299:
647:
632:
749:
662:
29:
146:
50:
87:
617:
1863:
1846:
1858:
1838:
530:, and we were sailing through floating bodies. We were not allowed to stop - we just had to go straight through. It was quite horrific, and my reaction was to vomit over the edge. It was something we could never have imagined ... particularly the nurses: seeing these bodies of women and nurses, floating in the ocean, having been there some time. Huge aprons and skirts in billows, which looked almost like sails because they dried in the hot sun.
602:
344:
of the war. 234 doctors, nurses, members of the
Canadian Army Medical Corps, soldiers and seamen died in the sinking and subsequent machine-gunning of lifeboats. Twenty five people are known to have survived. 24 were the occupants on a single life-raft. The incident became infamous internationally
938:
MacDonald went overseas
January, 1915, unattached, with the rank of Major. He was first attached to the Canadian Convalescent Hospital at Bearwood Park. From there he went to Bath, thence to Moore Barracks Hospital, and was later appointed Medical Examiner of the Pension Board, London. He went to
496:
I estimate we were together in the boat about eight minutes. In that whole time I did not hear a complaint or murmur from one of the sisters. There was not a cry for help or any outward evidence of fear. In the entire time I overheard only one remark when the matron, Nursing Sister M.M. Fraser,
503:
A few seconds later we were drawn into the whirlpool of the submerged afterdeck, and the last I saw of the nursing sisters was as they were thrown over the side of the boat. All were wearing lifebelts, and of the fourteen two were in their nightdress, the others in uniform.
469:
Our boat was quickly loaded and lowered to the surface of the water. Then the crew of eight men and myself faced the difficulty of getting free from the ropes holding us to the ship's side. I broke two axes trying to cut ourselves away, but was unsuccessful.
939:
France as
Medical Officer of a Labor Battalion. He was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel and received the appointment of Commanding Officer of the medical personnel of the Hospital Ship Landovery Castle. Lieutenant-Colonel Macdonald was drowned.
473:
With the forward motion and choppy sea the boat all the time was pounding against the ship's side. To save the boat we tried to keep ourselves away by using the oars, and soon every one of the latter were broken.
395:. She was commissioned as a hospital ship on 26 July 1916, and assigned to the Canadian Forces, equipped with 622 beds and a medical staff of 102. Her first voyage as a Canadian hospital ship was in March 1918.
661:
740:, and according to one reviewer "breaks the story down into nine scenes set on the ship and, at the end, in the lifeboats, before the chorus steps out of time to reflect on what we have seen and heard."
485:
507:
It was doubtful if any of them came to the surface again, although I myself sank and came up three times, finally clinging to a piece of wreckage and being eventually picked up by the captain's boat.
975:
She was born in New
Glasgow, Nova Scotia. She was living in Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan when she signed up. There was great outrage in Moose Jaw about the manner of her death. (see below)
707:
586:, however, "generally speaking, the German population took exception to these trials, especially because the Allies were not similarly bringing their own soldiers to justice." (See
646:
387:
in 1912. The ship was built by
Barclay, Curle & Co. in Glasgow, launched on 3 September 1913, and completed in January 1914. Initially sailing between London and
582:, the trials were seen as a travesty of justice because of the small number of cases tried and the perceived leniency of the court. According to American historian
302:
Major Thomas Lyon, surgeon with the
Canadian Army Medical Corps, was a survivor of the Llandovery Castle bombing and massacre on June 27, 1918. Photo Credit: LAC
1206:
377:
1890:
1151:
631:
298:
1641:
695:: "Amongst those murdered were two Moose Jaw nurses, Sister Fraser and Sister Gallagher. I gave instructions to the Brigade that the battle cry on the
526:
We were in the
Bristol Channel, quite well out to sea, and suddenly we began going through corpses. The Germans had sunk a British hospital ship, the
711:
1935:
1920:
1062:
1038:
1550:
732:
An opera based on the sinking of the ship premiered in
Toronto on the 100th anniversary of the sinking in June 2018. The opera is composed by
1499:
843:
737:
477:
Finally the ropes became loose at the top and we commenced to drift away. We were carried towards the stern of the ship, when suddenly the
481:
seemed to break away and sink. The suction drew us quickly into the vacuum, the boat tipped over sideways, and every occupant went under.
421:
on 27 June 1918. Firing at a hospital ship was against international law and standing orders of the
Imperial German Navy. The captain of
512:
562:
and were both sentenced to four years in prison. The sentences of
Dithmar and Boldt were later overturned on the grounds that they were
833:
1910:
446:
rescued 24 people in one lifeboat, 36 hours after the bombing. Among those lost were fourteen nursing sisters from Canada, including
1430:
497:
turned to me as we drifted helplessly towards the stern of the ship and asked: "Sergeant, do you think there is any hope for us?"
1895:
1900:
813:
522:, then an 18-yr old midshipman on his first voyage out, recalled the horror of coming across the nurses' floating corpses:
1925:
1905:
1543:
838:
459:
1135:
1110:
866:
1885:
1418:
Cynthia Toman, "Sister Soldiers of the Great War: The Nurses of the Canadian Army Medical Corps." UBC Press. 2016.
1866:
1862:
1565:
818:
500:
I replied, "No," seeing myself our helplessness without oars and the sinking condition of the stern of the ship.
429:, sought to destroy the evidence of torpedoing the ship. When the crew, including nurses, took to the lifeboats,
1857:
1853:
748:
616:
1536:
985:
1930:
1750:
1634:
733:
725:, Montreal General Hospital and the Children's Hospital in Halifax, the latter two monuments unveiled by
1489:
Official History of the Canadian Forces in the Great War 1914–1919 : The Medical Services (excerpt)
703:," and that that cry should be the last to ring in the ears of the Hun as the bayonet was driven home."
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
828:
823:
341:
340:, England, the ship was torpedoed off southern Ireland on 27 June 1918. The sinking was the deadliest
1070:
1048:
559:
358:
923:
706:
There is a memorial plaque to Matron Margaret Fraser and the 13 other Canadian nurses sponsored by
1382:
547:
426:
1528:
1301:
696:
583:
1260:"Review: The Llandovery Castle brings "real emotional power" to premier performance in Toronto"
213:
726:
692:
489:
455:
952:"Biography – McLEAN, RENA MAUDE – Volume XIV (1911-1920) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography"
951:
28:
1597:
1259:
1156:
757:
688:
329:
433:
surfaced, ran down all but one of the lifeboats and machine-gunned many of the survivors.
8:
1915:
1793:
1772:
753:
587:
575:
440:
241:
1606:
1729:
1585:
1458:
567:
544:
1800:
1617:
1131:
1106:
558:
on the high seas. On 21 July 1921, Dithmar and Boldt were found guilty in one of the
354:
346:
321:
90:
75:
928:. Halifax, Nova Scotia: The Nova Scotia Veteran Publishing Co. Ltd. pp. 409–410
1818:
653:
1180:
897:
484:
1672:
1483:
1043:
601:
579:
563:
519:
384:
1353:
687:, former homesteader from Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan and commanding officer of the
488:
Matron Margaret Marjory (Pearl) Fraser (daughter of Lt. Governor of Nova Scotia
1761:
684:
86:
465:
Sergeant Arthur Knight was on board lifeboat #5 with the nurses. He reported:
383:) built for the Union Castle Line, following the company's acquisition by the
1879:
1514:
1501:
325:
202:
100:
1328:
551:
1487:
1443:
1207:"Opera to focus on Great War nurses 100 years after hospital ship sinking"
1185:
The Alumnae Association of the Montreal General Hospital School of Nursing
1012:
874:
676:
1575:
1471:
1232:
722:
718:
447:
404:
392:
388:
373:
333:
198:
1783:
1701:
1462:
717:
There are also memorial plaques to the ship at the Stadacona Hospital,
668:
454:
Margaret Marjory (Pearl) Fraser, formerly of Nova Scotia (daughter of
1807:
1661:
1628:
555:
478:
437:
412:
337:
251:
1411:
Dianne Dodd. Canadian Military Nurse Deaths in the First World War.
1152:"Nursing Sisters Who Died Overseas Have Memorial in London Hospital"
571:
1694:
1650:
403:
Under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Howard MacDonald of
349:, as one of the war's worst atrocities. After the war, the case of
1558:
415:
313:
179:
104:
276:
429 passengers (213 1st class, 116 2nd class, and 100 3rd class)
1722:
1683:
451:
554:
Ludwig Dithmar and John Boldt, were charged with committing a
1431:"Newspapers Reaction to the sinking of the Llandovery Castle"
391:, from August 1914 she sailed on routes between London and
578:, and thus was never prosecuted as a result. Outside of
752:
Nursing casualties are listed on the Halifax Memorial,
328:
that served in the First World War. On a voyage from
1329:"Mary Agnes McKenzie, Lost on the Llandovery Castle"
570:
alone was responsible. Patzig, however, had fled to
1377:
1375:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1877:
683:The Canadian reaction was typified by Brigadier
1125:
1559:Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in June 1918
1372:
1277:
1126:McWilliams, James L.; Steel, R. James (2001).
1544:
844:Military history of Canada during World War I
1891:World War I shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean
1105:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 5.
861:
859:
1551:
1537:
1383:"World War I Canadian Dead (27 June 1918)"
1302:"World War I Canadian Dead (27 June 1918)"
1103:The Wehrmacht War Crimes Bureau, 1939-1945
834:List of hospital ships sunk in World War I
1455:The American Journal of International Law
1204:
1205:Szklarski, Cassandra (8 November 2017).
1100:
895:
856:
747:
483:
297:
1936:Attacks on hospitals during World War I
1441:
1326:
1055:
1017:The Great War Primary Documents Archive
1921:World War I crimes by Imperial Germany
1878:
1428:
1178:
1130:. Toronto: Dundurn Press. p. 31.
1013:"The Sinking of the Llandovery Castle"
814:Atlantic U-boat Campaign (World War I)
764:Matron Margaret Marjory (Pearl) Fraser
710:was placed at the Nurses House of the
518:steamed through the wreckage. Captain
1532:
1413:Canadian Bulletin of Medical History.
1257:
969:
743:
411:was torpedoed and sunk by the German
223:500 ft 1 in (152.43 m)
142:
46:
1482:
1469:
921:
898:"Union Castle: SS Llandovery Castle"
263:15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph)
1354:"Nursing Sister Christina Campbell"
925:Nova Scotia's part in the Great War
712:Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Hospital
539:After the war, three officers from
534:
231:63 ft 3 in (19.28 m)
13:
1405:
1047:. 18 December 2006. Archived from
839:History of the Royal Canadian Navy
460:Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia
364:
14:
1947:
1472:"The U-boat War in World War One"
1448:. London: H.F. & G. Witherby.
1422:
1101:de Zayas, Alfred-Maurice (1989).
1911:Hospital ships of the Royal Navy
1861:
1856:
1844:
1836:
1002:; Edmonton Bulletin, 2 July 1918
986:"Matron Margaret Marjory Fraser"
867:"Union-Castle Mail Steamship Co"
660:
645:
630:
615:
600:
372:was one of a pair of ships (her
144:
85:
48:
27:
1453:"The Llandlovery Castle Case".
1346:
1320:
1251:
1225:
1198:
1172:
1144:
1119:
1094:
1085:
1063:"Patzig's fate? Patzig's fate?"
819:Military history of Nova Scotia
1896:Ships of the Union-Castle Line
1327:Profitt, Vicki (6 July 2012).
1160:. 17 September 1938. p. 6
1031:
1005:
978:
944:
915:
889:
345:and was considered, after the
282:622 beds and 102 medical staff
247:6,500 ihp (4,800 kW)
1:
1901:Hospital ships in World War I
849:
675:as a focal point for selling
1445:The Leipzig Trials (excerpt)
1258:Gilks, John (27 June 2018).
7:
1039:"Obituary: Kenneth Cummins"
807:
671:poster used the sinking of
324:, was one of five Canadian
10:
1952:
1926:Maritime history of Canada
1906:Maritime incidents in 1918
1435:Canadian Great War Project
990:Canadian Great War Project
829:Military history of Canada
824:List of maritime disasters
779:Minnie Katherine Gallaher.
398:
1831:
1741:
1564:
1179:Suttie, Margaret (2008).
896:Goossens, Reuben (2011).
767:Carola Josephine Douglas.
593:
560:Leipzig War Crimes Trials
189:
41:
26:
1181:"World War I Honor Roll"
1091:Yarnall 2011, pp. 194–5.
922:Hunt, M. Stuart (1920).
776:Margaret Jane Fortescue.
1886:Naval history of Canada
1442:Mullins, Claud (1921).
1128:Amiens: Dawn of Victory
782:Jessie Mabel McDiarmid.
773:Minnie Aenath Follette.
652:Anti German cartoon by
353:was one of six alleged
342:Canadian naval disaster
190:General characteristics
873:. 2010. Archived from
760:
532:
509:
493:
303:
1470:Helgason, GuĂ°mundur.
1429:Leroux, Marc (2014).
1415:Vol. 34, No. 2. 2016.
1239:. Bicycle Opera Group
751:
727:Margaret C. MacDonald
693:1st Canadian Division
564:only following orders
548:Helmut BrĂĽmmer-Patzig
524:
490:Duncan Cameron Fraser
487:
467:
456:Duncan Cameron Fraser
427:Helmut BrĂĽmmer-Patzig
301:
1515:51.30000°N 9.90000°W
1213:. The Canadian Press
1157:The Montreal Gazette
785:Mary Agnes McKenzie.
758:Halifax, Nova Scotia
714:in London, England.
689:3rd Infantry Brigade
1931:Mass murder in 1918
1511: /
1333:Illuminated History
1237:llandoverycastle.ca
800:Anna Irene Stamers.
794:Mary Belle Sampson.
788:Christina Campbell.
754:Point Pleasant Park
736:with a libretto by
640:by George Wilkinson
312:, built in 1914 in
242:Quadruple expansion
138:Requisitioned, 1916
23:
1642:Svobodnaya Rossiya
1520:51.30000; -9.90000
1358:camc.wordpress.com
1051:on 1 October 2007.
877:on 30 October 2013
797:Gladys Irene Sare.
761:
744:Nursing casualties
568:commanding officer
494:
380:Llanstephan Castle
357:prosecuted at the
304:
18:
1873:
1872:
1753:Kenilworth Castle
1714:Llandovery Castle
1598:Koningin Regentes
1360:. 22 January 2010
770:Alexina Dussault.
701:Llandovery Castle
673:Llandovery Castle
638:Llandovery Castle
624:Llandovery Castle
528:Llandovery Castle
409:Llandovery Castle
370:Llandovery Castle
355:German war crimes
351:Llandovery Castle
347:Armenian genocide
322:Union-Castle Line
318:Llandovery Castle
309:Llandovery Castle
296:
295:
279:As hospital ship:
161:Llandovery Castle
91:Union-Castle Line
76:Llandovery Castle
66:Llandovery Castle
35:Llandovery Castle
33:HM Hospital Ship
21:Llandovery Castle
1943:
1865:
1860:
1848:
1840:
1824:
1813:
1788:
1778:
1767:
1756:
1734:
1717:
1706:
1689:
1678:
1667:
1656:
1645:
1623:
1612:
1601:
1591:
1580:
1553:
1546:
1539:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1493:
1484:Macphail, Andrew
1479:
1466:
1449:
1438:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1379:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1350:
1344:
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1324:
1318:
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1315:
1313:
1298:
1275:
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1272:
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1255:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1229:
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1218:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1176:
1170:
1169:
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1165:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1098:
1092:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1073:on 28 March 2012
1069:. Archived from
1067:invisionzone.com
1059:
1053:
1052:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1009:
1003:
1001:
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966:
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956:www.biographi.ca
948:
942:
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913:
912:
910:
908:
893:
887:
886:
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882:
871:red-duster.co.uk
863:
734:Stephanie Martin
667:A 1918 Canadian
664:
654:Louis Raemaekers
649:
634:
619:
604:
588:Victor's justice
576:independent city
535:War crimes trial
152:
149:
148:
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122:3 September 1913
89:
56:
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31:
24:
17:
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1044:The Independent
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803:Jean Templeman.
746:
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584:Alfred de Zayas
566:and that their
545:Kapitänleutnant
537:
520:Kenneth Cummins
462:, 1906-1910 ).
401:
385:Royal Mail Line
367:
365:Service history
273:As ocean liner:
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1305:
1267:. Retrieved
1264:Opera Canada
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1162:. Retrieved
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1075:. Retrieved
1071:the original
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875:the original
870:
791:Rena McLean.
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622:Postcard of
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212:10,639
181:
170:26 July 1916
167:Commissioned
160:
130:January 1914
65:
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20:
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1675:Californian
1518: /
1506:009°54′00″W
1393:19 December
1389:. p. 2
1312:19 December
1308:. p. 1
1269:20 February
723:Nova Scotia
719:CFB Halifax
699:should be "
511:Afterward,
448:Rena McLean
405:Nova Scotia
393:West Africa
389:East Africa
374:sister ship
334:Nova Scotia
199:Ocean liner
111:Yard number
1916:1913 ships
1880:Categories
1764:Helianthus
1566:Shipwrecks
1503:51°18′00″N
1364:20 January
1338:20 January
1190:20 January
1164:20 January
1077:15 January
1023:20 January
996:20 January
932:20 January
907:20 January
881:20 January
850:References
738:Paul Ciufo
669:propaganda
574:, then an
289:Complement
252:propellers
236:Propulsion
1867:July 1918
1819:HMS
1808:USS
1801:HMS
1794:HMS
1773:HMS
1762:USS
1723:HMS
1684:HMS
1673:USS
1636:Kaliakria
1476:uboat.net
556:war crime
513:HMS
479:poop-deck
441:HMS
438:destroyer
413:submarine
338:Liverpool
127:Completed
1854:May 1918
1817:20 Jun:
1796:Defender
1792:18 Jun:
1782:15 Jun:
1775:Conquest
1771:13 Jun:
1760:12 Jun:
1749:4 Jun:
1731:Onondaga
1721:28 Jun:
1710:27 Jun:
1693:26 Jun:
1682:24 Jun:
1671:22 Jun:
1660:21 Jun:
1649:20 Jun:
1627:18 Jun:
1616:17 Jun:
1605:10 Jun:
1588:Snaefell
1577:Carolina
1217:20 April
808:See also
450:and the
443:Lysander
416:SM
378:SS
320:for the
268:Capacity
180:SM
178:Sunk by
119:Launched
82:Operator
72:Namesake
1785:Makambo
1703:Wimmera
1595:6 Jun:
1584:5 Jun:
1574:2 Jun:
1463:2187594
1243:27 June
1233:"About"
961:14 June
580:Germany
407:, HMHS
399:Sinking
330:Halifax
316:as RMS
314:Glasgow
209:Tonnage
105:Glasgow
97:Builder
42:History
1803:Nymphe
1664:Schurz
1630:Dwinsk
1461:
1134:
1109:
1019:. 2012
992:. 2014
594:Legacy
572:Danzig
550:, and
452:Matron
220:Length
151:Canada
1821:Acorn
1810:SC-94
1712:HMHS
1697:UC-11
1653:UC-64
1459:JSTOR
515:Morea
307:HMHS
260:Speed
250:Twin
19:HMHS
1850:1919
1842:1918
1834:1917
1751:RMS
1662:USS
1620:U-64
1607:SMS
1586:HMS
1395:2014
1366:2014
1340:2014
1314:2014
1271:2019
1245:2018
1219:2018
1192:2014
1166:2014
1132:ISBN
1107:ISBN
1079:2011
1025:2014
998:2014
963:2022
934:2014
909:2014
883:2014
609:U-86
541:U-86
436:The
431:U-86
423:U-86
418:U-86
376:was
228:Beam
195:Type
182:U-86
175:Fate
157:Name
135:Fate
64:RMS
61:Name
1695:SM
1651:SM
1639:,
1618:SM
607:SM
590:.)
336:to
292:258
214:GRT
114:504
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