266:
1413:
association, which has been working for the preservation and revitalization of
Gutnish since 1945, estimates that Gutnish is spoken today by 2,000 to 5,000 people. How many are still passive, is not specified. However, an interest in Gutnish seems to be present: From 1989 to 2011, the radio show
1394:
Gutnish is now under pressured influence of the
Swedish standard language, both through speaker contact and through media and (perhaps most importantly) written language. As a result, Gutnish has become much closer to the Swedish standard language. Due to the island's Danish and Hanseatic period
1403:. There are also many Gotlanders who do not learn the language, but speak a regionally colored variant of the standard Swedish (Gotlandic). This is characterized mainly by its intonation, but also by diphthongs and triphthongs, some lexical peculiarities as well as the infinitive ending
549:
A distinctive feature of
Gutnish is the existence of a large number of sequences of vowel plus or which form vocalic phonemes of their own. These sequences are the following: /eÉȘ/, /ÉÉȘ/, /ĆÊ/, /aÉȘ/, /ÉÉȘ/, /Êu/, /eu/, /au/, /Éu/.
1422:
offered their first course in
Gutnish. GutamÄlsgillet collects writings of authors and poets who write their texts in Gutnish, and maintains a Swedish-Gutnish dictionary and an ever-growing list of Gotlandic neologisms.
545:
The contrastive vowels in Modern
Gutnish are /ÉȘ/, /Ê/, /e/, /Ć/, /a/, /É/, /u/. Of these, all but /u/ have a short and a long version. What is etymologically a long /uË/ has been broken into the sequence .
1434:). The authority appealed against the positive decision of the administrative court in Stockholm, but in the end, the Court of Appeal ruled that she was allowed to use a Gutnish surname.
532:, the Gutnish Language Guild, organizes classes and meetings for speakers of traditional Gutnish. According to the guild's webpage, there are now 1,500 people using Gutnish on Facebook.
553:
Some of these sequences alternate with short vowels between different morphological forms of the same lexeme, cf. such pairs as "veit" /vÉÉȘtÌȘÊ°/ 'white' (f.) ~ /vÉȘtÌȘÊ°:/ 'white' (n).
1891:
1602:
1531:
1922:
1633:
2547:
1715:
1741:
1184:
Gutnish has many words of its own that make it different from
Swedish. The following is a small selection of Gutnish's everyday vocabulary:
2922:
2000:
2720:
276:
1883:
1127:
1527:
1586:
3960:
428:
1860:
1596:
637:
630:
623:
2537:
1076:
644:
3449:
3955:
1914:
1812:
329:
1625:
1993:
1018:
918:
17:
1004:
681:
674:
234:
1556:
715:
1834:
1782:
3970:
3816:
1707:
3965:
3846:
3016:
2978:
2963:
1086:
1048:
1011:
731:
724:
2290:
3975:
3826:
3686:
3036:
2995:
2985:
1986:
1158:
1032:
926:
701:
694:
651:
2202:
1094:
903:
754:
747:
3543:
774:/e, eË/, when preceding other vowels, /r/, or post-alveolar sounds, have a tendency to be more open .
383:, are sometimes considered part of modern Swedish. Gutnish exists in two variants, Mainland Gutnish (
3821:
3775:
3770:
3694:
3304:
3288:
3167:
3026:
2917:
2912:
1737:
1121:
971:
910:
658:
356:
138:
3760:
3704:
3699:
3619:
3292:
3242:
2542:
2360:
2116:
2044:
2032:
954:
936:
128:
3882:
3602:
3000:
404:
189:
3765:
3247:
3213:
2831:
2647:
2507:
2347:
2242:
864:
812:
3923:
3887:
3155:
3148:
3100:
2870:
2841:
2810:
2773:
2698:
2455:
2368:
2229:
2191:
1426:
In 2022, a citizen of the island of
Gotland asked to use her surname with the Gutnish ending
1152:
1068:
961:
847:
3388:
2263:
1418:
ran in Radio
Gotland, which regularly reached about 15,000 to 20,000 listeners, and in 2008
3892:
3872:
3841:
3714:
3574:
3320:
3138:
2730:
2557:
2519:
2514:
2388:
2335:
2093:
981:
391:), mostly spoken in the southern and southeastern portion of Gotland, where the dialect of
3548:
529:
8:
3831:
3067:
3021:
2955:
2708:
2355:
2268:
2066:
1960:
3. ĂŒberarbeitete und erweiterte
Auflage. Barry Press Förlag, Visby 1977, S. 73.
1947:
3. ĂŒberarbeitete und erweiterte
Auflage. Barry Press Förlag, Visby 1977, S. 62.
1400:
991:
854:
819:
3378:
3223:
2470:
3877:
3801:
3729:
3719:
3674:
3436:
3363:
3260:
3105:
3080:
3075:
2968:
2796:
2681:
2502:
2280:
2275:
2254:
2215:
2019:
2009:
1419:
874:
807:
133:
3031:
256:
250:
3851:
3650:
3566:
3559:
3514:
3458:
3218:
3208:
3191:
3186:
3090:
2973:
2852:
2652:
2613:
2593:
2431:
2323:
2305:
2157:
1808:
1658:
1592:
1143:
1041:
947:
834:
824:
3950:
3945:
3806:
3597:
3531:
3487:
3482:
3442:
3431:
3423:
3228:
3196:
3143:
3132:
3045:
2754:
2693:
2483:
2465:
2300:
2061:
2053:
1106:
802:
797:
518:
499:
467:
445:
412:
372:
342:
300:
294:
3643:
1856:
3836:
3796:
3629:
3536:
3519:
3504:
3499:
3492:
3201:
3110:
3095:
3050:
2902:
2865:
2857:
2836:
2823:
2803:
2789:
2552:
2529:
2460:
2450:
2442:
2222:
1663:
1396:
841:
829:
668:
120:
528:
There are major efforts to revive the traditional version of Modern Gutnish and
3917:
3811:
3791:
3743:
3635:
3509:
3179:
2946:
2885:
2664:
2621:
2578:
2495:
2490:
2379:
2329:
2180:
2131:
2086:
2079:
885:
709:
434:
Some features of Gutnish include the preservation of Old Norse diphthongs like
1685:
3939:
3867:
3709:
3465:
3416:
3233:
3172:
3085:
2990:
2928:
2875:
2759:
2686:
1112:
997:
896:
566:
227:
3736:
3160:
3124:
3057:
2880:
2703:
2676:
2659:
2603:
2562:
2144:
2123:
392:
35:
3383:
3553:
3526:
3344:
3252:
2934:
2895:
2478:
2173:
2137:
2072:
617:
590:
583:
578:
561:
368:
168:
3398:
3393:
3373:
2738:
2408:
2109:
1690:
1560:
741:
595:
571:
479:
3579:
3327:
2890:
2671:
2626:
2598:
2424:
1978:
1884:"Skatteverket: DÀrför överklagar vi beslutet om gutniska efternamnet"
890:
514:
420:
380:
364:
243:
208:
163:
101:
31:
3403:
265:
3368:
2716:
1826:
1778:
3409:
3005:
2907:
780:/É, ÉË/ may be realized as more close when preceding a sonorant.
360:
97:
1498:
1481:
1469:
1444:
1359:
1323:
1294:
1265:
1236:
1207:
493:
487:
461:
439:
65:
2712:
424:
273:
87:
1591:. Memory of Peoples (3rd ed.). Paris: UNESCO Publishing.
2630:
367:. The different dialects of Gutnish, while stemming from the
309:
38:, the dialects of Swedish spoken in the Götaland provinces.
34:, the local Swedish dialect spoken on Gotland and FÄrö, or
1973:
1708:"Svenska förklarad: GutamÄl och gotlÀndska | UR Play"
321:
318:
306:
272:
Gutnish is classified as Definitely Endangered by the
513:
Many Gotlanders do not understand Gutnish, and speak
330:
315:
1915:"VÀndningen: Julia fÄr heta Andersdotri i efternamn"
312:
1738:"Description of Gutnish on Gotland Tourism Website"
303:
30:"GutamÄl" redirects here. Not to be confused with
3937:
1765:Documentation of Gutnish phonetics and phonology
1994:
1551:
1549:
1366:
1336:
1330:
1301:
1272:
1243:
1214:
1175:Voiceless stops /p, tÌȘ, k/ may be aspirated .
777:In FĂ„rö Gutnish, /a, aË/ are further backed .
395:became the standard form on the Main Island (
350:
72:
1376:
1347:
1311:
1282:
1253:
1224:
2001:
1987:
1546:
264:
1974:Official site of the Modern Gutnish Guild
1617:
525:), a Gutnish-influenced Swedish dialect.
482:that exists in no other Norse languages:
1881:
1653:
1651:
1588:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
1580:
1578:
277:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
1912:
1584:
1446:NÀtt'l för manfolk u kungvall för kune.
14:
3938:
2008:
1882:Hedström, Katarina (10 January 2023).
1762:
1744:from the original on 14 September 2017
1458:Die aimar fran marki u rydmen av dagen
359:spoken sporadically on the islands of
3672:
3286:
2030:
1982:
1785:from the original on 18 February 2019
1779:"GutamĂ„lsgillets Ă
rdliste / Ordlista"
1648:
1636:from the original on 27 November 2020
1626:"Endangered languages: the full list"
1623:
1605:from the original on 13 December 2016
1575:
1528:"GutamĂ„lsgillets Ă
rdliste / Ordlista"
570:
1894:from the original on 14 January 2023
1863:from the original on 26 January 2019
1450:Svalk di bei saudi, styrk di me dune
2563:Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German
1958:GutamĂ„let â inledning till studium.
1945:GutamĂ„let â inledning till studium.
1913:Annerud, Patrik (9 February 2023).
1805:Svenska dialekter. Natur och Kultur
1718:from the original on 1 October 2020
1460:slucknar langum för livnes u daude.
24:
3922:Languages between parentheses are
3287:
1679:
1585:Moseley, Christopher, ed. (2010).
1534:from the original on 19 April 2023
25:
3987:
1967:
1925:from the original on 2 March 2023
1837:from the original on 7 April 2019
1824:
1456:tÀusen sma kluckar gynnar ljaude.
1454:VĂ€vald pa raini, rindlaug i hagen
1157:
1151:
1126:
1120:
1093:
1085:
1075:
1047:
1031:
1017:
1010:
1003:
980:
970:
960:
953:
935:
925:
917:
909:
902:
873:
863:
853:
846:
753:
746:
730:
723:
714:
700:
693:
680:
673:
657:
650:
643:
636:
629:
622:
1559:. 28 August 2012. Archived from
1395:there were also influences from
299:
1950:
1937:
1906:
1875:
1849:
1818:
1797:
1771:
1452:um dÀu jÀr djaupt i naudi nere!
3926:of the language on their left.
1756:
1730:
1700:
1664:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
1520:
1448:Neie slags örtar för ymsedere.
429:definitely endangered language
13:
1:
3961:Endangered Germanic languages
3817:Germanic substrate hypothesis
3673:
1933:– via sverigesradio.se.
1902:– via sverigesradio.se.
1624:Evans, Lisa (15 April 2011).
1513:
1487:tra torkÀ di dÀu sigderÀivarÀ
787:
3847:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
2538:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
1489:va fyrÀ komst dÀu intÀ dÀit?
783:/u/ may be when unstressed.
535:
7:
3827:High German consonant shift
1483:Staingylpen gÀrdÀ bryllaup,
1437:
419:), spoken on the island of
10:
3992:
2365:WestlauwersâTerschellings
2018:According to contemporary
1499:
1482:
1470:
1445:
1360:
1324:
1295:
1266:
1237:
1208:
1179:
494:
488:
462:
440:
66:
29:
3909:
3860:
3784:
3753:
3685:
3681:
3668:
3617:
3590:
3544:Southern Schleswig Danish
3475:
3356:
3312:
3303:
3299:
3282:
3123:
3066:
2954:
2945:
2850:
2822:
2781:
2772:
2747:
2729:
2640:
2612:
2586:
2577:
2528:
2441:
2416:
2407:
2346:
2241:
2190:
2165:
2156:
2052:
2043:
2039:
2026:
2016:
1389:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1150:
1119:
1105:
1067:
990:
884:
840:
794:
699:
692:
582:
577:
565:
560:
558:
540:
263:
241:
225:
206:
201:
186:Mainland Gutnish (LaumÄl)
177:
156:
117:
113:(~2,000â5,000 cited 1998)
107:
93:
83:
61:
50:
45:
3956:North Germanic languages
3822:West Germanic gemination
3776:Ancient Belgian language
3771:Germanic parent language
3715:Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)
2837:Austrian Standard German
2031:
1827:"Alla avsnitt â GutamĂ„l"
1508:
1763:Jordan, Caspar (2011).
1696:(subscription required)
1485:langhalu bigravdÀ lÀik,
357:North Germanic language
27:North Germanic language
3883:Preterite-present verb
3766:Proto-Germanic grammar
3720:North Sea (Ingvaeonic)
2832:German Standard German
2508:East Frisian Low Saxon
1557:"Vanliga frÄgor (faq)"
1506:
1477:
1377:
1367:
1348:
1337:
1331:
1312:
1302:
1283:
1273:
1254:
1244:
1225:
1215:
522:
503:
471:
449:
427:defines Gutnish as a "
416:
376:
351:
346:
73:
3888:Grammatischer Wechsel
2871:Namibian Black German
2842:Swiss Standard German
2811:Early New High German
2369:Mainland West Frisian
2230:Harlingerland Frisian
1478:
1441:
3971:Scandinavian culture
3893:Indo-European ablaut
3873:Germanic strong verb
3842:Germanic spirant law
2979:Southeast Limburgish
2475:Gelders-Overijssels
2104:Irish Middle English
2094:Early Modern English
1430:(instead of Swedish
3966:Languages of Sweden
3861:Synchronic features
3832:Germanic a-mutation
3785:Diachronic features
3135:in the broad sense
3068:East Central German
3022:Lorraine Franconian
2996:Transylvanian Saxon
2956:West Central German
2731:East Low Franconian
2641:West Low Franconian
1956:Herbert Gustavson:
1943:Herbert Gustavson:
1781:. 14 October 2012.
1530:. 14 October 2012.
478:). There is also a
3976:Germanic languages
3878:Germanic weak verb
3687:Language subgroups
3037:Pennsylvania Dutch
2986:Moselle Franconian
2964:Central Franconian
2797:Middle High German
2548:Central Pomeranian
2503:Northern Low Saxon
2216:Wangerooge Frisian
2010:Germanic languages
1859:. 9 October 2012.
1807:, Stockholm 1978,
1420:Gotland University
1378:das Meer / die See
1231:the girl / maiden
3933:
3932:
3918:extinct languages
3905:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3852:Great Vowel Shift
3664:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3613:
3612:
3459:Greenlandic Norse
3278:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3209:Southern Bavarian
3192:Northern Bavarian
3168:Highest Alemannic
3119:
3118:
2853:standard variants
2768:
2767:
2614:Standard variants
2573:
2572:
2432:Middle Low German
2403:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2203:Saterland Frisian
1825:Radio, Sveriges.
1694:(18th ed., 2015)
1667:. Merriam-Webster
1598:978-92-3-104096-2
1563:on 28 August 2012
1387:
1386:
1341:(in proper names)
1255:der Junge / Knabe
1172:
1171:
771:
770:
286:
285:
16:(Redirected from
3983:
3710:Elbe (Irminonic)
3683:
3682:
3670:
3669:
3598:Mainland Gutnish
3488:Swedish dialects
3450:Middle Icelandic
3424:Middle Norwegian
3313:Historical forms
3310:
3309:
3301:
3300:
3284:
3283:
3243:South Franconian
3229:Hutterite German
3197:Central Bavarian
3017:Rhine Franconian
2952:
2951:
2782:Historical forms
2779:
2778:
2694:Surinamese Dutch
2587:Historical forms
2584:
2583:
2417:Historical forms
2414:
2413:
2166:Historical forms
2163:
2162:
2050:
2049:
2041:
2040:
2028:
2027:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1980:
1979:
1961:
1954:
1948:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1831:sverigesradio.se
1822:
1816:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1655:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1582:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1553:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1524:
1504:
1502:
1497:Nach P.A. SĂ€ve,
1491:
1475:
1473:
1468:Gustaf Larsson,
1462:
1380:
1370:
1363:
1354:the lake / mere
1351:
1340:
1334:
1327:
1315:
1305:
1298:
1286:
1284:das Pferd / Ross
1276:
1269:
1257:
1247:
1240:
1228:
1218:
1211:
1187:
1186:
1161:
1155:
1146:
1130:
1124:
1115:
1097:
1089:
1079:
1051:
1044:
1035:
1021:
1014:
1007:
1000:
984:
974:
964:
957:
950:
939:
929:
921:
913:
906:
899:
877:
867:
857:
850:
792:
791:
757:
750:
734:
727:
718:
704:
697:
684:
677:
661:
654:
647:
640:
633:
626:
556:
555:
497:
491:
465:
443:
438:in for instance
385:StorlandsgutamÄl
354:
333:
328:
327:
324:
323:
320:
317:
314:
311:
308:
305:
298:
280:
268:
259:
253:
237:
220:
211:
123:
76:
69:
43:
42:
21:
18:Gutnish language
3991:
3990:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3980:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3929:
3897:
3856:
3837:Germanic umlaut
3802:Holtzmann's law
3780:
3749:
3677:
3656:
3609:
3586:
3520:South Jutlandic
3505:Danish dialects
3471:
3352:
3295:
3266:
3248:East Franconian
3202:Viennese German
3115:
3096:Silesian German
3062:
3051:Central Hessian
2941:
2866:Namibian German
2855:
2846:
2824:Standard German
2818:
2804:New High German
2790:Old High German
2764:
2743:
2725:
2636:
2608:
2569:
2553:East Pomeranian
2543:Brandenburgisch
2530:East Low German
2524:
2451:Dutch Low Saxon
2443:West Low German
2437:
2395:
2361:Schiermonnikoog
2342:
2237:
2223:Wursten Frisian
2186:
2152:
2035:
2022:
2012:
2007:
1970:
1965:
1964:
1955:
1951:
1942:
1938:
1928:
1926:
1911:
1907:
1897:
1895:
1880:
1876:
1866:
1864:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1840:
1838:
1823:
1819:
1802:
1798:
1788:
1786:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1761:
1757:
1747:
1745:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1721:
1719:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1684:
1680:
1670:
1668:
1657:
1656:
1649:
1639:
1637:
1622:
1618:
1608:
1606:
1599:
1583:
1576:
1566:
1564:
1555:
1554:
1547:
1537:
1535:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1505:
1496:
1493:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1476:
1467:
1464:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1440:
1392:
1182:
1142:
1111:
1040:
996:
946:
895:
889:
814:
806:
790:
543:
538:
460:in for example
331:
302:
293:
292:
282:
281:
271:
255:
254:
249:
233:
230:
218:
207:
195:
173:
159:
152:
124:
121:Language family
119:
110:
109:Native speakers
79:
57:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3989:
3979:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3920:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3864:
3862:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3761:Proto-Germanic
3757:
3755:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3740:
3733:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3702:
3697:
3691:
3689:
3679:
3678:
3666:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3647:
3640:
3636:Crimean Gothic
3625:
3623:
3615:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3600:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3572:
3571:
3570:
3563:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3512:
3510:Insular Danish
3507:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3493:Rinkebysvenska
3490:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3462:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3446:
3434:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3420:
3413:
3407:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3341:
3339:Old East Norse
3336:
3334:Old West Norse
3324:
3316:
3314:
3307:
3297:
3296:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3245:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3214:South Tyrolean
3206:
3205:
3204:
3194:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3156:High Alemannic
3153:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3129:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3072:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3024:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3008:
2998:
2993:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2960:
2958:
2949:
2947:Central German
2943:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2905:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2888:
2886:Barossa German
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2862:
2860:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2828:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2800:
2793:
2785:
2783:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2735:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2665:French Flemish
2657:
2656:
2655:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2624:
2618:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2590:
2588:
2581:
2579:Low Franconian
2575:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2534:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2447:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2428:
2420:
2418:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2380:Westereendersk
2374:
2363:
2358:
2352:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2326:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2311:
2303:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2258:
2247:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2226:
2219:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2196:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2181:Middle Frisian
2177:
2169:
2167:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2141:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2087:Modern English
2083:
2080:Middle English
2076:
2069:
2058:
2056:
2047:
2037:
2036:
2024:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2006:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1969:
1968:External links
1966:
1963:
1962:
1949:
1936:
1919:Sveriges Radio
1905:
1888:Sveriges Radio
1874:
1848:
1817:
1796:
1770:
1755:
1729:
1699:
1678:
1647:
1616:
1597:
1574:
1545:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1494:
1479:
1465:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1411:GutamÄlsgillet
1391:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1374:
1371:
1364:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1345:
1342:
1328:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1309:
1306:
1299:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1280:
1277:
1270:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1251:
1248:
1241:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1222:
1219:
1212:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1149:
1147:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1118:
1116:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1091:
1082:
1080:
1073:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1045:
1037:
1036:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1015:
1008:
1001:
994:
988:
987:
985:
978:
976:
968:
966:
958:
951:
943:
942:
940:
933:
931:
923:
915:
907:
900:
893:
882:
881:
879:
871:
869:
861:
859:
851:
844:
838:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
810:
800:
795:
789:
786:
785:
784:
781:
778:
775:
769:
768:
766:
764:
762:
760:
758:
751:
744:
738:
737:
735:
728:
721:
719:
712:
706:
705:
698:
691:
689:
687:
685:
678:
671:
665:
664:
662:
655:
648:
641:
634:
627:
620:
614:
613:
610:
607:
604:
601:
598:
593:
587:
586:
581:
575:
574:
569:
564:
559:
542:
539:
537:
534:
530:GutamÄlsgillet
431:" as of 2010.
284:
283:
270:
269:
261:
260:
247:
239:
238:
231:
226:
223:
222:
212:
204:
203:
202:Language codes
199:
198:
197:
196:
194:
193:
187:
183:
179:
175:
174:
172:
171:
162:
160:
157:
154:
153:
151:
150:
149:
148:
147:
146:
139:North Germanic
127:
125:
118:
115:
114:
111:
108:
105:
104:
95:
91:
90:
85:
84:Native to
81:
80:
78:
77:
70:
62:
59:
58:
56:
55:
51:
48:
47:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3988:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3925:
3921:
3919:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3908:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3868:Germanic verb
3866:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3807:Sievers's law
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3754:Reconstructed
3752:
3746:
3745:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3671:
3667:
3653:
3652:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3632:
3631:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3589:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3573:
3569:
3568:
3567:Middle Danish
3564:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3525:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3443:Old Icelandic
3440:
3439:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3426:
3425:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3417:Old Norwegian
3414:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3285:
3281:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3235:
3234:Gottscheerish
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3174:
3173:Walser German
3171:
3170:
3169:
3166:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3139:Low Alemannic
3137:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3101:High Prussian
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3086:Erzgebirgisch
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3059:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2991:Luxembourgish
2989:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2929:Klezmer-loshn
2926:
2924:
2923:Scots Yiddish
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2761:
2760:Meuse-Rhenish
2758:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2687:Kleverlandish
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2648:Central Dutch
2646:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2456:Stellingwarfs
2454:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2390:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2376:Wood Frisian
2375:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2243:North Frisian
2240:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2045:Anglo-Frisian
2042:
2038:
2034:
2029:
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2015:
2011:
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1997:
1992:
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696:
690:
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621:
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611:
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602:
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588:
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557:
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386:
382:
379:) variety of
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
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353:
348:
344:
340:
337:), or rarely
336:
335:
326:
296:
290:
278:
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228:Linguist List
224:
216:
213:
210:
205:
200:
191:
188:
185:
184:
182:
181:
180:
176:
170:
167:
166:
165:
161:
155:
145:
142:
141:
140:
137:
136:
135:
132:
131:
130:
129:Indo-European
126:
122:
116:
112:
106:
103:
99:
96:
92:
89:
86:
82:
75:
71:
68:
64:
63:
60:
53:
52:
49:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3913:
3797:Verner's law
3742:
3737:Gotho-Nordic
3735:
3728:
3649:
3642:
3634:
3628:
3618:
3603:FÄrö Gutnish
3565:
3558:
3464:
3457:
3448:
3441:
3422:
3415:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3326:
3319:
3259:
3161:Swiss German
3125:Upper German
3058:Amana German
3032:Volga German
3001:HunsrĂŒckisch
2927:
2881:Unserdeutsch
2876:Berlinerisch
2809:
2802:
2795:
2788:
2748:Cover groups
2704:Mohawk Dutch
2699:Jersey Dutch
2677:East Flemish
2660:West Flemish
2604:Middle Dutch
2558:Low Prussian
2430:
2423:
2389:Terschelling
2373:Clay Frisian
2348:West Frisian
2336:Wiedingharde
2328:
2316:
2276:Heligolandic
2253:
2228:
2221:
2214:
2209:
2192:East Frisian
2179:
2172:
2145:Middle Scots
2143:
2136:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2103:
2092:
2085:
2078:
2071:
1957:
1952:
1944:
1939:
1927:. Retrieved
1918:
1908:
1896:. Retrieved
1887:
1877:
1865:. Retrieved
1851:
1839:. Retrieved
1830:
1820:
1804:
1803:Bengt Pamp:
1799:
1787:. Retrieved
1773:
1764:
1758:
1746:. Retrieved
1732:
1720:. Retrieved
1711:
1702:
1689:
1681:
1669:. Retrieved
1662:
1638:. Retrieved
1630:The Guardian
1629:
1619:
1607:. Retrieved
1587:
1565:. Retrieved
1561:the original
1536:. Retrieved
1522:
1480:
1443:
1431:
1427:
1425:
1415:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1393:
1183:
552:
548:
544:
527:
512:
507:
483:
475:
457:
453:
435:
433:
408:
405:FÄrö Gutnish
400:
396:
389:StorlandsmÄl
388:
384:
377:Forngutniska
338:
288:
287:
242:
214:
190:FÄrö Gutnish
143:
40:
3812:Kluge's law
3792:Grimm's law
3575:Dalecarlian
3554:Perkerdansk
3527:East Danish
3345:Old Gutnish
3321:Proto-Norse
3261:Langobardic
3253:Vogtlandian
3081:Upper Saxon
2935:Lachoudisch
2896:Lotegorisch
2774:High German
2520:Westphalian
2515:Eastphalian
2479:Achterhooks
2356:Hindeloopen
2291:Bökingharde
2260:FöhrâAmrum
2174:Old Frisian
2138:Early Scots
2073:Old English
1867:16 February
1841:16 February
1789:16 February
1722:13 December
1640:28 February
1567:18 February
1500:Staingylpen
1226:das MĂ€dchen
1069:Approximant
506:; English:
474:; English:
452:; English:
397:Lau Gutnish
369:Old Gutnish
169:Old Gutnish
158:Early forms
3940:Categories
3644:Burgundian
3560:Old Danish
3549:GĂžtudanskt
3532:Bornholmsk
3394:Vestlandsk
3374:Kebabnorsk
3111:Halcnovian
3076:Thuringian
2739:Limburgish
2709:Stadsfries
2682:Brabantian
2409:Low German
2255:Eiderstedt
2110:Fingallian
1898:14 January
1857:"Historia"
1691:Ethnologue
1514:References
1471:Um kvÀlden
1401:Low German
1289:the horse
788:Consonants
523:gotlÀndska
480:triphthong
407:(Gutnish:
192:(Faroymal)
3924:varieties
3916:indicate
3730:Northwest
3675:Philology
3580:Elfdalian
3515:Jutlandic
3437:Icelandic
3412:(written)
3406:(written)
3384:TrĂžndersk
3364:Norwegian
3328:Old Norse
3149:Coloniero
3133:Alemannic
3106:Wymysorys
2974:Colognian
2969:Ripuarian
2891:Rotwelsch
2721:Midslands
2672:Zeelandic
2653:Hollandic
2627:Afrikaans
2599:Old Dutch
2425:Old Saxon
2324:Karrharde
2306:Goesharde
2287:Mainland
2020:philology
1712:urplay.se
1659:"Gutnish"
1313:Kaninchen
1113:voiceless
998:voiceless
992:Fricative
897:voiceless
891:Affricate
820:Retroflex
669:Close-mid
579:unrounded
536:Phonology
515:Gotlandic
381:Old Norse
244:Glottolog
209:ISO 639-3
164:Old Norse
32:Gotlandic
3651:Vandalic
3594:Gutnish
3399:VikvĂŠrsk
3379:SognamÄl
3369:Bergensk
3219:Cimbrian
3187:Bavarian
3144:Alsatian
3091:Lusatian
3027:Palatine
2717:Amelands
2594:Frankish
2484:Sallaans
2466:Gronings
2317:Southern
2310:Northern
2301:Halligen
2250:Insular
2067:dialects
1923:Archived
1892:Archived
1861:Archived
1835:Archived
1783:Archived
1742:Archived
1716:Archived
1634:Archived
1609:11 April
1603:Archived
1532:Archived
1495:â
1466:â
1438:Examples
1383:the sea
1260:the boy
1202:English
1193:Swedish
1190:Gutnish
815:alveolar
808:Alveolar
710:Open-mid
409:Faroymal
355:), is a
347:gutniska
257:laum1238
251:gutn1238
178:Dialects
134:Germanic
3951:Gotland
3946:Gutnish
3914:Italics
3537:Scanian
3483:Swedish
3432:Faroese
3410:Nynorsk
3389:Valdris
3224:MĂČcheno
3180:Swabian
3046:Hessian
3006:Hunsrik
2918:Western
2913:Eastern
2908:Yiddish
2858:creoles
2755:Bergish
2471:DrĂšents
2461:Tweants
2313:Central
2295:Mooring
2158:Frisian
2117:Kildare
2062:English
1929:2 March
1815:, p. 76
1686:Swedish
1432:-dotter
1416:GutamÄl
1349:der See
1325:trÀsket
1318:rabbit
1250:drengen
1216:flickan
1199:German
1196:Danish
1180:Lexicon
886:Plosive
835:Glottal
825:Palatal
584:rounded
567:Central
519:Swedish
500:Swedish
495:skiauta
489:skiaute
468:Swedish
446:Swedish
417:FÄrömÄl
413:Swedish
403:), and
373:Swedish
361:Gotland
352:gutamÄl
343:Swedish
289:Gutnish
279:(2010).
235:swe-lau
144:Gutnish
98:Gotland
74:GutamÄl
67:Gutiske
46:Gutnish
36:GötamÄl
3630:Gothic
3500:Danish
3404:BokmÄl
2903:Yenish
2713:Bildts
2496:Veluws
2491:Urkers
2330:Strand
2054:Anglic
1811:
1748:24 May
1671:10 May
1595:
1428:-dotri
1397:Danish
1390:Status
1296:rabbis
1279:hesten
1274:hÀsten
1245:pojken
1238:sÄrken
1144:voiced
1107:Rhotic
1042:voiced
948:voiced
803:Dental
798:Labial
609:short
606:short
600:short
541:Vowels
504:skjuta
486:as in
456:) and
425:UNESCO
401:LaumÄl
339:Gutnic
274:UNESCO
94:Region
88:Sweden
54:Gutnic
3744:South
3695:North
3305:North
3289:North
2631:Kaaps
2622:Dutch
2269:Amrum
2210:Weser
2132:Scots
1538:2 May
1509:Notes
1373:havet
1368:havet
1361:sjoen
1338:trÀsk
1308:kanin
1303:kanin
1267:russe
1221:pigen
1209:pÀiku
1090:âšrâ©)
1022:âšsjâ©
975:âšrdâ©
930:âšrtâ©
922:âštjâ©
878:âšngâ©
868:âšrnâ©
842:Nasal
830:Velar
813:Post-
618:Close
612:long
603:long
591:short
562:Front
508:shoot
454:stone
441:stain
334:-nish
3705:West
3700:East
3620:East
3476:East
3466:Norn
3357:West
3293:East
3291:and
2856:and
2851:Non-
2281:Sylt
2264:Föhr
2199:Ems
2124:Yola
2033:West
1931:2023
1900:2023
1869:2019
1843:2019
1809:ISBN
1791:2019
1750:2015
1724:2020
1673:2019
1642:2023
1611:2015
1593:ISBN
1569:2018
1540:2022
1409:The
1399:and
1344:sĂžen
1332:sjön
1162:âšrâ©
1131:âšrâ©
965:âšdâ©
914:âštâ©
858:âšnâ©
742:Open
596:long
572:Back
450:sten
421:FÄrö
365:FÄrö
363:and
332:GOOT
215:None
102:FÄrö
1688:at
1405:-Ă€.
510:).
484:iau
476:die
463:doy
393:Lau
387:or
349:or
219:mis
3942::
1921:.
1917:.
1890:.
1886:.
1833:.
1829:.
1740:.
1714:.
1710:.
1661:.
1650:^
1632:.
1628:.
1601:.
1577:^
1548:^
1503:,
1474:,
1335:,
1156:~
1128:ÉčÌ„
1125:~
1122:r̄
962:dÌȘ
919:tÊ
911:tÌȘ
855:nÌȘ
755:aË
732:ĆË
702:ÉË
682:eË
645:ÊË
631:ÉȘË
521::
502::
472:dö
470::
458:oy
448::
436:ai
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415::
411:;
399:â
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297::
295:US
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2719:/
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1752:.
1726:.
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1084:(
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888:/
875:Ć
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319:ÉȘ
316:n
313:t
307:ÉĄ
304:Ë
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