367:, and it became progressively more obvious that Jews would be disadvantaged in any Nazi future. The number of refugee schoolchildren accompanying them to Denmark was initially 15, but this increased little by little over the next couple of years to approximately 25, of whom roughly 50% were Jewish: along with teaching and maintaining the old manor house, Specht and Heckmann devoted themselves to seeking out Danish families who might be able and willing to look after Jewish children and other children of exiled or disappeared German left-wing activists, in the event of a German invasion.
33:
429:, believed to be the only British army corps prepared to accept those identified as "enemy aliens". Heckmann was shipped back from Canada to Britain and released. His duties with the Pioneer corps included transporting concrete blocks, and other building work in connections with the construction of
211:
with which Nelson was closely involved. At this stage, however, Nelson rejected his application, recommending that he instead obtain teaching experience in the public schools sector. Two years later, after complying with Nelson's non-negotiable condition that he cut all ties with the church, which
409:
between
Britain and Germany. For some time it remained unclear what this would involve on the "home front": one government response had a particular impact on people who had fled from Germany to Britain in order to escape government persecution because of their race or political beliefs. Invoking
474:. Heckmann and those who thought like him believed that by excessively accommodating the interests of the church, the new constitution risked limiting the freedom of conscience of teachers, with the accompanying risk that the region's schools might suffer from an excess of clerical interference.
358:
and Gustav
Heckmann escaped together to Denmark, accompanied by the children's section of the academy. In a Danish hamlet they were able to use an old manor house which was large but unmodernised. Water came via a handpump, and much effort had to be expended heating the "school" room before
394:. However, Peter Scott's Welsh refuge had originally been established to support unemployed coal miners, and after its philanthropic objectives were switched it lost government support without which Scott was unable to fund it. The school moved for a period to the village of
319:, in November, the Nazi party's share of the popular vote had been cut from 37.3% to 33.1%, which was actually slightly below the combined shares of the SPD and Communist parties, but the two left-wing parties remained mutually mistrustful and the Nazi tide proved unstoppable.
338:
had for most purposes been closed in 1931 in order to enable Specht, Eichler and
Heckmann to concentrate on more direct opposition to the rise of the Nazi Party, and now, at the start of February 1933, its premises were taken over by members of the Nazi Party's
450:
Gustav
Heckmann returned to Germany after the war. In 1945 he married Charlotte Sonntag, who had taught the exiled schoolchildren with him in Denmark and Britain. In 1946 he obtained a professorship in Philosophy and Pedagogy at the
441:
since 1939 and who managed to extricate
Heckmann from the Pioneer Corps. He was now given war work that involved superintending the demagnetising of allied shipping in order to afford protection from German metallic mines.
271:
came as a huge shock for
Heckmann whose activities, along with those of his ISK colleagues, quickly acquired a more political focus, while his teaching work at the "WalkemĂĽhle" was suspended. In 1932, backed by
259:. Heckmann's life experiences would lead him to develop Nelson's methodology of political philosophy towards his understanding of its Socratic basis, and a more practical and less absolutist search for truth.
642:
This source includes a link to a documentary incorporating an interview with
Heckmann (in German) which took place when he was 93, and in which he looked back on his life
359:
lessons could begin: activities were constantly overshadowed by a concern that necessary permission to operate the school might not be renewed. Although at this stage
466:. Within the party, however, he came into conflict with the party leadership in 1950 when he started collecting signatures of those critical of an article in the
975:
935:
425:
In the early summer of 1941 the
British government decided to release the majority of their German refugee internees on the condition that they would join the
925:
637:
739:
965:
813:
343:. They were formally confiscated on 17 March 1933 and the Political-Philosophical Academy was proscribed under the wide-ranging mandate of the
960:
785:"Sorgen wir dafür, daß nicht Trägheit der Natur und Feigheit des Herzens uns in die Barbarei versinken lassen!" Gustav Heckmann referencing
477:
He continued to work with
Leonard Nelson's vision of Socratic Method, and enriched it with new elements, notably so-called "Meta-Gespräch".
863:
216:
in 1927. Nelson himself died unexpectedly at the end of
October, and Heckmann served a rigorous apprenticeship under the supervision of
203:. In 1925 he passed the state exam necessary for a teaching position. While still a student one of his teachers was the philosopher
920:
456:
418:
and placed them in internment camps. Heckmann and Specht were arrested on 3 and 5 June 1940: Heckmann spent some time interned in
315:
against allowing inbuilt inertia and cowardice of the heart to leave the way open for a decline into barbarism. By the time of the
285:
228:
664:
459:
having by now become an organisation devoted to opposing Nazism, dissolved itself now that Nazism was seen to have been destroyed.
930:
915:
467:
970:
955:
873:
743:(lecturer); Kelley L. Ross (extensive & useful editorial notes); Thomas K. Brown III (as translator) (11 December 1922).
316:
335:
213:
235:, which had grown out of a movement that had broken away, under the leadership of Nelson and Specht, from the mainstream
147:, a public appeal, signed by 32 high-profile intellectuals, urging the principal left wing parties to unite ahead of the
484:, demonstrating against nuclear weapons in the East and in the West. He was a speaker at the 1960 demonstration at the
224:
208:
463:
296:
236:
164:
101:
422:. Their refugee school children were looked after by Quakers, socialists and German refugees who had avoided arrest.
940:
674:
304:
148:
311:
success. Much of the text was drafted by Heckmann himself, including a prescient and resonant warning referencing
155:
success. The Appeal failed in its objective, but it marked out its instigators as prominent opponents of the
585:
378:. A Quaker philanthropist named Peter Scott provided premises for the ten children of the senior school at
195:
War ended in 1918 and Heckmann moved on to study mathematics, Physics and Philosophy at Marburg, Berlin and
268:
452:
243:. Between 1927 and 1933 Eichler, Spricht and Heckmann worked together to promote and evolve the ISK's
239:
in 1917. Shortly after Nelson's death Gustav Heckmann joined the ISK, leadership of which had fallen to
129:
485:
379:
300:
196:
79:
895:
696:
557:"Gustav Heckmann, 1898 in Voerde in der Nähe von Wesel am Niederrhein geboren, wächst in einem ..."
438:
433:. Another German exile who had ended up in Britain was Heckmann's old teacher from Göttingen,
220:
who had worked closely with Nelson, and who headed up the academy between 1927 and its closure.
496:
for which protesters converged from various different starting points including, in this case,
471:
411:
772:
199:. It was at Göttingen that he received his doctorate in 1924. This work was supervised by
844:
790:
288:
184:, a town in the industrial Rhineland region, at the extreme western edge of Germany. After
140:
212:
had led to protracted wrangling with his parents, Heckmann was accepted as a teacher at the
950:
945:
344:
8:
481:
426:
374:
evolved, at the end of 1938 Specht and Heckmann decided to relocate again, this time to
883:
786:
684:
312:
719:"Prof. Dr. Gustav Heckmann: von * 22. April 1898 in Voerde †8. Juni 1996 in Hannover"
869:
760:
670:
556:
462:
Like most former ISK members in Germany, Gustav Heckmann joined the no longer banned
395:
364:
363:
of German Jews still lay in the future, the Nazis had lost little time in enacting
251:
as an ethical concept, but one bereft of the determinism implicit in the works of
718:
480:
A committed opponent of nuclear weaponry, he was involved from the outset in the
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128:. He is particularly associated with philosophical extrapolations from the
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666:
Reformarbeit an der Reformschule Ebelingstrasse unter Rektor Hermann Zemlin
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Gustav Heckmann was born into a traditional "church and emperor" family at
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159:: Heckmann went into exile in 1933. Twelve years later, on returning to
121:
745:"The Socratic Method / Die sokratische Methode (lecture transcription)"
430:
331:
308:
295:, a public appeal, signed by 32 high-profile intellectuals, urging the
280:
who also taught at the academy, Heckmann instigated the publication in
156:
152:
744:
281:
252:
188:
of his schooling he volunteered for military service, serving in the
509:
434:
200:
163:, in 1945 he became, for a few years, an influential member of the
64:
32:
497:
399:
383:
160:
125:
68:
747:. Kant-Friesian School (Kelley L. Ross (Administrator / Editor))
414:, the government identified several thousand German refugees as
501:
419:
185:
181:
46:
360:
583:
520:
Gustav Heckmann died at Hannover on 8 June 1996. He was 98.
136:, with which Heckmann continued to work after Nelson died.
847:(September 2014). "Series on the History of SFCP Part 1".
255:, and unimpeded by the religious distractions implicit in
412:
Regulation 18B of the Defence (General) Regulations 1939
405:
Meanwhile, September 1939 saw the anticipated return of
209:"Landerziehungsheim WalkemĂĽhle" educational institution
843:
584:Andrea Heckmann; Mark Heckmann (10 January 2011).
386:, while the younger children were accommodated at
247:vision of socialism, defined through the prism of
669:. Julius Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrunn. p. 209.
192:initially as a paramedic and later as a soldier.
907:
733:
207:, and he now applied for a teaching post at the
716:
662:
638:"Gustav Heckmann – Ein Leben im 20. Jahrundert"
227:was effectively the educational academy of the
976:Military personnel from North Rhine-Westphalia
936:Social Democratic Party of Germany politicians
855:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
644:. Joachim Polzer (Digitale Dämmerung), Potsdam
635:
139:In 1932 he was an instigator of the so-called
175:
861:
579:
577:
214:"WalkemĂĽhle" Philosophical-Political Academy
926:Academic staff of the University of Hanover
865:Sokratische Gesprächspraxis - ein Überblick
828:
631:
629:
627:
625:
623:
132:format, pioneered by his mentor and friend
120:(22 April 1898 – 8 June 1996) was a German
814:"Minna Specht – eine politische Pädagogin"
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231:Internationaler Sozialistischer Kampfbund
229:International Socialist Militant League (
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323:in January 1933 was quickly followed by
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530:
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966:British Army personnel of World War II
908:
816:. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung e. V., Bonn
721:. Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen
961:German Army personnel of World War I
717:Kerstin Thieler (10 November 2014).
851:. Society of Socratic Facilitators.
291:"Dringender Appell fĂĽr die Einheit"
143:"Dringender Appell fĂĽr die Einheit"
13:
868:. Lit Verlag, Berlin. p. 39.
437:, who had held a professorship at
382:, a short distance to the east of
14:
987:
921:20th-century German philosophers
586:"Das (Neo)-Sokratische Gespräch"
453:Pedagogical Academy of Hannover
779:
455:(as it was then known). The
370:As the political situation in
1:
931:German expatriates in England
916:20th-century German educators
562:. Manuel Sattler, SaarbrĂĽcken
523:
445:
165:Social Democratic Party (SPD)
971:Royal Pioneer Corps soldiers
956:People from Wesel (district)
317:second 1932 General election
7:
305:first 1932 General election
149:first 1932 General election
10:
992:
486:Bergen-Hohne Training Area
361:industrial scale slaughter
176:Provenance and early years
488:, remembered as an early
482:Easter Marches in Germany
398:a little to the south of
278:Hellmutt von Rauschenplat
107:
97:
85:
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39:
30:
23:
941:Exiles from Nazi Germany
663:Bernd DĂĽhlmeier (2004).
345:Enabling Act of 24 March
111:Charlotte Sonntag (1945)
636:Joachim Polzer (1992).
588:. Mark Heckmann, Bremen
365:Anti-Jewish legislation
289:Urgent Call for Unity (
237:Social Democratic Party
170:
141:Urgent Call for Unity (
560:Geistige Hebammenkunst
472:North Rhine-Westphalia
303:to unite ahead of the
862:Klaus Draken (2011).
468:regional constitution
390:, on the far side of
269:1930 General election
186:successful completion
515:
336:"WalkemĂĽhle" Academy
263:Nazi years and exile
849:SFCP Bulletin No.13
792:"Dringender Appell"
327:of Germany's first
267:The outcome of the
845:Claus-Dieter Krohn
787:Friedrich Schiller
771:has generic name (
341:military wing (SA)
332:party dictatorship
307:in order to block
225:WalkemĂĽhle Academy
151:in order to block
93:Political activist
875:978-3-643-11308-5
301:Communist parties
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43:12 April 1898
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848:
818:. Retrieved
796:
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749:. Retrieved
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723:. Retrieved
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564:. Retrieved
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506:Braunschweig
491:
479:
476:
461:
449:
424:
416:enemy aliens
404:
402:in England.
369:
356:Minna Specht
349:
325:the creation
290:
274:Minna Specht
266:
257:Christianity
230:
222:
218:Minna Specht
194:
179:
142:
138:
117:
116:
18:
951:1996 deaths
946:1898 births
892:|work=
820:14 February
725:14 February
693:|work=
648:14 February
592:14 February
566:14 February
431:nissen huts
388:Abergavenny
282:a newspaper
122:philosopher
91:Philosopher
61:8 June 1996
910:Categories
751:11 October
524:References
446:Homecoming
157:Nazi party
894:ignored (
884:cite book
695:ignored (
685:cite book
439:Edinburgh
253:Karl Marx
197:Göttingen
80:Göttingen
761:cite web
510:Hannover
435:Max Born
313:Schiller
201:Max Born
65:Hannover
789:in the
498:Hamburg
400:Bristol
396:Redhill
384:Swansea
380:Cwmavon
376:Britain
372:Germany
352:Eichler
284:of the
161:Germany
126:teacher
89:Teacher
69:Germany
51:Germany
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502:Bremen
420:Canada
350:While
334:. The
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896:help
870:ISBN
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797:1932
773:help
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727:2015
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568:2016
508:and
329:one-
309:Nazi
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