198:
diet induced obesity produce a more prevalent response to taste in the gustatory nucleus of the NTS as well as a weakened association between taste responses and ingestive behavior compared to lean rats. In addition, it was also discovered that the responses to taste stimuli in rats with obesity were smaller, shorter, and occur at longer latencies compared to those of lean rats. These electrophysiological recordings create a connection between the gustatory nucleus and obesity as exposure to a high energy diet can alter how taste is encoded by the nervous system. In both humans and rats with obesity, taste responses are shorter and weaker and can have a large impact on how the brainstem represents taste stimuli. This ultimately effects food choice and body weight, resulting in a possible increase in consumption of high energy foods, such as sugars and fats.
148:
direct their firing towards that stimulus which indicates that these neurons are used in motivating one to eat as well as not to eat. In addition, the gustatory system has been greatly studied in some cyprinoid and cobitoid fish species because of their enormously hypertrophied peripheral gustatory nerves. The major difference between the gustatory neural structure of the fish and the rat is that the secondary gustatory nucleus of the fish projects to the interior lobe's lateral lobule of the diencephalon, while in the rat, the secondary gustatory nucleus projects to a specific thalamic area in the ventrobasal complex and to the ventral forebrain and rostroventral diencephalon.
99:
194:
availability. The nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS), which includes the gustatory nucleus, has neurons that express many different receptors that inform organisms of their internal state and are involved in the homeostatic regulation of ingestion. This shows the role of taste as a sensory regulator of food consumption that produces different responses depending on the chemical composition of a food. However, in rats and humans with obesity, there is a reduction in taste receptor cell expression as well as reduced activation of taste receptor cells.
91:
83:
157:
144:
of the tongue, soft palate, pharynx, and upper part of the esophagus are taste buds that contain taste cells, which are peripheral receptors involved in gustatory system and react to chemical stimuli. Different sections of the tongue are innervated with the three cranial nerves. The facial nerve (VII) innervates the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) innervates the posterior one-third and the vagus nerve (X) innervates the epiglottis.
181:
within this nucleus. Instead, individual gustatory nuclei processing information is influenced by separate taste bud populations. Some examples of gustatory cranial nerves, that innervate the taste buds and are connected to this nucleus include the chorda tympani and lingual branch of the glossopharyngeal nerves.
143:
Furthermore, the gustatory nucleus is connected via the pons to the thalamocortical system consisting of the hypothalamus and the amygdala. These connections can stimulate appetite, satisfaction, and other homeostatic responses that have to do with eating. Distributed throughout the dorsal epithelium
118:
and has two sections, the rostral and lateral regions. A close association between the gustatory nucleus and visceral information exists for this function in the gustatory system, assisting in homeostasis - via the identification of food that might be possibly poisonous or harmful for the body. There
193:
Numerous studies have investigated the connection between the gustatory nucleus and obesity; an increase in visceral fat is negatively correlated with taste function. In both humans and rats, taste sensitivity changes with body weight, especially sweet and fat taste qualities that signal high energy
176:
Taste cells synapse with primary sensory axons of three cranial nerves; the facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, and the vagus nerve. These cranial nerves innervate the taste buds in the tongue, palate, epiglottis, and esophagus. The primary sensory neurons of these central axons are in the cranial
197:
In one study, the effect of obesity on responses to taste stimuli in the NTS was investigated by recording taste responses from single cells in this sensory region of rats with diet induced obesity due to a high energy diet and lean rats fed a normal diet. Results of the study showed that rats with
135:
connect to lateral and rostral regions of the nucleus of the solitary tract which is located in the medulla and is also known as the gustatory nucleus. The most pronounced gustatory nucleus is the rostral cap of the nucleus solitarius which is located at the ponto-medullary junction. Afferent taste
184:
Tastants are the chemical molecules that provide the stimulus for taste perception. The concentration of this taste stimulus is what dictates the intensity of the taste sensation that is perceived. Furthermore, the threshold concentration for a required degree of sensation varies depending on the
147:
The study of the nucleus usually involves model organisms like fish, hamsters, and mice. Studies with humans involve MRIs and PET scan. A study done on monkeys found that when a given food is consumed to the point that a monkey is full and satisfied, specific orbitofrontal neurons in the monkey
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The tongue contains taste receptors, that sends sensory information via action potential to the solitary nucleus. Then, such signal is directed towards the gustatory nucleus, which is located within the
Thalamus. Topography on the tongue doesn't determine the arrangement and processing of input
139:
Each nucleus from the gustatory system can contain networks of interconnected neurons that can help regulate the firing rates of one another. Fishes (specifically channel catfish), have been used to study the structure, mechanism for activation and its integrated with the solitary nucleus. The
127:
is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter involved in its functionality. All visceral afferents in the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves first arrive in the nucleus of the solitary tract and information from the gustatory system can then be relayed to the thalamus and cortex.
177:
nerve ganglia of each respective cranial nerve. To produce the sense of taste, these neurons project to the gustatory nucleus, or the rostral and lateral regions of the nucleus of the solitary tract, and are ultimately projected to the cerebral cortex.
136:
fibers from the facial and from the facial and glossopharyngeal nerves are sent to the nucleus solitarius. The gustatory system then sends information to the thalamus which ultimately sends information to the cerebral cortex.
140:
secondary gustatory nucleus contains three subnucleic structures: a medial, central and dorsal subnucleus (with the central and dorsal positioned in the rostral area of the secondary gustatory nucleus).
591:
Shipley, Michael T.; Geinisman, Yuri (1984-03-01). "Anatomical evidence for convergence of olfactory, gustatory, and visceral afferent pathways in mouse cerebral cortex".
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1259:
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Purves, Dale; Augustine, George J.; Fitzpatrick, David; Katz, Lawrence C.; LaMantia, Anthony-Samuel; McNamara, James O.; Williams, S. Mark (2001).
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Purves, Dale; Augustine, George J.; Fitzpatrick, David; Katz, Lawrence C.; LaMantia, Anthony-Samuel; McNamara, James O.; Williams, S. Mark (2001).
540:
Whitehead, Mark C. (1986). "Anatomy of the gustatory system in the hamster: Synaptology of facial afferent terminals in the solitary nucleus".
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specific tastant. However, in general, threshold concentrations for tastants are very high relative to other sensory stimuli such as odorants.
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Davis, Barry J.; Jang, Taichang (1988). "A Golgi analysis of the gustatory zone of the nucleus of the solitary tract in the adult hamster".
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1294:
470:
1433:
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Watson, Charles; Kirkcaldie, Matthew; Paxinos, George (2010-01-01), Watson, Charles; Kirkcaldie, Matthew; Paxinos, George (eds.),
241:
399:
Katz, Donald B; Nicolelis, Miguel A L; Simon, Sidney A (2002-08-01). "Gustatory processing is dynamic and distributed".
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867:"Taste Responses in the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract of Awake Obese Rats Are Blunted Compared With Those in Lean Rats"
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942:
712:
525:
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Purves, Dale; Augustine, George; Fitzpatrick, David; Hall, William; LaMantia, Anthony-Samuel; White, Leonard (2012).
65:
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1115:
1110:
1092:
1020:
58:
805:"Effects and Mechanisms of Tastants on the Gustatory-Salivary Reflex in Human Minor Salivary Glands"
803:
Satoh-Kuriwada, Shizuko; Shoji, Noriaki; Miyake, Hiroyuki; Watanabe, Chiyo; Sasano, Takashi (2018).
1276:
998:
1130:
289:"Ionic mechanism of GABAA biphasic synaptic potentials in gustatory nucleus of the solitary tract"
1558:
1521:
1400:
1393:
1383:
165:
1220:
969:
935:
455:"Axonal projection patterns of neurons in the secondary gustatory nucleus of channel catfish"
345:
Norgren, Ralph; Leonard, Christiana M. (1973-07-15). "Ascending central gustatory pathways".
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98:
90:
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643:
300:
8:
1346:
1314:
1254:
1225:
1174:
1164:
1047:
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123:, the facial nerve (VII), the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), and the vagus nerve (X) and
901:
866:
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804:
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704:
624:
573:
517:
490:
432:
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are many gustatory nuclei in the brain stem. Each of these nuclei corresponds to three
412:
1503:
1479:
1125:
1010:
952:
906:
888:
865:
Weiss, Michael S.; Hajnal, Andras; Czaja, Krzysztof; Di
Lorenzo, Patricia M. (2019).
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665:
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608:
604:
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521:
482:
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370:
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316:
237:
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577:
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436:
328:
1616:
1533:
1484:
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1052:
988:
928:
896:
878:
834:
816:
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655:
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466:
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111:
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Different taste receptors in the tongue and their connections to afferent neurons.
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1464:
1087:
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1511:
993:
785:
660:
269:
208:
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82:
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located in the medulla. The gustatory nucleus is associated with the sense of
1656:
1309:
1304:
892:
883:
830:
754:
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612:
561:
478:
420:
366:
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Three of the twelve cranial nerves send input to the
Gustatory nucleus: the
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1516:
1378:
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910:
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10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19960219)365:4<585::aid-cne6>3.0.co;2-0
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553:
486:
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358:
320:
156:
1526:
1338:
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920:
169:
131:
The central axons on primary sensory neurons in the taste system in the
71:
53:
1459:
644:"Aversive gustatory stimulation activates limbic circuits in humans"
642:
Zald, D. H.; Lee, J. T.; Fluegel, K. W.; Pardo, J. V. (1998-06-01).
1603:
1585:
1573:
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236:. Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates, Inc. p. 341.
802:
1451:
783:
267:
231:
115:
1550:
124:
16:
Rostral part of the solitary nucleus located in the medulla
864:
86:
Location of structures connected to the gustatory nucleus
286:
786:"Taste Receptors and the Transduction of Taste Signals"
693:"Chapter 6 - Gathering information–the sensory systems"
690:
641:
508:Cherches, Igor M. (2016), "Clinical Neuroanatomy",
398:
1654:
590:
188:
216:"Anatomy 530a at UWO (Functional Neuroanatomy)"
344:
1427:
936:
453:Lamb, Charles F.; Finger, Thomas E. (1996).
94:Basic neuroanatomy of the gustatory system.
1434:
1420:
950:
943:
929:
452:
287:Grabauskas G, Bradley RM (November 1998).
280:
1195:Descending dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
900:
882:
838:
820:
732:
659:
539:
1180:Ascending dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
507:
155:
97:
89:
81:
1655:
270:"The Organization of the Taste System"
1415:
924:
871:Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience
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858:
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448:
446:
394:
392:
347:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
340:
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263:
261:
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227:
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35:A component of the solitary nucleus
13:
1612:Posterior limb of internal capsule
855:
705:10.1016/B978-0-12-373889-9.50006-1
699:, Academic Press, pp. 75–96,
518:10.1016/b978-0-323-35948-1.00002-4
313:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb10610.x
14:
1674:
443:
389:
335:
250:
222:
43:Assisting in food identification.
735:Journal of Comparative Neurology
542:Journal of Comparative Neurology
459:Journal of Comparative Neurology
66:Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
796:
777:
726:
684:
635:
584:
401:Current Opinion in Neurobiology
1200:Medial longitudinal fasciculus
1185:Medial longitudinal fasciculus
533:
501:
1:
1594:Ventral posteromedial nucleus
1058:Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve
809:BioMed Research International
413:10.1016/S0959-4388(02)00341-0
201:
189:Gustatory Nucleus and Obesity
1325:Inferior cerebellar peduncle
1121:Rostral ventromedial medulla
605:10.1016/0361-9230(84)90049-2
512:, Elsevier, pp. 11–41,
151:
7:
1564:Medial parabrachial nucleus
1063:Inferior salivatory nucleus
110:is the rostral part of the
10:
1679:
1116:Arcuate nucleus of medulla
234:Neuroscience Fifth Edition
1642:Special visceral afferent
1629:
1602:
1584:
1549:
1502:
1495:
1450:
1337:
1287:
1247:
1240:
1210:
1154:
1145:
1111:Ventral respiratory group
1101:
1093:Accessory cuneate nucleus
1075:
1036:
977:
968:
959:
790:Neuroscience. 2nd Edition
274:Neuroscience. 2nd Edition
64:
52:
47:
39:
31:
26:
21:
1277:Inferior olivary nucleus
999:Dorsal respiratory group
884:10.3389/fnint.2019.00035
661:10.1093/brain/121.6.1143
1559:Central tegmental tract
1295:Posterior median sulcus
1260:Anterior median fissure
593:Brain Research Bulletin
1401:Perihypoglossal nuclei
173:
166:glossopharyngeal nerve
103:
95:
87:
1300:Posterolateral sulcus
1221:Olivocerebellar tract
1131:Pre-Bötzinger complex
747:10.1002/cne.902780308
554:10.1002/cne.902440106
359:10.1002/cne.901500208
159:
133:cranial nerve ganglia
101:
93:
85:
1265:Anterolateral sulcus
822:10.1155/2018/3847075
293:Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci
1347:Reticular formation
1315:Hypoglossal trigone
1226:Rubro-olivary tract
1175:Juxtarestiform body
1165:Sensory decussation
1048:Hypoglossal nucleus
305:1998NYASA.855..486G
1217:Descending tracts
174:
104:
96:
88:
1650:
1649:
1625:
1624:
1539:Gustatory nucleus
1480:Fungiform papilla
1409:
1408:
1333:
1332:
1236:
1235:
1141:
1140:
1126:Botzinger complex
1071:
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1011:Vestibular nuclei
1006:Gustatory nucleus
510:Neurology Secrets
243:978-0-87893-695-3
108:gustatory nucleus
80:
79:
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22:Gustatory nucleus
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1663:Gustatory system
1617:Gustatory cortex
1534:Solitary nucleus
1500:
1499:
1485:Filiform papilla
1436:
1429:
1422:
1413:
1412:
1245:
1244:
1170:Medial lemniscus
1152:
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1053:Nucleus ambiguus
1041:
989:Solitary nucleus
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730:
724:
723:
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721:
688:
682:
681:
663:
654:(6): 1143–1154.
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588:
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581:
537:
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112:solitary nucleus
72:edit on Wikidata
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1475:Foliate papilla
1470:Vallate papilla
1465:Lingual papilla
1446:
1440:
1410:
1405:
1352:Gigantocellular
1329:
1320:Medial eminence
1283:
1232:
1206:
1137:
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1088:Cuneate nucleus
1083:Gracile nucleus
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951:Anatomy of the
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970:Cranial nuclei
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925:
917:
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741:(3): 388–396.
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713:
683:
634:
599:(3): 221–226.
583:
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526:
500:
465:(4): 585–593.
442:
407:(4): 448–454.
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353:(2): 217–237.
334:
299:(1): 486–487.
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168:(IX), and the
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121:cranial nerves
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1357:Parvocellular
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1310:Vagal trigone
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1305:Area postrema
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1637:Basic tastes
1569:Hypothalamus
1538:
1379:Raphe nuclei
1147:White matter
1038:
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979:
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718:, retrieved
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548:(1): 72–85.
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162:facial nerve
146:
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107:
105:
1442:Anatomy of
961:Grey matter
815:: 3847075.
170:vagus nerve
164:(VII), the
48:Identifiers
1372:Paramedian
720:2019-09-24
202:References
54:NeuroNames
1460:Taste bud
1039:efferent:
980:afferent:
893:1662-5145
831:2314-6141
755:1096-9861
697:The Brain
670:0006-8950
613:0361-9230
562:1096-9861
479:1096-9861
421:0959-4388
367:0021-9967
152:Mechanism
1657:Category
1604:cerebrum
1586:thalamus
1574:Amygdala
1394:Pallidus
1384:Obscurus
1161:Sensory
1026:Inferior
911:31417373
849:29651428
771:26097891
578:24265928
495:19083368
437:17044328
429:12139994
329:27455499
40:Function
1504:medulla
1367:Lateral
1362:Ventral
1255:Pyramid
1241:Surface
1211:Ventral
1102:Ventral
1016:Lateral
953:medulla
902:6683675
840:5832054
763:2464006
678:9648549
629:4776024
621:6722597
570:3950091
487:8742304
383:7445901
375:4723066
321:9929643
301:Bibcode
27:Details
1452:Tongue
1389:Magnus
1191:Motor
1155:Dorsal
1076:Dorsal
1021:Medial
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877:: 35.
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1630:Other
1444:taste
1272:Olive
1248:Front
994:tract
767:S2CID
648:Brain
625:S2CID
574:S2CID
491:S2CID
433:S2CID
379:S2CID
325:S2CID
172:(X).
116:taste
70:[
32:Parts
1551:pons
1496:Path
1339:Grey
1288:Back
907:PMID
889:ISSN
845:PMID
827:ISSN
813:2018
759:PMID
751:ISSN
709:ISBN
674:PMID
666:ISSN
617:PMID
609:ISSN
566:PMID
558:ISSN
522:ISBN
483:PMID
475:ISSN
425:PMID
417:ISSN
371:PMID
363:ISSN
317:PMID
238:ISBN
125:GABA
106:The
59:1386
1517:VII
897:PMC
879:doi
835:PMC
817:doi
743:doi
739:278
701:doi
656:doi
652:121
601:doi
550:doi
546:244
514:doi
467:doi
463:365
409:doi
355:doi
351:150
309:doi
297:855
1659::
1522:IX
905:.
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857:^
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252:^
224:^
1527:X
1435:e
1428:t
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74:]
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