278:
859:, announced on 9 May 1990 that it was acquiring HCR Corporation. Financial terms were not disclosed but the companies said it would be a "share swap with a multimillion dollar value." The acquired entity would take on the name SCO Canada, Inc., and operate as an independent subsidiary company. The office remained at the same Bloor Street address. Tilson remained head of the operation and became a vice president of SCO. The two companies had been both allies and competitors at different times in the past, as had the software products group of Logica (which had been part of the early Xenix work, and which SCO had previously acquired in 1986).
707:
31:
684:. Chariot was well received in computer industry trade shows, and some 1,500 VARs signed up for it or otherwise indicated interest. But HCR was short on both time and money and the promised delivery date of February 1986 was not met, and even had Chariot been ready for release, the company lacked the ability to market it effectively.
596:. HCR gave training courses in Unix. From its Toronto offices, HCR provided Unix training courses and executive seminars on the importance and impact of Unix, and offered introductory Unix seminars at various North American cities. Between 1982 and 1985, HCR staff published a dozen articles for, or presented at conferences of, the
893:
office of Novell had a languages and development tools group with more advanced technology than what SCO Canada had been working with, and that made the SCO Canada engineering staff largely redundant once the Novell deal was closed in
December 1995. The SCO Canada office was shut down in early 1996.
866:
operating system. SCO Canada also took over work on the existing SCO Microsoft C compiler that dated back to Xenix days; it was offered in addition to the pcc compiler as part of the SCO OpenDesktop
Development System. SCO Canada continued to sell the HCR C++ product, which by 1991 had an estimated
842:
In
Baecker's course analysis of the company's strategic history, he summarized this period as reflecting Tilson's nature of "the technologist, the pragmatist, the realist ... go where HCR had expertise, i.e., UNIX software development tools (unfortunately, too late)". However, Tilson's recollections
454:
on various 16-bit and 32-bit processors. It also stressed the portability traits, good and bad, of the C language. An employee of HCR in the early 1980s, Richard Miller, had had an especially historic role in Unix, having done, in 1977, one the first ports of Unix to a non-PDP architecture while he
316:
But it also tried to establish a product business, with an effort underway by 1977 to try to market the NewsWhole newspaper layout product. Despite newspapers seeing demonstrations of the product and liking it, they were unwilling to commit their businesses to a product from an unproven, very small
714:
The fallout from the
Chariot project was such that by July 1986, Kukulsky had resigned and co-founder Tilson was president of the company. Tilson had previously been serving as vice president of technical development. The company's management divested itself of the business products, deciding to
687:
These business products were not successful, with very little actual revenue coming in from them and substantial development costs being incurred. Overall, Human
Computing Resources went through the same tribulations as many software firms, such as a failing to accurately predict development costs
620:
Under
Kukulsky, the company sought to focus on software products that would run on Unix, and in particular, products aimed at business users. Indeed, the promise of producing business applications was part of what had attracted venture capital funding and part of why Kukulsky had been hired. The
561:
in 1982 to $ 2.2 million in 1983 to $ 3.2 million in 1984, with Unix porting contracts with hardware manufacturers ranging from $ 100,000 to $ 1 million in size. Some 80 percent of the company's sales came from the United States, 15 percent from Europe, and 5 percent from Canada itself.
549:
By one account, HCR received funding in 1982 and 1983 from two
Canadian venture capital firms, Ventures West Technologies and TD Capital Group, with the two combined ending up with 50 percent ownership of HCR; more money was subsequently raised by diluting existing shares. By another account, HCR
377:
In particular, as
Baecker said in 2001 for a University of Toronto course he gave on software as a business, HCR's focus became doing "UNIX operating systems programming for hardware companies without UNIX expertise needing to bring UNIX to market quickly." As such, their customer space was in the
254:
Another co-founder was
Michael Tilson, who as a graduate student of Baecker's at the University of Toronto during the mid-1970s was one of the early pioneers of Unix adoption in Canada. An additional co-founder was David Tilbrook, a student of Baecker's who had developed the interactive NewsWhole
603:
Overall, however, HCR did not focus on one specific mission. In his 2001 course on software as a business, Baecker spoke of the "Three
Product Strategies of HCR", and began by being critical of the time he was in charge of the company, saying that its strategy reflected his personality: "the
369:
in the United Kingdom, as part of making further improvements to Xenix and porting Xenix to other platforms. In doing so, Microsoft gave HCR and Logica the rights to do Xenix ports and license Xenix binaries in those territories. As a result, some of Xenix was developed by Human Computing
799:
HCR also provided validation services and a test suite for C compilers. In 1990, HCR announced the release of the SuperTest suite, in collaboration with Associated Computer Experts (ACE) of the Netherlands, which included nearly 400,000 separate tests of C compiler conformance and quality.
721:
By 1987, the official name of the company had changed to HCR Corporation. Principal ownership of the company was split among five venture capital investors, who together owned 70 percent of HCR. The headquarters office had moved as well, now being located in a
219:
as part of the porting work, and for consulting and product development work on Unix. It was a pioneer in the Unix industry and by one account was the second firm ever to commercially support Unix. By 1990 HCR was a prominent player in the Canadian Unix scene.
697:
Baecker's course analysis spoke critically of this era of the company as well, saying that it had embodied Kukulsky's personality of "the salesman, the opportunist ... go where the money is, i.e., 4GLs for UNIX, an area in which HCR had no expertise".
843:
revealed a more positive view: "My role as CEO was to turn the company around with greater focus on core business. The ultimate result was to be acquired as a healthy business with a good return for shareholders and new opportunities for employees."
580:, employees at HCR became Unix evangelists. They were quoted in newspaper articles as the operating system became more discussed in technology circles and appeared in overseas symposiums with the likes of Unix inventors and pioneers
370:
Resources in Toronto. The early history of Xenix has a sometimes unclear narrative, but by some accounts HCR had a greater role than just extending what Microsoft had done, as it had to take over the initial porting of the AT&T
612:
In February 1984, Baecker stepped down as president of HCR, and returned on a more active basis to the faculty of the University of Toronto. He was replaced as president by Dennis Kukulsky, formerly a national sales manager with
479:
operating system, providing file path translations and the ability to use Unix utilities from VMS. In addition, Unity was sold on an OEM basis for other architectures, which in 1983 included the NS16032 and the Motorola 68000.
324:– and for business. By 1979 the new firm had begun exhibiting at the annual Canadian Computer Show and Conference in Toronto. Baecker maintained a part-time involvement in his academic career during this period.
655:
This was followed by HCR's Chariot UNIX Business Software, which sold for around $ 7,500 per development system. It included the business application modules of Chronicle but more importantly contained a
784:
The company's management made one of its focuses be on development tools. By 1989 HCR was still a vendor for a BASIC interpreter and Pascal compiler, and had added a compiler for the burgeoning
211:
By a description of one of its founders, HCR was a "UNIX contract R&D and technology development and marketing firm." The company was most known for its extensive knowledge of Unix, for
792:. Their advertisements for the HCR/C++ product emphasized the multiple platform packaging, documentation, and support services that came with it. HCR was an early participant in the
565:
There was competition, as other companies were in this area. In addition to Interactive Systems Corporation and SCO, companies doing Unix ports or substantial work with Unix included
317:
software business. In 1979 the NewsWhole product was dropped. As Tilson said in a 1986 interview, "The company quickly discovered that the software industry was not a bed of roses."
475:, it was sold on a stand-alone basis for the PDP-11 and VAX minicomputers from Digital Equipment Corporation. Moreover, HCR had an implementation of Unity that ran on top of the
365:(SCO) in this work, with the two companies' engineers working together on improvements. Microsoft and SCO then further engaged HCR in Canada, and a software products group within
1763:
870:
SCO Canada also took on some other work, such as looking to provide strategic partners with porting assistance to SCO Unix, and doing integration work between SCO Unix and
247:, an associate professor in the Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering at the University of Toronto and a significant figure and pioneer in the field of
1740:
737:
about what Unix might look like thirteen years out in the year 2000. In 1989 the Canadian branch of UniForum named Tilson the Man of the Decade for his work on Unix.
621:
company was faced with a significant loss for 1985, due to increased development, sales, and marketing costs, including opening sales offices in the United States.
554:
from one round of venture capital funding in 1981 and $ 2.2 million from another round in 1984, with Ventures West Technologies being one of the firms involved.
710:
The 10th floor of this office building at 130 Bloor Street West in Toronto (here seen in 1999) housed the offices of HCR Corporation and later SCO Canada, Inc.
2107:
See also Thomas J. Kelly, Allen McIntosh, "A Portable Intermediate Code Optimizer for C", USENIX Conference Proceedings, Summer 1985, Portland, pp. 577-589.
1798:
2578:
2563:
535:, which was supported commercially by Rhodnius Ltd, another Toronto-based software firm. HCR also marketed several business applications. By 1983,
2583:
2558:
2553:
243:, with the aim of creating computer graphics and systems software. The company was privately held. Foremost among these co-founders was
821:
pronounced CoCo an "interesting tool" that could be used in conjunction with existing Unix-based configuration management commands such as
261:, which became an early predecessor to desktop publishing. Other Baecker students who later became well known in the Unix world included
2533:
2573:
1628:
1674:
1087:
2407:
1615:
1206:
2568:
1467:
2152:
1066:
1925:
1361:
1565:
1541:
1282:
Page number is for some issue within volume. Full text and bibliographic information available at Stanford University Library
1273:
1096:
Page number is for some issue within volume. Full text and bibliographic information available at Stanford University Library
1176:
1255:
2132:
1995:
1768:(Third ed.). Digital Equipment Corporation. January 1986. pp. 1037–1039, 1100–1101, 1118–1119, 1411–1412, 1511.
803:
In addition, HCR developed and sold the Configuration Control Menu System, or CoCo. This product was designed to manage
600:
association, and HCR hosted the Summer 1983 USENIX conference in Toronto where some 1,600 Unix users were in attendance.
2519:
2100:
1425:
1371:
718:
The changes resulted in HCR becoming profitable again, with earnings of around $ 100,000 on revenue of $ 4 million.
302:
1143:
777:(pcc) as a starting point for much of this kind of work, but they had developed components of their own, such as a
862:
The HCR acquisition allowed SCO to improve its development tools offerings, especially for the recently released
562:
Marketing costs were minimal since those were borne by the hardware manufacturers for selling complete systems.
520:
emulator. For operating system usability, there was the configurable HCR Menu Shell, which ran atop the standard
379:
348:
749:
624:
HCR released the Chronicle Business Applications Software suite in 1985. HCR's Chronicle included modules for
320:
In 1978 Human Computing Resources began giving courses in the Toronto area on computers for personal use – the
248:
969:
413:
1692:
733:
The firm continued to have a visible presence in the Unix industry. Tilson gave a talk at the Unix-focused
664:
to allow HCR's customers to create new business applications or tailor existing ones. Chariot was aimed at
2170:"Robust New C Compiler Test Suite from HCR and ACE Offers Stress Tests, Conformance to New ANSI C Standard"
277:
493:
488:
Besides Unix itself, the company was showcasing a variety of system software products. These included a
468:
stated that HCR "probably has more experience porting UNIX to different architectures than anyone else."
1117:
2069:
1527:
1523:
1514:
1447:
839:
By 1990, HCR had around 50 employees. The company did not disclose its annual revenues at that point.
822:
817:
785:
501:
239:
Human Computing Resources was founded in 1976 by several computer scientists at, and graduates of, the
1902:
1287:
1101:
1745:(Third ed.). Digital Equipment Corporation. January 1986. pp. 57–58, 308–309, 364–365, 748.
886:
532:
2454:"Technical Advisory: Can OpenServer 5 access NetWare 4.1 servers as they support NDS and we do not?"
2425:
2169:
2002:. Vol. 27, no. 5. Outremont, Quebec: Plesman Publications Ltd. 9 March 2001. p. 11.
456:
387:
497:
1780:
2439:
2227:
2088:
1224:
856:
649:
451:
399:
2380:
1184:. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. pp. 36, 253, 256, 263, 272, 274, 283–284.
557:
The company was profitable during some of these years. Revenues rose from $ 1.3 million
290:
The new company's offices were on St. Mary Street, in a mid-century modern building just off
2361:
2325:
2051:
1974:
1825:
1651:
1584:
1322:
867:
450 licensed sites using it, and maintained a role in the language's standardization effort.
715:
return its focus to system software and developers. Staffing reductions took place as well.
661:
240:
193:
2228:"Notice Pursuant to the National Cooperative Research Act of 1984; UNIX International, Inc."
1884:
1765:
VAX Software Source Book: Volume 2: Information Management to Utilities and Reference Guides
2234:. Washington, DC: National Archives and Records Administration. 1 March 1989. p. 8608.
1185:
1120:. Special Interest Group on Computer–Human Interaction, Association for Computing Machinery
852:
665:
570:
383:
362:
344:
306:
224:
201:
2293:
1601:
1317:
Breckenridge, Joan (28 October 1986). "A leader in Unix software makes a profit at last".
941:"Unix at 25: The history of Unix is as much about collaboration as it is about technology"
604:
academic, the visionary, ... go everywhere, which is to have no focus and to go nowhere".
524:
and provided a more friendly and customizable interface, and the HCR/EDIT screen-oriented
8:
778:
774:
677:
633:
440:
343:
founding place. This work began in 1979 when HCR acquired a license to resell Unix from
295:
2398:
2286:
1189:
688:
and being unsure how to market products once developed. One executive commented to the
2508:
2209:
940:
833:
770:
727:
577:
412:
as a case study of doing a Unix port. Other architectures they worked on included the
257:
740:
The company continued to do complex Unix porting work, such as having a contract with
2096:
2003:
1421:
1367:
1044:
916:
706:
589:
2213:
2512:
2498:
2199:
812:
756:
629:
436:
336:
189:
2406:. Alexandria, Virginia: Institute for Defense Analysis. July 1991. p. C-10.
1484:
1094:. Vol. 9–10. Canadian Information Processing Society. 1985–1986. p. 35.
863:
585:
558:
551:
472:
404:
391:
197:
150:
1978:
1829:
1326:
1283:
1097:
347:
By one account, HCR was the second firm to support Unix commercially, following
1039:
871:
804:
690:
645:
625:
505:
424:
395:
371:
244:
110:
2547:
2453:
2007:
1048:
793:
759:
745:
593:
321:
2467:
2343:
2307:
2267:
2027:
1946:
1874:
Advertisement that ran at other times as well, e.g. 29 December 1984, p. 39.
1865:
1846:
1713:
1393:
1340:
1034:
988:
723:
581:
521:
291:
2503:
2486:
2289:. Usenet group comp.compilers and mailing list reflector. 16 October 1992.
2204:
2187:
541:
trade publication was referring to HCR as a "well-known software vendor".
808:
741:
537:
525:
432:
2067:"Human Computing Resources and ETA Systems Are Still Working Together".
1969:
Bulas, Peter (24 July 1986). "HCR on Track Again After Chariot Fiasco".
1280:. Vol. 2. Canadian Information Processing Society. 1977. p. 8.
923:. University of Toronto Department of Computer Science. 16 January 2001.
446:
This work often included establishing Unix environments and functioning
890:
513:
428:
366:
30:
2474:. Melbourne. 26 September 1995. p. 29 – via Newspapers.com.
1820:
Chevreau, Jonathan (15 July 1983). "$ 10-billion Unix industry seen".
1448:"Watch: A look-back conversation with Doug Michels, co-founder of SCO"
1262:. Toronto. 6 March 1986. p. C8 – via Gale Academic OneFile.
531:
In addition, HCR often worked with, and did active marketing for, the
2400:
Availability of Ada and C++ Compilers, Tools, Education, and Training
976:. Canadian Press. 10 May 1990. p. H8 – via Newspapers.com.
829:
681:
673:
641:
637:
614:
464:
354:
340:
332:
Human Computing Resources began to focus on writing software for the
186:
2245:
2050:
Tilson, Michael (October 1987). "UNIX at the Turn of the Century".
878:
489:
447:
266:
262:
216:
701:
471:
The HCR variant of Unix was branded as Unity. Initially based on
1953:. Toronto. 22 March 1986. p. C17 – via Newspapers.com.
1347:. Toronto. 20 October 1979. p. 3 – via Newspapers.com.
669:
566:
509:
476:
409:
231:, which existed until 1996 when the Toronto offices were closed.
212:
205:
1530:
slides; most of the later lectures can be found at similar URLs.
1256:"Companies developing products finding varied routes to success"
882:
789:
597:
420:
416:
1915:
A dozen entries for Human Computing Resources and one for HCR.
2426:"X3J16 Meeting No. 18; WG21 Meeting No. 13; 9 - 14 July 1995"
2172:(Press release). Usenet group comp.newprod. 13 February 1990.
1742:
VAX Software Source Book: Volume 1: Accounting to Health Care
1043:. Toronto, Ontario: The Financial Times Limited. p. C8.
767:
763:
753:
517:
358:
2296:. DESY: C++ Products List and Description. 20 December 1995.
877:
In September 1995, it was announced that SCO was buying the
734:
333:
2350:. 7 December 1986. p. D-1 – via Newspapers.com.
1872:. 22 December 1984. p. 30 – via Newspapers.com.
1675:"Information on Vendor Exhibits at the Toronto Conference"
694:
that when it came to software, "Pricing is a black art."
657:
310:
1520:. Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto.
1420:. New York: Addison Wesley Professional. pp. 9–10.
2274:. 13 May 1990. p. D-13 – via Newspapers.com.
234:
2520:"SCO Unveils Targeted Release Strategy for UnixWare 7"
2326:"Santa Cruz Operation Ltd. to Offer Source for Xenix"
1522:
Lecture 2, slides 2.11 and 2.28. For context see the
2344:"Around the county: Software firm announces changes"
2314:. 11 May 1990. p. 6 – via Newspapers.com.
2308:"Software firm HCR opts for U.S. strategic alliance"
1652:"'Unity' Adaptation of Unix Unveiled for DEC VAX-11"
773:
supercomputer architecture. HCR used the Bell Labs
339:, which was starting to gain a foothold outside its
281:
Location of the offices of Human Computing Resources
1964:
1962:
1960:
1485:"The Challenge Apple Faces in Enterprise Computing"
1400:. MontrĂ©al. p. I-6 – via Newspapers.com.
917:"Software Visualization for Programmers and Users"
2362:"News Wire: Santa Cruz Operation to Buy HCR Corp"
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
2545:
2034:. Toronto. p. 5 – via Newspapers.com.
1957:
1685:
251:. Baecker served as president of the new firm.
702:Change of name and another change in leadership
617:. Baecker remained as chairman of the company.
578:penetrate into wider consciousness in the 1980s
309:jobs. An early customer for contract work was
301:Human Computing Resources initially focused on
215:Unix to new hardware platforms, for developing
1781:"Editor Offers 'Realistic Assessment' of Unix"
1495:
970:"California firm acquires Unix-systems leader"
766:to develop C and Fortran 77 compilers for the
2045:
2043:
2041:
1841:
1839:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1614:Also available in slightly different form as
1441:
1439:
1437:
832:of the late 1980s, HCR was affiliated on the
730:, a short distance from the previous site.
285:
2133:"ESD: The Electronic System Design Magazine"
2082:
2080:
1815:
1813:
1791:
1533:
1316:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1174:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
402:. Tilson published a seven-page article in
2522:(Press release). HPCwire. 14 November 1997.
2181:
2179:
2121:. Computer Business Review. 15 August 1989.
1973:. Vol. 12, no. 15. p. S1–2.
1669:
1667:
1665:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1082:
1080:
779:portable intermediate-code global optimizer
357:was working on its version of Unix, called
2137:ESD: The Electronic System Design Magazine
2038:
2028:"Software makers must learn market skills"
2021:
2019:
2017:
1990:
1988:
1941:
1939:
1836:
1749:
1724:
1576:
1472:. R. W. Evans Associates. 1987. p. 7.
1434:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
752:networking improvements to that company's
516:were also offered. There was a Unix-based
204:for it. Founded in 1976, it was based in
2579:Canadian companies disestablished in 1990
2564:Software companies disestablished in 1990
2502:
2484:
2203:
2185:
2077:
2073:. Computer Business Review. 14 July 1987.
2025:
1810:
1720:. Vancouver. 26 October 1983. p. 58.
1599:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1456:See around 10:45 mark of interview video.
1411:
1409:
1407:
1341:"Most Authoritative Industry Lineup Ever"
1293:
1157:
1061:
1059:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
934:
932:
930:
227:(SCO) in 1990. It became the subsidiary
2487:"Optimizing away C++ exception handling"
2176:
2086:
1819:
1679:login: The Magazine of USENIX & SAGE
1662:
1639:
1445:
1380:
1239:
1201:
1199:
1151:login: The Magazine of USENIX & SAGE
1112:
1110:
1077:
1053:Spring, 1985 supplement – Computer Post.
1035:"Why HCR is changing corporate strategy"
995:. p. 12 – via Newspapers.com.
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
954:
705:
276:
2456:. Santa Cruz Operation. 3 January 1996.
2442:. Usenet group can.jobs. 13 April 1995.
2440:"Job Openings at SCO Canada in Toronto"
2188:"Evolution of configuration management"
2117:"HCR Has a C++ Compiler, the HCR/C++".
2014:
1985:
1936:
1885:"Bell Labs Expands Unix Intro Seminars"
1708:
1706:
1620:
1512:
1391:
1137:
1135:
980:
607:
2584:Canadian companies established in 1976
2559:Software companies established in 1976
2546:
2485:Schilling, Jonathan L. (August 1998).
2378:
2300:
2192:ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes
2150:
2049:
1626:
1563:
1552:
1539:
1513:Baecker, Ronald (January–April 2001).
1482:
1404:
1363:Conference proceedings, Aug. 3-7, 1981
1056:
999:
927:
911:
909:
907:
762:. Similarly, HCR had a contract with
2536:. Yumpu. 1 September 2011. p. 3.
1968:
1903:"USENIX bibliography listing by date"
1778:
1359:
1196:
1141:
1107:
1032:
951:
938:
885:, which in turn had acquired it from
846:
374:after Microsoft was unable to do so.
179:Human Computing Resources Corporation
2554:Defunct software companies of Canada
2423:
2268:"Business digest: Around the county"
2095:. New York: Springer. p. 2158.
1703:
1583:"Announcement and call for papers".
1418:UNIX Internals: A Practical Approach
1415:
1394:"Unix won't make rivals obsolescent"
1178:Life with UNIX: A Guide For Everyone
1132:
986:
855:(SCO), an American company based in
235:Origins at the University of Toronto
2413:from the original on 27 March 2020.
1515:"CSC 454: The Business of Software"
1366:. SIGGRAPH '81. pp. xiv, 121.
1227:. Architectural Conservancy Ontario
1175:Libes, Don; Ressler, Sandy (1989).
904:
533:Mistress relational database system
327:
13:
2468:"Novell dumps Unix in sale to SCO"
2287:"Opening at SCO Canada in Toronto"
2093:Encyclopedia of Parallel Computing
2026:Blackwell, Richard (5 July 1986).
1606:Annals of the History of Computing
1392:Buckler, Grant (20 October 1984).
1207:"'Computers-For-Everyone' Courses"
272:
269:, although neither worked at HCR.
14:
2595:
2574:1990 disestablishments in Ontario
2010:– via Gale General OneFile.
1142:Salus, Peter H. (February 2002).
813:email available on Unix platforms
744:to develop a C compiler and port
728:Yorkville neighborhood of Toronto
573:, and a number of smaller firms.
483:
408:magazine about their work on the
303:information technology consulting
2186:Bazelmans, Rudy (October 1985).
2151:Lenkov, Dmitri (20 April 1990).
1540:Tilson, Michael (October 1983).
1446:Isenberg, Sara (21 April 2016).
939:Salus, Peter H. (October 1994).
650:sales and profitability analysis
512:architecture for C, Pascal, and
29:
2526:
2478:
2460:
2446:
2432:
2424:Saks, Dan (16 September 1995).
2417:
2391:
2372:
2354:
2336:
2318:
2278:
2260:
2238:
2220:
2162:
2144:
2125:
2110:
2060:
1918:
1895:
1877:
1858:
1772:
1593:
1476:
1459:
1352:
1333:
1266:
1217:
1067:"Not 'the Toronto Operations'?"
1033:Lerch, Renate (23 March 1985).
881:and related Unix business from
380:original-equipment manufacturer
361:, and in 1982 engaged with the
349:Interactive Systems Corporation
2569:1976 establishments in Ontario
2332:. 8 December 1986. p. 33.
1779:Lebow, Max A. (28 June 1982).
1658:. 11 October 1982. p. 47.
1627:Dvorak, John (18 April 1983).
794:ISO C++ standardization effort
788:that was based on AT&T's
781:that fit into the pcc scheme.
750:Berkeley Software Distribution
1:
2379:Seirup, Brian (31 May 1994).
1681:. September 1983. p. 44.
1542:"Moving Unix to New Machines"
1213:. 31 January 1979. p. 2.
897:
544:
414:Digital Equipment Corporation
2053:AUUGN Winter 1987 Conference
462:In 1983, the trade magazine
7:
2246:"Profile of Michael Tilson"
2232:Federal Register, Volume 54
2153:"Attachment 2 – Attendance"
2087:Reinders, James R. (2011).
1926:"Business Computer Systems"
1853:. 9 April 1984. p. 13.
1589:. January 1985. p. 80.
1483:Murphy, Paul (4 May 2004).
1051:– via Newspapers.com.
987:Rust, Len (28 March 1983).
494:Pascal programming language
59:; 48 years ago
10:
2600:
2368:. 14 May 1990. p. 40.
2119:Computergram International
2070:Computergram International
1891:. 21 June 1982. p. 9.
1278:CIPS Review (La Revue ACI)
1092:CIPS Review (La Revue ACI)
818:Software Engineering Notes
502:BASIC programming language
286:Consulting and contracting
249:human–computer interaction
2248:. West Cliff Technologies
2091:. In Padua, David (ed.).
1930:Business Computer Systems
1866:"UNIX Executive Seminars"
1851:The Sydney Morning Herald
1714:"Human Computing at show"
1699:. April 1984. p. 21.
1616:"The First Port of Unix*"
1600:Reinfelds, Juris (1989).
1586:AUUGN 1985 Summer Meeting
993:The Sydney Morning Herald
887:Unix Systems Laboratories
386:(VAR) markets, including
157:
145:
125:
101:
87:
79:
71:
53:
45:
37:
28:
18:Canadian software company
2534:"Ronald Michael Baecker"
1824:. Toronto. p. B11.
1602:"The First Port of Unix"
1564:Tilson, Michael (1984).
1321:. Toronto. p. B28.
989:"Chasing school profits"
807:and supported a form of
786:C++ programming language
457:University of Wollongong
441:Computer Automation 4/95
388:Control Data Corporation
223:HCR was acquired by the
1947:"Unix Chariot software"
1416:Pate, Steve D. (1996).
815:. A survey article in
83:Acquired by SCO in 1990
1807:December–January 1983.
857:Santa Cruz, California
711:
668:(VARs) and ran on the
452:C programming language
400:National Semiconductor
282:
255:pagination system for
2504:10.1145/286385.286390
2205:10.1145/382288.382769
1466:"Xenix Convergence".
1360:Fuchs, Henry (1981).
921:2000 Colloquia Series
709:
666:value-added resellers
662:application generator
508:from VAX Unix to the
351:in the US in 1977.
280:
241:University of Toronto
202:business applications
194:Unix operating system
135:Business applications
2387:. pp. 232, 234.
1566:"How Portable is C?"
1469:EDP In-depth Reports
1452:Santa Cruz Tech Beat
1225:"10 St. Mary Street"
1118:"2005 SIGCHI Awards"
853:Santa Cruz Operation
608:Change in leadership
384:value-added reseller
363:Santa Cruz Operation
345:Western Electric Co.
307:contract programming
298:section of Toronto.
225:Santa Cruz Operation
2348:Santa Cruz Sentinel
2272:Santa Cruz Sentinel
2139:. 1989. p. 47.
1932:. 1986. p. 59.
1548:. pp. 266–276.
1190:1989lwug.book.....L
775:Portable C Compiler
634:accounts receivable
550:received $ 750,000
296:Bay Street Corridor
192:that worked on the
159:Number of employees
25:
2381:"SCO Open Desktop"
2312:The Financial Post
2294:"2.7. SCO/C++ 3.0"
2032:The Financial Post
1870:The Financial Post
1822:The Globe and Mail
1345:The Financial Post
1319:The Globe and Mail
1288:via Stanford login
1260:The Globe and Mail
1102:via Stanford login
974:The Ottawa Citizen
847:Acquisition by SCO
834:Unix International
771:parallel computing
712:
283:
258:The Globe and Mail
23:
2428:. JTC1/SC22/WG21.
2284:See for instance
2158:. JTC1/SC22/WG21.
1847:"Unix* Symposium"
1572:. pp. 84–90.
590:Samuel J. Leffler
576:As Unix began to
176:
175:
138:Development tools
49:Computer software
2591:
2538:
2537:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2516:
2506:
2482:
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2207:
2183:
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2166:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2148:
2142:
2140:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2114:
2108:
2106:
2089:"Warp and iWarp"
2084:
2075:
2074:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2047:
2036:
2035:
2023:
2012:
2011:
2000:Computing Canada
1992:
1983:
1982:
1971:Computing Canada
1966:
1955:
1954:
1943:
1934:
1933:
1922:
1916:
1914:
1912:
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1125:
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1105:
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1084:
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1074:
1063:
1054:
1052:
1030:
997:
996:
984:
978:
977:
966:
949:
948:
947:. pp. 75ff.
936:
925:
924:
913:
757:vector processor
726:building in the
630:accounts payable
437:PERQ workstation
337:operating system
328:Unix specialists
229:SCO Canada, Inc.
190:software company
67:
65:
60:
33:
26:
22:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2518:
2491:SIGPLAN Notices
2483:
2479:
2466:
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2461:
2452:
2451:
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2438:
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2422:
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2103:
2085:
2078:
2066:
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2061:
2048:
2039:
2024:
2015:
1994:
1993:
1986:
1967:
1958:
1945:
1944:
1937:
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1031:
1000:
985:
981:
968:
967:
952:
937:
928:
915:
914:
905:
900:
864:SCO OpenDesktop
849:
805:change requests
704:
646:purchase orders
610:
586:Brian Kernighan
547:
506:Cross compilers
486:
473:UNIX System III
330:
288:
275:
273:Formative years
237:
198:system software
183:HCR Corporation
172:
160:
141:
121:
115:Dennis Kukulsky
104:
97:
93:
63:
61:
58:
24:HCR Corporation
19:
12:
11:
5:
2597:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
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2540:
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2431:
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2371:
2353:
2335:
2317:
2299:
2277:
2259:
2237:
2219:
2175:
2161:
2143:
2141:Advertisement.
2124:
2109:
2101:
2076:
2059:
2037:
2013:
1996:"Looking Back"
1984:
1956:
1951:Financial Post
1935:
1917:
1894:
1876:
1857:
1855:Advertisement.
1835:
1809:
1805:. p. 106.
1790:
1771:
1748:
1723:
1702:
1693:"Unix and You"
1684:
1661:
1638:
1629:"Inside Track"
1619:
1592:
1575:
1551:
1532:
1494:
1475:
1458:
1433:
1426:
1403:
1379:
1372:
1351:
1349:Advertisement.
1332:
1292:
1284:via microfiche
1265:
1238:
1216:
1211:The Transactor
1195:
1156:
1144:"The Bookworm"
1131:
1106:
1098:via microfiche
1076:
1073:. 14 May 1990.
1055:
1040:Financial Post
998:
979:
950:
926:
902:
901:
899:
896:
872:Novell NetWare
848:
845:
703:
700:
691:Financial Post
626:general ledger
609:
606:
546:
543:
485:
484:Other products
482:
459:in Australia.
425:Motorola 68000
396:Prime Computer
372:Version 7 Unix
329:
326:
287:
284:
274:
271:
245:Ronald Baecker
236:
233:
174:
173:
171:
170:
167:
163:
161:
158:
155:
154:
147:
143:
142:
140:
139:
136:
133:
129:
127:
123:
122:
120:
119:
118:Michael Tilson
116:
113:
111:Ronald Baecker
107:
105:
102:
99:
98:
95:
91:
89:
85:
84:
81:
77:
76:
73:
69:
68:
55:
51:
50:
47:
43:
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39:
35:
34:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2551:
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2535:
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2521:
2514:
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2505:
2500:
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2492:
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2473:
2469:
2463:
2455:
2449:
2441:
2435:
2427:
2420:
2409:
2402:
2401:
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2233:
2229:
2223:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2182:
2180:
2171:
2165:
2154:
2147:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2120:
2113:
2104:
2102:9780387097657
2098:
2094:
2090:
2083:
2081:
2072:
2071:
2063:
2056:. p. 10.
2055:
2054:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1989:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1940:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1904:
1898:
1890:
1889:Computerworld
1886:
1880:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1840:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1814:
1804:
1800:
1799:"UNIX Review"
1794:
1786:
1785:Computerworld
1782:
1775:
1767:
1766:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1744:
1743:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1707:
1698:
1694:
1688:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1657:
1656:Computerworld
1653:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1635:. p. 38.
1634:
1630:
1623:
1617:
1612:(3): 208–210.
1611:
1607:
1603:
1596:
1588:
1587:
1579:
1571:
1567:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1547:
1543:
1536:
1529:
1525:
1516:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1490:
1486:
1479:
1471:
1470:
1462:
1453:
1449:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1429:
1427:0-201-87721-X
1423:
1419:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1399:
1395:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1375:
1373:9780897910453
1369:
1365:
1364:
1358:For example,
1355:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1275:
1269:
1261:
1257:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1226:
1220:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1200:
1191:
1187:
1180:
1179:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1153:. p. 62.
1152:
1145:
1138:
1136:
1119:
1113:
1111:
1103:
1099:
1093:
1089:
1083:
1081:
1072:
1071:Computerworld
1068:
1062:
1060:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
994:
990:
983:
975:
971:
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
946:
942:
935:
933:
931:
922:
918:
912:
910:
908:
903:
895:
892:
889:in 1993. The
888:
884:
880:
875:
873:
868:
865:
860:
858:
854:
844:
840:
837:
835:
831:
826:
824:
820:
819:
814:
811:based around
810:
806:
801:
797:
795:
791:
787:
782:
780:
776:
772:
769:
765:
761:
760:supercomputer
758:
755:
751:
747:
746:Unix System V
743:
738:
736:
731:
729:
725:
719:
716:
708:
699:
695:
693:
692:
685:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
653:
651:
647:
643:
639:
636:, as well as
635:
631:
627:
622:
618:
616:
605:
601:
599:
595:
594:P. J. Plauger
591:
587:
583:
579:
574:
572:
568:
563:
560:
555:
553:
542:
540:
539:
534:
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
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491:
481:
478:
474:
469:
467:
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458:
453:
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444:
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438:
434:
430:
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422:
418:
415:
411:
407:
406:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
375:
373:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
335:
325:
323:
322:Commodore PET
318:
314:
312:
308:
304:
299:
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293:
279:
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268:
264:
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259:
252:
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199:
195:
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168:
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156:
152:
148:
144:
137:
134:
131:
130:
128:
124:
117:
114:
112:
109:
108:
106:
100:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
27:
21:
16:
2528:
2497:(8): 40–47.
2494:
2490:
2480:
2471:
2462:
2448:
2434:
2419:
2399:
2393:
2384:
2374:
2365:
2356:
2347:
2338:
2329:
2320:
2311:
2302:
2280:
2271:
2262:
2250:. Retrieved
2240:
2231:
2222:
2195:
2191:
2164:
2146:
2136:
2127:
2118:
2112:
2092:
2068:
2062:
2052:
2031:
1999:
1970:
1950:
1929:
1920:
1907:. Retrieved
1897:
1888:
1879:
1869:
1860:
1850:
1821:
1802:
1793:
1787:. p. 8.
1784:
1774:
1764:
1741:
1718:The Province
1717:
1696:
1687:
1678:
1655:
1632:
1622:
1609:
1605:
1595:
1585:
1578:
1570:Microsystems
1569:
1545:
1535:
1524:introductory
1489:MacNewsWorld
1488:
1478:
1468:
1461:
1451:
1417:
1397:
1362:
1354:
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