40:
2943:
2779:
2626:
2288:
530:
1782:
1777:
1611:
1586:
1671:
770:. The Reich Revenue Law of July 1919 gave the federal government sole authority for levying and administering taxes, unlike under the Empire when the states had control. The result was a considerable strengthening of the Reich's position with respect to the constituent states. Erzberger's measures also attempted to shift the burden of taxes more towards wealthier citizens. They levied "war taxes" on income and wealth, imposed an inheritance tax in July 1919 and a one-time wealth tax in December 1919.
1820:
748:
his personal friendship with
Friedrich Ebert and part from a sense of duty: "We are not standing here out of the interest of our parties, and even less – believe me – out of ambition. We are standing here out of a feeling of responsibility, in the awareness that it is our damned duty to save what can be saved." The National Assembly approved the Treaty 237 to 138 on 23 June, and representatives of Bauer's government signed it on 28 June.
845:, which involved accusations of corruption, war profiteering, fraud and bribery against the SPD due to its alleged involvement with the merchant Julius Barmat. Bauer was accused of taking commissions from Barmat, a claim he consistently denied in spite of strong evidence against him. On 7 February 1925, the SPD parliamentary group forced him to relinquish his seat in the Reichstag. On 14 February he was expelled from the party.
1404:
807:, remained in the capital and negotiated with the putschists. The putsch quickly collapsed due to the general strike and the refusal of government employees to do their work, but the Bauer government was forced to resign on 27 March, mostly as a result of the negotiations conducted with Kapp and his fellow conspirators. Bauer was succeeded as chancellor by
773:
The Bauer cabinet was also responsible for a number of extensions of social benefits. They included maternity care covering the costs of childbirth and confinement, youth welfare, increased unemployment relief (a form of welfare not to be confused with unemployment insurance, which was not introduced
747:
of the Social
Democrats refused the offer to succeed him as minister president. Bauer accepted the position on 20 June even though he had until then been a vocal critic of the Treaty. Part of his willingness to take on the difficult responsibility of getting the Treaty through the Assembly came from
690:
On 12 November the
Council issued an appeal "To the German People" that included a number of promises related to labour, notably the introduction of the eight-hour workday and the creation and protection of jobs. In the following weeks, the Council issued decrees regulating the hiring, dismissal and
860:
took power, Bauer was arrested (29 June 1933) for supposedly having misappropriated public funds. The charge was based on statements allegedly made in school by his son. When it was ascertained that Bauer's marriage was childless, he was released after a week in custody. The proceedings against him
582:
in August 1919, Bauer's title formally changed to "chancellor". During his term of office, a crucial tax restructuring was enacted, as were a series of important social reforms that affected unemployment relief, maternity benefits and health and old age insurance.
838:(Centre Party) in May 1921 as minister of the treasury and vice-chancellor. He held the positions throughout Wirth's term of office (until November 1922). Bauer remained a member of the Reichstag for Magdeburg and retained his seat after leaving the government.
622:, Russia) as the son of court bailiff Gustav Bauer and his wife Henriette (née Gross). From 1876 to 1884, he attended primary school in Königsberg. After 1884, he worked as an office assistant and then as head clerk for a lawyer at Königsberg.
635:("The Office Worker") and in 1903 was named head of the Central Labour Secretariat of the Free Trade Unions in Berlin. In 1908, Bauer became second chairman of the General Commission of Trade Unions in Berlin, a position he held until 1918.
1274:
531:
695:
of 15 November, industry agreed to introduce the eight-hour workday, guarantee demobilised workers the right to their pre-war jobs and recognise trade unions as the sole representatives of the workers.
2020:
590:, Bauer served as vice-chancellor, minister of the treasury, and minister of transportation in other cabinets from May 1920 to November 1922. In 1925 he was forced to resign his seat in the
2007:
785:
attempted to depose the government in Berlin. Bauer, along with other SPD members of the cabinet and
President Ebert, signed a call for a general strike against the putsch. After a
2443:
848:
The expulsion was overturned on 14 May 1926. He returned to the
Reichstag, retaining his seat until 1928, at which point he left parliament and retired from public life.
3007:
2972:
819:
Bauer joined the new cabinet as minister of the treasury, a position he held until June 1920; from May to June 1920, he was also minister of transportation. In the
2982:
2901:
2742:
2601:
2430:
2233:
2033:
2977:
1113:
2083:
755:
that it had drawn up and debated. President Ebert signed it on 11 August, and when it came into force on 14 August, Bauer's position took the name "
3012:
3002:
1564:
2052:
1631:
1007:
3027:
3017:
1988:
2810:
1034:
2657:
2130:
735:, Germany's first democratically elected national government. After Scheidemann resigned on 20 June 1919 in protest against the terms of the
2502:
3037:
2920:
1166:
766:
Some of the most far-reaching changes implemented during Bauer's term of office were the tax reform packages developed by
Finance Minister
1192:
van der Klein, Marian (2007). "Risks of Labour: Maternity
Insurance and Economic Citizenship in pre-1940 Europe". In Hagemann, Gro (ed.).
2942:
2778:
2625:
2287:
2025:
1139:
918:
Ein undemokratischer
Demokrat: Gustav Bauer. Gewerkschaftsführer – Freund Friedrich Eberts – Reichskanzler. Eine politische Biographie
2523:
2378:
1742:
1702:
1480:
808:
774:
in
Germany until 1927) and expanded health and old age insurance. In addition, the Factory Council Act of February 1920 established
744:
111:
118:
2997:
2319:
1943:
259:
3022:
2992:
1086:
2012:
890:
2987:
1557:
1470:
1422:
626:
756:
684:
544:
2877:
2849:
2803:
2714:
2696:
2565:
2527:
2402:
2352:
2205:
2159:
1534:
1497:
676:
656:
556:
540:
504:
163:
778:
at workplaces with 20 or more employees as a means of improving lines of communication between labour and management.
2650:
2123:
1383:
1358:
1333:
1257:
1230:
1203:
940:
925:
2495:
1322:
Fischer, Conan (2003). "Continuity and Change in Post-Wilhelmine
Germany". In Eley, Geoff; Retallack, James (eds.).
898:
1550:
548:
309:
1912:
1802:
1781:
1776:
1610:
1585:
39:
3032:
2796:
2788:
2181:
1641:
1408:
2931:
2643:
2448:
2116:
820:
760:
716:
692:
2488:
831:) formed on 25 June did not include the SPD, whose share of the vote had dropped from 38% in 1919 to 22%.
2312:
1936:
1418:
619:
591:
380:
2635:
2480:
1964:
1656:
1581:
1524:
1443:
474:
337:
1307:
667:. In October 1918, he became state secretary (similar to a minister) in the Ministry of Labour in the
1325:
Wilhelminism and Its Legacies: German Modernities, Imperialism, and the Meanings of Reform, 1890–1930
1089:[The Bauer Cabinet. Formation of the Government and Acceptance of the Treaty of Versailles].
652:
598:. He was allowed to resume his seat in 1926. He kept it until 1928 when he retired from public life.
2108:
903:
720:
567:
409:
1301:
1060:
2859:
2730:
2537:
2372:
2169:
20:
2511:
2297:
1670:
2839:
2686:
2559:
2424:
2362:
2305:
2227:
1929:
1921:
828:
1323:
1220:
2906:
2747:
2606:
2435:
2238:
2065:
2038:
1824:
1707:
1573:
1193:
824:
691:
pay of industrial workers, including war invalids and demobilised military personnel. In the
54:
1636:
2967:
2962:
2819:
1849:
1010:[Council of the People's Duputies, Appeal to the German People, 12 November 1918].
736:
575:
1819:
8:
2666:
2151:
2139:
2077:
1970:
1757:
1686:
1463:
752:
732:
664:
615:
579:
571:
466:
350:
99:
1881:
1747:
931:
Voigt, Martin: "Gustav Adolf Bauer". p. 177–190. In: Wilhelm v. Sternburg (Hrsg.):
2577:
2408:
2358:
2258:
2071:
1651:
1453:
1249:
The Great Disorder: Politics, Economics, and Society in the German Inflation, 1914–1924
910:
865:
767:
470:
401:
372:
2096:
2088:
1542:
2462:
2270:
2175:
1722:
1621:
1596:
1379:
1354:
1329:
1253:
1226:
1199:
936:
921:
886:
842:
710:
679:. After Baden resigned on 9 November 1918, Bauer continued to serve under Chancellor
2057:
2855:
2767:
2533:
2468:
2390:
2276:
1993:
795:
set himself up as head of a new government, most of the cabinet left the city for
2914:
2889:
2883:
2755:
2720:
2708:
2702:
2001:
1833:
1797:
1752:
1681:
1666:
1646:
1626:
1507:
1414:
1247:
981:
728:
680:
629:, a white-collar union that he co-founded. He also was editor of the publication
560:
341:
302:
252:
209:
87:
60:
2865:
2543:
2871:
2761:
2726:
2571:
2549:
2396:
2368:
2199:
2193:
2165:
1865:
804:
775:
595:
2818:
2956:
2925:
2589:
2420:
2328:
2246:
2223:
1952:
1889:
1841:
1606:
1517:
1490:
1008:"Rat der Volksbeauftragten, Aufruf "An das deutsche Volk", 12. November 1918"
869:
792:
672:
668:
552:
290:
151:
2187:
1311:(12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company.
1222:
The Politics of German Child Welfare from the Empire to the Federal Republic
611:
2895:
2831:
2736:
2678:
2614:
2583:
2555:
2456:
2414:
2384:
2264:
2252:
2217:
1976:
1857:
1792:
1772:
1762:
1737:
1727:
1717:
1712:
1087:"Das Kabinett Bauer. Regierungsbildung und Annahme des Versailler Vertrags"
835:
740:
494:
139:
1982:
1897:
1873:
1732:
1300:
782:
587:
2665:
2510:
586:
After his cabinet fell in March 1920 as a result of its response to the
857:
430:
2138:
1012:
100(0) SchlĂĽsseldokumente zur deutschen Geschichte im 20. Jahrhundert
883:
Die Reichskanzler der Weimarer Republik. Zwölf Lebensläufe in Bildern
800:
787:
724:
687:, also headed by Ebert, which replaced the imperial chancellorship.
607:
462:
907:(in German), vol. 1, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, p. 638
759:". The National Assembly dissolved itself on 21 May 1920. After the
2327:
1815:
1351:
German Politics and the Jews: Düsseldorf and Nuremberg, 1910–1933
928:(the only biography of Gustav Bauers and a very critical account)
796:
660:
1951:
1403:
823:, he was re-elected to parliament, but the new government that
490:
1195:
Reciprocity and Redistribution: Work and Welfare Reconsidered
791:
unit took control of the government buildings in Berlin and
646:
1225:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 150.
1572:
1198:. Pisa, Italy: Plus-Pisa University Press. p. 94.
1142:[100 Years Ago: The Weimar National Assembly].
594:
due to his involvement in the fraud and bribery of the
1165:
Altmann, Gerhard; Scriba, Arnulf (13 September 2014).
980:
Kock, Sonja; Albrecht, Kai-Britt (14 September 2014).
751:
On 31 July, the Assembly passed the proposal for the
1279:
Social Security Administration Reports & Studies
1252:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 232.
547:
from June 1919 to March 1920. Prior to that, he was
1378:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 94–95.
539:; 6 January 1870 – 16 September 1944) was a German
3008:Members of the 13th Reichstag of the German Empire
763:, the Republic's first Reichstag took its place.
16:German politician and chancellor from 1919 to 1920
2973:People from Ozyorsky District, Kaliningrad Oblast
78:Minister President: 21 June 1919 – 14 August 1919
2954:
1353:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 414.
933:Die deutschen Kanzler. Von Bismarck bis Schmidt.
834:Bauer rejoined the government in the cabinet of
731:. In February, he became minister of labour in
2983:Social Democratic Party of Germany politicians
1140:"Vor 100 Jahren: Weimarer Nationalversammlung"
885:. Droste, Düsseldorf 2011, p. 100 – 133.
638:On 2 October 1911, Bauer married Hedwig Moch.
559:that preceded the formal establishment of the
2804:
2651:
2496:
2313:
2124:
1937:
1558:
1328:. New York, NY: Berghahn Books. p. 206.
1191:
1164:
1632:Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-SchillingsfĂĽrst
979:
630:
896:
841:In November 1924 he became involved in the
675:, a position he remained in throughout the
2811:
2797:
2658:
2644:
2503:
2489:
2320:
2306:
2131:
2117:
1944:
1930:
1565:
1551:
38:
1376:Press and Politics in the Weimar Republic
1272:
1218:
1116:[Treaty of Versailles, 1919/20].
803:. Some ministers, led by Vice-Chancellor
647:Imperial Germany and revolutionary period
2978:Politicians from the Province of Prussia
2021:Hans Karl von Stein zu Nord- und Ostheim
1698:(as Ministerpräsident, later Chancellor)
1298:
1169:[The Erzberger Finance Reform].
3013:Members of the Weimar National Assembly
3003:Federal government ministers of Germany
1348:
1321:
1245:
1111:
781:In March 1920, the participants in the
566:Bauer became minister president of the
222:31 January 1920 – 21 June 1920
181:10 May 1921 – 22 November 1922
131:10 May 1921 – 22 November 1922
2955:
1415:Newspaper clippings about Gustav Bauer
1167:"Die Erzbergersche Reichsfinanzreform"
1032:
814:
422:6 February 1919 – 21 May 1920
322:4 October 1918 – 21 June 1919
2822:– 26 October 1921 to 14 November 1922
2792:
2639:
2484:
2301:
2112:
1925:
1546:
1373:
1273:Jeanne C., Barber (7 November 1934).
1144:Bundeszentrale fĂĽr politische Bildung
1112:HenĂźler, Patrick (4 September 2007).
1058:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
75:21 June 1919 – 26 March 1920
627:Union of Office Employees of Germany
625:In 1895, he became president of the
606:Bauer was born on 6 January 1870 in
393:24 June 1920 – 13 June 1928
3038:20th-century chancellors of Germany
1574:Chancellors of Germany (since 1867)
1275:"Unemployment Insurance in Germany"
641:
328:: 4 October 1918 – 13 February 1919
13:
3028:Members of the Reichstag 1924–1928
3018:Members of the Reichstag 1920–1924
2182:Ulrich Graf von Brockdorff-Rantzau
2008:Ernst Karl August Klemens von Mann
1498:Transportation Minister of Germany
1266:
1158:
1052:
954:
935:Königstein/Taunus: Athenäum 1985.
699:
657:Social Democratic Party of Germany
651:In 1912, Bauer was elected to the
272:2 May 1920 – 21 June 1920
14:
3049:
1396:
761:Reichstag election on 6 June 1920
2941:
2777:
2669:– 10 May 1921 to 22 October 1921
2624:
2286:
1818:
1780:
1775:
1669:
1609:
1584:
1402:
821:Reichstag elections of June 1920
685:Council of the People's Deputies
578:. Following the adoption of the
574:resigned in protest against the
2514:– 27 March 1920 to 21 June 1920
2331:– 21 June 1919 to 27 March 1920
1367:
1342:
1315:
1292:
1239:
1219:Dickinson, Edward Ross (1996).
1212:
861:were not dismissed until 1935.
19:For the American wrestler, see
2998:Transport ministers of Germany
1955:– 4 October to 9 November 1918
1185:
1132:
1105:
1079:
1033:Scriba, Arnulf (10 May 2011).
1026:
1000:
1:
3023:Members of the Reichstag 1924
2993:Ministers of labor of Germany
2142:– 13 February to 20 June 1919
1642:Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg
1171:Deutsches Historisches Museum
1114:"Versailler Vertrag, 1919/20"
1039:Deutsches Historisches Museum
1035:"Das Stinnes-Legien-Abkommen"
986:Deutsches Historisches Museum
947:
875:
851:
733:Philipp Scheidemann's cabinet
704:
601:
1825:Bundeskanzler (1949–present)
1299:Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1922).
1146:(in German). 31 January 2019
1118:Historisches Lexikon Bayerns
711:Bauer cabinet § Actions
663:in the Prussian province of
7:
2988:Vice-chancellors of Germany
1419:20th Century Press Archives
1246:Feldman, Gerald D. (1993).
920:, Lang, Frankfurt/M. 1993,
715:In January 1919, Bauer was
659:(SPD) in a constituency of
620:Ozyorsk, Kaliningrad Oblast
551:in the last cabinet of the
10:
3054:
1803:Count Schwerin von Krosigk
1675:Reichskanzler (1919–1933)
1657:Prince Maximilian of Baden
1582:North German Confederation
1525:Vice Chancellor of Germany
1444:Labour Minister of Germany
1302:"Labour Legislation"
708:
475:North German Confederation
119:Vice-Chancellor of Germany
18:
2939:
2827:
2775:
2674:
2622:
2519:
2336:
2284:
2147:
1960:
1910:
1814:
1786:Reichskanzler (1933–1945)
1771:
1665:
1615:Reichskanzler (1871–1918)
1605:
1590:Bundeskanzler (1867–1871)
1580:
1531:
1522:
1514:
1504:
1495:
1487:
1477:
1468:
1460:
1450:
1441:
1435:
1430:
1349:Kauders, Anthony (1996).
683:(SPD) and then under the
518:
510:
500:
480:
445:
440:
436:
426:
415:
407:
397:
386:
378:
366:
356:
333:
315:
308:
296:
284:
276:
265:
258:
246:
236:
226:
215:
203:
193:
185:
174:
169:
157:
145:
135:
124:
117:
105:
93:
83:
68:
53:
49:
37:
30:
1901:(SPD, 2021–present)
1374:Fulda, Bernhard (2009).
982:"Gustav Bauer 1870–1944"
904:Neue Deutsche Biographie
872:) on 16 September 1944.
721:Weimar National Assembly
693:Stinnes–Legien Agreement
568:Weimar National Assembly
410:Weimar National Assembly
170:Minister of the Treasury
2345:Reichsministerpräsident
2156:Reichsministerpräsident
1308:Encyclopædia Britannica
555:and during most of the
541:Social Democratic Party
505:Social Democratic Party
21:Gustav Bauer (wrestler)
1690:(as Ministerpräsident)
916:Rintelen, Karlludwig:
856:Five months after the
631:
2066:Siegfried von Roedern
1893:(CDU, 2005–2021)
1885:(SPD, 1998–2005)
1877:(CDU, 1982–1998)
1869:(SPD, 1974–1982)
1861:(SPD, 1969–1974)
1853:(CDU, 1966–1969)
1845:(CDU, 1963–1966)
1837:(CDU, 1949–1963)
1806:(as Leading Minister)
1708:Constantin Fehrenbach
1471:Chancellor of Germany
1061:"Bauer, Gustav Adolf"
899:"Bauer, Gustav Adolf"
825:Constantin Fehrenbach
677:Revolution of 1918/19
545:chancellor of Germany
260:Minister of Transport
55:Chancellor of Germany
3033:Prussian politicians
2820:Second Wirth cabinet
2512:First MĂĽller cabinet
1850:Kurt Georg Kiesinger
1411:at Wikimedia Commons
1059:Mayer, Paul (1953).
897:Mayer, Paul (1953),
737:Treaty of Versailles
576:Treaty of Versailles
2667:First Wirth cabinet
2152:Philipp Scheidemann
2140:Scheidemann cabinet
2078:Philipp Scheidemann
1971:Friedrich von Payer
1913:List of chancellors
1758:Kurt von Schleicher
1687:Philipp Scheidemann
1464:Philipp Scheidemann
1065:Deutsche Biographie
815:Post-chancellorship
753:Weimar Constitution
632:Der BĂĽroangestellte
616:Province of Prussia
580:Weimar Constitution
572:Philipp Scheidemann
570:in June 1919 after
467:Province of Prussia
351:Philipp Scheidemann
100:Philipp Scheidemann
2902:Johannes Giesberts
2743:Johannes Giesberts
2602:Johannes Giesberts
2578:Alexander Schlicke
2431:Johannes Giesberts
2409:Alexander Schlicke
2359:Matthias Erzberger
2259:Matthias Erzberger
2234:Johannes Giesberts
2072:Matthias Erzberger
2034:Wilhelm von Waldow
1652:Georg von Hertling
1637:Bernhard von BĂĽlow
1454:Alexander Schlicke
1431:Political offices
768:Matthias Erzberger
549:minister of labour
525:Gustav Adolf Bauer
471:Kingdom of Prussia
450:Gustav Adolf Bauer
373:Alexander Schlicke
362:Office established
310:Minister of Labour
2950:
2949:
2786:
2785:
2633:
2632:
2478:
2477:
2463:Walther Reinhardt
2295:
2294:
2271:Walther Reinhardt
2176:Bernhard Dernburg
2106:
2105:
1919:
1918:
1723:Gustav Stresemann
1622:Otto von Bismarck
1597:Otto von Bismarck
1541:
1540:
1532:Succeeded by
1505:Succeeded by
1478:Succeeded by
1451:Succeeded by
1407:Media related to
891:978-3-7700-5308-7
557:German Revolution
522:
521:
484:16 September 1944
329:
79:
3045:
2945:
2929:
2910:
2856:Walther Rathenau
2813:
2806:
2799:
2790:
2789:
2781:
2768:Walther Rathenau
2751:
2660:
2653:
2646:
2637:
2636:
2628:
2610:
2534:Erich Koch-Weser
2505:
2498:
2491:
2482:
2481:
2469:Adolf von Trotha
2452:
2439:
2391:Erich Koch-Weser
2322:
2315:
2308:
2299:
2298:
2290:
2277:Adolf von Trotha
2242:
2133:
2126:
2119:
2110:
2109:
2092:
2061:
2042:
2029:
2016:
1997:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1923:
1922:
1902:
1894:
1886:
1882:Gerhard Schröder
1878:
1870:
1862:
1854:
1846:
1838:
1822:
1816:Federal Republic
1807:
1784:
1779:
1748:Heinrich BrĂĽning
1699:
1691:
1673:
1613:
1588:
1567:
1560:
1553:
1544:
1543:
1515:Preceded by
1488:Preceded by
1461:Preceded by
1436:Preceded by
1428:
1427:
1406:
1390:
1389:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1304:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1091:Das Bundesarchiv
1083:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1004:
998:
997:
995:
993:
977:
911:full text online
908:
642:Political career
634:
538:
537:
536:
534:
487:
459:
457:
441:Personal details
420:
391:
369:
359:
324:
320:
299:
287:
270:
249:
239:
220:
206:
196:
179:
160:
148:
129:
108:
96:
77:
73:
64:
42:
28:
27:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3042:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2937:
2923:
2915:Wilhelm Groener
2904:
2890:Gustav Radbruch
2884:Heinrich Brauns
2823:
2817:
2787:
2782:
2773:
2756:Wilhelm Groener
2745:
2721:Heinrich Brauns
2709:Georg Gradnauer
2703:Friedrich Rosen
2670:
2664:
2634:
2629:
2620:
2604:
2515:
2509:
2479:
2474:
2446:
2433:
2332:
2326:
2296:
2291:
2282:
2236:
2143:
2137:
2107:
2102:
2097:Conrad HauĂźmann
2086:
2055:
2036:
2023:
2010:
2002:Paul von Krause
1991:
1956:
1950:
1920:
1915:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1892:
1884:
1876:
1868:
1860:
1852:
1844:
1836:
1834:Konrad Adenauer
1823:
1810:
1805:
1798:Joseph Goebbels
1785:
1767:
1753:Franz von Papen
1697:
1689:
1682:Friedrich Ebert
1674:
1667:Weimar Republic
1661:
1647:Georg Michaelis
1627:Leo von Caprivi
1614:
1601:
1589:
1576:
1571:
1537:
1528:
1520:
1510:
1508:Wilhelm Groener
1501:
1493:
1483:
1474:
1466:
1456:
1447:
1439:
1399:
1394:
1393:
1386:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1347:
1343:
1336:
1320:
1316:
1297:
1293:
1283:
1281:
1271:
1267:
1260:
1244:
1240:
1233:
1217:
1213:
1206:
1190:
1186:
1176:
1174:
1163:
1159:
1149:
1147:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1123:
1121:
1110:
1106:
1096:
1094:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1070:
1068:
1057:
1053:
1043:
1041:
1031:
1027:
1017:
1015:
1006:
1005:
1001:
991:
989:
978:
955:
950:
878:
854:
817:
729:Prussian Saxony
713:
707:
702:
700:Weimar Republic
681:Friedrich Ebert
649:
644:
604:
561:Weimar Republic
543:leader and the
532:
529:
528:
501:Political party
489:
485:
461:
455:
453:
452:
451:
421:
416:
392:
387:
367:
357:
349:
342:Friedrich Ebert
340:
323:
321:
316:
303:Wilhelm Groener
297:
285:
271:
266:
253:Hans von Raumer
247:
237:
231:
221:
216:
210:Heinrich Albert
204:
194:
180:
175:
158:
146:
130:
125:
106:
94:
88:Friedrich Ebert
76:
74:
69:
61:Weimar Republic
58:
57:
45:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3051:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2948:
2947:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2918:
2912:
2899:
2893:
2887:
2881:
2878:Robert Schmidt
2875:
2872:Andreas Hermes
2869:
2863:
2853:
2843:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2816:
2815:
2808:
2801:
2793:
2784:
2783:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2765:
2762:Andreas Hermes
2759:
2753:
2740:
2734:
2727:Eugen Schiffer
2724:
2718:
2715:Robert Schmidt
2712:
2706:
2700:
2690:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2663:
2662:
2655:
2648:
2640:
2631:
2630:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2612:
2599:
2593:
2587:
2581:
2575:
2572:Andreas Hermes
2569:
2566:Robert Schmidt
2563:
2553:
2550:Andreas Blunck
2547:
2541:
2531:
2524:Hermann MĂĽller
2520:
2517:
2516:
2508:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2485:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2466:
2460:
2454:
2441:
2428:
2418:
2412:
2406:
2403:Robert Schmidt
2400:
2397:Rudolf Wissell
2394:
2388:
2382:
2379:Hermann MĂĽller
2376:
2369:Eugen Schiffer
2366:
2356:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2325:
2324:
2317:
2310:
2302:
2293:
2292:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2274:
2268:
2262:
2256:
2250:
2244:
2231:
2221:
2215:
2209:
2206:Robert Schmidt
2203:
2200:Rudolf Wissell
2197:
2194:Otto Landsberg
2191:
2185:
2179:
2173:
2166:Eugen Schiffer
2163:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2136:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2113:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2094:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2050:
2044:
2031:
2018:
2005:
1999:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1949:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1926:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1895:
1887:
1879:
1871:
1866:Helmut Schmidt
1863:
1855:
1847:
1839:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1800:
1795:
1789:
1787:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1743:Hermann MĂĽller
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1703:Hermann MĂĽller
1700:
1692:
1684:
1678:
1676:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1618:
1616:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1593:
1591:
1578:
1577:
1570:
1569:
1562:
1555:
1547:
1539:
1538:
1535:Robert Schmidt
1533:
1530:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1503:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1481:Hermann MĂĽller
1479:
1476:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1449:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1412:
1398:
1397:External links
1395:
1392:
1391:
1384:
1366:
1359:
1341:
1334:
1314:
1291:
1265:
1258:
1238:
1231:
1211:
1204:
1184:
1157:
1131:
1104:
1078:
1067:. p. 638
1051:
1025:
999:
952:
951:
949:
946:
945:
944:
929:
914:
894:
881:Braun, Bernd:
877:
874:
864:Bauer died in
853:
850:
843:Barmat scandal
816:
813:
809:Hermann MĂĽller
805:Eugen Schiffer
776:works councils
745:Hermann MĂĽller
706:
703:
701:
698:
648:
645:
643:
640:
603:
600:
596:Barmat scandal
520:
519:
516:
515:
512:
508:
507:
502:
498:
497:
488:(aged 74)
482:
478:
477:
460:6 January 1870
449:
447:
443:
442:
438:
437:
434:
433:
428:
424:
423:
413:
412:
408:Member of the
405:
404:
399:
395:
394:
384:
383:
379:Member of the
376:
375:
370:
364:
363:
360:
354:
353:
335:
331:
330:
326:Staatssekretär
313:
312:
306:
305:
300:
294:
293:
288:
282:
281:
280:Hermann MĂĽller
278:
274:
273:
263:
262:
256:
255:
250:
244:
243:
240:
234:
233:
232:Hermann MĂĽller
228:
224:
223:
213:
212:
207:
201:
200:
197:
191:
190:
187:
183:
182:
172:
171:
167:
166:
164:Robert Schmidt
161:
155:
154:
149:
143:
142:
137:
133:
132:
122:
121:
115:
114:
112:Hermann MĂĽller
109:
103:
102:
97:
91:
90:
85:
81:
80:
66:
65:
51:
50:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3050:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2944:
2933:
2927:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2837:
2836:Reichskanzler
2833:
2830:
2829:
2826:
2821:
2814:
2809:
2807:
2802:
2800:
2795:
2794:
2791:
2780:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2684:
2683:Reichskanzler
2680:
2677:
2676:
2673:
2668:
2661:
2656:
2654:
2649:
2647:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2627:
2616:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2590:Johannes Bell
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2526:(Chancellor,
2525:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2513:
2506:
2501:
2499:
2494:
2492:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2444:Wilhelm Mayer
2442:
2437:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2421:Johannes Bell
2419:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2349:Reichskanzler
2346:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2335:
2330:
2329:Bauer cabinet
2323:
2318:
2316:
2311:
2309:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2289:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2247:Georg Gothein
2245:
2240:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2225:
2224:Johannes Bell
2222:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2178:(Deputy, DDP)
2177:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2141:
2134:
2129:
2127:
2122:
2120:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2098:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1989:Karl Trimborn
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1965:Max von Baden
1963:
1962:
1959:
1954:
1953:Baden cabinet
1947:
1942:
1940:
1935:
1933:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1914:
1909:
1899:
1896:
1891:
1890:Angela Merkel
1888:
1883:
1880:
1875:
1872:
1867:
1864:
1859:
1856:
1851:
1848:
1843:
1842:Ludwig Erhard
1840:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1696:
1693:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1607:German Empire
1604:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1568:
1563:
1561:
1556:
1554:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1536:
1527:
1526:
1519:
1518:Rudolf Heinze
1513:
1509:
1500:
1499:
1492:
1491:Johannes Bell
1486:
1482:
1473:
1472:
1465:
1459:
1455:
1446:
1445:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1387:
1385:9780199547784
1381:
1377:
1370:
1362:
1360:9780198206316
1356:
1352:
1345:
1337:
1335:9780857457110
1331:
1327:
1326:
1318:
1310:
1309:
1303:
1295:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1261:
1259:9780199880195
1255:
1251:
1250:
1242:
1234:
1232:9780674688629
1228:
1224:
1223:
1215:
1207:
1205:9788884924650
1201:
1197:
1196:
1188:
1172:
1168:
1161:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1119:
1115:
1108:
1092:
1088:
1082:
1066:
1062:
1055:
1040:
1036:
1029:
1013:
1009:
1003:
987:
983:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
953:
942:
941:3-7610-8382-3
938:
934:
930:
927:
926:3-631-45299-3
923:
919:
915:
912:
906:
905:
900:
895:
892:
888:
884:
880:
879:
873:
871:
870:Reinickendorf
867:
862:
859:
849:
846:
844:
839:
837:
832:
830:
826:
822:
812:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
793:Wolfgang Kapp
790:
789:
784:
779:
777:
771:
769:
764:
762:
758:
754:
749:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
712:
697:
694:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
673:Max von Baden
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
639:
636:
633:
628:
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
599:
597:
593:
589:
584:
581:
577:
573:
569:
564:
562:
558:
554:
553:German Empire
550:
546:
542:
535:
526:
517:
513:
509:
506:
503:
499:
496:
492:
483:
479:
476:
472:
468:
464:
448:
444:
439:
435:
432:
429:
425:
419:
414:
411:
406:
403:
400:
396:
390:
385:
382:
377:
374:
371:
365:
361:
355:
352:
347:
343:
339:
338:Max von Baden
336:
332:
327:
319:
314:
311:
307:
304:
301:
295:
292:
291:Johannes Bell
289:
283:
279:
275:
269:
264:
261:
257:
254:
251:
245:
242:Wilhelm Mayer
241:
235:
229:
225:
219:
214:
211:
208:
202:
198:
192:
188:
184:
178:
173:
168:
165:
162:
156:
153:
152:Rudolf Heinze
150:
144:
141:
138:
134:
128:
123:
120:
116:
113:
110:
104:
101:
98:
92:
89:
86:
82:
72:
67:
62:
56:
52:
48:
44:Bauer in 1920
41:
36:
29:
26:
22:
2896:Otto Gessler
2866:Adolf Köster
2846:Gustav Bauer
2845:
2835:
2832:Joseph Wirth
2737:Otto Gessler
2693:Gustav Bauer
2692:
2682:
2679:Joseph Wirth
2615:Eduard David
2596:Gustav Bauer
2595:
2584:Otto Gessler
2556:Joseph Wirth
2544:Adolf Köster
2457:Otto Gessler
2415:Gustav Noske
2385:Eduard David
2348:
2344:
2341:Gustav Bauer
2340:
2265:Joseph Koeth
2253:Eduard David
2218:Gustav Noske
2212:Gustav Bauer
2211:
2155:
2084:Adolf Gröber
2047:Gustav Bauer
2046:
1977:Wilhelm Solf
1967:(Chancellor)
1858:Willy Brandt
1793:Adolf Hitler
1773:Nazi Germany
1763:Adolf Hitler
1738:Wilhelm Marx
1728:Wilhelm Marx
1718:Wilhelm Cuno
1713:Joseph Wirth
1695:Gustav Bauer
1694:
1523:
1496:
1469:
1442:
1409:Gustav Bauer
1375:
1369:
1350:
1344:
1324:
1317:
1306:
1294:
1282:. Retrieved
1278:
1268:
1248:
1241:
1221:
1214:
1194:
1187:
1177:26 September
1175:. Retrieved
1170:
1160:
1148:. Retrieved
1143:
1134:
1122:. Retrieved
1117:
1107:
1095:. Retrieved
1090:
1081:
1069:. Retrieved
1064:
1054:
1042:. Retrieved
1038:
1028:
1016:. Retrieved
1011:
1002:
990:. Retrieved
985:
932:
917:
909:; (
902:
882:
863:
855:
847:
840:
836:Joseph Wirth
833:
829:Centre Party
818:
811:of the SPD.
786:
780:
772:
765:
750:
741:Eduard David
714:
689:
650:
637:
624:
605:
585:
565:
524:
523:
495:Nazi Germany
486:(1944-09-16)
427:Constituency
417:
398:Constituency
388:
368:Succeeded by
345:
325:
317:
298:Succeeded by
267:
248:Succeeded by
230:Gustav Bauer
217:
205:Succeeded by
199:Gustav Bauer
189:Joseph Wirth
176:
159:Succeeded by
140:Joseph Wirth
126:
107:Succeeded by
70:
32:Gustav Bauer
25:
2968:1944 deaths
2963:1870 births
2924: [
2905: [
2746: [
2605: [
2447: [
2434: [
2237: [
2087: [
2056: [
2053:Otto RĂĽdlin
2037: [
2024: [
2011: [
1992: [
1983:Max Wallraf
1898:Olaf Scholz
1874:Helmut Kohl
1733:Hans Luther
1173:(in German)
1120:(in German)
1093:(in German)
1014:(in German)
988:(in German)
783:Kapp Putsch
588:Kapp Putsch
514:Hedwig Moch
358:Preceded by
286:Preceded by
238:Preceded by
195:Preceded by
147:Preceded by
95:Preceded by
2957:Categories
2921:Anton Fehr
2188:Hugo PreuĂź
1529:1921–1922
1475:1919–1920
1448:1918–1919
1071:31 October
948:References
876:Literature
858:Nazi Party
852:Later life
757:chancellor
709:See also:
705:Chancellor
612:Königsberg
602:Early life
456:1870-01-06
334:Chancellor
277:Chancellor
227:Chancellor
186:Chancellor
136:Chancellor
2911:(Zentrum)
2886:(Zentrum)
2874:(Zentrum)
2848:(Deputy,
2764:(Zentrum)
2752:(Zentrum)
2723:(Zentrum)
2695:(Deputy,
2611:(Zentrum)
2592:(Zentrum)
2574:(Zentrum)
2536:(Deputy,
2453:(Zentrum)
2440:(Zentrum)
2371:(Deputy,
2361:(Deputy,
2261:(Zentrum)
2243:(Zentrum)
2168:(Deputy,
2093:(Zentrum)
2074:(Zentrum)
1998:(Zentrum)
866:Hermsdorf
801:Stuttgart
799:and then
788:Freikorps
725:Magdeburg
653:Reichstag
608:Darkehmen
592:Reichstag
463:Darkehmen
418:In office
402:Magdeburg
389:In office
381:Reichstag
318:In office
268:In office
218:In office
177:In office
127:In office
84:President
71:In office
2347:, later
1284:28 March
1150:28 March
1124:28 March
1097:28 March
1044:28 March
1018:28 March
992:26 March
868:(Berlin
655:for the
346:de facto
2840:Zentrum
2687:Zentrum
2560:Zentrum
2425:Zentrum
2363:Zentrum
2228:Zentrum
1421:of the
1417:in the
797:Dresden
739:, both
719:to the
717:elected
669:cabinet
665:Silesia
661:Breslau
614:in the
610:, near
431:Breslau
1382:
1357:
1332:
1256:
1229:
1202:
939:
924:
889:
533:listen
511:Spouse
491:Berlin
2928:]
2909:]
2898:(DDP)
2892:(SPD)
2880:(SPD)
2868:(SPD)
2770:(DDP)
2750:]
2739:(DDP)
2717:(SPD)
2711:(SPD)
2617:(SPD)
2609:]
2598:(SPD)
2586:(DDP)
2580:(SPD)
2568:(SPD)
2552:(DDP)
2546:(SPD)
2459:(DDP)
2451:]
2438:]
2417:(SPD)
2411:(SPD)
2405:(SPD)
2399:(SPD)
2393:(DDP)
2387:(SPD)
2381:(SPD)
2255:(SPD)
2249:(DDP)
2241:]
2220:(SPD)
2214:(SPD)
2208:(SPD)
2202:(SPD)
2196:(SPD)
2190:(DDP)
2099:(FVP)
2091:]
2080:(SPD)
2060:]
2049:(SPD)
2041:]
2028:]
2015:]
1996:]
1973:(FVP)
1502:1920
618:(now
1438:None
1380:ISBN
1355:ISBN
1330:ISBN
1286:2024
1254:ISBN
1227:ISBN
1200:ISBN
1179:2014
1152:2024
1126:2024
1099:2024
1073:2013
1046:2024
1020:2024
994:2024
937:ISBN
922:ISBN
887:ISBN
743:and
723:for
481:Died
446:Born
2917:(-)
2860:DDP
2850:SPD
2758:(-)
2731:DDP
2705:(-)
2697:SPD
2538:DDP
2528:SPD
2471:(–)
2465:(–)
2373:DDP
2353:SPD
2279:(–)
2273:(–)
2267:(–)
2184:(–)
2170:DDP
2160:SPD
2068:(-)
2062:(-)
2043:(-)
2030:(-)
2017:(-)
2004:(-)
1985:(-)
1979:(-)
1423:ZBW
727:in
671:of
2959::
2932:BB
2926:de
2907:de
2858:((
2838:,
2748:de
2685:,
2607:de
2449:de
2436:de
2351:,
2239:de
2158:,
2089:de
2058:de
2039:de
2026:de
2013:de
1994:de
1305:.
1277:.
1063:.
1037:.
984:.
956:^
901:,
563:.
493:,
473:,
469:,
465:,
2934:)
2930:(
2862:)
2852:)
2842:)
2834:(
2812:e
2805:t
2798:v
2733:)
2729:(
2699:)
2689:)
2681:(
2659:e
2652:t
2645:v
2562:)
2558:(
2540:)
2530:)
2504:e
2497:t
2490:v
2427:)
2423:(
2375:)
2365:)
2355:)
2343:(
2321:e
2314:t
2307:v
2230:)
2226:(
2172:)
2162:)
2154:(
2132:e
2125:t
2118:v
1945:e
1938:t
1931:v
1566:e
1559:t
1552:v
1388:.
1363:.
1338:.
1288:.
1262:.
1235:.
1208:.
1181:.
1154:.
1128:.
1101:.
1075:.
1048:.
1022:.
996:.
943:.
913:)
893:.
827:(
527:(
458:)
454:(
348:)
344:(
63:)
59:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)