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761:, interviewed by Wright shortly after, maintained that he was unable to remember ever having done so. Nor was her husband in a position to convey to her information of use, despite vague newspaper suggestions, given the sharp separation of his work from that of foreign affairs and its focus on German spies and British turncoats rather than on matters related to the Soviet ally. In fact, Hart was anticommunist.
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684:. Hart's wit and humanity are demonstrated by the fact that he particularly enjoyed the passage where Sarah reports that John had been away for a long time, had arrived suddenly, and "enjoyed me straight way in his boots". Another incident at Blenheim that Hart enjoyed recounting was that he shared an office with one of the famous Cambridge spies,
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international law was "really" law. They had been wasting everyone's time, for the question was not a factual one, the many differences between municipal and international law being undeniable, but was simply one of conventional verbal usage, about which individual theorists could please themselves, but had no right to dictate to others.
1206:(1959, second edition 1985), which is regarded as one of the important academic discussions of causation in the legal context. The early chapters deal philosophically with the concept of cause and are clearly the work of Hart, while later chapters deal with individual cases in English law and are clearly his co-author's.
1114:, the rule by which any member of society may check to discover what the primary rules of the society are. In a simple society, Hart states, the recognition rule might only be what is written in a sacred book or what is said by a ruler. Hart claimed the concept of rule of recognition as an evolution from
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as having been in a position to have passed information to the
Soviets, and to Wright, MI5's official spy hunter, she explained her situation; Wright took no action. In fact her work as civil servant was in fields such as family policy and so would have been of no interest to the Soviets. The person
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as particularly influential during this time. The two jointly taught from 1948 a seminar on 'Legal and Moral
Responsibility'. Among Hart's publications at this time were the essays 'A Logician's Fairytale', 'Is There Knowledge by Acquaintance?', 'Law and Fact' and 'The Ascription of Responsibility
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The marriage contained "incompatible personalities", though it lasted right to the end of their lives and gave joy to both at times. Hart did joke with his daughter at one point, however, that "he trouble with this marriage is that one of us doesn't like sex and the other doesn't like food", and
923:
Significant in the differences between Hart and Kelsen was the emphasis on the
British version of positive law theory which Hart was defending as opposed to the Continental version of positive law theory which Kelsen was defending. This was studied in the University of Toronto Law Journal in an
936:
who had demonstrated his legal philosophy in a five-part article, "Language and the Law" and in a paper, "International Law and the
Controversy Concerning the Word 'Law'". In the paper on international law, he sharply attacked the many jurists and international lawyers who had debated whether
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A distinction between primary and secondary legal rules, such that a primary rule governs conduct, such as criminal law, and secondary rules govern the procedural methods by which primary rules are enforced, prosecuted and so on. Hart specifically enumerates three secondary rules; they
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reflected the fact that these phenomena each shared, without necessarily all possessing in common, some distinctive features. Glanville had himself said as much when editing a student text on jurisprudence and he had adopted essentially the same approach to "The
Definition of Crime".
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on the expansive reading of positive law theory to include philosophical and sociological domains of assessment rather than the more focused attention of Kelsen who considered
Continental positive law theory as more limited to the domain of jurisprudence itself.
575:
tailor of German and Polish origin; his mother, of Polish origin, daughter of successful retailers in the clothing trade, handled customer relations and the finances of their firm. Hart had an elder brother, Albert, and a younger sister, Sybil.
1229:(1965). Hart said that he believed Devlin's view of Mill's harm principle as it related to the decriminalisation of homosexuality was "perverse". He later stated that he believed the reforms to the law regarding homosexuality that followed the
509:. Hart's contributions focused on the nature of law, the relationship between law and morality, and the analysis of legal rules and systems, introducing concepts such as the "rule of recognition" that have shaped modern legal thought.
1079:, first published in 1961, and with a second edition (including a new postscript) published posthumously in 1994. The book emerged from a set of lectures that Hart began to deliver in 1952, and it is presaged by his Holmes lecture,
765:
according to Hart's biographer, LSE law professor Nicola Lacey, Hart was, by his own account, a "suppressed homosexual". Jenifer Hart was believed by her contemporaries to have had an affair of long duration with
1132:
2819:
1414:. However, key ideas in the book have also received fundamental reiterated criticism. For a summary, see C. M. Campbell, "The Career of the Concept" in P. Leith and P. Ingram (eds.)
637:, a division of British military intelligence concerned with unearthing spies who had penetrated Britain, where he renewed Oxford friendships including working with the philosophers
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Hart did not return to his legal practice after the war, preferring instead to accept the offer of a teaching fellowship (in philosophy, not law) at New
College, Oxford. Hart cites
40:
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A concept of "open-textured" terms in law, along the lines of
Wittgenstein and Waisman, and "defeasible" terms (later famously disavowed): both are ideas popular in
773:. The Harts had four children, including, late in life, a son who was disabled, the umbilical cord wrapped around his neck having deprived his brain of oxygen.
748:(specialising in the history of the police). Jenifer Hart was, for some years in the mid-1930s and fading out totally by decade's end, a 'sleeper' member of the
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543:, on the nature of legal interpretation. Hart's influence extended beyond his own work, mentoring legal thinkers the likes of
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The Rule of
Adjudication, the rule by which the society might determine when a rule has been violated and prescribe a remedy.
905:, Hart brought the tools of analytic, and especially linguistic, philosophy to bear on the central problems of legal theory.
1173:, a rights-oriented legal philosopher (and Hart's successor at Oxford) who criticised Hart's version of legal positivism in
2254:
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Hart's method combined the careful analysis of twentieth-century analytic philosophy with the jurisprudential tradition of
889:
Hart strongly influenced the application of methods in his version of Anglo-American positive law to jurisprudence and the
499:. One of the most influential legal theorists of the 20th century, he was instrumental in the development of the theory of
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and Claire Grant (2008). "Introduction", in
Matthew H. Kramer, Claire Grant, Ben Colburn, and Anthony Hatzistavrou (ed.):
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In addition to his legal positivism, Hart engaged in important debates on the role of law in society, most famously with
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A distinction between the internal and external points of view of law and rules, close to (and influenced by)
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Sugarman, David; Hart, H. L. A. (2005). "Hart Interviewed: H.L.A. Hart in Conversation with David Sugarman".
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912:, the great English legal, political, and moral philosopher. Hart's conception of law had parallels to the
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744:, a civil servant, later a senior civil servant, in the Home Office and, still later, Oxford historian at
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Many of Hart's former students have become important legal, moral, and political philosophers, including
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1240:". Hart considered himself to be "on the Left, the non-communist Left", and expressed animosity towards
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Herbert Lionel Adolphus Hart was born on 18 July 1907, the son of Rose Samson Hart and Simeon Hart, in
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1233:"didn't go far enough". Despite this, Hart reported later that he got on well personally with Devlin.
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developed a sophisticated view of legal positivism. Among the many ideas developed in this book are:
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944:(1961), which showed how the use in respect of different social phenomena of an abstract word like
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The Rule of Change, the rule by which existing primary rules might be created, altered or deleted.
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article titled "Leaving the Hart-Dworkin Debate" which maintained that Hart insisted in his book
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Born in Harrogate, England, Hart received a first class honours degree in classical studies from
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Keith Culver. "Leaving the Hart-Dworkin Debate', University of Toronto Law Journal, pp. 374–398.
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Hart gave lectures to the Labour Party on closing tax loopholes which were being used by the "
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in the 1950s, when Rawls was a visiting scholar at Oxford shortly after finishing his PhD.
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729:, though it was not published until 1961. In the interim, he published another major work,
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had been born. He enjoyed telling the story that there he was able to read the diaries of
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and practised successfully at the Chancery Bar from 1932 to 1940. He was good friends with
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1450:(2004). "Hart, Herbert Lionel Adolphus". In Matthew, H. C. G.; Harrison, Brian (eds.).
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Defending the Genetic Supermarket: The Law and Ethics of Selecting the Next Generation
1500:, Web Journal of Current Legal Issues (review 2007). Oxford University Press, (2004).
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theory that law is the command of the sovereign backed by the threat of punishment.
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over the enforcement of morality through law, and with his successor at Oxford,
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This approach was to be refined and developed by Hart in the last chapter of
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The Sanctity of Life and the Criminal Law: The Legacy of Glanville Williams
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Hart retired from the Chair of Jurisprudence in 1969 and was succeeded by
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There is a description of the Harts' household by the writer on religion
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920:, though Hart rejected several distinctive features of Kelsen's theory.
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Hart died in Oxford on 19 December 1992, aged 85. He is buried there in
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1783:(July 30, 1959). 162–163. Reprinted in Wasserstrom, Richard A. (ed.).
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at the University of Oxford in 1952, a position he held until 1969.
520:, Hart served in British intelligence, working with figures such as
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1169:
A late reply (published as a postscript to the second edition) to
2909:
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495:; 18 July 1907 – 19 December 1992) was an English
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1432:
The Legacy of H.L.A. Hart: Legal, Political and Moral Philosophy
1301:
Essays on Bentham: Studies in Jurisprudence and Political Theory
2891:
1882:
704:
83:
780:
became New Zealand's first deaf Member of Parliament in 2011.
1322:
Law, Morality, and Society: Essays in Honour of H. L. A. Hart
528:. Following the war, Hart transitioned to academia, becoming
39:
769:, a close friend of Hart's. In 1998, Jenifer Hart published
611:, among others. He received a Harmsworth Scholarship to the
484:
2648:
2097:
1805:
A Life of H. L. A. Hart: The Nightmare and the Noble Dream
1402:
The Concept of Law (Clarendon Law) (Clarendon Law Series)
737:
from 1959 to 1960. He gave the 1962 Master-Mind Lecture.
657:
and was a colleague of the mathematician and codebreaker
650:
634:
572:
206:
1496:
A Life of H.L.A. Hart: The Nightmare and the Noble Dream
664:
Hart's war work took him on occasion to MI5 offices at
1390:
Legal Positivism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
615:
and also wrote literary journalism for the periodical
1279:(Clarendon Press, 1961; 2nd edn 1994; 3rd edn 2012)
1221:(1963), which consisted of three lectures he gave at
1332:
487:
733:(with Tony Honoré) (1959). He was president of the
481:
3108:Professors of Jurisprudence (University of Oxford)
1434:. Oxford/New York, Oxford University Press, xiii.
1324:, edited by P. M. S. Hacker and Joseph Raz (1977)
877:. Hart also had a strong influence on the young
3009:
1253:"The Ascription of Responsibility and Rights",
1081:Positivism and the Separation of Law and Morals
516:, before qualifying at the English bar. During
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2296:
2083:
1600:. pp. 486, 492–494, 501, 504, 513, 536.
1591:
893:in the English-speaking world. Influenced by
752:. Three decades later she was interviewed by
1525:
1752:
1684:Nicola Lacey, A Life of H.L.A. Hart (2004).
999:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
558:
3028:People educated at Bradford Grammar School
2303:
2289:
2090:
2076:
1787:. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing, 1971.
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
567:, to which his parents had moved from the
38:
1779:Hart. H. L. A. "Immorality and Treason",
1753:Baker, Dennis J.; Horder, Jeremy (2013).
1711:
1063:Learn how and when to remove this message
916:formulated by Austrian legal philosopher
2820:Fundamental theory of Catholic canon law
1560:
1498:– H.L.A. Hart in Anglo-American Context"
815:
703:
3093:Principals of Brasenose College, Oxford
2099:Principals of Brasenose College, Oxford
2007:Professional and academic associations
1594:A History of University College, Oxford
1510:
1453:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1255:Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society
884:
682:John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough
678:Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough
3103:Presidents of the Aristotelian Society
3010:
1990:Principal of Brasenose College, Oxford
1922:Herbert Lionel Adolphus Hart 1970–1992
1446:
1442:
1440:
1307:Essays in Jurisprudence and Philosophy
1261:Definition and Theory in Jurisprudence
798:. He subsequently became principal of
96:Principal of Brasenose College, Oxford
3088:Fellows of University College, Oxford
3033:People educated at Cheltenham College
2284:
2071:
1567:. Biomedical Law and Ethics Library.
952:
680:, wife of the founder of the dynasty
503:, which was popularised by his book,
16:English legal philosopher (1907–1992)
2255:David Hennessy, 3rd Baron Windlesham
997:adding citations to reliable sources
964:
2982:
2748:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
1712:Armstrong, Karen (3 January 2005),
1695:"How got Mojo Mathers got her name"
1437:
13:
1209:As a result of his famous debate (
828:
699:
14:
3144:
3048:20th-century English philosophers
2310:
1897:
1864:vol. 51 (2005) (reviewing Lacey,
1285:(Stanford University Press, 1963)
708:Hart standing at the entrance to
2981:
2966:
2957:
2956:
1910:Obituary: Professor Herbert Hart
1540:10.1111/j.1467-6478.2005.00324.x
1418:. London, Routledge, 1988, 1-25.
1335:
1289:The Morality of the Criminal Law
1227:The Morality of the Criminal Law
969:
771:Ask Me No More: An Autobiography
750:Communist Party of Great Britain
649:, later head of MI5 and then of
477:
1934:Works by or about H. L. A. Hart
1773:
1746:
1737:
1705:
1687:
1678:
1661:
1643:
1632:
1309:(Oxford University Press, 1983)
1297:(Oxford University Press, 1968)
1291:(Oxford University Press, 1964)
1165:Artificial intelligence and law
624:
117:
3133:Burials at Wolvercote Cemetery
3128:Fellows of the British Academy
3083:Fellows of New College, Oxford
3073:British political philosophers
2778:Natural Law and Natural Rights
1879:H.L.A. Hart: The Nature of Law
1858:, "A Philosopher's Humanity",
1759:. Cambridge University Press.
1614:
1554:
1486:
1421:
1416:The Jurisprudence of Orthodoxy
1394:
1383:
1313:
820:Grave of H. L. A. Hart at the
719:at Oxford and was a fellow at
1:
3038:Alumni of New College, Oxford
1861:Chronicle of Higher Education
1831:852 (2006) (reviewing Lacey,
1592:Darwall-Smith, Robin (2008).
1376:
1295:Punishment and Responsibility
1193:
3098:Ordinary language philosophy
3043:20th-century British writers
1215:Patrick Devlin, Baron Devlin
932:Hart drew, among others, on
537:Patrick Devlin, Baron Devlin
468:Herbert Lionel Adolphus Hart
274:ordinary-language philosophy
51:Herbert Lionel Adolphus Hart
7:
2855:Libertarian theories of law
1963:at the University of Oxford
1328:
1247:
1202:, Hart wrote and published
1075:Hart's most famous work is
10:
3149:
2366:International legal theory
1961:Professor of Jurisprudence
1794:
1528:Journal of Law and Society
1012:"Concept of Law" Hart
958:
721:University College, Oxford
717:Professor of Jurisprudence
715:In 1952, Hart was elected
530:Professor of Jurisprudence
295:University College, Oxford
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2019:
2011:
2006:
1996:
1987:
1979:
1969:
1958:
1950:
1945:
1825:, "(Re)Taking Hart," 119
1639:Biography of Jenifer Hart
1534:(2). Blackwell: 267–293.
1283:Law, Liberty and Morality
1273:) (Clarendon Press, 1959)
1219:Law, Liberty and Morality
800:Brasenose College, Oxford
645:. He worked closely with
461:
395:
367:
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344:
308:
300:Brasenose College, Oxford
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220:
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131:
127:
102:
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37:
23:
2937:Rational-legal authority
2825:German historical school
2810:Analytical jurisprudence
1650:Obituary of Jenifer Hart
1561:Gavaghan, Colin (2007).
1404:. Clarendon Law Series.
742:Jenifer Fischer Williams
559:Early life and education
259:analytical jurisprudence
2905:Judicial interpretation
2215:Charles Buller Heberden
1866:A Life of H. L. A. Hart
1845:, Harper Collins, 2004
1833:A Life of H. L. A. Hart
1809:Oxford University Press
1598:Oxford University Press
1458:Oxford University Press
1303:(Clarendon Press, 1982)
1176:Taking Rights Seriously
595:in 1929. Hart became a
585:Bradford Grammar School
25:H. L. A. Hart
3068:British legal scholars
3063:English legal scholars
2992:WikiProject Philosophy
2346:Critical legal studies
2205:Edward Hartopp Cradock
1954:Arthur Lehman Goodhart
1669:Obituary: Jenifer Hart
1622:"Master-Mind Lectures"
1140:
825:
809:, which also contains
712:
618:John O'London's Weekly
3123:Bletchley Park people
3113:English legal writers
2915:Law without the state
2220:Charles Henry Sampson
1181:A Matter of Principle
819:
776:Hart's granddaughter
707:
668:, family home of the
591:. He took a first in
579:Hart was educated at
2875:Virtue jurisprudence
2815:Deontological ethics
2050:Master-Mind Lecturer
2023:Aristotelian Society
1843:The Spiral Staircase
1785:Morality and the Law
1714:The Spiral Staircase
1492:Mullender, Richard:
1361:Legal interpretivism
1267:Causation in the Law
1204:Causation in the Law
993:improve this section
885:Philosophical method
789:The Spiral Staircase
735:Aristotelian Society
731:Causation in the Law
672:and the place where
670:Dukes of Marlborough
238:political philosophy
3078:Philosophers of law
3058:Jewish philosophers
2240:Noel Frederick Hall
2225:William Stallybrass
2033:Austin Duncan-Jones
1983:Noel Frederick Hall
1716:, HarperPerennial,
1701:. 19 February 2012.
1667:Margaret Howatson,
1626:The British Academy
1351:Hart–Dworkin debate
1223:Stanford University
1112:Rule of Recognition
899:Ludwig Wittgenstein
822:Wolvercote Cemetery
807:Wolvercote Cemetery
757:who recruited her,
710:New College, Oxford
633:, Hart worked with
601:Richard Wilberforce
589:New College, Oxford
571:. His father was a
514:New College, Oxford
387:rule of recognition
290:New College, Oxford
254:Analytic philosophy
247:School or tradition
143:New College, Oxford
132:Academic background
2768:The Concept of Law
2758:Pure Theory of Law
2165:Francis Yarborough
1918:by Zenon Bankowski
1356:Hart–Fuller debate
1277:The Concept of Law
1211:Hart–Devlin debate
1089:The Concept of Law
1085:Harvard Law School
1077:The Concept of Law
961:The Concept of Law
954:The Concept of Law
942:The Concept of Law
934:Glanville Williams
926:The Concept of Law
914:Pure Theory of Law
826:
726:The Concept of Law
713:
581:Cheltenham College
569:East End of London
506:The Concept of Law
360:The Concept of Law
3005:
3004:
2977:Philosophy portal
2738:The Spirit of Law
2376:Philosophy of law
2356:Economic analysis
2341:Constitutionalism
2278:
2277:
2235:Maurice Platnauer
2200:Richard Harington
2066:
2065:
2057:Succeeded by
2030:Succeeded by
2021:President of the
1997:Succeeded by
1970:Succeeded by
1946:Academic offices
1823:Frederick Schauer
1428:Matthew H. Kramer
1242:Margaret Thatcher
1073:
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891:philosophy of law
746:St Anne's College
674:Winston Churchill
653:. Hart worked at
497:legal philosopher
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309:Doctoral students
156:J. L. Austin
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2140:Samuel Radcliffe
2135:Thomas Singleton
2130:Alexander Nowell
2120:Thomas Blanchard
2092:
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2040:Preceded by
2012:Preceded by
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1951:Preceded by
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1938:Internet Archive
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1456:. Vol. 25.
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1413:
1398:
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1343:Biography portal
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1231:Wolfenden report
1225:. He also wrote
1135:
1128:
1125:
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1068:
1061:
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1005:
973:
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643:Stuart Hampshire
631:Second World War
593:classical greats
501:legal positivism
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264:legal positivism
228:Legal philosophy
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2190:Frodsham Hodson
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1904:Short Biography
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863:Neil MacCormick
851:Kent Greenawalt
831:
829:Hart's students
785:Karen Armstrong
702:
700:Academic career
666:Blenheim Palace
627:
609:Christopher Cox
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1971:
1968:
1957:
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1930:by Tony Honoré
1919:
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1899:
1898:External links
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1875:Matthew Kramer
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1571:. p. 37.
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1053:November 2023
1045:
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1024:
1021:
1017:
1014: –
1013:
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1008:Find sources:
1002:
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983:
978:This section
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871:Chin Liew Ten
868:
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859:David Hodgson
856:
852:
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818:
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811:Isaiah Berlin
808:
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762:
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747:
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740:Hart married
738:
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732:
728:
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696:and Rights'.
694:
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686:Anthony Blunt
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613:Middle Temple
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78:(1992-12-19)
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3023:1992 deaths
3018:1907 births
2865:Paternalism
2860:Natural law
2722:(c. 355 BC)
2569:Montesquieu
2361:Legal norms
2270:John Bowers
2265:Alan Bowman
2150:Thomas Yate
2043:Ronald Syme
2015:Karl Popper
1928:In Memoriam
1460:. pp.
1366:Natural law
1315:Festschrift
1271:Tony Honoré
1200:Tony Honoré
1183:(1985) and
1116:Hans Kelsen
918:Hans Kelsen
903:Hans Kelsen
895:John Austin
843:John Finnis
835:Brian Barry
659:Alan Turing
629:During the
605:Douglas Jay
549:John Finnis
522:Alan Turing
321:John Finnis
316:Brian Barry
161:John Austin
98:(1973–1978)
3012:Categories
2972:Law portal
2599:Petrażycki
2589:Pashukanis
2584:Olivecrona
2519:Hägerström
2434:Blackstone
2155:John Meare
2027:1959–1960
1994:1973–1978
1967:1952–1968
1891:1509520732
1851:0007122284
1817:0199274975
1471:019861411X
1410:0199644705
1377:References
1371:Lon Fuller
1238:super-rich
1194:Other work
1124:basic norm
1023:newspapers
879:John Rawls
867:Joseph Raz
813:'s grave.
647:Dick White
545:Joseph Raz
526:Dick White
443:MacCormick
396:Influenced
375:Empiricist
331:Joseph Raz
269:liberalism
212:philosophy
200:Discipline
149:Influences
138:Alma mater
57:1907-07-18
2732:(c. 1270)
2614:Pufendorf
2549:Llewellyn
2409:Aristotle
2230:Hugh Last
1569:Routledge
1158:Max Weber
1141:Grundnorm
1133:‹See Tfd›
980:does not
824:in Oxford
597:barrister
565:Harrogate
378:normative
86:, England
67:, England
65:Harrogate
2962:Category
2884:Concepts
2850:Legalism
2802:Theories
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2659:Scaevola
2619:Radbruch
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2579:Nussbaum
2524:Jellinek
2489:Habermas
2484:Gurvitch
2454:Durkheim
2424:Beccaria
1732:9216389M
1480:54778415
1329:See also
1248:Writings
1179:(1977),
433:Houlgate
413:Feinberg
176:Waismann
2997:changes
2910:Justice
2664:Schmitt
2654:Savigny
2634:Reinach
2559:Maistre
2554:Luhmann
2529:Jhering
2479:Grotius
2464:Ehrlich
2459:Dworkin
2449:Cardozo
2429:Bentham
2419:Bastiat
2404:Aquinas
1936:at the
1885:: 2018
1811:: 2004
1795:Sources
1548:3557228
1462:575–580
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1037:scholar
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986:sources
587:and at
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418:Gardner
408:Dworkin
166:Bentham
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2892:Dharma
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2772:(1961)
2762:(1934)
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2694:Walzer
2674:Suárez
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2699:Weber
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2669:Shang
2624:Rawls
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