358:
384:, housing aviation fuel in the interior space within the wing. This had several effects on the overall design, including the substantial expansion of its internal fuel capacity and the freeing up of several underwing hardpoints that had been previously occupied by external fuel tanks, allowing for their use in the carriage of other equipment and armaments. Furthermore, the carriage of even-greater payloads was also enabled via the installation of an additional pair of underwing hardpoints.
26:
470:
225:. The satisfactory performance of these prototypes contributed to the issuing of a production order for the Ajeet. On 30 September 1976, the first production aircraft performed its maiden flight. Introduced to service during the following year, the Ajeet had a relatively brief and unremarkable service life, equipping only a single IAF squadron and being withdrawn from service during 1991.
349:
and pessimism over the project's value from officials heavily contributed to the trainer initiative being curtailed without any further examples being produced. The two surviving aircraft were dispatched to briefly serve with the IAF's No.2 Squadron, where they were used until the phaseout of the Ajeet was completed during 1991.
332:
flight. Despite this, as late as 1979, additional development tasks and changing requirements were being added onto the programme; these were attributed by defense analyst Amit Gupta as having caused the Ajeet's associated costs to substantially rise as well as having led to setbacks in the programme's manufacturing effort.
201:. As such, the IAF had a positive attitude towards the type, despite observing shortcomings in maintainability and some subsystems. Thus, during 1972, the service issued a requirement calling for the development of an upgraded and more capable variant of the Gnat, leading to the development of the Ajeet by HAL.
428:
Having fallen out of political favour, fewer than a hundred Ajeets were ultimately procured and the whole programme was effectively terminated barely a decade after its initiation. The aircraft built had relatively short and uneventful careers, and were retired from IAF service during 1991. The Ajeet
348:
observed that there was little need for a trainer version of the Ajeet as the original Gnat had already been developed into a training aircraft and therefore could have been acquired already if the IAF had the desire to do so. The twin factors of the anticipated imminent phaseout of the Ajeet fighter
340:
During the late 1970s and early 1980s, HAL undertook work on a project intending to produce a training-oriented variant of the Ajeet. During 1982, this programme had progressed to the point where the initial flight of a prototype for evaluation purposes occurred. This sole aircraft was soon lost in
284:
According to aviation author
Pushpindar Chopra, the design of the Gnat had both positive and negative attributes; while being inexpensive to construct and to operate, several of the onboard systems had been allegedly prone to low levels of reliability, particularly the control system of the aircraft,
293:
Accordingly, while the Gnat had been determined to be effective as a combat aircraft, it was also viewed that there was room for improvement on the design of its subsystems. During 1972, the IAF therefore issued a formal requirement, calling for the development and production of an improved model of
415:
During 1977, the HAL Ajeet was accepted into operational service with the IAF. However, only one squadron of the IAF ultimately operated the type, this being No.2 Squadron. According to political author Chris Smith, the lack of enthusiasm on the part of the IAF for the Ajeet was down to a change in
331:
while the second prototype following on 5 November that year. The flight testing phase of the programme reportedly validated the success of the re-designed aircraft, leading to a production order being placed for the Ajeet. On 30 September 1976, the first production aircraft performed its maiden
322:
for "Invincible" or "Unconquered". As the design developed, differences between the Ajeet and the original model of the Gnat that had served as its starting point became considerable. During the development process, deliberate efforts were made to rectify the encountered shortcomings and troubles
302:
role for the new model as well. According to a report by the Public
Accounts Committee of the Indian Parliament, the IAF officials tasked with overseeing the programme lacked realistic concepts of what was involved in the development process nor firm ideas on what the aircraft was required for.
258:(HAL). During its production run, in excess of 200 aircraft were constructed by HAL for the IAF; as much as 85 per cent of the airframe and 60 per cent of the engine were domestically produced. During 1958, the first Gnat fighter was accepted by the IAF into squadron service.
220:
for other purposes, effectively increasing both the range and payload capability of the aircraft. On 6 March 1975, the first of two Ajeet prototypes, producing via the conversion of the final two licence-produced Gnat fighters, conducted its
420:
speeds had also grown, as such, the Ajeet contrasted poorly with these new priorities. However, also according to Smith, the Ajeet benefitted both from the positive combat reputation garnered by the Gnat, as well as for its relatively low
285:
while some aspects had proved to be difficult to maintain. The reliability issues had been a known contributing factor to several accidents which had resulted in the total loss of individual Gnats and the deaths of several pilots.
326:
In support of the development programme, HAL decided to modify the final pair of Gnats on the production line to serve as prototypes for the Ajeet. On 6 March 1975, the first of these prototypes conducted its
369:, while also being capable of ground-attack missions. Being a derivative of the earlier Gnat, the aircraft appeared to be visually similar to its predecessor; the presence of a pair of extra underwing
377:
and onboard systems than the original design. However, the addition of these extra subsystems and features was not without consequence, as the Ajeet was less agile than the original Gnat.
306:
In response to the issuing of the original requirement, HAL set about designing their revision of the Gnat. Their work was greatly aided by an earlier decision by India to, upon the
204:
In the design phase of the Ajeet, HAL redesigned several aspects of the aircraft while seeking to improve both the reliability and effectiveness of several subsystems, such as the
957:
An Ajeet and four privately owned Gnat T.1s portrayed the fictional carrier-based "Oscar EW-5894 Phallus" tactical fighter bombers flown by US Navy pilots in the 1991 comedy
395:
arrangement, and refined control systems, to produce superior performance, compared to their original counterparts. The control surfaces were enhanced via the adoption of a
314:
during the 1960s, acquire many former assets of the company. The residual rights for the type had been transferred to the IAF while other items, such as the
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193:
by HAL, had acquitted itself favourably during its Indian service, including in active combat roles during multiple conflicts with
Pakistan, including the
261:
During its service life with the IAF, the Gnat proved to be relatively successful when deployed for active combat missions. The type was used in both the
416:
attitudes; the service had allegedly become increasingly opposed to the use of single-engine aircraft while a preference for fighters capable of
344:
However, information on the Ajeet trainer programme was received with a lack of interest on the part of the Indian government. IAF Air
Commodore
373:
being amongst the only obvious distinguishing features from the older Gnat. In general, the Ajeet was equipped with a variety of more capable
341:
a crash later that same year. The following year, a second prototype performed its maiden flight and was closely followed by a third.
1016:
605:
1815:
1345:
1835:
1820:
1581:
1233:
Gupta, Amit. "Building an
Arsenal: The Evolution of Regional Power Force Structures." Greenwood Publishing Group, 1997.
238:
During the 1950s, the government of India had come to an agreement with the United
Kingdom to procure a large number of
273:
missions and to perform short range ground attack runs. Due to its effectiveness against
Pakistani fighters, such the
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the Gnat. Although the original revision of the requirement had called for the type to be produced to function as an
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and test apparatus, had been moved to HAL. Early on, the fledgling aircraft design received the name "Ajeet",
1354:
1299:
Smith, Chris. "India's Ad Hoc
Arsenal: Direction Or Drift in Defence Policy?" Oxford University Press, 1994.
255:
175:
62:
281:. The Gnat was ultimately operated by the IAF for several decades up until its retirement during the 1980s.
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configuration, which was unique to the Ajeet. It was also decided to outfit the aircraft with improved
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250:(IAF). In addition to the acquisition of British-built Gnats, the type was also manufactured under a
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4 with a capacity of 900 kg (2,000 lb) total, with provisions to carry combinations of:
745:
1,034 m (3,400 ft) ISA at 4,136 kg (9,118 lb), 2x rocket pod and 2x drop tanks
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Certain aspects of the aircraft were heavily redesigned from the Gnat, such as the much enhanced
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The HAL Ajeet was a jet-propelled light fighter, primarily intended to function as a low-level
57:
1810:
1331:
1288:
Singh, Jasjit. "Indian Air Force: The Case for
Indigenisation." KW Publishers Pvt Ltd, 2013.
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295:
189:
light fighter aircraft. The Gnat, which had been procured in large numbers for the IAF and
8:
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172 km (107 mi, 93 nmi) lo-lo-lo, with two 250 kg (551 lb) bombs
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against neighbouring
Pakistan. Operationally, it was used to conduct both low-level
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One of the more significant changes made for the Ajeet was the addition of a
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expanded the fighter's internal fuel capacity and freed-up several underwing
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The prototype Ajeet, E1083, preserved outside HAL's headquarters in Bangalore
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2x 136.5 L (36.1 US gal; 30.0 imp gal) drop tanks
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Khan, J. A. "Air Power And Challenges To IAF." APH Publishing, 2004.
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15° at 4,136 kg (9,118 lb), 2x rocket pod and 2x drop tanks
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30° at 4,136 kg (9,118 lb), 2x rocket pod and 2x drop tanks
441: : The original Indian Air Force designation for the Ajeet Mk 1.
370:
217:
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1230:, June 1977, Vol 12 No 6. Bromley, UK:Fine Scroll. pp. 284–290.
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Kumar, Satish. "India’s National Security: Annual Review 2009."
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5.3g ISA at 834 km/h (518 mph; 450 kn), sea level
925:
447: : Single-seat lightweight ground-attack and interceptor
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1,134 km/h (705 mph; 612 kn) at sea level ISA
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1,152 km/h (716 mph, 622 kn) at sea level ISA
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1,102 km/h (685 mph; 595 kn) at sea level ISA
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15° at 834 km/h (518 mph; 450 kn), sea level
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30° at 834 km/h (518 mph; 450 kn), sea level
149:
298:, it was subsequently modified to incorporate a secondary
1319:
Folland Gnat / HAL Ajeet from Greg Goebel's Air Vectors
710:
12,000 m (39,000 ft) in 6 minutes 2 seconds
989:
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
585:
3,539 kg (7,802 lb) clean take-off weight
361:IAF Ajeet on undergoing cosmetic restoration, 2016
323:discovered within the design of the earlier Gnat.
457: : Two-seat advanced jet training prototype.
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952:
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677:M0.953 at 12,000 m (39,000 ft), ISA
662:M0.948 at 12,000 m (39,000 ft), ISA
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716:328.8 kg/m (67.3 lb/sq ft) max
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429:was never deployed in combat operations.
185:The Ajeet is a derivative of the British
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1831:India–United Kingdom military relations
1249:Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1982–83
1181:"The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage"
1106:
1017:List of aircraft of the Royal Air Force
606:TJE HAL/Bristol Siddeley Orpheus 701-01
516:Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1982–83
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410:
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813:658 m (2,200 ft) ISA at NLW
779:951 m (3,120 ft) ISA at NLW
495:
170:developed and manufactured by Indian
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555:12.69 m (136.6 sq ft)
277:, the type was given the moniker of
1355:Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)
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13:
893:2x 250 kg (551 lb) bombs
543:6.73 m (22 ft 1 in)
537:9.04 m (29 ft 8 in)
14:
1847:
1312:
1251:. London:Jane's Yearbooks, 1982.
759:1,047 m (3,435 ft) ISA
738:1,180 m (3,870 ft) ISA
723:1,376 m (4,500 ft) ISA
549:2.46 m (8 ft 1 in)
242:fighters, a light combat-capable
934:TA/RA-22 VHF tx/Rx {V/UHF later)
488:No. 2 Squadron, Indian Air Force
468:
91:89 (including 10 upgraded Gnats)
24:
1217:
1198:
871:2 × 30 mm (1.181 in)
806:695 m (2,280 ft) ISA
791:725 m (2,379 ft) ISA
772:997 m (3,300 ft) ISA
502:List of surviving Folland Gnats
1130:
1079:
704:13,720 m (45,000 ft)
591:4,173 kg (9,200 lb)
228:
178:(HAL). It was operated by the
1:
1816:1970s Indian fighter aircraft
1224:Chopra, Pushpindar. "Ajeet".
1022:
789:Landing run with brake chute:
598:2,767 kg (6,100 lb)
579:2,307 kg (5,086 lb)
256:Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
254:in India by aviation company
233:
182:(IAF) between 1977 and 1991.
176:Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
63:Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
1836:Aircraft first flown in 1976
1027:
953:Notable appearances in media
461:
407:for improved survivability.
7:
1821:Single-engined jet aircraft
966:
937:Bendix BEL AX-3 standby VHF
757:Landing run no brake chute:
432:
212:systems. The adoption of a
10:
1852:
1210:Retrieved 28 January 2024.
922:Ferranti navigation system
919:F195R/3 ISIS weapons sight
508:Specifications (HAL Ajeet)
267:Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
263:Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
199:Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
195:Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
1793:(*) are under development
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1127:Chopra 1977, pp. 287–288.
1103:Chopra 1977, pp. 286–287.
1094:Chopra 1977, pp. 284–286.
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1169:Taylor 1982, pp. 93–94.
522:General characteristics
596:Normal landing weight:
391:systems, the improved
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191:produced under license
397:all-moving tail plane
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252:licensing arrangement
1205:"Hot Shots! (1991)."
1160:Chopra 1977, p. 287.
1049:Chopra 1977, p. 288.
660:Maximum Mach number:
367:interceptor aircraft
1148:Kumar 2012, p. 373.
1076:Smith 1994, p. 159.
1067:Smith 1994, p. 160.
1000:Northrop T-38 Talon
972:Related development
589:Max takeoff weight:
423:radar cross-section
411:Operational history
336:Further development
36:General information
1826:High-wing aircraft
1115:Gupta 1997, p. 50.
1085:Khan 2004, p. 137.
1005:T-33 Shooting Star
496:Surviving aircraft
455:Ajeet Mk 2 Trainer
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265:and the follow-up
246:aircraft, for the
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1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1682:Under license
1680:
1671:
1670:IAI-HAL NRUAV
1667:
1663:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1625:
1621:
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1596:
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1413:
1410:
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1400:
1398:
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1374:
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1368:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1349:
1344:
1342:
1337:
1335:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1306:
1305:0-1982-9168-X
1302:
1298:
1295:
1294:9-3857-1483-X
1291:
1287:
1284:
1283:1-1367-0491-4
1280:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1268:8-1764-8593-4
1265:
1261:
1258:
1257:0-7106-0748-2
1254:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1239:0-2759-5787-X
1236:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1222:
1209:
1206:
1201:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1166:
1157:
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1124:
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1091:
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1064:
1062:
1060:
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1056:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1033:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1011:Related lists
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
992:
991:
990:
984:
983:Folland Midge
981:
979:
976:
975:
974:
973:
964:
962:
961:
945:
942:
939:
936:
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930:
927:
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921:
918:
915:
914:
913:
912:
911:
908:
898:
895:
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886:
883:
882:
880:
877:
874:
870:
867:
866:
865:
862:
848:
841:
840:
839:
838:
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836:
835:
834:
826:
823:
822:
812:
805:
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802:
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787:
786:
778:
771:
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767:
766:
758:
755:
754:
744:
737:
736:
735:
734:
733:
732:
731:
730:
722:
721:Take-off run:
719:
715:
714:Wing loading:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
696:Combat range:
694:
693:
683:
676:
675:
674:
673:
672:
671:
670:
669:
661:
658:
657:
647:
640:
639:
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637:
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634:
633:
625:
622:
621:
620:
618:
610:
607:
603:
600:
597:
594:
590:
587:
584:
583:Gross weight:
581:
578:
577:Empty weight:
575:
572:
570:
566:
563:
561:
557:
554:
551:
548:
545:
542:
539:
536:
533:
530:
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526:
525:
523:
518:
517:
514:
505:
503:
489:
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480:
477:
466:
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456:
453:
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443:
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436:
430:
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419:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
385:
383:
378:
376:
372:
368:
359:
350:
347:
342:
333:
330:
329:maiden flight
324:
321:
317:
313:
309:
304:
301:
300:ground-attack
297:
286:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
244:jet-propelled
241:
226:
224:
223:maiden flight
219:
215:
211:
207:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
183:
181:
177:
174:manufacturer
173:
169:
166:
162:
161:Unconquerable
158:
151:
143:
139:
130:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
94:
90:
86:
82:
79:
75:
71:
67:
64:
61:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
34:
27:
22:
17:
1811:HAL aircraft
1741:Transporters
1624:CATS Warrior
1575:Transporters
1499:
1274:
1248:
1225:
1218:Bibliography
1207:
1200:
1188:. Retrieved
1184:
1174:
1165:
1136:Singh 2013,
1132:
1099:
1090:
1081:
1072:
1010:
1009:
995:Northrop F-5
988:
987:
978:Folland Gnat
971:
970:
958:
956:
906:
904:
896:
890:
884:
878:
868:
860:
858:
842:5.28g - ISA
824:
788:
756:
720:
713:
707:
701:
695:
659:
623:
616:
614:
601:
595:
588:
582:
576:
567:
560:Aspect ratio
558:
552:
546:
540:
534:
528:
521:
519:
515:
512:
511:
499:
454:
444:
438:
427:
414:
401:Martin-Baker
393:landing gear
386:
379:
364:
346:Jasjit Singh
343:
339:
325:
305:
292:
283:
279:Sabre Slayer
278:
260:
240:Folland Gnat
237:
203:
187:Folland Gnat
184:
160:
157:Undefeatable
156:
137:
135:
129:Folland Gnat
112:6 March 1975
109:First flight
88:Number built
77:Primary user
58:Manufacturer
1748:Dornier 228
1720:Helicopters
1537:Helicopters
887:rocket pods
879:Hardpoints:
875:with 90 rpg
617:Performance
602:Powerplant:
308:liquidation
296:interceptor
229:Development
165:jet-powered
1805:Categories
1363:Indigenous
1247:(editor).
1023:References
960:Hot Shots!
810:15° at NLW
795:30° at NLW
776:15° at NLW
763:30° at NLW
553:Wing area:
445:Ajeet Mk 1
418:supersonic
371:hardpoints
234:Background
218:hardpoints
1527:Tejas Mk2
1275:Routledge
1028:Citations
827:5g - ISA
541:Wingspan:
513:Data from
462:Operators
439:Gnat Mk 2
389:hydraulic
210:hydraulic
172:aerospace
138:HAL Ajeet
1774:Prentice
1762:Trainers
1650:Su-30MKI
1549:Prachand
1462:Trainers
1357:aircraft
1277:, 2012.
1190:16 April
967:See also
917:Ferranti
907:Avionics
885:Rockets:
861:Armament
609:turbojet
433:Variants
382:wet wing
375:avionics
320:Sanskrit
214:wet wing
206:avionics
197:and the
163:) was a
152:: Ajīt,
142:Sanskrit
1727:Cheetah
1598:Gliders
1453:Pushpak
1448:Krishak
1387:HAOP-27
573:RAE 102
569:Airfoil
547:Height:
535:Length:
425:(RCS).
117:Retired
96:History
72:Retired
44:Fighter
1753:HS 748
1732:Chetak
1706:MiG-27
1701:MiG-21
1696:Jaguar
1605:Ardhra
1479:Sitara
1469:Deepak
1443:Basant
1427:HJT 39
1422:HTT-40
1417:HUL-26
1407:HJT-36
1402:HJT-16
1397:HPT-32
1303:
1292:
1281:
1266:
1255:
1237:
1208:IMPDb.
932:Bendix
926:Vinten
897:Other:
891:Bombs:
473:
353:Design
69:Status
1769:PC-5A
1588:Saras
1566:Rudra
1544:Dhruv
1522:Tejas
1516:TEDBF
1511:Marut
1500:Ajeet
1474:Kiran
1392:HF-24
1382:HA-31
946:Mk.10
869:Guns:
529:Crew:
476:India
83:(IAF)
52:India
19:Ajeet
1779:Hawk
1711:Gnat
1665:UAVs
1619:UAVs
1505:AMCA
1484:HT-2
1412:HT-2
1301:ISBN
1290:ISBN
1279:ISBN
1264:ISBN
1253:ISBN
1235:ISBN
1192:2019
604:1 ×
564:3.56
403:GF4
316:jigs
208:and
154:lit.
150:IAST
146:अजीत
136:The
120:1991
104:1977
41:Type
1610:G-1
1582:RTA
1560:MLH
1554:LUH
1377:G-1
944:IFF
681:15°
666:30°
645:15°
630:30°
310:of
159:or
1807::
1183:.
1153:^
1141:^
1120:^
1108:^
1054:^
1036:^
963:.
504:.
148:;
144::
1672:*
1657:*
1626:*
1590:*
1584:*
1562:*
1556:*
1529:*
1518:*
1507:*
1347:e
1340:t
1333:v
1307:.
1296:.
1285:.
1270:.
1259:.
1241:.
1194:.
844:+
829:+
808:+
793:+
774:+
761:+
740:+
725:+
679:+
664:+
643:+
628:+
571::
562::
531:1
451:.
140:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
