513:
3651:
appears only in loanwords from
Indonesian and English. Since the Javanese people have been exposed to Dutch for far longer than they are with Indonesian or standard literary Malay (which only started somewhere after 1900 and amplified after 1945, excluding
3587:
may cause a preceding short vowel to be reinterpreted as a long vowel, likely due to phonological rules in Dari prohibiting short vowels and long vowels from being equal in length. For example, <قَهْر> (qahr /qahɾ/, "anger") is often realized as
759:
It is likely that the phonemic system of children in H-dropping areas lacks a /h/ entirely, but that social and educational pressures lead to the incorporation of an (inconsistently realized) /h/ into the system by the time of adulthood.
740:, and have a greater tendency to pronounce an in those words than in other words beginning with a vowel. Insertion of may occur as a means of emphasis, as noted above, and also as a response to the formality of a situation.
647:
H-dropping, in the countries and regions in which it is prevalent, occurs mainly in working-class accents. Studies have shown it to be significantly more frequent in lower than in higher social groups. It is not a feature of
840:-adding is more of a stylistic prosodic effect, being found on some words receiving particular emphasis, regardless of whether those words are h-initial or vowel-initial in the standard language.
656:
accent of
England), or even of "Near-RP", a variant of RP that includes some regional features. This does not always apply, however, to the dropping of /h/ in weak forms of words like
83:, and is also found in certain other languages, either as a purely historical development or as a contemporary difference between dialects. Although common in most regions of
3387:
Processes of H-dropping have occurred in various languages at certain times, and in some cases, they remain as distinguishing features between dialects, as in
English. Some
636:
3415:
have lost /h/ as a phonemic consonant but use to avoid hiatus and to signal emphasis, much as in the H-dropping dialects of
English. H-dropping is also found in some
500:
dramas. It is suggested that the phenomenon probably spread from the middle to the lower orders of society, first taking hold in urban centers. It started to become
3547:
existed as a phoneme until the 19th century. It was then lost in most positions, sometimes lengthening the adjacent vowel. Chiefly word-finally it was merged with /
3470:, occurring predominantly at the beginnings of words and originally written with the letter H and later as a rough breathing, had been lost by that period in most
976:
975:
The following is a list of some pairs of
English words which may become homophones when H-dropping occurs. (To view the list, click "show".) See also the
951:
in
English as an etymological "correction". The name of the letter H itself, "aitch", is subject to H-insertion in some dialects, where it is pronounced "
3521:
in medieval times, but they were later lost in both languages in a "second round" of H-dropping. Some dialects of
Spanish have yet again acquired from
4179:
4141:
4128:
4120:
45:
4136:
3592:/qɑːɾ/ (as if it was written like <قَر>), and <فَهْمِیدَن> (fahmīdan /fahmiːdan/, to understand) is often realized as <فَمِیدَن> (
4156:
3564:
is sometimes elided into an immediately succeeding vowel, such as "huwag" from /huˈwaɡ/ to /ˈwag/ and "sabihin" from /saˈbihin/ to /saˈbin/.
3996:
4171:
4146:
3678:
480:
There is evidence of h-dropping in texts from the 13th century and later. It may originally have arisen through contact with the
87:
and in some other
English-speaking countries, and linguistically speaking a neutral evolution in languages, H-dropping is often
4105:
4244:
4225:
4205:
3727:
323:
4113:
3815:
561:
3817:
Approaches to the Study of Sound
Structure and Speech: Interdisciplinary Work in Honour of Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk
3825:
3989:
378:
4093:
3673:
27:
3549:
3623:
in its native words, except between the same vowels. For instance, in modern
Javanese, the word for "rain" is
3608:) resulting in words like <میخواهَم> (mēxāham /meːxɑːham/, "I want") being realized as <میخَام> (
3820:. Magdalena Wrembel, Agnieszka Kiełkiewicz-Janowiak and Piotr Gąsiorowski. 21 October 2019. pp. 1–398.
736:
appears to be present, even if it is not usually realized – that is, they know which words "should" have an
4016:
963:" has come to be considered standard, consistent with its not-an-H-dropping dialects). Various dialects of
172:
with an approximant, as well as in coda position. The sound appeared in most onsets (except those with an
4130:
4122:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3620:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3584:
3580:
3561:
3544:
3522:
3518:
3498:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3459:
3374:
3359:
3346:
3331:
3311:
3283:
3263:
3239:
3219:
3191:
3178:
3165:
3141:
3128:
3115:
3102:
3089:
3076:
3063:
3050:
3037:
3024:
3011:
2998:
2985:
2972:
2959:
2946:
2933:
2920:
2907:
2890:
2877:
2864:
2851:
2838:
2814:
2794:
2781:
2761:
2748:
2735:
2722:
2702:
2689:
2669:
2656:
2643:
2630:
2610:
2597:
2584:
2571:
2551:
2538:
2514:
2501:
2488:
2475:
2462:
2449:
2436:
2423:
2410:
2397:
2384:
2371:
2358:
2345:
2332:
2319:
2306:
2293:
2280:
2267:
2254:
2241:
2228:
2215:
2202:
2189:
2176:
2163:
2150:
2133:
2109:
2089:
2076:
2063:
2050:
2037:
2024:
2011:
1998:
1985:
1972:
1952:
1939:
1926:
1906:
1893:
1880:
1856:
1843:
1830:
1817:
1797:
1777:
1764:
1751:
1738:
1725:
1712:
1699:
1675:
1662:
1649:
1636:
1623:
1610:
1597:
1577:
1564:
1540:
1527:
1503:
1490:
1477:
1464:
1451:
1438:
1425:
1412:
1399:
1386:
1366:
1353:
1333:
1320:
1307:
1294:
1281:
1268:
1255:
1242:
1222:
1209:
1189:
1176:
1156:
1143:
1130:
1110:
1097:
1084:
1071:
1058:
1045:
1025:
1012:
993:
988:
948:
944:
936:
916:
908:
896:
876:
852:
745:
737:
733:
718:
711:
688:
632:
489:
453:
437:
429:
319:
315:
311:
274:
264:
248:
232:
204:
196:
177:
173:
165:
41:
37:
3982:
653:
533:
517:
302:
The phenomenon of H-dropping considered as a feature of contemporary English is the omission, in certain
154:
146:
68:
3553:/. The latter phoneme, in turn, may now be pronounced by some speakers, chiefly in the syllable onset.
4280:
3942:
421:
303:
150:
4051:
3416:
824:
452:. These can be spelled out in informal writing as "should've", "would've", and "could've". Because
3893:
4031:
4026:
4021:
3947:
3533:
3160:
3155:
2902:
2145:
3583:, except in high-prestige literary words or in hyper formal speech. The deletion of the phoneme
872:
649:
616:
117:
23:
3717:
4063:
3955:
3369:
3341:
671:, being perceived as a sign of poor or uneducated speech, and discouraged by schoolteachers.
557:
549:
284:
142:
4212:
4073:
1550:
964:
696:
620:
545:
236:
212:
3719:
Describing Prescriptivism: Usage Guides and Usage Problems in British and American English
8:
4041:
3653:
3293:
3245:
3201:
3147:
2557:
2524:
780:
in typically H-dropping accents of English. It is commonly noted in literature from late
493:
4275:
4161:
4056:
4005:
3612:/meːxɑːjʊm/) (the -um being the result of a separate colloquial pronunciation shift).
3440:
3404:
1513:
569:
4151:
3821:
3723:
3616:
3506:
2115:
2095:
1862:
1031:
608:
565:
291:
169:
3509:. Already in the Imperial period, there is attested evidence for early h-loss. Both
3428:
4217:
3801:
3568:
3557:
3540:
3529:
3514:
3467:
3317:
3297:
3269:
3249:
3225:
3205:
1912:
1685:
1509:
1372:
1339:
1228:
1195:
1162:
1116:
912:
624:
604:
577:
240:
80:
3532:
that the loss of or similar sounds played a role in the early development of the
4046:
3510:
3432:
3408:
2824:
1546:
956:
900:
844:
781:
777:
584:. It is also typically absent in certain regions of England and Wales, including
581:
573:
553:
497:
481:
113:
4197:
4078:
4068:
3914:
3388:
2708:
2675:
2616:
691:, the sound may still occur but with uses other than distinguishing words. An
585:
425:
335:
244:
208:
528:
generally do not, although there is some local variation within these regions.
4269:
3936:
3840:
3656:), many of the words borrowed from Dutch have also lost the phoneme, such as
3463:
3412:
3400:
3396:
1681:
672:
668:
537:
501:
382:
200:
181:
88:
748:– for example, some speakers might say "a edge" (rather than "an edge") for
215:
periods, although they are still reflected in the spelling of words such as
3502:
3479:
833:
794:
635:) is found in some American dialects, as well as in parts of Ireland – see
410:
121:
3748:
Milroy, J., "On the Sociolinguistic History of H-dropping in English", in
4237:
4232:
4036:
3683:
3572:
3475:
3471:
1803:
1783:
819:
784:
to the early 20th century that some lower-class people consistently drop
707:. It may also be used when any vowel-initial word is emphasized, so that
612:
593:
589:
189:
124:
correctness. A particular example of this is the spread of 'haitch' for '
744:
phenomena may also indicate a speaker's awareness of the presence of an
721:
may be pronounced and in emphatic utterances. That is, has become an
3289:
3197:
2820:
2800:
2767:
2520:
2119:
1958:
1866:
1583:
726:
692:
682:
676:
597:
504:, being seen as a sign of poor education, in the 16th or 17th century.
185:
687:
In fully H-dropping dialects, that is, in dialects without a phonemic
279:
125:
3974:
3635:. The letter "ꦲ" in traditional Javanese script, which had the value
3448:
3420:
920:
811:
807:
753:
722:
520:(based on Upton and Widdowson, 2006). Dialects in the regions marked
158:
109:
3391:, especially the southern ones, feature H-dropping. The dialects of
290:). The usual realizations of the latter two clusters are and (see
269:
4184:
3968:
Rees, Daniel A. "Towards Proto-Persian". Georgetown University 2008
3455:
3424:
803:
799:
675:
writes that it seems to be "the single most powerful pronunciation
33:
3392:
2897:
2140:
935:; these were borrowed into Middle English from French without an
829:
541:
524:
feature (variable) H-dropping, while those in the regions marked
307:
168:. This phoneme occurred at the start of syllables, with alone or
162:
84:
76:
64:
3797:
3793:
3647:
in its base form. In modern Javanese, initial and intervocalic
3444:
3436:
970:
960:
952:
923:
may also serve as a motivation for H-addition, as in the words
741:
792:
to words that should not have it. An example from the musical
512:
251:
can occur is at the start of a syllable, either alone (as in
532:
H-dropping occurs (variably) in most of the dialects of the
3576:
627:). However, dropping of /h/ from the cluster /hj/ (so that
642:
485:
377:
Cases of H-dropping occur in all English dialects in the
3639:
in Old Javanese is now used in most cases to represent
420:
survives as an emphatic form in a few dialects such as
732:
For many H-dropping speakers, however, a phonological
3763:
Authority in Language: Investigating Standard English
3474:
dialects and from all Greek dialects during the late
180:
cluster, which had ) and the other two allophones in
756:
before an initial vowel resulting from a dropped H.
683:
Use and status of the H-sound in H-dropping dialects
32:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
436:is usually dropped, the word is usually pronounced
3935:
416:is a product of historical H-dropping – the older
273:), or (for a minority of speakers) in the cluster
108:, is found in certain situations, sometimes as an
3631:, which ultimately comes from Proto-Austronesian
3619:typically does not have initial and intervocalic
943:), but all three derive from Latin words with an
145:, the sounds , , and (described respectively as
4267:
3915:"'Haitch' or 'aitch'? How do you pronounce 'H'?"
3750:Current topics in English historical linguistics
3454:When dealing with Greek, this process is called
46:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
460:, these words are often erroneously spelled as
334:H-dropping, in certain accents and dialects of
836:". In practice, however, it would appear that
714:(assuming the dialect is also non-rhotic) and
3990:
3894:"World of words - Oxford Dictionaries Online"
971:List of homophones resulting from H-dropping
507:
91:as a sign of careless or uneducated speech.
75:-sound", . The phenomenon is common in many
3934:
3847:, CUP 1982, pp. 564, 568–69, 589, 594, 622.
3787:
3482:being approximated in foreign loanwords by
788:in words that should have it, while adding
488:which rely on the possible omission of the
370:(though in some dialects an may appear in
116:by H-dropping speakers, and sometimes as a
3997:
3983:
3788:Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2002).
3715:
3679:Phonological history of English consonants
3596:/fɑːmiːdan/). Between vowels, the phoneme
297:
231:). Most of the initial clusters involving
4092:
895:. Spelling pronunciation has also added
859:, and, in many regional pronunciations,
511:
3447:have h-dropping, as do some regions in
16:Process of not pronouncing an "h" sound
4268:
4004:
3478:/Roman era. Hence it not a phoneme of
643:Social distribution and stigmatization
374:to prevent hiatus – see below).
157:voiceless fricatives) are taken to be
136:
4091:
3978:
3382:
227:(now pronounced in most accents like
3956:participating institution membership
36:. For the distinction between ,
768:The opposite of H-dropping, called
619:, although it has been reported in
13:
3790:The Phonetics of Dutch and English
484:, where h-dropping also occurred.
456:is also the weak form of the word
14:
4292:
3548:
843:Some English words borrowed from
314:, either alone or in the cluster
3660:/aɳˈɖ̥(ʰ)ʊʔ/ "towel" from Dutch
915:retains the older pronunciation
667:H-dropping in English is widely
615:). It is not generally found in
3962:
3928:
3907:
3886:
3877:
3868:
3859:
3674:Phonological history of English
3427:, where it is found already in
603:H-dropping also occurs in some
576:. It is not generally found in
492:sound can be found in works by
28:International Phonetic Alphabet
3850:
3834:
3808:
3781:
3774:Upton, C., Widdowson, J.D.A.,
3768:
3755:
3742:
3709:
3696:
763:
329:
1:
3689:
3579:) do not realize the phoneme
3525:, which as of now is stable.
3505:, the ancestor of the modern
977:list of H-dropping homophones
324:Pronunciation of English ⟨wh⟩
247:, the only position in which
131:
3778:, Routledge 2006, pp. 58–59.
3776:An Atlas of English Dialects
3600:may be replaced by a glide (
818:ever 'appen". Another is in
7:
3856:Wells (1982), pp. 254, 300.
3716:van Ostade, I.T.B. (2019).
3667:
947:and would later acquire an
534:English language in England
518:English language in England
310:, of this syllable-initial
69:voiceless glottal fricative
10:
4297:
3528:It is hypothesized in the
967:exhibit the same pattern.
847:may begin with the letter
475:
4170:
4104:
4100:
4087:
4012:
3943:Oxford English Dictionary
875:has introduced the sound
508:Geographical distribution
422:Southern American English
4129:Changes before historic
4121:Changes before historic
3765:, Routledge 2002, p. 17.
3722:. Taylor & Francis.
3706:, Blackwodd 1977, p. 39.
3417:North Germanic languages
891:and (for most speakers)
828:: "Three cheers for the
776:, sometimes occurs as a
263:, etc.), in the cluster
94:The reverse phenomenon,
4032:Anglo-Frisian languages
3948:Oxford University Press
3534:Indo-European languages
879:into such words, as in
851:but not with the sound
607:, and perhaps in other
322:and its reduction, see
298:Contemporary H-dropping
239:). As a result, in the
24:phonetic transcriptions
941:orrible, abit, armonie
873:spelling pronunciation
699:, so that for example
617:North American English
529:
235:also disappeared (see
118:spelling pronunciation
21:This article contains
4064:Anglo-Norman language
3883:Wells (1982), p. 254.
3874:Wells (1982), p. 322.
3704:The Guid Scots Tongue
3517:acquired new initial
3435:speaking area around
3312:ˈɔː(r)d,ˈoə(r)d,ˈoːrd
2782:ˈɔː(r)d,ˈoə(r)d,ˈoːrd
2539:ˈɔː(r)d,ˈoə(r)d,ˈoːrd
825:The Magician's Nephew
752:, and might omit the
695:may be used to avoid
558:East Midlands English
550:West Midlands English
515:
219:(now pronounced like
143:Old English phonology
4094:Phonological history
4074:Early Modern English
3865:Wells (1982), p. 254
3627:, from Old Javanese
1551:father-bother merger
965:Newfoundland English
546:West Country English
338:, causes words like
237:H-cluster reductions
213:Early Modern English
120:or out of perceived
4027:Proto-West-Germanic
4017:Proto-Indo-European
3946:(Online ed.).
3804:. pp. 290–302.
3654:Surinamese Javanese
3423:and the dialect of
3294:horse-hoarse merger
3246:horse-hoarse merger
3202:horse-hoarse merger
3148:fern-fir-fur merger
2558:horse-hoarse merger
2525:horse-hoarse merger
984:
855:. Examples include
729:in these dialects.
611:(including some of
494:William Shakespeare
318:. (For the cluster
137:Historical /h/-loss
4162:Trisyllabic laxing
4142:Close front vowels
4006:History of English
3845:Accents of English
3752:, Odense UP, 1983.
3702:David D. Murison,
3411:, and the west of
3383:In other languages
3264:ˈɔː(r),ˈoə(r),ˈoːr
3220:ˈɔː(r),ˈoə(r),ˈoːr
1514:wait-weight merger
983:Homophonous pairs
982:
530:
516:H-dropping in the
4281:English phonology
4263:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4152:Great Vowel Shift
4137:Close back vowels
3954:(Subscription or
3729:978-0-429-55814-6
3617:Javanese language
3567:Many dialects of
3507:Romance languages
3380:
3379:
2116:weak vowel merger
2096:weak vowel merger
1863:weak vowel merger
1032:weak vowel merger
903:pronunciation of
871:. In some cases,
849:⟨h⟩
637:reduction of /hj/
609:Caribbean English
354:to be pronounced
292:English phonology
285:differently from
195:The instances of
4288:
4157:Open back vowels
4132:
4124:
4102:
4101:
4089:
4088:
3999:
3992:
3985:
3976:
3975:
3969:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3951:
3939:
3932:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3922:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3890:
3884:
3881:
3875:
3872:
3866:
3863:
3857:
3854:
3848:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3802:Brill Publishers
3785:
3779:
3772:
3766:
3759:
3753:
3746:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3736:
3713:
3707:
3700:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3622:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3586:
3582:
3563:
3552:
3546:
3530:laryngeal theory
3524:
3520:
3500:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3468:Classical Athens
3461:
3376:
3361:
3348:
3333:
3318:pour-poor merger
3313:
3298:pour-poor merger
3285:
3270:pour-poor merger
3265:
3250:pour-poor merger
3241:
3226:pour-poor merger
3221:
3206:pour-poor merger
3193:
3180:
3167:
3143:
3130:
3117:
3104:
3091:
3078:
3065:
3052:
3039:
3026:
3013:
3000:
2987:
2974:
2961:
2948:
2935:
2922:
2909:
2892:
2879:
2866:
2853:
2840:
2816:
2796:
2783:
2763:
2750:
2737:
2724:
2704:
2691:
2671:
2658:
2645:
2632:
2612:
2599:
2586:
2573:
2553:
2540:
2516:
2503:
2490:
2477:
2464:
2451:
2438:
2425:
2412:
2399:
2386:
2373:
2360:
2347:
2334:
2321:
2308:
2295:
2282:
2269:
2256:
2243:
2230:
2217:
2204:
2191:
2178:
2165:
2152:
2135:
2111:
2091:
2078:
2065:
2052:
2039:
2026:
2013:
2000:
1987:
1974:
1954:
1941:
1928:
1913:pane-pain merger
1908:
1895:
1882:
1858:
1845:
1832:
1819:
1799:
1779:
1766:
1753:
1740:
1727:
1714:
1701:
1686:meet-meat merger
1677:
1664:
1651:
1638:
1625:
1612:
1599:
1579:
1566:
1542:
1529:
1510:pane-pain merger
1505:
1492:
1479:
1466:
1453:
1440:
1427:
1414:
1401:
1388:
1373:pane-pain merger
1368:
1355:
1340:pane-pain merger
1335:
1322:
1309:
1296:
1283:
1270:
1257:
1244:
1229:pane-pain merger
1224:
1211:
1196:pane-pain merger
1191:
1178:
1163:pane-pain merger
1158:
1145:
1132:
1117:pane-pain merger
1112:
1099:
1086:
1073:
1060:
1047:
1027:
1014:
995:
990:
985:
981:
950:
946:
938:
918:
913:American English
910:
898:
878:
854:
850:
820:C. S. Lewis
747:
739:
735:
720:
713:
690:
634:
625:Avalon Peninsula
605:Jamaican English
578:Scottish English
562:northern England
491:
455:
440:in phrases like
439:
431:
321:
317:
313:
276:
266:
250:
234:
198:
179:
175:
167:
43:
39:
4296:
4295:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4285:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4251:
4221:-glottalization
4166:
4096:
4083:
4008:
4003:
3973:
3972:
3967:
3963:
3953:
3933:
3929:
3920:
3918:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3899:
3897:
3896:. Askoxford.com
3892:
3891:
3887:
3882:
3878:
3873:
3869:
3864:
3860:
3855:
3851:
3839:
3835:
3828:
3814:
3813:
3809:
3786:
3782:
3773:
3769:
3760:
3756:
3747:
3743:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3714:
3710:
3701:
3697:
3692:
3670:
3419:, for instance
3409:Flemish Brabant
3385:
2825:lot-cloth split
1547:trap-bath split
979:in Wiktionary.
973:
957:Hiberno-English
901:British English
848:
782:Victorian times
778:hypercorrection
766:
685:
645:
574:Cardiff English
510:
498:Elizabethan era
482:Norman language
478:
432:of unstressed
332:
300:
139:
134:
114:hypercorrection
51:
50:
49:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4294:
4284:
4283:
4278:
4261:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4242:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4223:
4215:
4210:
4203:
4195:
4187:
4182:
4176:
4174:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4126:
4118:
4110:
4108:
4098:
4097:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4081:
4079:Modern English
4076:
4071:
4069:Middle English
4066:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4022:Proto-Germanic
4019:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4002:
4001:
3994:
3987:
3979:
3971:
3970:
3961:
3927:
3906:
3885:
3876:
3867:
3858:
3849:
3833:
3826:
3807:
3792:(5 ed.).
3780:
3767:
3754:
3741:
3728:
3708:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3669:
3666:
3458:. The phoneme
3429:Old East Norse
3389:Dutch dialects
3384:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3354:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3326:
3322:
3321:
3314:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3286:
3281:
3278:
3274:
3273:
3266:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3253:
3242:
3237:
3234:
3230:
3229:
3222:
3217:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3194:
3189:
3186:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3144:
3139:
3136:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3123:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3110:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3084:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3045:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3032:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3019:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3006:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2954:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2941:
2937:
2936:
2931:
2928:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2859:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2828:
2817:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2804:
2797:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2764:
2759:
2756:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2730:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2717:
2713:
2712:
2709:toe-tow merger
2705:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2684:
2680:
2679:
2676:toe-tow merger
2672:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2638:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2620:
2617:toe-tow merger
2613:
2608:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2554:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2517:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2496:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2483:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2314:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2288:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2112:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2092:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1955:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1909:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1859:
1854:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1800:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1780:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1733:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1678:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1587:
1580:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1554:
1543:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1517:
1506:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1369:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1336:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1225:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1192:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1159:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1113:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1028:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1007:
1003:
1002:
999:
996:
991:
972:
969:
765:
762:
703:is pronounced
684:
681:
644:
641:
631:is pronounced
586:Northumberland
509:
506:
477:
474:
428:. Because the
426:Scots language
383:function words
336:Modern English
331:
328:
299:
296:
283:if pronounced
245:Modern English
209:Middle English
203:position were
182:syllable codas
138:
135:
133:
130:
61:aitch-dropping
44:⟩, see
20:
19:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4293:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4248:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4228:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4204:
4202:
4201:-vocalization
4200:
4196:
4194:
4192:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4173:
4169:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4127:
4125:
4119:
4117:
4116:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4090:
4086:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4011:
4007:
4000:
3995:
3993:
3988:
3986:
3981:
3980:
3977:
3965:
3957:
3949:
3945:
3944:
3938:
3931:
3916:
3910:
3895:
3889:
3880:
3871:
3862:
3853:
3846:
3842:
3837:
3829:
3827:9780429321757
3823:
3819:
3818:
3811:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3784:
3777:
3771:
3764:
3758:
3751:
3745:
3731:
3725:
3721:
3720:
3712:
3705:
3699:
3695:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3665:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3618:
3613:
3611:
3595:
3591:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3565:
3559:
3554:
3551:
3542:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3526:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3495:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3464:Ancient Greek
3457:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3413:North Brabant
3410:
3406:
3402:
3401:East Flanders
3398:
3394:
3390:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3292:accents with
3291:
3287:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3200:accents with
3199:
3195:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3103:ˈjuːz,ˈ(j)ɪuz
3101:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3090:ˈjuːz,ˈ(j)ɪuz
3088:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3003:
2999:ˈjuːz,ˈ(j)ɪuz
2997:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2986:ˈjuːz,ˈ(j)ɪuz
2984:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2823:accents with
2822:
2818:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2523:accents with
2522:
2518:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2203:ˈjuːz,ˈ(j)ɪuz
2201:
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1726:ˈɪərɪŋ,ˈiːrɪŋ
1724:
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1718:
1717:
1711:
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1698:
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1682:fleece merger
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679:in England."
678:
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640:
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626:
623:(outside the
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
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592:and parts of
591:
587:
583:
582:Irish English
579:
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559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
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538:Welsh English
535:
527:
523:
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514:
505:
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499:
496:and in other
495:
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424:, and in the
423:
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309:
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246:
243:varieties of
242:
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35:
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25:
4245:
4226:
4218:
4206:
4198:
4190:
4189:
4114:
4052:Northumbrian
3964:
3941:
3930:
3919:. Retrieved
3909:
3898:. Retrieved
3888:
3879:
3870:
3861:
3852:
3844:
3836:
3816:
3810:
3789:
3783:
3775:
3770:
3762:
3761:Milroy, L.,
3757:
3749:
3744:
3733:. Retrieved
3718:
3711:
3703:
3698:
3661:
3657:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3614:
3609:
3593:
3589:
3566:
3555:
3538:
3527:
3503:Vulgar Latin
3501:was lost in
3497:The phoneme
3496:
3480:Modern Greek
3453:
3386:
3051:ˈjuː,ˈ(j)ɪuː
3038:ˈjuː,ˈ(j)ɪuː
2947:ˈjuː,ˈ(j)ɪuː
2934:ˈjuː,ˈ(j)ɪuː
2891:ˈaʊə(r),ˈaʊr
2878:ˈaʊə(r),ˈaʊr
2450:ˈaɪə(r),ˈaɪr
2051:ˈɜː(r)d,ˈɛrd
1713:ˈɜː(r)d,ˈɛrd
974:
940:
932:
928:
924:
904:
892:
888:
884:
880:
868:
864:
860:
856:
842:
837:
834:Colney 'Atch
823:
815:
795:My Fair Lady
793:
789:
785:
773:
769:
767:
758:
749:
731:
715:
708:
704:
700:
686:
666:
661:
657:
646:
628:
621:Newfoundland
602:
540:, including
531:
525:
521:
479:
469:
465:
461:
457:
449:
445:
441:
433:
417:
412:
406:
402:
398:
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371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
333:
301:
286:
278:
268:
260:
256:
252:
228:
224:
220:
216:
194:
190:front vowels
161:of a single
140:
122:etymological
103:
102:
96:
95:
93:
72:
60:
54:
53:
52:
40:and ⟨
22:
4037:Old English
3841:Wells, J.C.
3684:Aspirated h
3615:The modern
3573:Afghanistan
3476:Hellenistic
3431:. Also the
3129:ˈjuːz,ˈjɪuz
3116:ˈjuːz,ˈjɪuz
3025:ˈjuːz,ˈjɪuz
3012:ˈjuːz,ˈjɪuz
2552:ˈɔː(r)də(r)
2229:ˈjuːz,ˈjɪuz
2216:ˈjuːz,ˈjɪuz
2164:ˈjuː,ˈ(j)ɪu
2064:ˈɪə(r),ˈiːr
1804:th-fronting
1784:th-fronting
1700:ˈɪə(r),ˈiːr
1465:ˈeɪst,ˈeːst
1354:ˈɛə(r),ˈeːr
1177:ˈɛə(r),ˈeɪr
1144:ˈɛə(r),ˈeɪr
770:H-insertion
764:H-insertion
669:stigmatized
613:The Bahamas
590:East Anglia
564:(including
552:(including
502:stigmatized
442:should have
330:Description
207:during the
188:and after
186:back vowels
89:stigmatized
4270:Categories
4172:Consonants
4147:Diphthongs
4057:West Saxon
3958:required.)
3921:2017-06-19
3900:2013-08-01
3735:2020-02-23
3690:References
3571:spoken in
3403:, most of
3290:non-rhotic
3198:non-rhotic
3064:ˈjuː,ˈjɪuː
2960:ˈjuː,ˈjɪuː
2821:non-rhotic
2801:non-rhotic
2768:non-rhotic
2521:non-rhotic
2120:G-dropping
2077:ˈɪəz,ˈiːrz
1982:L; el; ell
1959:non-rhotic
1867:G-dropping
1584:non-rhotic
812:'urricanes
727:zero onset
693:epenthetic
677:shibboleth
673:John Wells
598:West Wales
570:Lancashire
560:, most of
450:could have
446:would have
379:weak forms
159:allophones
132:In English
99:-insertion
4276:Phonology
4213:Rhoticity
4193:-dropping
3449:Groningen
3433:Low Saxon
3421:Elfdalian
2803:accents.
2770:accents.
2644:ˈɔɪstə(r)
2631:ˈoʊz,ˈoːz
2177:ˈjuː,ˈjɪu
1961:accents.
1586:accents.
1269:ˈɔːltə(r)
1243:ˈeɪl,ˈeːl
921:Etymology
808:'Ampshire
754:linking R
723:allophone
633:/'juːmən/
566:Yorkshire
462:should of
170:clustered
110:allophone
57:-dropping
4238:stopping
4233:fronting
4185:Flapping
4180:Clusters
3668:See also
3662:handdoek
3456:psilosis
3425:Roslagen
3166:ˈjuːstən
2908:ˈjuːstən
2151:ˈjuːstən
1814:eve; Eve
1748:art; Art
1422:art; Art
1308:ˈæŋkə(r)
925:horrible
911:, while
893:historic
865:hono(u)r
830:Hempress
804:'Ereford
800:'Artford
798:is, "In
774:H-adding
705:the hegg
654:prestige
470:could of
466:would of
411:pronoun
308:dialects
241:standard
184:( after
77:dialects
65:deletion
38:/ /
34:Help:IPA
4047:Mercian
4042:Kentish
3610:mēxāyum
3594:fāmīdan
3569:Persian
3558:Tagalog
3541:Maltese
3515:Spanish
3405:Antwerp
3393:Zeeland
3142:ˈɜː(r)l
2898:Houston
2839:ˈɒtə(r)
2637:hoister
2598:ˈoʊ,ˈoː
2585:ˈoʊ,ˈoː
2545:hoarder
2398:ˈaɪə(r)
2355:aye; ay
2290:aye; ay
2141:Heuston
2103:herring
1949:Eleanor
1900:heinous
1850:heaving
1798:ˈɛvə(r)
1791:heather
1771:heathen
1752:ˈɑː(r)t
1735:earring
1732:hearing
1719:hearing
1426:ˈɑː(r)t
1413:ˈɑː(r)m
1400:ˈɑː(r)k
1387:ˈɑː(r)k
1190:ˈɛə(r)d
1055:axe; ax
955:". (In
933:harmony
899:to the
814:'ardly
750:a hedge
725:of the
701:the egg
572:), and
554:Brummie
542:Cockney
476:History
304:accents
277:(as in
267:(as in
163:phoneme
155:palatal
147:glottal
106:-adding
85:England
81:English
67:of the
63:is the
26:in the
4106:Vowels
3824:
3798:Boston
3794:Leiden
3726:
3658:andhuk
3633:*quzaN
3575:(i.e.
3511:French
3445:Meppel
3441:Kampen
3437:Zwolle
3305:whored
3277:whored
3240:ˈɔː(r)
3161:Euston
3156:Huston
3122:Hughes
3109:Hughes
3096:Hughes
3083:Hughes
2903:Euston
2884:how're
2871:how're
2832:hotter
2742:hopped
2729:hopped
2640:oyster
2391:higher
2146:Euston
2070:here's
1973:ˈɛlənə
1966:Helena
1953:ˈɛlənə
1946:Helena
1907:ˈeɪnəs
1857:ˈiːvən
1837:heaven
1778:ˈiːvən
1739:ˈɪərɪŋ
1722:earing
1367:ˈɛə(r)
1334:ˈɛə(r)
1304:anchor
1301:hanker
1262:halter
1183:haired
1157:ˈɛə(r)
1039:hacked
1001:Notes
961:haitch
953:haitch
909:/hɜːb/
881:humble
869:honest
845:French
806:, and
742:Sandhi
712:/ˈɔːs/
697:hiatus
522:no /h/
448:, and
409:. The
405:, and
372:behind
368:be-ind
352:behind
261:behind
225:weight
223:) and
217:taught
42:
3952:
3917:. BBC
3629:hudan
3472:Ionic
3366:whose
3353:whose
3338:who's
3325:who's
3316:With
3308:oared
3268:With
3257:whore
3244:With
3233:whore
3224:With
3213:whore
3185:whore
3146:With
2914:Hoyle
2835:otter
2778:oared
2775:horde
2755:horde
2732:opped
2707:With
2683:holly
2674:With
2670:ˈoʊld
2663:holed
2657:ˈoʊld
2615:With
2565:hocks
2556:With
2548:order
2535:oared
2532:hoard
2508:hoard
2482:hitch
2437:ˈɪŋki
2430:hinky
2251:X; ex
2114:With
2110:ˈɛrən
2094:With
2090:ˈɛrən
2083:heron
2047:erred
2034:N; en
2021:M; em
1992:he'll
1969:Elena
1940:ˈɛlən
1936:Ellen
1933:Helen
1927:ˈaɪst
1920:heist
1911:With
1874:hedge
1861:With
1844:ˈɛvən
1824:heave
1811:heave
1802:With
1782:With
1745:heart
1709:erred
1706:heard
1680:With
1656:heady
1646:Eddie
1643:heady
1545:With
1541:ˈɑːnt
1534:haunt
1508:With
1500:eight
1458:haste
1371:With
1338:With
1265:alter
1227:With
1194:With
1186:erred
1161:With
1115:With
1052:hacks
1030:With
1026:ˈæbət
1022:abbot
1019:habit
929:habit
917:/ərb/
889:hotel
885:human
719:/ˈæs/
709:horse
652:(the
629:human
594:North
385:like
280:whine
257:house
151:velar
126:aitch
30:(IPA)
3822:ISBN
3724:ISBN
3643:and
3637:/ha/
3625:udan
3577:Dari
3513:and
3490:(or
3443:and
3407:and
3399:and
3397:West
3375:ˈuːz
3370:Ouse
3360:ˈuːz
3356:ooze
3347:ˈuːz
3342:Ouse
3332:ˈuːz
3328:ooze
3296:and
3284:ˈɔːd
3280:awed
3248:and
3204:and
3179:ˈaɪd
3172:Hyde
3138:earl
3135:hurl
3125:yews
3086:ewes
3077:ˈjuː
3070:Hugh
3057:Hugh
3044:Hugh
3031:Hugh
3021:yews
3018:hues
3005:hues
2992:hues
2982:ewes
2979:hues
2973:ˈjuː
2921:ˈɔɪl
2874:hour
2865:ˈaʊl
2858:howl
2815:ˈɔːn
2808:horn
2795:ˈɔːn
2788:horn
2762:ˈɔːd
2758:awed
2749:ˈɒpt
2736:ˈɒpt
2703:ˈoʊn
2696:hone
2690:ˈɒli
2686:Olly
2650:hold
2624:hoes
2572:ˈɒks
2515:ˈɔːd
2511:awed
2502:ˈaɪv
2498:I've
2495:hive
2489:ˈɪtʃ
2485:itch
2443:hire
2433:inky
2417:hill
2411:ˈaɪk
2404:hike
2378:high
2365:high
2352:high
2346:ˈaɪd
2339:hide
2255:ˈɛks
2242:ˈɛks
2225:yews
2222:hews
2209:hews
2199:ewes
2196:hews
2190:ˈjuː
2134:ˈiːz
2127:he's
2118:and
2106:Erin
2086:Erin
2073:ears
2057:here
2044:herd
2012:ˈɛlm
2005:helm
1999:ˈiːl
1979:hell
1923:iced
1903:anus
1894:ˈiːl
1887:heel
1881:ˈɛdʒ
1877:edge
1865:and
1853:even
1840:Evan
1831:ˈiːv
1827:eave
1818:ˈiːv
1794:ever
1774:even
1765:ˈiːt
1758:heat
1693:hear
1676:ˈiːl
1669:heal
1663:ˈɛdi
1659:eddy
1650:ˈɛdi
1630:head
1578:ˈɔːk
1571:hawk
1565:ˈɔːk
1558:hawk
1549:and
1537:aunt
1528:ˈɔːl
1521:haul
1512:and
1504:ˈeɪt
1497:hate
1491:ˈeɪt
1484:hate
1461:aced
1445:hash
1419:hart
1406:harm
1393:hark
1380:hark
1363:heir
1360:hare
1347:hare
1327:hare
1295:ˈænd
1288:hand
1256:ˈɔːl
1249:hall
1236:hale
1223:ˈeɪl
1216:hale
1173:heir
1170:hair
1150:hair
1137:hair
1131:ˈeɪm
1124:Haim
1111:ˈeɪl
1104:hail
1098:ˈeɪl
1091:hail
1059:ˈæks
1046:ˈækt
998:IPA
931:and
905:herb
867:and
861:hour
857:heir
660:and
596:and
580:and
568:and
536:and
486:Puns
468:and
454:/əv/
438:/əv/
434:have
407:have
366:and
350:and
348:home
344:heat
340:harm
320:/hw/
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