kathmandu, where he was put to death, and his territories in Butwal seized and occupied by the Nepalese.
2237:
attention to the intricate network of defensive posts that were designed to withstand any frontal assault. Although rear fortifications supported these posts, none could withstand a long cannonade by heavy guns. Because Ochterlony had sufficient troops to attack and overwhelm several positions simultaneously, the thinly spread Nepalese defences could be dangerously divided.
2017:, and to cooperate with the forces under Major-General Gillespie, moving downwards among the hills, when these positions should be forced, surrounding Amar Singh, and driving him upon that army. The force consisted exclusively of native infantry and artillery, and amounted to 5,993 men; it had a train of two 18-pounder, ten 6-pounders, and four mortars and howitzers.
2482:
2063:
and Hariharpur axis. A big attack base was established but Major General Marley showed reluctance to take risks against the Nepalese. Some skirmishes had already started taking place. Similarly, Major General George Wood, sometimes known as the Tiger of the British Indian Army, proved exceedingly cautious against the hard charging Nepalese.
2548:, remained in power despite the defeat of Nepal. Other ruling families, particularly the Pandes, decried what they saw as Bhimsen Thapa's submissive attitude towards the British. The prime minister however had been able to retain power by maintaining a large, modernized army and politically dominating the court during the minority of King
1811:, whom we have dispossessed. We have hitherto but hunted deer; if we engage in this war, we must prepare to fight tigers." He was against the measures adopted in Butwal and Sheeoraj, which he declared to have originated in the selfish views of persons, who scrupled not to involve the nation in war to gratify their personal avarice.
1694:, the Nepalese prime minister from 1806 to 1837, installed his own father as governor of Palpa, leading to serious border disputes between the two powers. The occupation of Terai of Butwal from 1804 till 1812 by the Nepalese, which was under British protection, was the immediate reason which led to the Anglo-Nepalese war in 1814.
2153:
surrender, led the 70 surviving members of the garrison in a charge against the besieging force. Fighting their way out of the fort, the survivors escaped into the nearby hills. The battle set the tone for the rest of the Anglo-Nepalese War, and a number of later engagements, including one at Jaithak, unfolded in a similar way.
1881:
somewhat improves in the district of Kemaoon. Further to the westward lies the valley of the Dhoon, and the territory of Sue-na-Ghur; and further still, the more recent conquests, stretching to the village, in which Umar Sing, a chief of uncommon talents, commanded, and indeed, exercised an authority almost independent.
1492:, resulted in the shift of the capital of his kingdom from Gorkha to Kathmandu, and the empire that he and his descendants built then came to be known as Nepal. Also, the invasion of the wealthy Kathmandu Valley provided the Gorkha army with economic support for furthering their martial ambitions throughout the region.
1778:
decision. He was wary of the Hindu revival and solidarity among the Marathas, the Sikhs, and the Gurkhas amid the decaying Mughal empire. He was hatching pre-emptive schemes of conquest against the Marathas in central India, and he needed to cripple Nepal first, in order to avoid having to fight on two fronts.
2450:
for which Lord Moira's administration is better known: Sicca Rs. 5,156,961 as against Sicca Rs. 3,753,789. This was the kind of fact which greatly influenced the policy of the Company government in subsequent years. Thus, while the Company Government, in theory, thoroughly approved of the development
2429:
The Terai lands, however, proved difficult for the British to govern and some of them were returned to the kingdom later in 1816 and the annual payments accordingly abolished. However even after the conclusion of the Anglo-Nepalese War, the border issue between the two states was not yet settled. The
2289:
The British had given a 15-day ultimatum to Nepal to ratify a treaty on 28 November. But the points of the treaty were very difficult for the Nepalese to ratify quickly. The delay provided the excuse for the British to commence the second military campaign against the kingdom. Colonel Bhaktawar Singh
2249:
Both Kazi Amar Singh Thapa and Ranajor Singh Thapa were thus hemmed in and looking down the barrels of the British guns when Bam Shah's letter arrived, announcing the fall of Almora. Although the old commander was still reluctant to surrender, Kazi Amar Singh Thapa at last saw the hopelessness of the
2236:
Kazi Amar Singh Thapa's position in the Malaon Hills depended on Bilaspur in the lowlands for his food supplies, and the nature of the hills forced him to spread his forces very thinly in an attempt to defend every vantage point. Ochterlony cut off the supply of food from Bilaspur and then turned his
1777:
While trade was indeed a major objective of the company, out of it grew a concept of "political safety," which essentially meant a strategy of dissuasion and larger areas of occupation. The evidence does not support the claim that Hastings invaded Nepal only for commercial reasons. It was a strategic
1689:
were originally two separate principalities; they were afterwards united under one independent Rajput prince, who, having conquered Butwal, added it to his hereditary possessions of Palpa. The lands of Butwal, though conquered and annexed, were yet held in fief, or paid an annual sum, first to Awadh,
1665:
Motivated by territorial concern, the Company embarked on surveys and mapmaking projects. These activities involved carving political and administrative boundaries in Nepal to render the territory “more legible for colonial rule.” These maps were then produced by the Revenue Surveys in the nineteenth
2617:
died and the six-year-old heir to the throne, whom Ochterlony supported, was usurped by his cousin Durjan Sal. When Durjan Sal failed to submit to Ochterlony's demands to vacate the throne, the British general prepared to march on Bharatpur. He did not receive the backing of the new Governor-General
2501:
were quick to recognize the potential of Nepalese soldiers in British service. During the war the British were keen to use defectors from the Nepalese army and employ them as irregular forces. His confidence in their loyalty was such that in April 1815 he proposed forming them into a battalion under
2454:
Furthermore, despite the British merchants' direct access to the wool growing areas after the war, the hopes of shawl wool trade were never realised. The British merchants found that they were too late. The shawl wool market was strictly closed and closely guarded. It was monopolised by traders from
2245:
valiantly led assault after assault on this position, but he died during battle and the position did not fall. Immensely impressed by Bhakti's sustained courage against impossible odds, the British made the well appreciated and honourable gesture of returning his body with full military honours. The
2156:
The experience at Nalapani so discomforted the British that Lord Hastings so far varied his plan of operations as to forego the detachment of a part of this division to occupy Gurhwal. He accordingly instructed Colonel Mawbey to leave a few men in a strong position for the occupation of the Doon and
2062:
Major General Marley was tasked to occupy Hetauda and capture the fortresses of Hariharpur and Makawanpur before proceeding to Kathmandu. His frontage of advance lay between Rapati river and Bagmati river. After additional reinforcements, he had 12,000 troops for his offensive against the Makawanpur
1773:
The Treaty of Sagauli showcases British security concerns. Article 6 of the treaty states, “The Raja of Nepal renounces for himself, his heirs, and successors, all claim to or connection with the countries lying to the west of the River Kali and engages never to have any concern with those countries
2321:
During the campaign in February 1816, Ochterlony decided to take a very infrequently used pass through the mountains. The failure there would have been a disaster for British. But the successful passage would allow British to directly emerge and attack the Nepalese's rear. Colonel Kelly and Colonel
2240:
Ochterlony chose his target, a point on the ridge, and then proceeded to move slowly, consolidating each position that he took, and allowing the pioneers time to build roads so that the heavy guns could be moved forward to support each attack. After a series of carefully planned and executed moves,
2152:
After two costly and unsuccessful attempts to seize the fort by direct attack, the British changed their approach and sought to force the garrison to surrender by cutting off the fort's external water supply. Having suffered three days of thirst, on the last day of the siege, Balbhadra, refusing to
1880:
One of the largest and most fertile of these constitutes the valley of Nepal Proper. To the westward of Nepal, there is a difficult tract, till the country again opens in the valley of Gorkah, the original possession of the present dynasty. – Westward of this the country is again difficult, till it
1760:
Similarly David Ochterlony, then an agent at Ludhiana, on 24 August 1814 noted of Dehra Dun as a "potentially thriving entrepot for Trans-Himalayan trade." He contemplated annexing Garhwal not so much with the view to revenue, but for security of commercial communications with the country where the
1748:
Lord Hastings was not averse to exploiting any commercial opportunities that access to the Himalayan region might offer. He knew that these would gratify his employers and silence his critics, because the East India Company was at this time in the throes of a cash-flow crisis. It needed substantial
1673:
illustrate that clashes over territorial views aided in causing the war. Article 2 states, “The Raja of Nepal renounces all claim to the lands which were the subject of discussion between the two States before the war, and acknowledges the right of the Honourable Company to the sovereignty of those
3670:
The use of English terms for their grades of command was common in the Nepalese army, but the powers of the different ranks did not correspond with those of the British system. The title of General was assumed by Bhimsen Thapa, as Commander-in-chief, and enjoyed by himself alone; of Colonels there
2433:
The British never had the intention to destroy either the existence or the independence of a state which was usefully interposed between them and the dependencies of China. Lord Hastings had given up his plan to dismember Nepal from fear of antagonising China – whose vassal Nepal in theory was. In
2223:
and some five hundred Nepalese Army men had set out from Almora to secure Almora's Northern line of communications with Kathmandu. This party was intercepted. Hasti Dal Shah, the ablest Nepalese commander in this sector, was killed in the first moments of the battle. The Nepalese suffered terrible
1876:
The general military character of the country is that of extreme difficulty. Immediately at the front of the hills the plain is covered with the Great Saul Forest, for an average width of ten or twelve miles; the masses of the mountains are immense, their sides steep, and covered with impenetrable
1661:
Territorial conflict represents a significant cause of the Anglo-Nepalese War. First, Nepal’s views on borders and borderlands clashed with the Company’s visions of space and territoriality. Borderlands represent “zones of contact for the management, separation, and negotiation of difference,” and
2563:
became British resident, openly favouring Bhimsen Thapa's opponents, and in 1837 the king announced his intention to rule independently, depriving the prime minister and his nephew of their military powers. After the eldest son of the queen died, Bhimsen Thapa was falsely accused of attempting to
2216:
Meanwhile, Hastings sent Colonel Nicolls, Quartermaster-General for the British troops in India, to take charge of the Almora campaign and assigned two thousand regular troops to this front in addition to the very large number of irregulars already assigned to the area – all of this against fewer
2204:
Out West, the Nepalese were hopelessly overextended. Kumaun, a key link in Nepalese army communications with the Far West, was defended by a small force, numbering about seven hundred and fifty men, with an equal number of Kumaoni irregulars, altogether about fifteen hundred men to defend a whole
2195:
A single day of battle at Jaithak cost the British over three hundred men dead and wounded and cooled Martindell's ardour for battle. For over a month and a half, he refused to take any further initiative against the Nepalese army. Thus by mid-February, of the four British commanders the Nepalese
2144:
Whatever the nature of the Gurkhas may have been found in other quarters, there was here no cruelty to wounded or to prisoners; no poisoned arrows were used; no wells or waters were poisoned; no rancorous spirit of revenge seemed to animate them: they fought us in fair conflict, like men; and, in
2013:, was to operate in the hilly country lying near the Sutlej: it assembled under Brigadier-General Ochterlony, and was destined to advance against the strong and extensive cluster of posts held by Amar Singh and the troops under his immediate orders at and surrounding arki, a considerable town of
1733:
Economic interests also represent vital causes of the Anglo-Nepalese War. First, the British sought to utilize the trans-Himalayan trade routes through Kathmandu and eastern Nepal. These routes would create access to untapped markets for British manufactured goods in Tibet and China. In the late
2212:
The British force, numbering initially over forty five hundred men, was easily able to outmanoeuvre the Nepalese army defenders and force them to abandon one post after another. Despite a significant victory over Captain Hearsey's force, which had been sent on a flanking movement though Eastern
2092:
had deployed his 1200 troops in many defensive positions including Jit Gadhi, Nuwakot Gadhi and Kathe Gadhi. The troops under Colonel Ujir were very disciplined and he himself was a dedicated and able commander. He was famous for exploiting advantage in men, material, natural resources and well
2047:
The Commander-in-Chief of the British forces was Lord Moira. All four divisions composed mostly of Indian Sepoys. Ochterlony's army was the only division without a single British battalion. In conclusion, the Gorkhali Army defeated the British on three fronts consisting the middle and the east
2003:, in order to cut off that chief from the rest, and thus to reduce him to terms. This division originally consisted of his Majesty's 53d, which with artillery and a few dismounted dragoons, made up about one thousand Europeans, and two thousand five hundred native infantry, totaling 3,513 men.
1769:
Although the immediate cause of disputes between Nepal and the British occurred over territoriality, it is unlikely that the Company would have embarked on such an expensive and arduous war without a desire to “eliminate one of the few remaining threats to British dominance in northern India.”
1814:
This contrasts sharply with the prime minister of Nepal, Bhimsen Thapa – " ... our hills and fastness are formed by the hand of God, and are impregnable." This stance by Bhimsen Thapa is not surprising, as insinuated by Amar Singh, considering Amar Singh had made the usurpations in Butwal and
1856:
The richest portion of the territory conquered by us bordered on the dominions the Nawab Vizier. I arranged the transfer of that tract to him in extinction of the second crore which I had borrowed. Of that crore the charges of the war absorbed fifty two lacs: forty eight lacs (£600,000) were
1435:
and became Nepal’s ruling force, paving the way for a declining relationship between British India and Nepal. In 1801, the Company established a British Residency in Kathmandu to seek a stronger hold over the region. As 1814 approached, however, the British found themselves concerned by the
2140:
The determined resolution of the small party which held this small post for more than a month, against so comparatively large a force, must surely wring admiration from every voice, especially when the horrors of the latter portion of this time are considered; the dismal spectacle of their
1964:, was meant to enter the hills by the Bhootnuill pass, and, turning to the eastward, to penetrate the hilly districts, towards Kathmandu, and cooperate with the first division, while its success would have divided the enemy's country and force into two parts, cutting off all the troops in
2232:
The second battle of Malaon and Jaithak cut the Nepalese lines of communication between Central Nepal and the Far West. It also sealed the fate of Kazi Amar Singh Thapa at Malaon and Ranajor Singh Thapa at Jaithak. At Malaon, Major-General Ochterlony had moved with extreme care summoning
1774:
or the inhabitants there of.” This illustrates that the British used territorial limitations as a way of curtailing their security concerns – whether it be their concern over Nepal’s relationships with Sikhs, or concerns around Nepal’s possibility of alliance with north India or Bengal.
1745:(1792), Maulvi Abdul Qader (1795), and later William O. Knox (1801), the Nepalese Durbar refused to budge an inch. The resistance to open up the country to the Europeans could be summed up in a Nepalese precept, "With the merchants come the musket and with the Bible comes the bayonet."
2451:
of trade, especially in shawl wool, between Western Tibet and its territories, it was unprepared to take any decisive step to bring this about. It preferred to leave the Chinese in Tibet to their own devices, and hoped to avoid the risk, however slight, of another expensive hill war.
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century, serving as a strategy for the Company to divide land into non-overlapping, fixed spaces. Clashing ideas around borderlands and spatiality, therefore, played an instrumental role leading up to the height of territorial disputes in 1814 – the onset of the Anglo-Nepalese War.
1806:
When the Kathmandu Durbar solicited Nepalese chiefs' opinions about a possible war with the British, Amar Singh Thapa was not alone in his opposition, declaring that – "They will not rest satisfied without establishing their own power and authority, and will unite with the hill
1915:
The initial British campaign was an attack on two fronts across a frontier of more than 1,500 kilometres (930 mi), from the Sutlej to the Koshi. In the eastern front, Major-General Bennet Marley and Major-General John Sullivan Wood led their respective columns across the
1950:: thus at once carrying the war into the heart of the enemy's country. This force consisted of 8,000 men, including his Majesty's 24th foot of 907 strong; there was a train attached to it of four 18-pounders, eight 6- and 3-pounders, and fourteen mortars and howitzers.
1752:
So when Hastings told the directors of the Company about an alternative means of remittance, a rare and precious raw material that could easily and profitably be shipped from India directly to London, they were at once interested. The raw material in question was a
2196:
army had faced till that time, Gillespie was dead, Marley had deserted, Wood was harassed into inactivity, and Martindell was practically incapacitated by over-cautiousness. It set the scene for Octorloney to soon show his mettle and change the course of the war.
1823:
saw the Nepalese as a challenge to British supremacy — "Opinion is everything in such a country as India: and whenever the natives shall begin to lose their reverence for the English arms, our superiority in other respects will quickly sink into contempt."
1705:
contends that the British were striving to annex the hill regions of Nepal and were the ones responsible for creating border disputes. At the border demarcation, the British representative Major Bradshaw disrespected the Nepalese representatives – Rajguru
2101:
No special military action had taken place in Hariharpur Gadhi fortress in the first campaign. Major General Bannet Marley and Major General George Wood had not been able to advance for an offensive against Makawanpur and Hariharpur Gadhi fortresses.
2618:
however, and after Amherst countermanded his orders, Ochterlony resigned, as Amherst had anticipated. This episode badly affected the ailing general who died shortly after on 14 July 1825. A 165-foot-high memorial was later erected in
2341:
settled down to receive the treaty, signed by Kathmandu Durbar through Chandra Sekhar Upadhyaya, Pandit Gajaraj Mishra and finally though Bhaktawar Singh Thapa. Two days later the ratified treaty was handed over to the British in
1405:
in 1816, which ceded some of the Nepalese-controlled territory to the EIC. The British war effort was led by the EIC against the Kingdom of Gorkha. Most of the Kingdom of Gorkha's war effort was led by the two Thapa families: the
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poison the prince. Although acquitted, the Thapas were in turmoil. When the head of the Pande family, Rana Jang Pande, became prime minister, he had Bhimsen Thapa re-imprisoned; Bhimsen Thapa committed suicide in August 1839.
1932:. About the beginning of October 1814, the British troops began to move towards different depots; and the army was soon after formed into four divisions, one at Benares, one at Meeruth, one at Dinapur, and one at Ludhiana.
2183:
Major General Martindale now joined the force and took over command. He occupied the town of Nahan on 27 December, and started his attack on the fort of Jaithak. The fort had a garrison of 2000 men under the command of
1972:
from communication with the capital. Its force consisted of his Majesty's 17th foot, 950 strong, and about 3000 infantry, totaling 4,494 men; it had a train of seven 6- and 3-pounders, and four mortars and howitzers.
1426:
actively traded with Nepal. Viewed as an opulence hub, Nepal supplied the Company with commodities such as rice, butter, oil seeds, timber, dyes, and gold. In 1767, British concerns around this partnership grew when
1507:
of India for help. Anxious to avoid a confrontation with the Chinese, the Governor-General did not send troops but sent Captain Kirkpatrick as mediator. However, before he arrived the war with China had finished.
2430:
boundary between Nepal and Oudh was not finally adjusted until 1830; and that between Nepal and the British territories remained as a matter of discussion between the two Governments for several years later.
2250:
situation and, compelled by circumstances and the British guns, surrendered with honour for both himself and Ranajor Singh. The Nepalese positions in the Far West lost control to the British on 15 May 1815.
1818:
In the meantime, the Governor-General also naively believed that "the difficulties of mountain warfare were greater on the defensive side than on that of a well conducted offensive operation." Soldiers like
2379:
4 March 1816. It suited Ochterlony to bring the campaign to a speedy conclusion because of the approach of the dreaded aul-fever season but also because a number of his European troops were suffering from
2246:
British superiority in numbers made it inevitable that they would be able to establish themselves and their heavy guns on a vantage point within range of Ranajor Singh's fortifications, sooner or later.
1761:
shawl wool is produced. The British soon got to know that Kumaon provided a better facility for trade with Tibet. Therefore, the annexation of these two areas became part of their strategic objectives.
1721:, a much prized strip of fertile ground separating the Nepalese hill country from India, increased tensions – the British felt their power in the region and their tenuous lines of communication between
1869:
To the British, who were used to fighting in the plains, but were unacquainted with the terrain of the hills, the formidability of the topology is expressed by one anonymous British soldier as such:
1725:
and the northwest were under threat. Since there was no clear border, confrontation between the two powers was "necessary and unavoidable". Britain formally declared war on Nepal on 1 November 1814.
1503:
sent an army that expelled the Nepalese from Tibet to within 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) of their capital, Kathmandu. Acting Regent Bahadur Shah (Prithvi Naryan's younger son) appealed to the British
6958:
2286:
appointed him as the Main Operational Commander in the second offensive on the Bharatpur-Makawanpur-Hariharpur front with 17,000 strong invasion force, but again, most of them were Indian sepoys.
2426:. The fear of having a British Resident in Kathmandu ultimately proved to be unfounded, as the rulers of Nepal managed to isolate the Resident to such an extent as to be in virtual house arrest.
2350:, which has been considered as an unequal treaty which led to Nepal losing its one-third territory. The river Mechi became the new Eastern border and the Mahakali the Western boundary of Nepal.
7811:
2442:
Despite the boast of Lord Moira to the British parliament on having increased the state coffers, the Gurkha War had in reality cost more than the combined cost of the campaigns against the
1861:
This was in contrast with the Nepalese who had spent huge amount of resources on the first and second wars against the Tibetans, which had led to the gradual exhaustion of their treasury.
5292:
2314:, was the overall commander against Nepal with a massive 17,000 British troops to assault the fronts including Upardang Gadhi, Sinchyang Gadhi, Kandrang Gadhi, Makawanpur Gadhi and
6854:
2514:
7806:
1515:, but by 1803, the Raja of Garhwal, Pradyuman Shah, had also been defeated. He was killed in the struggle in January 1804, and all his land was annexed. Further west, general
2506:, saw action at the Malaun fort under the leadership of Lieutenant Lawtie, who reported to Ochterlony that he "had the greatest reason to be satisfied with their exertions".
1741:
The British had made constant efforts to persuade the Nepalese government to allow them trade access to fabled Tibet through Nepal. Despite a series of delegations headed by
5220:
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So far from insulting the bodies of the dead and wounded, they permitted them to lie untouched, till carried away; and none were stripped, as is too universally the case.
3522:"Nepal Proper" refers to the Kathmandu Valley. Before the conquest of the Kathmandu Valley by Prithvi Narayan Shah, only this valley was originally referred to as Nepal.
6953:
4195:
3192:
Michael, Bernardo A. “Writing a World History of the Anglo-Gorkha Borderlands in the Early Nineteenth Century.” Journal of World History 25, no. 4 (2014): 535–58.
963:
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English, Richard. “Himalayan State Formation and the Impact of British Rule in the Nineteenth Century.” Mountain Research and Development 5, no. 1 (1985): 61–78.
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he succeeded in establishing a position on the crest of Deothal, not even over a thousand yards from Kazi Amar Singh Thapa's main fort at Malaon. The old warrior
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and Nuwakot with a view to bypass the Butwal defenses, flushing out minor opposition on the axis, and assault Palpa from a less guarded flank. Nepalese Colonel
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consequently left in the treasury, a clear gain to the Honourable Company, in addition to the benefit of precluding future annoyance from an insolent neighbour.
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2552:, (reigned 1816–1847). Additionally, he was able to freeze out the Pandes from power by appointing members of his own family into positions of authority.
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Britain and Tibet 1765-1947: a select annotated bibliography of British relations with Tibet and the Himalayan states including Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan
1605:
In the years leading up to the war, the British had been expanding their sphere of influence. While the Nepalese had been expanding their empire – into
3098:
Caplan, Lionel. “‘Bravest of the Brave’: Representations of ‘The Gurkha’ in British Military Writings.” Modern Asian Studies 25, no. 3 (1991): 571–97.
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eighteenth century, therefore, the Company turned its attention toward trade between Tibet and British possessions in Bengal. Under the leadership of
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frontier. This officer was desired to open a communication with the Raja of Sikkim, and to give him every assistance and encouragement to expel the
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reinforcements and heavy guns from Delhi until his total attack force consisted of over ten thousand men well-equipped with heavy cannon.
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Soon after Ochterlony's resignation Amherst was himself obliged to do what Ochterlony had prepared to do, and laid siege to Bharatpur.
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2124:, which was placed under siege by the British between 31 October and 30 November 1814. The fort's garrison was commanded by Captain
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into the close proximity of the raja(king) of Palpa – the last remaining independent town within the Nepalese heartlands. Palpa and
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History of the political and military transactions in India during the administration of the Marquess of Hastings, 1813–1823, Vol 1
2773:, who was considered a member of the larger Thapa caucus, led the battle as overall commander against the columns of Major-General
2602:
and he lived in the style appropriate to a very senior figure of the company. However, after Lord Moira left India – succeeded by
206:
Nepal renounced all claim to the disputed Tarai, and ceded its conquests west of the Kali River and extending to the Sutlej River.
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overran lands as far as Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, the strongest fort in the hill region, and laid siege to it. However, Maharaja
102:
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over a long-standing dispute over trade and control of the mountain passes triggered Chinese intervention. In 1792, the Chinese
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from the eastern hills, short of an actual advance of troops for the purpose. Captain Barré Latter was sent to the border with
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Journal of a tour through part of the snowy range of the Himālā mountains, and to the sources of the rivers Jumna and Ganges
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eastward, Major Latter was furnished with two thousand men, including his district battalion, for the defence of the
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1987:; and having reduced the forts in that valley, to move, as might be deemed expedient, to the eastward, to recover
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Bradshaw, Parish and Gajaraj, Mishra, “Treaty of Sugauli,” 1816. Historic Treaties and Documents, Archive Nepal.
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would pay 200,000 rupees annually to compensate for the loss of income from the Terai region. The British set up
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59:
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in the first campaign. In this second campaign, Bada Kaji Amarsingh Thapawas detailed as Sector Commander for
8420:
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with the same name. The two Amar Singhs are differentiated by the qualifier Bada (greater) and Sanu (lesser).
2748:
with the same name. The two Amar Singhs are differentiated by the qualifier Bada (greater) and Sanu (lesser).
2337:
The situation became very critical for Nepal and the British which eventually led to a treaty. Major General
1928:
commanded columns in the western front. These columns were faced with the Nepalese army under the command of
1312:
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and after a successful mission to confine the Gorkhas to their own territory concluded the Anglo-Sikkimese
512:
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4205:
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Bhimsen Thapa's troops, right, at Segauli, 1816, with India Pattern Brown Bess muskets and chupi bayonets.
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2769:) commanded over the Makwanpur-Hariharpur Axis and Bijayapur-Sindhuligadhi Axis, respectively. Bada Kaji
1294:
1176:
517:
1999:, where Ranjore Singh Thapa held the government for his father, Amar Singh; and so sweep on towards the
1840:
The Governor-General looked towards the Nawab of Awadh to finance the impending warfare with Nepal: two
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3868:"An account of the war in Nipal; Contained in a Letter from an Officer on the Staff of the Bengal Army"
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province. In addition, Doti which was to the East of Kumaun, had been practically stripped of troops.
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2282:. He was the only successful British Commander in the first Nepal-Company campaign. Not surprisingly
2120:
was the first battle of the Anglo-Nepalese War. The battle took place around the Nalapani fort, near
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1942:, being the largest, was commanded by Major-General Marley, and was intended to seize the pass at
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1523:, the ruler of the Sikh state in Punjab, intervened and had driven the Nepalese army east of the
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in his memory; however, Sir David Ochterlony's greatest legacy is the continuing recruitment of
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intervals of actual combat, showed us a liberal courtesy worthy of a more enlightened people.
1988:
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confirming the Raja's dominions, although the latter lost territory from his border to the
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1007:
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584:
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3917:
Summary of the operations in India: with their results: from 30 April 1814 to 31 Jan. 1823
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496:
8:
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1831:
Francis Edward Rawdon, Marquess of Hastings, Governor-General of India from 1813 to 1823.
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400:
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Rose, Leo E. Nepal: Strategy for Survival. 1st ed. University of California Press, 1971.
2517:; an additional battalion, the Kumaon battalion was also raised eventually becoming the
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With the help of an ousted Palpali king, Major General Wood planned to march on Siuraj,
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778:
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609:
227:
153:
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and the eastern front. Colonel Bhaktawar Singh Thapa was manning his headquarters at
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2209:, as governor of Kumaun, had final responsibility for the defence of the province.
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1996:
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Thapa politics in Nepal : with special reference to Bhim Sen Thapa, 1806-1839
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2502:
Lieutenant Ross called the Nasiri regiment. This regiment, which later became the
2398:
was ratified on 4 March 1816. As per the treaty, Nepal lost all Sikkim (including
1637:. This British expansion had already been resisted in India, culminating in three
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2294:, had been appointed as Sector Commander for defensive battles for the area from
2129:
2025:
1921:
1820:
1735:
1702:
1614:
1512:
1397:(EIC). Both sides had ambitious expansion plans for the mountainous north of the
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3497:
2714:
2694:
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2415:
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2029:
1965:
1678:
1610:
1458:
1428:
1170:
729:
659:
604:
579:
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4077:
1983:, under Major-General Gillespie; and it was purposed to march directly to the
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4546:
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4402:
2875:
Historical Dictionary of the British Empire: A-J, Volume 1; Volume 6, pp. 493
2806:
Not to be confused with the better known commander of Gorkhali forces in the
2782:
2744:
Not to be confused with the better known commander of Gorkhali forces in the
2556:
2541:
2535:
2291:
1991:
from the troops of Amar Singh Thapa; or to the westward, to gain the post of
1754:
1691:
1642:
1470:
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ascended their power and leadership in Nepal. In 1768, the Gorkhas conquered
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1382:
1087:
1082:
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7677:
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4377:
4235:
3897:
Military sketches of the Goorka war in India: in the years 1814, 1815, 1816
2242:
1711:
1646:
1520:
1473:
confederacy. Until then, only the Kathmandu Valley had been referred to as
1454:
1336:
1194:
1158:
1152:
1002:
614:
569:
4919:
3860:. The London Gazette. Issue: 17190. Published: 11 Nov 1816. pp. 1–4.
3851:. The London Gazette. Issue: 17052. Published: 19 Aug 1815. pp. 1–8.
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2411:
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2041:
2021:
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1650:
864:
671:
559:
4064:
Pemble, John (2009), "Forgetting and remembering Britain's Gurkha War",
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6338:
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4293:
3906:
Papers regarding the administration of the Marquis of Hastings in India
3327:
3193:
2807:
2745:
2343:
2331:
2283:
1946:, between Gunduk and Bagmati, the key to Nepal, and to push forward to
1535:
507:
2330:. The British troops did not approach Sindhuli Gadhi and fell back to
2270:
The outstretched Nepalese army was defeated on the Western front i.e.
1960:, under command of Major-General Wood, having subsequently removed to
1903:
8359:
8349:
8329:
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7931:
7919:
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6577:
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6207:
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4991:
4811:
3099:
2381:
2295:
2085:
1984:
1961:
1947:
1466:
2171:
1577:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
1563:. There are citations but the content is not faithful to the sources
37:
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2010:
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5859:
5556:
5424:
2490:
2486:
2473:
2363:
2176:
1957:
1939:
1681:'s lands by the British East India Company brought the region of
2509:
As well as Ochterlony's Gorkhali battalions, William Fraser and
8364:
7970:
7335:
7040:
6567:
6536:
6466:
6369:
5849:
5492:
4048:
Battles of the honourable East India Company: Making of the Raj
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2033:
2014:
2000:
1980:
1908:
1686:
1634:
1630:
1606:
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553:
3904:
East India Company. (1824). Papers respecting the Nepaul War.
1844:(20 million) rupees were solicited. Of this matter he writes:
1625:
had consolidated its position in India from its main bases of
1401:. The war ended with a British victory and the signing of the
8369:
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7340:
6187:
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5455:
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1992:
1917:
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2606:
as Governor-General in 1823 – Ochterlony fell out of favor.
1920:
towards the heart of the valley of Kathmandu. Major-General
7345:
7132:
6531:
3828:
Pemble, Forgetting and remembering Britain's Gurha War 2009
3801:
Pemble, Forgetting and remembering Britain's Gurha War 2009
3352:
Pemble, Forgetting and remembering Britain's Gurha War 2009
2761:
commanded over the Butwal-Jitgadhi Axis, and his brothers (
2610:
4125:
6582:
3171:
2503:
1797:
Bhimsen Thapa, prime minister of Nepal from 1806 to 1837.
3322:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3312:
2481:
3900:, London: Woodbridge, Printed by J. Loder for R. Hunter
3049:
3047:
2785:
commanded the Nahan and Jaithak forts. Ranjor's nephew
1511:
The Tibet affair had postponed a planned attack on the
3286:
3284:
3211:
3209:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3024:
2227:
3978:
Narrative of a five-year's residence at Nepaul. Vol 1
3309:
3059:
3009:
2967:
4093:
Britain's Gorkha War: The Invasion of Nepal, 1814–16
3758:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3449:
3447:
3366:"The battle for the ear of the emperor - The Record"
3044:
2853:
1377:(1 November 1814 – 4 March 1816), also known as the
8426:
19th-century military history of the United Kingdom
3941:
The Monthly Magazine. Volume: XLIX Part: I for 1820
3821:
3782:
3509:tree, is a species of tree belonging to the family
3410:
3408:
3406:
3281:
3206:
3153:
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3149:
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3143:
3141:
3139:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3021:
2521:. None of these men fought in the second campaign.
2199:
2048:whereas lost the remaining two fronts in the west.
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3739:
3737:
2513:raised the Sirmoor battalion, later to become the
2477:Gurkahs of 66th Regiment in their national costume
3712:
3710:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3621:
3619:
3606:
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3582:
3444:
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3391:
3228:
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8382:
3770:
3722:
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3403:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3296:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3136:
3112:
2278:area. Ochterlony had finally outfoxed Bada Kaji
1899:Officer and Private, 40th Regiment of Foot, 1815
7861:Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks
4014:(Revised ed.), Routledge, pp. 26–43,
3849:Dispatches, dated Fort-William, 25 January 1815
3794:
3734:
3159:https://www.archivenepal.org/treatiescollection
2322:O’Hollorah followed the river Bagmati to reach
3811:
3809:
3707:
3690:
3631:
3616:
3601:
3420:
3388:
3221:
2943:
1781:That it was a flawed strategy is explained by
1469:Valley, which consisted of the capital of the
8406:Wars involving the British East India Company
7419:Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests
6737:
5440:
4221:
3858:Dispatches, dated Fort-William, 30 March 1816
3563:
3432:
3340:
3262:
3094:
2096:
1495:To the north, however, aggressive raids into
1354:
447:100,000 Indian troops during both campaigns.
3653:Frontier and overseas expeditions from India
3238:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3074:
2872:Olson, James Stuart; Shadle, Robert (1996).
2051:
1890:
7383:Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests
6560:
4030:Imperial Warriors – Britain and the Gorkhas
3957:"King Girvan's letter to Kaji Ranjor Thapa"
3806:
3755:India-Board (8 November 1816) in Kathmandu.
2955:
2871:
1488:by Prithvi Narayan Shah, starting with the
1422:In the mid-eighteenth century, the British
7378:Western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows
6744:
6730:
5447:
5433:
4228:
4214:
2489:is the traditional weapon and tool of the
2217:than one thousand Nepalese army soldiers.
1477:. The confederacy requested help from the
1361:
1347:
3071:
2555:When queen Tripura Sundari died in 1832,
2497:David Ochterlony and the political agent
2418:the western boundary of the kingdom. The
1593:Learn how and when to remove this message
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
6751:
4196:Indian-Nepalese border; The Tarai region
4045:
3985:
3937:
3933:, London: Kingsbury, Parbury & Allen
3913:
3776:
3764:
3743:
3728:
3684:
3453:
3275:
3232:
2949:
2480:
2472:
2370:
2362:
2358:
2257:
2170:
1902:
1894:
1852:In the aftermath of the war, he writes:
1826:
1792:
1534:
7409:Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests
4106:
3954:
3923:
3716:
3701:
3672:
3637:
3625:
3610:
3426:
3414:
3397:
3256:
3065:
3053:
3015:
2973:
2859:
2544:, with the support of the queen regent
2524:
2519:3rd Queen Alexandra's Own Gurkha Rifles
2515:2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles
1656:
27:1814–1816 war between Nepal and Britain
14:
8383:
3996:
3882:
3872:Asiatic Journal and Monthly Miscellany
3576:
3438:
3247:, Warlike Preliminaries, Ch. 8, p. 172
2831:"Britisch-Nepalischer Krieg 1814-1816"
2414:became the new eastern border and the
6725:
5428:
4209:
4027:
3974:
3649:
3595:
3376:from the original on 30 November 2022
3363:
3244:
2961:
2910:
2458:
2105:
2007:The fourth, or north-western division
1728:
1224:Back to the Village National Campaign
4487:Regulator Movement in North Carolina
4050:, APH Publishing, pp. 189–191,
4007:
3955:Acharya, Baburam (1 January 1971) ,
3948:
3893:
3865:
3815:
3788:
3328:https://www.jstor.org/stable/3673223
3290:
3215:
3194:http://www.jstor.org/stable/43818464
3038:
2911:Raugh, Harold E. (25 October 2004).
2626:into the British and Indian armies.
2586:and became the first officer in the
2160:
2073:
1764:
1542:
60:adding citations to reliable sources
31:
7404:Western Himalayan broadleaf forests
4126:Nepalese Army Headquarters (2010),
4095:. Casemate Pub & Book Dist Llc
2598:also reinstated him as Resident at
2567:
2504:1st King George's Own Gurkha Rifles
2228:Second Battle of Malaon and Jaithak
2132:, who had previously fought at the
1801:
1697:In October 1813, the ambitious the
24:
7388:Himalayan subtropical pine forests
5454:
3841:
3100:http://www.jstor.org/stable/312617
2931:from the original on 11 April 2023
2892:from the original on 27 April 2023
2841:from the original on 10 April 2021
2559:began to lose influence. In 1833,
2253:
1788:
1484:Victory and the occupation of the
25:
8477:
8113:Dehradun–Haridwar–Rishikesh Metro
7414:Terai–Duar savanna and grasslands
7219:United Provinces of Agra and Oudh
7214:United Provinces of Agra and Oudh
4236:Colonial conflicts involving the
4179:
4011:British India and Tibet 1766–1910
1885:
1283:1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly
7880:Monuments of National Importance
3986:Oldfield, Henry Ambrose (1880),
3856:India-Board. (8 November 1816).
2529:
2200:Trying times for Nepalese troops
1547:
1393:) and the forces of the British
1330:
495:
406:
394:
382:
370:
358:
345:
333:
321:
307:
297:
277:
265:
253:
233:
221:
142:
36:
7895:Tourist attractions in Dehradun
4312:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
4158:
3997:Hunter, William Wilson (1896),
3847:India-Board. (16 August 1815).
3749:
3678:
3664:
3643:
3598:, Plan of Operation, p. 215-219
3554:
3543:
3534:
3525:
3516:
3490:
3481:
3470:
3459:
3364:Cowan, Sam (30 November 2022).
3357:
3259:, Causes of Nipal War, p. 54-80
2800:
2751:
1071:Second Campaign Against Gurkhas
1066:First Campaign Against Tibetans
1057:Declaration of Kingdom of Nepal
47:needs additional citations for
8436:Nepal–United Kingdom relations
8152:Institutes of higher education
4415:Father Rale's War/Dummer's War
4111:. New Delhi: Concept Pub. Co.
4000:Life of Brian Houghton Hodgson
3883:Fraser, James Baillie (1820),
2987:"History of the Nepalese Army"
2979:
2904:
2865:
2823:
2738:
2437:
167:8 November 1814 – 3 March 1816
13:
1:
7184:Ceded and Conquered Provinces
6892:Provincial Armed Constabulary
4812:Black War (Van Diemen's Land)
4656:Castle Hill convict rebellion
3914:Hastings, Marquis of (1824),
3650:Paget, William Henry (1907).
2914:The Victorians at war, pp.155
2817:
1417:
1313:2015 Mount Everest avalanches
434:22,000 men with sixty cannons
7819:Parliamentary constituencies
7755:Community Development Blocks
7251:Bifurcation of Uttar Pradesh
5898:Inner Terai Valleys of Nepal
5748:Back to the Village campaign
5719:Nepal–Britain Treaty of 1923
4191:History of the Nepalese Army
3992:, London: W.H. Allen and Co.
3889:, London: Rodwell and Martin
3304:Britain's Declaration of War
2993:. Nepal Army. Archived from
2353:
674:c. 12th century CE – 1790 CE
7:
6887:Fire and Emergency Services
6276:South Asian Free Trade Area
4164:Marshall, Julie G. (2005).
2632:
1653:had their own aspirations.
1573:the claims made and adding
1295:April 2015 Nepal earthquake
1177:Biratnagar Jute Mill Strike
10:
8482:
6390:Nepal Academy of Fine Arts
5329:Jewish revolt in Palestine
4974:Fenian Rebellion in Canada
4619:Dwyer's guerrilla campaign
4511:American Revolutionary War
3989:Sketches from Nipal, Vol 1
3836:
2588:British East India Company
2582:received thanks from both
2571:
2533:
2511:Lieutenant Frederick Young
2462:
2420:British East India Company
2387:
2334:by the end of March 1816.
2290:Thapa, another brother of
2262:Gorkhali soldiers in 1815
2175:Stockaded position of the
2164:
2109:
2097:Battle of Hariharpur Gadhi
2077:
2058:Battle of Makwanpur (1816)
2055:
1864:
1835:
1623:British East India Company
1438:
1412:family of Amar Singh Thapa
1272:Comprehensive Peace Accord
656:, c. 954 CE – 14th century
8283:
8231:
8188:
8179:
8169:Uttarakhand Gaurav Samman
8083:
8028:
7979:
7903:
7885:State Protected Monuments
7848:
7839:
7767:
7742:
7709:
7698:
7638:
7595:
7588:
7567:
7560:
7529:
7491:
7453:
7442:
7435:
7396:
7370:
7363:
7326:
7285:
7276:
7263:
7236:
7202:
7172:
7163:
7089:
7021:
7012:
6967:
6934:
6924:Provincial Forest Service
6919:Provincial Police Service
6909:Public Service Commission
6832:
6799:
6790:
6763:
6676:
6610:
6447:
6330:
6321:
6251:
6242:
6163:
6130:
6018:
6009:
5968:
5921:
5875:
5825:
5821:
5812:
5756:
5727:
5679:
5609:
5569:
5532:
5514:
5491:
5475:
5466:
5163:
5100:Jameson Raid South Africa
4634:
4387:
4248:
4078:10.1080/03068370903195154
3981:, London: Colburn and Co.
2346:. The war ended with the
2052:Battle of Makwanpur Gadhi
1891:British plan of operation
1530:
1381:, was fought between the
1301:May 2015 Nepal earthquake
1289:Nepal humanitarian crisis
1165:1846 Bhandarkhal massacre
1103:1806 Bhandarkhal massacre
662:, c. 1097 CE – c. 1324 CE
456:
452:a little more than 11,000
421:
328:Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah
245:
214:
159:
141:
136:
6959:Leader of the Opposition
6914:Provincial Civil Service
5311:Arab revolt in Palestine
4908:Second Anglo-Burmese War
4650:Second Anglo-Maratha War
4541:Australian frontier wars
4046:Naravane, M. S. (2006),
4008:Lamb, Alastair (1986) ,
3333:15 December 2023 at the
3199:23 November 2023 at the
3164:23 November 2023 at the
3105:22 November 2023 at the
2731:
2469:Gorkha regiments (India)
1457:of Nepal began with the
1266:2006 Nepalese revolution
1230:1990 Nepalese revolution
1189:1951 Nepalese revolution
7807:Assembly constituencies
7189:North-Western Provinces
6882:Disaster Response Force
6048:Chief of the Army Staff
5506:Maya (mother of Buddha)
5305:Second Mohmand campaign
5040:Third Anglo-Burmese War
5004:Second Anglo-Afghan War
4806:First Anglo-Burmese War
4782:Third Anglo-Maratha War
4613:Fourth Anglo-Mysore War
4523:Second Anglo-Mysore War
4517:First Anglo-Maratha War
4107:Pradhan, K. L. (2012).
2917:. Bloomsbury Academic.
2835:www.bilder-aus-nepal.de
2410:and Western Terai. The
1677:The acquisition of the
1242:Nepalese royal massacre
556:, c. 1st millennium BCE
544:, c. 3300 – c. 1200 BCE
538:, c. 7600 – c. 3300 BCE
8416:History of Uttarakhand
8159:Awards and decorations
8147:School Education Board
7732:Municipal Corporations
7041:Khasa Janapada kingdom
6375:International rankings
5245:Third Anglo-Afghan War
5130:First Mohmand campaign
4854:First Anglo-Afghan War
4553:Third Anglo-Mysore War
4091:Pemble, John. (2009).
3975:Smith, Thomas (1852),
2494:
2478:
2402:), the territories of
2385:
2368:
2267:
2180:
2150:
2128:, while Major-General
1912:
1900:
1883:
1859:
1850:
1832:
1798:
1617:to the west, and into
1540:
1260:Second Battle of Khara
964:Kingdom of Atbis Gotam
594:Limbuwan tribal states
550:, c. 1200 – c. 200 BCE
246:Commanders and leaders
8411:19th century in Nepal
7812:Former constituencies
7790:2016 political crisis
7775:Coolie-Begar movement
6060:Provincial assemblies
5757:Multi-party democracy
4902:Second Anglo-Sikh War
4559:Cotiote (Wayanad) War
4445:French and Indian War
4003:, London: John Murray
3964:Regmi Research Series
3938:Shackell, W. (1820),
3550:Srinagar, Uttarakhand
2767:Bakhtawar Singh Thapa
2680:Company rule in India
2484:
2476:
2374:
2366:
2359:The Treaty of Sugauli
2261:
2174:
2165:Further information:
2138:
2110:Further information:
1906:
1898:
1871:
1854:
1846:
1830:
1796:
1755:superior-quality wool
1538:
1439:Further information:
1318:Constitution of Nepal
1076:Third Nepal-Tibet War
686:c. 1404 CE – 1789 CE
650:, c. 700 CE – 1065 CE
585:Khasas in Mahabharata
457:Casualties and losses
389:Bakhtawar Singh Thapa
8421:Wars involving Nepal
8053:Association football
8046:Women's cricket team
7246:Rampur Tiraha firing
6942:Legislative Assembly
6850:Council of Ministers
6780:(summer); judicial:
6155:Rural Municipalities
6110:Council of Ministers
6028:Constituent Assembly
5703:Treaty of Thapathali
5624:Prithvi Narayan Shah
5064:Hunza–Nagar Campaign
4872:First Anglo-Sikh War
4848:Egyptian–Ottoman War
4028:Gould, Tony (2000),
3925:Prinsep, Henry Thoby
2710:Treaty of Thapathali
2670:Nepalese-Tibetan War
2584:Houses of Parliament
2550:Rajendra Bikram Shah
2525:Fate of protagonists
1995:, the chief town of
1657:Territorial Conflict
1539:Map of India in 1805
1463:Prithvi Narayan Shah
1441:Unification of Nepal
1008:Unification of Nepal
949:Kingdom of Phalawagh
914:Kingdom of Thalahara
730:Twenty-four kingdoms
720:Kingdom of Bhaktapur
680:c. 1380 CE – 1795 CE
638:, c. 400 – c. 750 CE
596:c. 580 BCE – 1774 CE
560:Nepal in Mahabharata
71:"Anglo-Nepalese War"
56:improve this article
8058:Men's football team
7856:World Heritage Site
7824:Rajya Sabha members
5317:Waziristan campaign
5251:Waziristan campaign
4944:Revolt of Rajab Ali
4421:War of Jenkins' Ear
3477:Ghazi-ud-Din Haider
2997:on 28 December 2017
2878:. Greenwood Press.
2186:Ranajor Singh Thapa
2080:Battle of Jit Gadhi
2068:Ranabir Singh Thapa
2020:Lastly, beyond the
1954:The second division
1743:William Kirkpatrick
1621:to the south – the
1399:Indian subcontinent
1307:2015 Nepal blockade
1248:Battle of Bhalubang
1133:Battle of Makwanpur
1049:Battle of Bhaktapur
1037:Battle of Kathmandu
1019:Battle of Makwanpur
974:Kingdom of Gurnakot
939:Kingdom of Sallyana
884:Kingdom of Jajarkot
865:Twenty-two kingdoms
708:Kingdom of Kantipur
401:Ranajor Singh Thapa
377:Ranabir Singh Thapa
8446:Anglo-Nepalese War
8041:Men's cricket team
7996:Govind Pashu Vihar
7780:Statehood movement
7727:Urban Local Bodies
7150:Anglo-Nepalese War
7031:Uttarakuru kingdom
6628:Capital punishment
6294:Telecommunications
5910:Siliguri Corridor
5790:2015 earthquake -
5191:Bambatha Rebellion
5106:Anglo-Zanzibar War
5094:Chitral Expedition
5028:Anglo-Egyptian War
4800:Anglo-Ashanti wars
4505:Lord Dunmore's War
4463:Anglo-Cherokee War
4372:King William's War
4201:The Sugauli Treaty
4146:on 26 January 2013
3830:, pp. 366–367
3767:, pp. 304–305
3466:Saadat Ali Khan II
2795:Battle of Nalapani
2763:Ranbir Singh Thapa
2705:Battle of Nalapani
2675:East India Company
2655:Brigade of Gurkhas
2590:to be awarded the
2495:
2479:
2465:Brigade of Gurkhas
2459:Gorkha recruitment
2386:
2369:
2268:
2181:
2118:Battle of Nalapani
2112:Battle of Nalapani
2106:Battle of Nalapani
1977:The third division
1936:The first division
1913:
1901:
1833:
1799:
1729:Economic Interests
1669:Contents from the
1641:as well as in the
1639:Anglo-Maratha wars
1558:possibly contains
1541:
1490:Battle of Kirtipur
1479:East India Company
1449:East India Company
1424:East India Company
1395:East India Company
1375:Anglo-Nepalese War
1236:Nepalese Civil War
1145:Brigade of Gurkhas
1121:Battle of Nalapani
1115:Anglo-Nepalese War
1097:Battle of Khurbura
1062:Sino-Nepalese War
1043:Battle of Lalitpur
1031:Battle of Sindhuli
1025:Battle of Kirtipur
919:Kingdom of Dailekh
909:Kingdom of Malneta
894:Kingdom of Musikot
854:Kingdom of Tanahun
849:Kingdom of Satahun
844:Kingdom of Rishing
839:Kingdom of Pyuthan
819:Kingdom of Nuwakot
814:Kingdom of Musikot
809:Kingdom of Lamjung
804:Kingdom of Khanchi
779:Kingdom of Garahun
774:Kingdom of Ghiring
764:Kingdom of Dhurkot
749:Kingdom of Bhirkot
744:Kingdom of Bajhang
654:Khas Malla Kingdom
644:, c. 600 – c. 1200
610:Mahisapala dynasty
313:John Sullivan Wood
228:East India Company
154:Battle of Nalapani
137:Anglo-Nepalese War
8401:Conflicts in 1816
8396:Conflicts in 1815
8391:Conflicts in 1814
8378:
8377:
8279:
8278:
8223:Udham Singh Nagar
8164:Uttarakhand Ratna
8108:Char Dham Railway
8103:Char Dham Highway
8024:
8023:
8016:Valley of Flowers
7829:Lok Sabha members
7763:
7762:
7694:
7693:
7690:
7689:
7686:
7685:
7556:
7555:
7431:
7430:
7427:
7426:
7359:
7358:
7298:Garhwal Himalayas
7259:
7258:
7232:
7231:
7155:Treaty of Sugauli
7008:
7007:
6902:Police Department
6897:Forest Department
6719:
6718:
6672:
6671:
6668:
6667:
6660:Human trafficking
6606:
6605:
6317:
6316:
6238:
6237:
6234:
6233:
6067:Political parties
6038:Foreign relations
6005:
6004:
6001:
6000:
5808:
5807:
5804:
5803:
5709:Lamjang and Kaski
5694:Jung Bahadur Rana
5671:Treaty of Sugauli
5565:
5564:
5422:
5421:
5353:Malayan Emergency
5263:Malabar rebellion
5124:Siege of Malakand
5070:Anglo-Manipur War
4926:Anglo-Persian War
4475:Anglo-Spanish War
4427:King George's War
4348:King Philip's War
4324:Anglo-Spanish War
4139:978-9937-2-2472-7
4129:The Nepalese Army
4101:978-1-84832-520-3
4057:978-81-313-0034-3
3949:Secondary sources
3866:Anon (May 1816),
3675:, pp. 86–87)
2924:978-1-57607-925-6
2885:978-0-313-29367-2
2757:Bhimsen's nephew
2720:Treaty of Sagauli
2660:Sino-Nepalese War
2396:Treaty of Sugauli
2377:Treaty of Sugauli
2348:Treaty of Sugauli
2188:, the son of the
2167:Battle of Jaithak
2161:Battle of Jaithak
2074:Battle of Jitgadh
2038:Treaty of Titalia
1765:Security Concerns
1715:Dalabhanjan Pande
1708:Ranganath Poudyal
1671:Treaty of Sagauli
1609:to the east, the
1603:
1602:
1595:
1560:original research
1445:Sino-Nepalese War
1403:Treaty of Sugauli
1371:
1370:
1238:, c. 1996 – 2006
1183:Jayatu Sanskritam
1139:Treaty of Sugauli
1127:Battle of Jaithak
1013:Battle of Nuwakot
959:Kingdom of Darnar
954:Kingdom of Jehari
944:Kingdom of Chilli
929:Kingdom of Duryal
904:Kingdom of Biskot
889:Kingdom of Bajura
834:Kingdom of Parbat
824:Kingdom of Paiyun
784:Kingdom of Gorkha
769:Kingdom of Galkot
754:Kingdom of Butwal
617:, c. 205 – c. 305
469:
468:
462:Unknown but heavy
210:
209:
193:Treaty of Sugauli
132:
131:
124:
106:
16:(Redirected from
8473:
8186:
8185:
7949:Kedarnath Temple
7937:Badrinath Temple
7925:Yamunotri Temple
7846:
7845:
7707:
7706:
7593:
7592:
7565:
7564:
7548:Scheduled Tribes
7543:Scheduled Castes
7535:Scheduled Tribes
7531:Scheduled Castes
7451:
7450:
7440:
7439:
7368:
7367:
7283:
7282:
7274:
7273:
7224:United Provinces
7170:
7169:
7046:Himalaya kingdom
7019:
7018:
6797:
6796:
6746:
6739:
6732:
6723:
6722:
6699:
6692:
6685:
6558:
6557:
6445:
6444:
6328:
6327:
6284:
6249:
6248:
6211:
6128:
6127:
6103:
6016:
6015:
5955:
5947:
5939:
5913:
5912:(Chicken's Neck)
5888:Kathmandu Valley
5823:
5822:
5819:
5818:
5774:2005 coup d'état
5743:Panchayat system
5666:Balbhadra Kunwar
5639:Kingdom of Nepal
5607:
5606:
5489:
5488:
5473:
5472:
5449:
5442:
5435:
5426:
5425:
5371:Cyprus Emergency
5197:Maritz rebellion
5185:Tibet expedition
5118:Benin Expedition
4938:Indian Rebellion
4932:Second Opium War
4914:Eureka Rebellion
4890:British Honduras
4866:New Zealand Wars
4451:Seven Years' War
4397:Queen Anne's War
4230:
4223:
4216:
4207:
4206:
4186:History of Nepal
4154:
4153:
4151:
4142:, archived from
4122:
4088:
4060:
4042:
4032:, Granta Books,
4024:
4004:
3993:
3982:
3971:
3961:
3944:
3934:
3920:
3901:
3890:
3879:
3831:
3825:
3819:
3813:
3804:
3798:
3792:
3786:
3780:
3774:
3768:
3762:
3756:
3753:
3747:
3741:
3732:
3726:
3720:
3714:
3705:
3699:
3688:
3682:
3676:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3647:
3641:
3635:
3629:
3623:
3614:
3608:
3599:
3593:
3580:
3574:
3561:
3560:Amar Singh Thapa
3558:
3552:
3547:
3541:
3538:
3532:
3529:
3523:
3520:
3514:
3511:Dipterocarpaceae
3501:, also known as
3494:
3488:
3485:
3479:
3474:
3468:
3463:
3457:
3451:
3442:
3436:
3430:
3424:
3418:
3417:, pp. 79–80
3412:
3401:
3395:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3361:
3355:
3349:
3338:
3324:
3307:
3300:
3294:
3288:
3279:
3273:
3260:
3254:
3248:
3242:
3236:
3230:
3219:
3213:
3204:
3190:
3169:
3155:
3134:
3131:
3110:
3096:
3069:
3063:
3057:
3051:
3042:
3036:
3019:
3013:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2991:nepalarmy.mil.np
2983:
2977:
2971:
2965:
2959:
2953:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2869:
2863:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2827:
2811:
2804:
2798:
2787:Balbhadra Kunwar
2779:David Ochterlony
2771:Amar Singh Thapa
2759:Ujir Singh Thapa
2755:
2749:
2742:
2650:Kingdom of Nepal
2645:History of Nepal
2580:David Ochterlony
2574:David Ochterlony
2568:David Ochterlony
2339:David Ochterlony
2328:Amar Singh Thapa
2324:Hariharpur Gadhi
2316:Hariharpur Gadhi
2312:David Ochterlony
2310:. Major General
2280:Amar Singh Thapa
2190:Amar Singh Thapa
2126:Balbhadra Kunwar
2090:Ujir Singh Thapa
1979:, was formed at
1930:Amar Singh Thapa
1926:David Ochterlony
1909:Gorkhali warrior
1802:Pre-war opinions
1598:
1591:
1587:
1584:
1578:
1575:inline citations
1551:
1550:
1543:
1517:Amar Singh Thapa
1505:Governor-General
1501:Qianlong Emperor
1486:Kathmandu Valley
1433:Kathmandu Valley
1387:Kingdom of Nepal
1363:
1356:
1349:
1337:Nepal portal
1335:
1334:
1333:
1291:, c. 2015 – 2017
1254:2004 Beni attack
1226:, c. 1967 – 1975
1220:, c. 1960 – 1990
1155:, c.1846 – 1951
979:Kingdom of Rukum
969:Kingdom of Majal
924:Kingdom of Dullu
899:Kingdom of Gajur
874:Kingdom of Jumla
829:Kingdom of Palpa
799:Kingdom of Kaski
789:Kingdom of Gulmi
739:Kingdom of Argha
722:, c. 1482 – 1769
716:, c. 1482 – 1768
714:Kingdom of Patan
710:, c. 1484 – 1826
668:, c. 1201 – 1482
636:Licchavi Kingdom
575:Himalaya kingdom
499:
489:
471:
470:
413:Dalbhanjan Pande
411:
410:
399:
398:
387:
386:
375:
374:
365:Ujir Singh Thapa
363:
362:
352:Amar Singh Thapa
350:
349:
338:
337:
326:
325:
312:
311:
310:
302:
301:
300:
292:
282:
281:
280:
272:David Ochterlony
270:
269:
268:
258:
257:
256:
238:
237:
226:
225:
224:
188:Neaples victory
177:Kingdom of Nepal
161:
160:
146:
134:
133:
127:
120:
116:
113:
107:
105:
64:
40:
32:
21:
8481:
8480:
8476:
8475:
8474:
8472:
8471:
8470:
8381:
8380:
8379:
8374:
8286:
8275:
8227:
8175:
8130:Kumaoni cuisine
8086:
8079:
8070:Olympic Stadium
8065:Cricket Stadium
8020:
7982:
7975:
7906:
7899:
7835:
7800:Local elections
7785:Chipko movement
7759:
7738:
7701:
7682:
7634:
7584:
7552:
7534:
7532:
7525:
7487:
7445:
7423:
7392:
7355:
7322:
7293:Great Himalayas
7278:
7268:
7266:
7255:
7238:
7228:
7205:
7198:
7194:Agra Presidency
7175:
7165:
7159:
7116:Katyuri dynasty
7099:Garhwal Kingdom
7091:
7085:
7076:Kuninda Kingdom
7051:Parvata kingdom
7036:Paurava kingdom
7023:
7004:
6963:
6930:
6862:Chief Secretary
6828:
6786:
6768:: legislative:
6759:
6750:
6720:
6715:
6702:
6695:
6688:
6681:
6664:
6602:
6556:
6502:Maghe Sankranti
6443:
6407:Public holidays
6370:Gurkhas/Gorkhas
6313:
6282:
6230:
6209:
6159:
6126:
6101:
5997:
5988:Protected areas
5964:
5953:
5945:
5937:
5917:
5911:
5905:Tibetan Plateau
5883:Cities of Nepal
5871:
5800:
5784:Jana Andolan II
5752:
5738:1951 revolution
5723:
5675:
5661:Anglo-Nepal War
5611:Early Shah rule
5605:
5573:
5571:
5561:
5534:Lichchhavi rule
5528:
5510:
5493:Shakya Republic
5487:
5462:
5453:
5423:
5418:
5359:Kenya Emergency
5165:
5159:
5154:Second Boer War
5148:Boxer Rebellion
5076:Pahang Uprising
4956:Ambela campaign
4878:Río de la Plata
4860:First Opium War
4842:Aden Expedition
4674:Río de la Plata
4636:
4630:
4601:Irish Rebellion
4493:First Carib War
4389:
4383:
4306:Confederate War
4300:Irish Rebellion
4250:
4244:
4234:
4182:
4161:
4149:
4147:
4140:
4119:
4058:
4040:
4022:
3959:
3951:
3844:
3842:Primary sources
3839:
3834:
3826:
3822:
3814:
3807:
3799:
3795:
3787:
3783:
3775:
3771:
3763:
3759:
3754:
3750:
3744:Naravane (2006)
3742:
3735:
3727:
3723:
3715:
3708:
3700:
3691:
3683:
3679:
3669:
3665:
3648:
3644:
3636:
3632:
3624:
3617:
3609:
3602:
3594:
3583:
3575:
3564:
3559:
3555:
3548:
3544:
3539:
3535:
3530:
3526:
3521:
3517:
3495:
3491:
3486:
3482:
3475:
3471:
3464:
3460:
3456:, pp. 9–10
3452:
3445:
3437:
3433:
3425:
3421:
3413:
3404:
3396:
3389:
3379:
3377:
3362:
3358:
3350:
3341:
3335:Wayback Machine
3325:
3310:
3301:
3297:
3289:
3282:
3274:
3263:
3255:
3251:
3243:
3239:
3231:
3222:
3214:
3207:
3201:Wayback Machine
3191:
3172:
3166:Wayback Machine
3156:
3137:
3132:
3113:
3107:Wayback Machine
3097:
3072:
3064:
3060:
3052:
3045:
3037:
3022:
3014:
3010:
3000:
2998:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2972:
2968:
2960:
2956:
2950:Naravane (2006)
2948:
2944:
2934:
2932:
2925:
2909:
2905:
2895:
2893:
2886:
2870:
2866:
2858:
2854:
2844:
2842:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2814:
2805:
2801:
2775:Rollo Gillespie
2756:
2752:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2725:Warren Hastings
2690:Garhwali people
2665:Gurkha–Sikh War
2635:
2576:
2570:
2546:Tripura Sundari
2540:Prime Minister
2538:
2532:
2527:
2471:
2463:Main articles:
2461:
2440:
2392:
2361:
2356:
2308:Makwanpur Gadhi
2256:
2254:Second campaign
2230:
2202:
2169:
2163:
2130:Rollo Gillespie
2114:
2108:
2099:
2082:
2076:
2060:
2054:
1922:Rollo Gillespie
1893:
1888:
1867:
1838:
1821:Rollo Gillespie
1804:
1791:
1789:War preparation
1767:
1736:Warren Hastings
1731:
1703:Baburam Acharya
1659:
1599:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1564:
1552:
1548:
1533:
1527:River by 1809.
1513:Garhwal Kingdom
1451:
1420:
1367:
1331:
1329:
1324:
1323:
1279:
1212:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1117:c. 1814 – 1816
1109:Gurkha–Sikh War
997:
989:
988:
987:
986:
985:
934:Kingdom of Dang
879:Kingdom of Doti
867:
861:
860:
794:Kingdom of Isma
759:Kingdom of Dhor
732:
704:Three Kingdoms
699:
691:
690:
689:
684:Kallala dynasty
642:Thakuri dynasty
630:
622:
621:
620:
565:Parvata kingdom
530:
522:
487:
480:
449:
438:Second campaign
417:
405:
393:
381:
369:
357:
344:
332:
320:
316:
308:
306:
298:
296:
288:
284:Rollo Gillespie
278:
276:
266:
264:
254:
252:
232:
222:
220:
202:
179:
150:Rollo Gillespie
147:
128:
117:
111:
108:
65:
63:
53:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8479:
8469:
8468:
8463:
8461:1810s in Nepal
8458:
8453:
8448:
8443:
8438:
8433:
8428:
8423:
8418:
8413:
8408:
8403:
8398:
8393:
8376:
8375:
8373:
8372:
8367:
8362:
8357:
8352:
8347:
8342:
8337:
8332:
8327:
8322:
8317:
8312:
8307:
8302:
8297:
8291:
8289:
8281:
8280:
8277:
8276:
8274:
8273:
8268:
8263:
8258:
8253:
8248:
8243:
8237:
8235:
8229:
8228:
8226:
8225:
8220:
8215:
8210:
8205:
8200:
8194:
8192:
8183:
8177:
8176:
8174:
8173:
8172:
8171:
8166:
8156:
8155:
8154:
8149:
8139:
8134:
8133:
8132:
8122:
8117:
8116:
8115:
8110:
8105:
8100:
8091:
8089:
8081:
8080:
8078:
8077:
8075:Sports College
8072:
8067:
8062:
8061:
8060:
8050:
8049:
8048:
8043:
8032:
8030:
8026:
8025:
8022:
8021:
8019:
8018:
8013:
8008:
8003:
7998:
7993:
7987:
7985:
7977:
7976:
7974:
7973:
7968:
7963:
7958:
7953:
7952:
7951:
7941:
7940:
7939:
7929:
7928:
7927:
7917:
7911:
7909:
7901:
7900:
7898:
7897:
7892:
7887:
7882:
7877:
7876:
7875:
7868:Ramsar Wetland
7865:
7864:
7863:
7852:
7850:
7843:
7837:
7836:
7834:
7833:
7832:
7831:
7826:
7816:
7815:
7814:
7804:
7803:
7802:
7792:
7787:
7782:
7777:
7771:
7769:
7765:
7764:
7761:
7760:
7758:
7757:
7752:
7746:
7744:
7740:
7739:
7737:
7736:
7735:
7734:
7724:
7719:
7713:
7711:
7704:
7700:Administrative
7696:
7695:
7692:
7691:
7688:
7687:
7684:
7683:
7681:
7680:
7675:
7670:
7665:
7660:
7655:
7650:
7644:
7642:
7636:
7635:
7633:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7617:
7612:
7607:
7601:
7599:
7590:
7586:
7585:
7583:
7582:
7577:
7571:
7569:
7562:
7558:
7557:
7554:
7553:
7551:
7550:
7545:
7539:
7537:
7527:
7526:
7524:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7497:
7495:
7493:Tibeto-Burmans
7489:
7488:
7486:
7485:
7480:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7459:
7457:
7448:
7437:
7433:
7432:
7429:
7428:
7425:
7424:
7422:
7421:
7416:
7411:
7406:
7400:
7398:
7394:
7393:
7391:
7390:
7385:
7380:
7374:
7372:
7365:
7361:
7360:
7357:
7356:
7354:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7332:
7330:
7324:
7323:
7321:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7308:Mountain peaks
7305:
7300:
7295:
7289:
7287:
7280:
7271:
7261:
7260:
7257:
7256:
7254:
7253:
7248:
7242:
7240:
7234:
7233:
7230:
7229:
7227:
7226:
7221:
7216:
7210:
7208:
7200:
7199:
7197:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7180:
7178:
7167:
7161:
7160:
7158:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7146:
7145:
7138:Gorkha Kingdom
7135:
7130:
7125:
7124:
7123:
7118:
7111:Kumaon Kingdom
7108:
7107:
7106:
7104:Panwar dynasty
7095:
7093:
7087:
7086:
7084:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7056:Kirata kingdom
7053:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7027:
7025:
7016:
7010:
7009:
7006:
7005:
7003:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6971:
6969:
6965:
6964:
6962:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6950:
6949:
6938:
6936:
6932:
6931:
6929:
6928:
6927:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6906:
6905:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6858:
6857:
6847:
6845:Chief Minister
6842:
6836:
6834:
6830:
6829:
6827:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6805:
6803:
6794:
6788:
6787:
6766:State capitals
6764:
6761:
6760:
6749:
6748:
6741:
6734:
6726:
6717:
6716:
6714:
6713:
6708:
6701:
6700:
6693:
6686:
6678:
6677:
6674:
6673:
6670:
6669:
6666:
6665:
6663:
6662:
6657:
6656:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6614:
6612:
6608:
6607:
6604:
6603:
6601:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6564:
6562:
6555:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6542:Chasok Tangnam
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6497:Buddha Jayanti
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6477:Dipankha Yatra
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6453:
6451:
6442:
6441:
6436:
6435:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6409:
6404:
6403:
6402:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6331:
6325:
6319:
6318:
6315:
6314:
6312:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6252:
6246:
6240:
6239:
6236:
6235:
6232:
6231:
6229:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6169:
6167:
6161:
6160:
6158:
6157:
6152:
6150:Municipalities
6147:
6142:
6136:
6134:
6125:
6124:
6123:
6122:
6112:
6107:
6106:
6105:
6096:Prime Minister
6093:
6092:
6091:
6089:Vice President
6081:
6079:Heads of state
6076:
6075:
6074:
6064:
6063:
6062:
6052:
6051:
6050:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6019:
6013:
6007:
6006:
6003:
6002:
5999:
5998:
5996:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5978:Climate change
5974:
5972:
5966:
5965:
5963:
5962:
5957:
5949:
5941:
5933:
5927:
5925:
5919:
5918:
5916:
5915:
5907:
5902:
5901:
5900:
5890:
5885:
5879:
5877:
5873:
5872:
5870:
5869:
5868:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5831:
5829:
5816:
5810:
5809:
5806:
5805:
5802:
5801:
5799:
5798:
5788:
5787:
5786:
5776:
5771:
5769:Royal massacre
5766:
5764:Jana Andolan I
5760:
5758:
5754:
5753:
5751:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5734:
5732:
5728:Post-Rana and
5725:
5724:
5722:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5696:
5691:
5685:
5683:
5677:
5676:
5674:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5651:Sino-Nepal War
5648:
5647:
5646:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5619:Gorkha Kingdom
5615:
5613:
5604:
5603:
5598:
5596:Chaubisi Rajya
5593:
5588:
5583:
5577:
5575:
5567:
5566:
5563:
5562:
5560:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5538:
5536:
5530:
5529:
5527:
5526:
5520:
5518:
5516:Kirata kingdom
5512:
5511:
5509:
5508:
5503:
5501:Gautama Buddha
5497:
5495:
5486:
5485:
5479:
5477:
5470:
5464:
5463:
5452:
5451:
5444:
5437:
5429:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5416:
5410:
5404:
5398:
5392:
5386:
5380:
5374:
5368:
5362:
5356:
5350:
5344:
5338:
5332:
5326:
5320:
5314:
5308:
5302:
5299:Barzani revolt
5296:
5290:
5284:
5278:
5272:
5266:
5260:
5254:
5248:
5242:
5236:
5230:
5224:
5218:
5212:
5206:
5200:
5194:
5188:
5182:
5176:
5169:
5167:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5157:
5151:
5145:
5139:
5136:Tirah campaign
5133:
5127:
5121:
5115:
5109:
5103:
5097:
5091:
5085:
5079:
5073:
5067:
5061:
5055:
5049:
5046:Central Africa
5043:
5037:
5031:
5025:
5019:
5016:First Boer War
5013:
5007:
5001:
4998:Anglo-Zulu War
4995:
4989:
4983:
4977:
4971:
4965:
4959:
4953:
4947:
4941:
4935:
4929:
4923:
4917:
4911:
4905:
4899:
4893:
4887:
4881:
4875:
4869:
4863:
4857:
4851:
4845:
4839:
4833:
4827:
4821:
4815:
4809:
4803:
4797:
4791:
4785:
4779:
4773:
4767:
4761:
4755:
4749:
4743:
4737:
4731:
4725:
4719:
4713:
4707:
4701:
4695:
4689:
4686:Froberg mutiny
4683:
4677:
4671:
4665:
4659:
4653:
4647:
4640:
4638:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4628:
4622:
4616:
4610:
4604:
4598:
4592:
4586:
4580:
4574:
4568:
4562:
4556:
4550:
4544:
4538:
4532:
4526:
4520:
4514:
4508:
4502:
4496:
4490:
4484:
4478:
4472:
4466:
4460:
4454:
4448:
4442:
4436:
4430:
4424:
4418:
4412:
4406:
4400:
4393:
4391:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4381:
4375:
4369:
4366:Williamite War
4363:
4357:
4351:
4345:
4339:
4333:
4327:
4321:
4315:
4309:
4303:
4297:
4291:
4285:
4279:
4273:
4267:
4261:
4254:
4252:
4246:
4245:
4242:British Empire
4233:
4232:
4225:
4218:
4210:
4204:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4181:
4180:External links
4178:
4177:
4176:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4155:
4138:
4123:
4117:
4104:
4089:
4072:(3): 361–376,
4061:
4056:
4043:
4038:
4025:
4020:
4005:
3994:
3983:
3972:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3935:
3921:
3911:
3902:
3891:
3880:
3863:
3854:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3832:
3820:
3805:
3793:
3791:, p. 428.
3781:
3769:
3757:
3748:
3733:
3721:
3706:
3689:
3677:
3663:
3642:
3630:
3615:
3600:
3581:
3562:
3553:
3542:
3533:
3524:
3515:
3498:Shorea robusta
3489:
3480:
3469:
3458:
3443:
3431:
3419:
3402:
3387:
3356:
3339:
3308:
3295:
3293:, p. 426.
3280:
3261:
3249:
3237:
3220:
3218:, p. 425.
3205:
3170:
3135:
3111:
3070:
3058:
3043:
3041:, p. 427.
3020:
3008:
2978:
2976:, p. 115.
2966:
2954:
2942:
2923:
2903:
2884:
2864:
2852:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2799:
2789:commanded the
2750:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2715:Gorkha Kingdom
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2695:Kumauni people
2692:
2687:
2685:Nawab of Awadh
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2578:For his part,
2572:Main article:
2569:
2566:
2534:Main article:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2499:William Fraser
2460:
2457:
2439:
2436:
2416:Mahakali river
2390:Sugauli Treaty
2388:Main article:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2304:Sindhuli Gadhi
2300:Sindhuli Gadhi
2255:
2252:
2229:
2226:
2221:Hasti Dal Shah
2201:
2198:
2162:
2159:
2134:Battle of Java
2107:
2104:
2098:
2095:
2078:Main article:
2075:
2072:
2056:Main article:
2053:
2050:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1886:First campaign
1884:
1866:
1863:
1837:
1834:
1803:
1800:
1790:
1787:
1766:
1763:
1730:
1727:
1679:Nawab of Awadh
1658:
1655:
1601:
1600:
1555:
1553:
1546:
1532:
1529:
1419:
1416:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1365:
1358:
1351:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1315:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1171:Battle of Alau
1168:
1162:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1085:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1016:
1005:
999:
998:
995:
994:
991:
990:
984:
983:
982:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
868:
863:
862:
859:
858:
857:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
733:
728:
727:
726:
725:
724:
723:
717:
711:
701:
700:
697:
696:
693:
692:
688:
687:
681:
675:
669:
663:
660:Karnat dynasty
657:
651:
645:
639:
632:
631:
628:
627:
624:
623:
619:
618:
612:
607:
605:Gopala dynasty
602:
600:Videha kingdom
597:
591:
590:
589:
587:
582:
580:Kirata kingdom
577:
572:
567:
557:
554:Shakya Kingdom
551:
545:
539:
532:
531:
528:
527:
524:
523:
521:
520:
515:
510:
504:
501:
500:
492:
491:
482:
481:
474:
467:
466:
463:
459:
458:
454:
453:
450:
445:
444:
441:
435:
429:First campaign
427:
424:
423:
419:
418:
416:
415:
403:
391:
379:
367:
355:
342:
319:
317:
315:
314:
304:
294:
274:
251:
248:
247:
243:
242:
230:
217:
216:
212:
211:
208:
207:
204:
198:
197:
196:
195:
185:
181:
180:
175:
173:
169:
168:
165:
157:
156:
139:
138:
130:
129:
44:
42:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8478:
8467:
8466:1815 in Nepal
8464:
8462:
8459:
8457:
8456:1814 in Nepal
8454:
8452:
8451:1816 in Nepal
8449:
8447:
8444:
8442:
8441:1810s in Asia
8439:
8437:
8434:
8432:
8429:
8427:
8424:
8422:
8419:
8417:
8414:
8412:
8409:
8407:
8404:
8402:
8399:
8397:
8394:
8392:
8389:
8388:
8386:
8371:
8368:
8366:
8363:
8361:
8358:
8356:
8353:
8351:
8348:
8346:
8343:
8341:
8338:
8336:
8333:
8331:
8328:
8326:
8323:
8321:
8318:
8316:
8313:
8311:
8308:
8306:
8303:
8301:
8298:
8296:
8293:
8292:
8290:
8288:
8282:
8272:
8269:
8267:
8266:Tehri Garhwal
8264:
8262:
8259:
8257:
8256:Pauri Garhwal
8254:
8252:
8249:
8247:
8244:
8242:
8239:
8238:
8236:
8234:
8230:
8224:
8221:
8219:
8216:
8214:
8211:
8209:
8206:
8204:
8201:
8199:
8196:
8195:
8193:
8191:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8178:
8170:
8167:
8165:
8162:
8161:
8160:
8157:
8153:
8150:
8148:
8145:
8144:
8143:
8140:
8138:
8135:
8131:
8128:
8127:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8114:
8111:
8109:
8106:
8104:
8101:
8099:
8096:
8095:
8093:
8092:
8090:
8088:
8082:
8076:
8073:
8071:
8068:
8066:
8063:
8059:
8056:
8055:
8054:
8051:
8047:
8044:
8042:
8039:
8038:
8037:
8034:
8033:
8031:
8027:
8017:
8014:
8012:
8009:
8007:
8004:
8002:
7999:
7997:
7994:
7992:
7989:
7988:
7986:
7984:
7978:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7959:
7957:
7954:
7950:
7947:
7946:
7945:
7942:
7938:
7935:
7934:
7933:
7930:
7926:
7923:
7922:
7921:
7918:
7916:
7913:
7912:
7910:
7908:
7902:
7896:
7893:
7891:
7888:
7886:
7883:
7881:
7878:
7874:
7871:
7870:
7869:
7866:
7862:
7859:
7858:
7857:
7854:
7853:
7851:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7838:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7821:
7820:
7817:
7813:
7810:
7809:
7808:
7805:
7801:
7798:
7797:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7776:
7773:
7772:
7770:
7766:
7756:
7753:
7751:
7748:
7747:
7745:
7741:
7733:
7730:
7729:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7714:
7712:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7697:
7679:
7676:
7674:
7671:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7645:
7643:
7641:
7640:Tibeto-Burman
7637:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7602:
7600:
7598:
7594:
7591:
7587:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7572:
7570:
7566:
7563:
7559:
7549:
7546:
7544:
7541:
7540:
7538:
7536:
7528:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7498:
7496:
7494:
7490:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7460:
7458:
7456:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7441:
7438:
7434:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7402:
7401:
7399:
7395:
7389:
7386:
7384:
7381:
7379:
7376:
7375:
7373:
7369:
7366:
7362:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7333:
7331:
7329:
7325:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7303:Sivalik Hills
7301:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7290:
7288:
7284:
7281:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7262:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7243:
7241:
7235:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7212:
7211:
7209:
7207:
7201:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7181:
7179:
7177:
7171:
7168:
7162:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7144:
7141:
7140:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7133:Raika Kingdom
7131:
7129:
7128:Khasa Kingdom
7126:
7122:
7121:Chand dynasty
7119:
7117:
7114:
7113:
7112:
7109:
7105:
7102:
7101:
7100:
7097:
7096:
7094:
7088:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7071:Kushan Empire
7069:
7067:
7066:Maurya Empire
7064:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7028:
7026:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7011:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6980:Chief Justice
6978:
6976:
6973:
6972:
6970:
6966:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6948:
6945:
6944:
6943:
6940:
6939:
6937:
6933:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6911:
6910:
6907:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6879:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6856:
6853:
6852:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6837:
6835:
6831:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6806:
6804:
6802:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6789:
6785:
6784:
6779:
6778:
6773:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6758:
6754:
6747:
6742:
6740:
6735:
6733:
6728:
6727:
6724:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6703:
6698:
6694:
6691:
6687:
6684:
6680:
6679:
6675:
6661:
6658:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6640:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6615:
6613:
6609:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6565:
6563:
6559:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6517:Gyalpo Lhosar
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6454:
6452:
6450:
6446:
6440:
6437:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6414:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6401:
6400:Ethnic groups
6398:
6397:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6385:Nepal Academy
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6340:
6336:
6333:
6332:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6320:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6253:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6241:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6170:
6168:
6166:
6162:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6137:
6135:
6133:
6129:
6121:
6120:Chief Justice
6118:
6117:
6116:
6115:Supreme Court
6113:
6111:
6108:
6104:
6099:
6098:
6097:
6094:
6090:
6087:
6086:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6073:
6070:
6069:
6068:
6065:
6061:
6058:
6057:
6056:
6053:
6049:
6046:
6045:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6020:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6008:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5983:Deforestation
5981:
5979:
5976:
5975:
5973:
5971:
5967:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5950:
5948:
5942:
5940:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5928:
5926:
5924:
5920:
5914:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5899:
5896:
5895:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5880:
5878:
5874:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5840:Mount Everest
5838:
5837:
5836:
5833:
5832:
5830:
5828:
5824:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5811:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5785:
5782:
5781:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5761:
5759:
5755:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5735:
5733:
5731:
5726:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5704:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5686:
5684:
5682:
5678:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5656:Bhimsen Thapa
5654:
5652:
5649:
5645:
5642:
5641:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5616:
5614:
5612:
5608:
5602:
5601:Newa kingdoms
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5586:Khasa kingdom
5584:
5582:
5579:
5578:
5576:
5568:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5539:
5537:
5535:
5531:
5525:
5522:
5521:
5519:
5517:
5513:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5498:
5496:
5494:
5490:
5484:
5481:
5480:
5478:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5450:
5445:
5443:
5438:
5436:
5431:
5430:
5427:
5414:
5411:
5408:
5405:
5402:
5399:
5396:
5393:
5390:
5387:
5384:
5381:
5378:
5375:
5372:
5369:
5366:
5363:
5360:
5357:
5354:
5351:
5348:
5345:
5342:
5339:
5336:
5333:
5330:
5327:
5324:
5321:
5318:
5315:
5312:
5309:
5306:
5303:
5300:
5297:
5294:
5291:
5288:
5287:Ikhwan revolt
5285:
5282:
5279:
5276:
5273:
5270:
5267:
5264:
5261:
5258:
5255:
5252:
5249:
5246:
5243:
5240:
5237:
5234:
5231:
5228:
5225:
5222:
5219:
5216:
5213:
5210:
5207:
5204:
5201:
5198:
5195:
5192:
5189:
5186:
5183:
5180:
5177:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5162:
5155:
5152:
5149:
5146:
5143:
5140:
5137:
5134:
5131:
5128:
5125:
5122:
5119:
5116:
5113:
5110:
5107:
5104:
5101:
5098:
5095:
5092:
5089:
5086:
5083:
5080:
5077:
5074:
5071:
5068:
5065:
5062:
5059:
5056:
5053:
5050:
5047:
5044:
5041:
5038:
5035:
5032:
5029:
5026:
5023:
5020:
5017:
5014:
5011:
5008:
5005:
5002:
4999:
4996:
4993:
4990:
4987:
4984:
4981:
4978:
4975:
4972:
4969:
4966:
4963:
4960:
4957:
4954:
4951:
4948:
4945:
4942:
4939:
4936:
4933:
4930:
4927:
4924:
4921:
4918:
4915:
4912:
4909:
4906:
4903:
4900:
4897:
4894:
4891:
4888:
4885:
4882:
4879:
4876:
4873:
4870:
4867:
4864:
4861:
4858:
4855:
4852:
4849:
4846:
4843:
4840:
4837:
4834:
4831:
4828:
4825:
4822:
4819:
4816:
4813:
4810:
4807:
4804:
4801:
4798:
4795:
4792:
4789:
4786:
4783:
4780:
4777:
4774:
4771:
4768:
4765:
4762:
4759:
4756:
4753:
4750:
4747:
4744:
4741:
4738:
4735:
4734:Spice Islands
4732:
4729:
4726:
4723:
4720:
4717:
4714:
4711:
4708:
4705:
4702:
4699:
4696:
4693:
4692:Santo Domingo
4690:
4687:
4684:
4681:
4678:
4675:
4672:
4669:
4666:
4663:
4660:
4657:
4654:
4651:
4648:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4633:
4626:
4623:
4620:
4617:
4614:
4611:
4608:
4605:
4602:
4599:
4596:
4593:
4590:
4587:
4584:
4581:
4578:
4575:
4572:
4569:
4566:
4563:
4560:
4557:
4554:
4551:
4548:
4545:
4542:
4539:
4536:
4533:
4530:
4527:
4524:
4521:
4518:
4515:
4512:
4509:
4506:
4503:
4500:
4497:
4494:
4491:
4488:
4485:
4482:
4481:Pontiac's War
4479:
4476:
4473:
4470:
4467:
4464:
4461:
4458:
4455:
4452:
4449:
4446:
4443:
4440:
4437:
4434:
4433:Carnatic Wars
4431:
4428:
4425:
4422:
4419:
4416:
4413:
4410:
4407:
4404:
4403:Tuscarora War
4401:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4386:
4379:
4376:
4373:
4370:
4367:
4364:
4361:
4358:
4355:
4352:
4349:
4346:
4343:
4340:
4337:
4334:
4331:
4328:
4325:
4322:
4319:
4316:
4313:
4310:
4307:
4304:
4301:
4298:
4295:
4292:
4289:
4286:
4283:
4280:
4277:
4274:
4271:
4268:
4265:
4262:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4231:
4226:
4224:
4219:
4217:
4212:
4211:
4208:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4175:
4174:0-415-33647-3
4171:
4168:. Routledge.
4167:
4163:
4162:
4145:
4141:
4135:
4131:
4130:
4124:
4120:
4118:9788180698132
4114:
4110:
4105:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4066:Asian Affairs
4062:
4059:
4053:
4049:
4044:
4041:
4039:1-86207-365-1
4035:
4031:
4026:
4023:
4017:
4013:
4012:
4006:
4002:
4001:
3995:
3991:
3990:
3984:
3980:
3979:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3958:
3953:
3952:
3943:
3942:
3936:
3932:
3931:
3926:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3898:
3894:Anon (1822),
3892:
3888:
3887:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3846:
3845:
3829:
3824:
3817:
3812:
3810:
3803:, p. 367
3802:
3797:
3790:
3785:
3779:, p. 306
3778:
3777:Oldfield 1880
3773:
3766:
3765:Oldfield 1880
3761:
3752:
3746:, p. 191
3745:
3740:
3738:
3731:, p. 190
3730:
3729:Naravane 2006
3725:
3718:
3713:
3711:
3703:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3687:, p. 590
3686:
3685:Shackell 1820
3681:
3674:
3667:
3659:
3655:
3654:
3646:
3639:
3634:
3627:
3622:
3620:
3612:
3607:
3605:
3597:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3578:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3557:
3551:
3546:
3537:
3528:
3519:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3499:
3493:
3484:
3478:
3473:
3467:
3462:
3455:
3454:Hastings 1824
3450:
3448:
3441:, p. 100
3440:
3435:
3428:
3423:
3416:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3400:, p. 460
3399:
3394:
3392:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3360:
3354:, p. 366
3353:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3305:
3299:
3292:
3287:
3285:
3277:
3276:Hastings 1824
3272:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3258:
3253:
3246:
3241:
3234:
3233:Oldfield 1880
3229:
3227:
3225:
3217:
3212:
3210:
3202:
3198:
3195:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3068:, p. 93.
3067:
3062:
3055:
3050:
3048:
3040:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3018:, p. 26.
3017:
3012:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2982:
2975:
2970:
2964:, p. 218
2963:
2958:
2952:, p. 189
2951:
2946:
2930:
2926:
2920:
2916:
2915:
2907:
2891:
2887:
2881:
2877:
2876:
2868:
2862:, p. 50.
2861:
2856:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2822:
2809:
2803:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2783:Ranjore Thapa
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2754:
2747:
2741:
2737:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2612:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2575:
2565:
2562:
2561:Brian Hodgson
2558:
2557:Bhimsen Thapa
2553:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2542:Bhimsen Thapa
2537:
2536:Bhimsen Thapa
2530:Bhimsen Thapa
2522:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2505:
2500:
2492:
2488:
2483:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2456:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2391:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2365:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2292:Bhimsen Thapa
2287:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2265:
2260:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2238:
2234:
2225:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2208:
2197:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2113:
2103:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2071:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2049:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1910:
1905:
1897:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1862:
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1853:
1849:
1845:
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1825:
1822:
1816:
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1810:
1795:
1786:
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1779:
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1762:
1758:
1756:
1750:
1746:
1744:
1739:
1737:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1699:Earl of Moira
1695:
1693:
1692:Bhimsen Thapa
1688:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1597:
1594:
1586:
1583:December 2021
1576:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1556:This section
1554:
1545:
1544:
1537:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1408:Thapa dynasty
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1389:(present-day
1388:
1384:
1383:Gorkhali army
1380:
1376:
1364:
1359:
1357:
1352:
1350:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1328:
1327:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1208:
1207:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1088:Thapa dynasty
1086:
1084:
1083:Pande dynasty
1081:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
1000:
993:
992:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
871:
870:
869:
866:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
736:
735:
734:
731:
721:
718:
715:
712:
709:
706:
705:
703:
702:
695:
694:
685:
682:
679:
678:Kingdom of Lo
676:
673:
670:
667:
666:Malla Dynasty
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
648:Katyuri kings
646:
643:
640:
637:
634:
633:
626:
625:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
595:
592:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
562:
561:
558:
555:
552:
549:
546:
543:
540:
537:
534:
533:
526:
525:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
505:
503:
502:
498:
494:
493:
490:
484:
483:
478:
473:
472:
464:
461:
460:
455:
451:
448:
442:
439:
436:
433:
432:
430:
426:
425:
420:
414:
409:
404:
402:
397:
392:
390:
385:
380:
378:
373:
368:
366:
361:
356:
353:
348:
343:
341:
340:Bhimsen Thapa
336:
331:
330:
329:
324:
318:
305:
303:Bennet Marley
295:
293:
291:
285:
275:
273:
263:
262:
261:
260:Earl of Moira
250:
249:
244:
241:
236:
231:
229:
219:
218:
213:
205:
200:
199:
194:
191:
190:
189:
186:
183:
182:
178:
174:
171:
170:
166:
163:
162:
158:
155:
151:
148:The death of
145:
140:
135:
126:
123:
115:
112:November 2019
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73: –
72:
68:
67:Find sources:
61:
57:
51:
50:
45:This article
43:
39:
34:
33:
30:
19:
7966:Panch Prayag
7873:Asan Barrage
7436:Demographics
7351:Ganges Basin
7237:Contemporary
7149:
7143:Shah dynasty
7081:Gupta Empire
7061:Nanda Empire
6781:
6775:
6769:
6697:Bibliography
6638:Human rights
6561:Celebrations
6527:Sonam Lhosar
6487:Yomari Punhi
6432:Christianity
6345:Demographics
6266:Child labour
6023:Constitution
5845:Kanchenjunga
5689:Kot massacre
5660:
5257:Iraqi Revolt
5112:Matabeleland
5088:North Borneo
5082:Matabeleland
5034:Saskatchewan
4836:Upper Canada
4830:Lower Canada
4788:Persian Gulf
4757:
4704:Persian Gulf
4644:Newfoundland
4625:Polygar Wars
4595:Kandyan Wars
4547:Nootka Sound
4165:
4159:Bibliography
4148:, retrieved
4144:the original
4128:
4108:
4092:
4069:
4065:
4047:
4029:
4010:
3999:
3988:
3977:
3967:
3963:
3940:
3929:
3916:
3905:
3896:
3885:
3875:
3871:
3857:
3848:
3823:
3818:, p. 41
3796:
3784:
3772:
3760:
3751:
3724:
3719:, p. 95
3717:Prinsep 1825
3704:, p. 94
3702:Prinsep 1825
3680:
3673:Prinsep 1825
3666:
3652:
3645:
3640:, p. 83
3638:Prinsep 1825
3633:
3628:, p. 84
3626:Prinsep 1825
3613:, p. 85
3611:Prinsep 1825
3579:, p. 13
3556:
3545:
3536:
3527:
3518:
3506:
3502:
3496:
3492:
3483:
3472:
3461:
3434:
3427:Prinsep 1825
3422:
3415:Prinsep 1825
3398:Prinsep 1825
3378:. Retrieved
3369:
3359:
3306:, p.187-212.
3303:
3298:
3257:Prinsep 1825
3252:
3240:
3235:, p. 40
3066:Prinsep 1825
3061:
3056:, p. 3.
3054:Acharya 1971
3016:Pradhan 2012
3011:
2999:. Retrieved
2995:the original
2990:
2981:
2974:Prinsep 1825
2969:
2957:
2945:
2933:. Retrieved
2913:
2906:
2894:. Retrieved
2874:
2867:
2860:Pradhan 2012
2855:
2843:. Retrieved
2834:
2825:
2802:
2777:and Colonel
2753:
2740:
2628:
2609:In 1825 the
2608:
2604:Lord Amherst
2577:
2554:
2539:
2508:
2496:
2453:
2441:
2432:
2428:
2393:
2336:
2320:
2288:
2269:
2248:
2243:Bhakti Thapa
2239:
2235:
2231:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2203:
2194:
2182:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2115:
2100:
2083:
2065:
2061:
2046:
2019:
2006:
2005:
1976:
1975:
1953:
1952:
1935:
1934:
1924:and Colonel
1914:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1839:
1817:
1813:
1805:
1783:P.J. Marshal
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1759:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1732:
1696:
1676:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1647:Ranjit Singh
1604:
1589:
1580:
1557:
1521:Ranjit Singh
1510:
1494:
1483:
1452:
1421:
1378:
1374:
1372:
1211:Contemporary
1195:Delhi Accord
1159:Kot massacre
1153:Rana dynasty
1114:
1003:Shah dynasty
615:Soma dynasty
570:Nepa kingdom
446:
437:
428:
289:
215:Belligerents
187:
118:
109:
99:
92:
85:
78:
66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
8340:Pithoragarh
8261:Rudraprayag
8218:Pithoragarh
8001:Jim Corbett
7961:Panch Kedar
7956:Sapta Badri
7455:Indo-Aryans
7239:Uttarakhand
7166:Uttarakhand
6990:Bar Council
6935:Legislature
6877:Departments
6777:Bhararisain
6757:Uttarakhand
6623:Witch-hunts
6578:Bratabandha
6522:Tamu Lhosar
6256:Agriculture
5970:Environment
5699:Tibetan War
5629:Unification
5591:Baise Rajya
5377:Suez Crisis
5275:Transjordan
5179:West Africa
5156:(1899–1902)
5150:(1898–1901)
5142:Six-Day War
5090:(1894–1905)
5078:(1891–1895)
5058:Mashonaland
5022:Mahdist War
4962:Shimonoseki
4892:(1847–1901)
4802:(1824–1901)
4770:Cape Colony
4668:Cape Colony
4627:(1799–1805)
4621:(1799–1803)
4609:(1798–1800)
4597:(1796–1818)
4571:Cape Colony
4561:(1793–1806)
4543:(1788–1934)
4439:Nova Scotia
4409:Yamasee War
4380:(1694–1700)
4354:Child's War
4342:2nd Tangier
4336:1st Tangier
4332:(1655–1739)
4282:Saint Kitts
4260:(1593–1603)
3577:Fraser 1820
3439:Hunter 1896
3380:30 November
3278:, p. 9
2791:Doon region
2438:Cost of war
2412:Mechi River
2042:Tamur River
2022:Koshi River
1651:Sikh Empire
1429:the Gorkhas
672:Chand kings
486:History of
201:Territorial
8385:Categories
8271:Uttarkashi
8094:Transport
8006:Nanda Devi
7658:Chaudangsi
7597:Indo-Aryan
7364:Ecoregions
7277:Geological
6995:Lok Adalat
6975:High Court
6792:Government
6774:(winter);
6360:Literature
6283:(currency)
6208:Kathmandu
6178:Biratnagar
6055:Parliament
5960:West Rapti
5938:(Ghaghara)
5855:Dhaulagiri
5634:Kalu Pande
5547:Amshuverma
5483:Bhadrabahu
5281:Pink's War
5173:Somaliland
5010:Basutoland
4764:Guadeloupe
4746:Xhosa Wars
4728:Seychelles
4710:Guadeloupe
4698:Martinique
4565:Rohilkhand
4529:Gold Coast
4499:Rohilkhand
4457:Bengal War
4294:Pequot War
4150:3 February
4021:0710208723
3656:. p.
3596:Smith 1852
3370:The Record
3245:Smith 1852
3001:16 January
2962:Smith 1852
2818:References
2808:Gurkha War
2781:. His son
2746:Gurkha War
2596:Lord Moira
2400:Darjeeling
2344:Makawanpur
2332:Makawanpur
2284:Lord Moira
2179:at Jaithak
1567:improve it
1418:Background
1379:Gorkha War
698:Golden Age
542:Bronze Age
82:newspapers
18:Gurkha War
8360:Mussoorie
8350:New Tehri
8330:Rishikesh
8208:Champawat
8203:Bageshwar
8181:Districts
8142:Education
7944:Kedarnath
7932:Badrinath
7920:Yamunotri
7849:Monuments
7795:Elections
7717:Districts
7702:divisions
7561:Languages
7521:Banrawats
7473:Jaunsaris
7463:Garhwalis
7371:Highlands
7286:Mountains
7265:Geography
7000:Lokayukta
6968:Judiciary
6833:Executive
6449:Festivals
6355:Languages
6350:Education
6309:Workforce
6304:Transport
6289:Squatting
6271:Companies
6221:Nepalgunj
6210:(capital)
6173:Bharatpur
6145:Provinces
6140:Districts
6132:Divisions
6084:President
6072:Communism
6033:Elections
5954:(Gandaki)
5952:Narayani
5865:Annapurna
5835:Himalayas
5827:Mountains
5814:Geography
5779:Civil war
5730:Panchayat
5714:Tribhuvan
5681:Rana rule
5413:Falklands
5409:(1963–67)
5403:(1962–66)
5397:(1962–90)
5385:(1962–76)
5373:(1955–59)
5367:(1954–59)
5361:(1952–60)
5355:(1948–60)
5349:(1946–50)
5341:Indonesia
5337:(1945–46)
5335:Indochina
5331:(1944–48)
5319:(1936–39)
5313:(1936–39)
5301:(1931–32)
5295:(1930–31)
5289:(1927–30)
5271:(1922–24)
5269:Kurdistan
5253:(1919–20)
5229:(1916–17)
5209:Nyasaland
5205:(1914–15)
5199:(1914–15)
5187:(1903–04)
5181:(1901–02)
5175:(1900–20)
5138:(1897–98)
5132:(1897–98)
5114:(1896–97)
5084:(1893–94)
5048:(1886–89)
5024:(1881–99)
5018:(1880–81)
5012:(1880–81)
5006:(1879–80)
4994:(1875–76)
4980:Abyssinia
4976:(1866–71)
4970:(1864–65)
4958:(1863–64)
4950:Kagoshima
4946:(1857–58)
4940:(1857–59)
4934:(1856–60)
4928:(1856–57)
4922:(1854–56)
4920:Åland War
4904:(1848–49)
4880:(1845–50)
4874:(1845–46)
4868:(1845–72)
4862:(1839–42)
4856:(1839–42)
4850:(1839–41)
4838:(1837–38)
4832:(1837–38)
4826:(1831–33)
4820:(1831–32)
4814:(1828–32)
4808:(1824–26)
4784:(1817–18)
4760:(1814–16)
4754:(1812–15)
4748:(1811–79)
4742:(1810–11)
4722:Mauritius
4694:(1808–09)
4676:(1806–07)
4652:(1803–05)
4615:(1798–99)
4585:(1795–96)
4579:(1795–96)
4555:(1789–92)
4531:(1781–82)
4525:(1779–84)
4519:(1775–82)
4513:(1775–83)
4501:(1773–74)
4495:(1769–73)
4489:(1765–71)
4483:(1763–66)
4477:(1762–63)
4465:(1758–61)
4459:(1756–65)
4453:(1756–63)
4447:(1754–63)
4441:(1749–55)
4435:(1746–63)
4429:(1744–48)
4423:(1740–42)
4417:(1722–25)
4411:(1715–17)
4405:(1711–15)
4399:(1702–13)
4374:(1688–97)
4368:(1688–91)
4356:(1686–90)
4350:(1675–78)
4326:(1654–60)
4320:(1654–67)
4314:(1649–53)
4308:(1641–53)
4296:(1634–38)
4266:(1609–46)
4086:159606340
3878:: 425–429
3816:Lamb 1986
3789:Anon 1816
3291:Anon 1816
3216:Anon 1816
3039:Anon 1816
2615:Bharatpur
2382:dysentery
2354:Aftermath
2296:Bijayapur
2086:Jit Gadhi
1985:Dehra Dun
1962:Gorakhpur
1948:Kathmandu
1944:Makwanpur
1683:Gorakhpur
1571:verifying
1467:Kathmandu
1465:invading
1320:, c. 2015
1309:, c. 2015
1303:, c. 2015
1297:, c. 2015
1285:, c. 2008
1274:, c. 2006
1268:, c. 2006
1262:, c. 2005
1256:, c. 2004
1250:, c. 2003
1244:, c. 2001
1232:, c. 1990
1218:Panchayat
1197:, c. 1951
1191:, c. 1951
1185:, c. 1947
1179:, c. 1947
1173:, c. 1847
1167:, c. 1846
1161:, c. 1846
1147:, c. 1816
1141:, c. 1816
1135:, c. 1816
1129:, c. 1814
1123:, c. 1814
1111:, c. 1809
1105:, c. 1806
1099:, c. 1804
1059:, c. 1768
1051:, c. 1769
1045:, c. 1768
1039:, c. 1768
1027:, c. 1767
1021:, c. 1762
1015:, c. 1744
629:Classical
536:Neolithic
508:Etymology
8355:Nainital
8345:Srinagar
8335:Ramnagar
8320:Rudrapur
8315:Kashipur
8305:Haldwani
8300:Haridwar
8295:Dehradun
8251:Haridwar
8246:Dehradun
8213:Nainital
8098:Airports
7991:Gangotri
7981:National
7915:Gangotri
7905:Chardham
7768:Politics
7750:Parganas
7615:Jaunsari
7605:Garhwali
7580:Sanskrit
7568:Official
7501:Bhotiyas
7468:Kumaonis
7397:Lowlands
7279:features
7164:Colonial
7092:kingdoms
7090:Medieval
7024:kingdoms
6872:Agencies
6855:Cabinets
6840:Governor
6783:Nainital
6771:Dehradun
6706:Category
6643:Intersex
6618:Abortion
6598:Antyesti
6593:Shraddha
6492:Gadhimai
6422:Buddhism
6417:Hinduism
6412:Religion
6216:Lalitpur
6203:Janakpur
6043:Military
6011:Politics
5993:Wildlife
5936:Karnali
5644:Monarchs
5581:Arimalla
5570:Medieval
5552:Bhrikuti
5542:Manadeva
5524:Yalamber
5460:articles
5401:Malaysia
5323:Ethiopia
5221:Peshawar
4986:Manitoba
4968:Duar War
4264:Virginia
3970:(1): 3–5
3927:(1825),
3540:Dehradun
3374:Archived
3331:Archived
3197:Archived
3162:Archived
3103:Archived
2935:14 March
2929:Archived
2896:14 March
2890:Archived
2839:Archived
2633:See also
2620:Calcutta
2448:Pindaris
2446:and the
2444:Marathas
2424:Resident
2207:Bam Shah
2177:Nepalese
2122:Dehradun
2066:Colonel
2011:Ludhiana
1989:Srinagar
1723:Calcutta
1649:and the
1627:Calcutta
1613:and the
1455:Shah era
1410:and the
1033:, c.1767
548:Iron Age
518:Urheimat
513:Timeline
477:a series
475:Part of
422:Strength
172:Location
8431:Gurkhas
8325:Kotdwar
8310:Roorkee
8241:Chamoli
8233:Garhwal
8137:Economy
8125:Cuisine
8036:Cricket
7907:circuit
7890:Temples
7841:Tourism
7722:Tehsils
7663:Darmiya
7653:Byangsi
7620:Bangani
7610:Kumaoni
7506:Shaukas
7313:Bugyals
7269:ecology
7174:Company
7022:Ancient
7014:History
6954:Speaker
6947:History
6867:Gazette
6801:Symbols
6683:Outline
6547:Chhechu
6512:Ubhauli
6507:Udhauli
6457:Dashain
6335:Cuisine
6323:Culture
6299:Tourism
6244:Economy
6226:Pokhara
6198:Itahari
6193:Hetauda
6183:Birgunj
5860:Manaslu
5557:Araniko
5476:Ancient
5468:History
5395:Sarawak
5347:Sarawak
5239:Nigeria
5227:Mohmand
5215:Nigeria
5166:century
4824:Malacca
4818:Jamaica
4776:Algiers
4716:Reunion
4662:Surinam
4637:century
4583:Grenada
4577:Jamaica
4469:Jamaica
4390:century
4330:Jamaica
4258:Ireland
4251:century
4238:English
3837:Sources
3302:Smith,
2845:20 July
2793:at the
2624:Gorkhas
2491:Gurkhas
2487:Khukuri
2408:Garhwal
2272:Garhwal
2034:Poornea
2030:Gorkhas
2026:Poornea
1997:Sirmaur
1970:Garhwal
1958:Benares
1940:Dinapur
1865:Terrain
1836:Finance
1615:Garhwal
1565:Please
1385:of the
529:Ancient
465:Unknown
290:†
203:changes
152:at the
96:scholar
8365:Almora
8287:cities
8198:Almora
8190:Kumaon
8087:topics
8029:Sports
8011:Rajaji
7971:Gomukh
7648:Rongpo
7589:Spoken
7483:Tharus
7478:Buksas
7446:groups
7444:Ethnic
7336:Bhabar
7328:Plains
6985:Judges
6814:Emblem
6711:Portal
6633:Health
6611:Issues
6568:Nwaran
6537:Chhath
6472:Swonti
6467:Mohani
6395:People
6281:Rupee
6261:Energy
6165:Cities
5946:(Kosi)
5944:Koshi
5923:Rivers
5850:Makalu
5574:modern
5458:
5415:(1982)
5391:(1962)
5389:Brunei
5379:(1956)
5343:(1945)
5325:(1943)
5307:(1935)
5283:(1925)
5277:(1923)
5265:(1921)
5259:(1920)
5247:(1919)
5241:(1918)
5235:(1917)
5233:Quebec
5223:(1915)
5217:(1915)
5211:(1915)
5193:(1906)
5144:(1899)
5126:(1897)
5120:(1897)
5108:(1896)
5102:(1896)
5096:(1895)
5072:(1891)
5066:(1891)
5060:(1890)
5054:(1888)
5052:Hazara
5042:(1885)
5036:(1885)
5030:(1882)
5000:(1879)
4988:(1870)
4982:(1868)
4964:(1864)
4952:(1863)
4916:(1854)
4910:(1852)
4898:(1848)
4896:Ceylon
4886:(1847)
4884:Canton
4844:(1839)
4796:(1823)
4794:Guiana
4790:(1819)
4778:(1816)
4772:(1815)
4766:(1815)
4736:(1810)
4730:(1810)
4724:(1810)
4718:(1810)
4712:(1810)
4706:(1809)
4700:(1809)
4688:(1807)
4682:(1807)
4670:(1806)
4664:(1804)
4658:(1804)
4646:(1800)
4603:(1798)
4591:(1795)
4589:Ceylon
4573:(1795)
4567:(1794)
4549:(1789)
4537:(1786)
4507:(1774)
4471:(1762)
4362:(1687)
4344:(1664)
4338:(1662)
4318:Acadia
4302:(1641)
4290:(1628)
4288:Quebec
4284:(1626)
4278:(1622)
4272:(1612)
4270:Swally
4172:
4136:
4115:
4099:
4084:
4054:
4036:
4018:
3531:Kumaon
2921:
2882:
2640:Gurkha
2404:Kumaon
2276:Kumaon
2015:Kahlur
2001:Sutlej
1981:Meerut
1966:Kumaon
1687:Butwal
1645:where
1643:Punjab
1635:Bombay
1631:Madras
1611:Kumaon
1607:Sikkim
1531:Causes
1525:Sutlej
1459:Gorkha
1447:, and
996:Modern
479:on the
443:17,000
354:(Bada)
286:
184:Result
98:
91:
84:
77:
69:
8370:Pauri
8285:Major
8120:Music
8085:Other
7983:parks
7743:Rural
7710:Urban
7673:Rawat
7630:Tharu
7625:Buksa
7575:Hindi
7511:Rajis
7341:Terai
7318:Lakes
7204:Crown
6824:Motto
6753:State
6690:Index
6653:Women
6588:Bahra
6573:Pasni
6552:Jatra
6462:Tihar
6439:Sport
6427:Islam
6380:Media
6365:Music
6188:Damak
5893:Terai
5876:Areas
5792:April
5456:Nepal
5293:Tirah
5203:Tochi
4992:Perak
4758:Nepal
4680:Egypt
4607:Malta
4535:Assam
4378:Ghana
4276:Ormuz
4082:S2CID
3960:(PDF)
3507:shala
3487:Terai
2732:Notes
2700:Awadh
2600:Delhi
2009:, at
1993:Nahan
1956:, at
1938:, at
1918:Tarai
1842:crore
1809:rajas
1719:Terai
1619:Awadh
1497:Tibet
1475:Nepal
1471:Malla
1461:King
1391:Nepal
488:Nepal
240:Nepal
103:JSTOR
89:books
7668:Raji
7516:Jads
7346:Doab
7206:rule
7176:rule
6819:Song
6648:LGBT
6532:Holi
6339:wine
6102:list
5931:Arun
5407:Aden
5383:Oman
5365:Oman
5164:20th
4740:Java
4635:19th
4388:18th
4360:Siam
4249:17th
4170:ISBN
4152:2012
4134:ISBN
4113:ISBN
4097:ISBN
4052:ISBN
4034:ISBN
4016:ISBN
3382:2022
3003:2019
2937:2023
2919:ISBN
2898:2023
2880:ISBN
2847:2020
2765:and
2611:Raja
2485:The
2467:and
2406:and
2394:The
2375:The
2274:and
2116:The
1968:and
1712:Kaji
1710:and
1633:and
1453:The
1373:The
164:Date
75:news
7678:Jad
7533:and
7267:and
6809:Day
6755:of
6583:Ihi
6482:Eid
5796:May
5572:and
4752:USA
4074:doi
3505:or
3503:sal
2613:of
2592:GCB
2298:to
1569:by
58:by
8387::
5794:-
4132:,
4080:,
4070:40
4068:,
3966:,
3962:,
3908:.
3874:,
3870:,
3808:^
3736:^
3709:^
3692:^
3658:40
3618:^
3603:^
3584:^
3565:^
3446:^
3405:^
3390:^
3372:.
3368:.
3342:^
3311:^
3283:^
3264:^
3223:^
3208:^
3173:^
3138:^
3114:^
3073:^
3046:^
3023:^
2989:.
2927:.
2888:.
2837:.
2833:.
2594:.
2318:.
2264:AD
2044:.
1907:A
1629:,
1443:,
1414:.
431::
6745:e
6738:t
6731:v
6341:)
6337:(
5705:)
5701:(
5448:e
5441:t
5434:v
4240:/
4229:e
4222:t
4215:v
4121:.
4103:.
4076::
3968:3
3876:1
3660:.
3513:.
3384:.
3337:.
3203:.
3168:.
3109:.
3005:.
2939:.
2900:.
2849:.
2797:.
2493:.
2384:.
2266:.
1911:.
1596:)
1590:(
1585:)
1581:(
1362:e
1355:t
1348:v
440::
125:)
119:(
114:)
110:(
100:·
93:·
86:·
79:·
52:.
20:)
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