Habesha peoples - Knowledge

475: 550:. Recent linguistic studies as to the origin of the Ethiosemitic languages seem to support the DNA findings of immigration from the Arabian Peninsula, with a recent study using Bayesian computational phylogenetic techniques finding that contemporary Ethiosemitic languages of Africa reflect a single introduction of early Ethiosemitic from southern Arabia approximately 2,800 years ago, and that this single introduction of Ethiosemitic subsequently underwent quick diversification within Ethiopia and Eritrea. There is also evidence of ancient Southern Arabian communities in modern-day Ethiopia and Eritrea in certain localities, attested by some archaeological artifacts and ancient Sabaean inscriptions in the old 2374:, King Solomon's heir), or at the time of the destruction of the northern kingdom of Israel in the 8th century BCE. Certainly there was trade as early as the time of King Solomon down along the Red Sea to the Yemen and even as far as India, according to the Bible, and there would, therefore, have been Jewish settlements at various points along the trade routes. There is definite archaeological evidence of Jewish settlements and of their cultural influence on both sides of the Red Sea well at least 2,500 years ago, both along the Arabian coast and in the Yemen, on the eastern side, and along the southern Egyptian and Sudanese coastal regions. Modern day Ethiopian Jews are adherents of 1191: 1948: 918: 2115: 1859: 498:, who intermarried with the local non-Semitic-speaking peoples, in around 1,000 BC. Many held to this view because "epigraphic and monumental evidence point to an indisputable South Arabian influence suggesting migration and colonization from Yemen in the early 1st millennium BC as the main factor of state formation on the highlands. Rock inscriptions in Qohayto (Akkala Guzay, Eritrea) document the presence of individuals or small groups from Arabia on the highlands at this time." It was first suggested by German orientalist 2326: 1049: 1842: 4491: 810:

of Muhammad to Ethiopia, who came as refugees to escape the persecution of the ruling families of Mecca and earned the friendship and respect of Muhammad. Their friendship deteriorated when South-Arabians invaded the Dahlak islands through the port of Adulis and destroyed it, which was the economic backbone for the prosperous Aksumite Kingdom. Fearing of what recently occurred, Axum shifted its capital near Agew In the middle of the sixteenth century

641: 4435: 2054: 1264: 1814:(8: 27): "Then the angel of the Lord said to Philip, Start out and go south to the road that leads down from Jerusalem to Gaza. So he set out and was on his way when he caught sight of an Ethiopian. This man was a eunuch, a high official of the Kandake (Candace) Queen of Ethiopia in charge of all her treasure." The passage continues by describing how Philip helped the Ethiopian understand one passage of 708: 4371: 4322: 2166:; in fact, Abyssinians were the single largest non-Arab ethnic group who were Muhammad's companions. Among these was Umm Ayman who cared for Muhammad during his infancy, a woman that he referred to as "mother". Abyssinia was thus the earliest home outside of Arabia for the dispersal of the Islamic world faith. One third (34%) of Ethiopia's population are Muslims by last census (2007). 1681:", and they could quite fairly call it haircloth because it is much rougher than what Capuchin monks wear, as in Ethiopia they do not know how to make cloth, and the wool is not suitable for it as it is very coarse. They all go barefoot and often naked from the breasts up, with tiny glass beads of various colours strung so as to make a band two fingers in breadth around their necks. 839: 786:. It also dominated the trade route in the Red Sea leading to the Gulf of Aden. Its success depended on resourceful techniques, production of coins, steady migrations of Greco-Roman merchants, and ships landing at Adulis. In exchange for Aksum's goods, traders bid many kinds of cloth, jewelry, metals and steel for weapons. 3196:

Alemu, Daniel E. (2007). "Re-imagining the Horn". African Renaissance. 4 (1): 56–64 – via Ingenta."This is not to say that events associated with conquest, conflict and resistance did not occur. No doubt, they must have been frequent. But the crucial difference lies in the propensity to present them,

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was a kingdom that stretched from Ethiopia to the south of the Yemen. Yemen is very close to Ethiopia across the Red Sea, and it has been recorded that modern Ethiopia has been heavily influenced by the ancient Sabean kingdom. Moreover, the details of the queen's visit, including the alleged theft of

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Houses in rural areas are built mostly from rock and dirt, the most available resources, with structure provided by timber poles. The houses blend in easily with the natural surroundings. Many times the nearest water source is more than a kilometer away from the house. In addition, people must search

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Munro-May and related scholars believe that Sabaean influence was minor, limited to a few localities, and disappearing after a few decades or a century. It may have represented a trading colony (trading post) or military installations in a symbiotic or military alliance between the Sabaeans and D`MT.

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Other Ethiopian and Eritrean Orthodox practices include such things as fasting, prescribed prayers, and devotion to saints and angels. A child is never left alone until baptism and cleansing rituals are performed. Boys are baptized forty days after birth, whereas girls are baptized eighty days after

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is a very important ceremonial drink. The "coffee ceremony" is common to the Ethiopians and Eritreans. Beans are roasted on the spot, ground, and brewed, served thick and rich in tiny ceramic cups with no handles. This amount of coffee can be finished in one gulp if drunk cold; but, traditionally it

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orders present in Ethiopia. According to the 1994 census of Ethiopia (with similar numbers for the 1984 census), about a third of its population is adherent of Islam and members of the Muslim community can be found throughout the country. Islam in Ethiopia is the predominant religion in the regions

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After the fall of Aksum due to declining sea trade from fierce competition by Muslims and changing climate, the power base of the kingdom migrated south and shifted its capital to Kubar (near Agew). They moved southwards because, even though the Axumite Kingdom welcomed and protected the companions

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points to the existence of an older D'MT kingdom, prior to any Sabaean migration c. 4th or 5th century BC, as well as evidence that Sabaean immigrants had resided in Ethiopia for little more than a few decades at the time of the inscriptions. Both the indigenous languages of Southern Arabia and the

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inscriptions only use the term ḥbšt to the refer to the Kingdom of Aksum and its inhabitants, especially during the 3rd century, when the ḥbšt (Aksumites) were often at war with the Sabaeans and Himyraites. Modern Western European languages, including English, appear to borrow this term from the

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There is significant archaeological evidence of intense contact and migration between Ethiopia and southern Arabia around 3,000 years BP. During the first millennium BC, southern Arabians from the Saba territory established a polity in the Abyssinian highlands of Ethiopia, and a new conglomerate

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was part of the world in which Christianity grew. The arrival of Christianity in Northern Ethiopia and Eritrea happened around the 4th century. The Aksumites, in fact, had been converted to Christianity hundreds of years before most of Europe. Many of their churches were cut into cliffs or from

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were ancient foreigners from South Arabia that displaced the original peoples of the Horn has been disputed by Ethiopian scholars specializing in Ethiopian Studies such as Messay Kebede and Daniel E. Alemu who generally disagree with this theory arguing that the migration was one of reciprocal

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Beta Israel traditions claim that the Ethiopian Jews are descended from the lineage of Moses himself, some of whose children and relatives are said to have separated from the other Children of Israel after the Exodus and gone southwards, or, alternatively or together with this, that they are

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populations, some second generation immigrants have adopted the term "Habesha" in a broader sense as a supra-national ethnic identifier inclusive of all Eritreans and Ethiopians. For those who employ the term, it serves as a useful counter to more exclusionary identities such as "Amhara" or

835:. Abyssinian warlords often competed with each other for dominance of the realm. The Amharas seemed to gain the upper hand with the accession of Yekuno Amlak of Ancient Bete Amhara in 1270, after defeating the Agaw lords of Lasta (in those days a non-Semitic-speaking region of Abyssinia) 350:

claims to Sahlen (Saba) and Dhu-Raydan (Himyar) during a time when such control was unlikely may indicate an Aksumite presence or coastal foothold. Traditional scholarship has assumed that the Habashat were a tribe from modern-day Yemen that migrated to Ethiopia and Eritrea. However, the

994:. They plow using oxen. The Orthodox Church is an integral part of the culture. The church buildings are built on hills. Major celebrations during the year are held around the church, where people gather from villages all around to sing, play games, and observe the unique 660:, one of the powerful civilizations of the ancient world, was based there from about 150 BC to the mid of 12th century AD. Spreading far beyond the city of Aksum, it molded one of the earliest cultures of Ethiopia and Eritrea. Architectural remains include finely carved 466:"Tigrayan". However, this usage is not uncontested: On the one hand, those who grew up in Ethiopia or Eritrea may object to the obscuring of national specificity. On the other hand, groups that were subjugated in Ethiopia or Eritrea sometimes find the term offensive. 731:

branches predominant. As early as the 3rd millennium BCE, the pre-Aksumites had begun trading along the Red Sea. They mainly traded with Egypt. Earlier trade expeditions were taken by foot along the Nile Valley. The ancient Egyptians' main objective in the

2012:, men and women are seated separately in the Ethiopian church, with men on the left and women on the right (when facing the altar). However, women covering their heads and separation of the sexes in the Church building officially is common to many 554:. Joseph W. Michels noted based on his archeological surveying Aksumite sites that "there is abundant evidence of specific Sabean traits such as inscription style, religious ideology and symbolism, art style and architectural techniques." However, 518:. South Arabian inscriptions does not mention any migration to the west coast of the Red Sea, nor of a tribe called "Habashat." All uses of the term date to the 3rd century AD and later, when they referred to the people of the Kingdom of Aksum. 3197:

not as the process by which an alien majority imposed its rule but as part of an ongoing struggle of native forces competing for supremacy in the region. The elimination of the alien ruler indigenize Ethiopian history in terms of local actors."

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The Kingdom of Aksum may have been founded as early as 300 BCE. Very little is known of the time period between the mid-1st millennium BCE to the beginning of Aksum's rise around the 1st century CE. It is thought to be a successor kingdom of

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The Jewish Pre-settlement Theory essentially states that starting around the 8th century BCE until about the 5th century BCE, there was an influx of Jewish settlers both from Egypt & Sudan in the north, and southern Arabia in the east.

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descended from the tribe of Dan, which fled southwards down the Arabian coastal lands from Judaea at the time of the breakup of the Kingdom of Israel into two kingdoms in the 10th century BCE. (precipitated by the oppressive demands of

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Church services are conducted in Ge´ez, the ancient language of Ethiopia and Eritrea. Ge´ez is no longer a living language, its use now confined to liturgical contexts, occupying a similar place in Eritrean and Ethiopian church life to

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cultural landscape called the Ethio-Sabean society emerged. This event overlaps with the timing of Eurasian genetic admixture signals in Ethiopian populations and is a good candidate for the source of Eurasian admixture in East Africa.

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Volume 36 2006 "A woman with her hair in tight braids and wearing habesha kemis — a white ankle-length dress with intricate embroidery — came around to each of us with a silver kettle of warm water and a silver basin for washing our

619:) ethnic groups, but Judaic customs, terminology, and beliefs can be found amongst the dominant culture of the Amhara and Tigrinya. Some scholars have claimed that the Indian alphabets had been used to create the vowel system of the 801:. The South Arabian kingdom of the Himyarites and also a portion of western Saudi Arabia was also under the power of Aksum. Their descendants include the present-day ethnic groups known as the Amhara, Tigrayans and Gurage peoples. 1963:

The Ethiopian church places a heavier emphasis on Old Testament teachings than one might find in the Roman Catholic or Protestant churches, and its followers adhere to certain practices that one finds in Orthodox or Conservative

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is drunk very slowly as conversation takes place. When the beans are roasted to smoking, they are passed around the table, where the smoke becomes a blessing on the diners. The traditional food served at these meals consists of

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The Gondarian dynasty, which since the 16th century had become the centre of Royal pomp and ceremony of Abyssinia, finally lost its influence as a result of the emergence of powerful regional lords, following the murder of

944:. Marcos Lemma and other scholars dispute the accuracy of such a statement, arguing that other ethnic groups have always been active in the country's politics. This confusion may largely stem from the mislabeling of all 606:

There are many theories regarding the beginning of the Abyssinian civilization. One theory, which is more widely accepted today, locates its origins in the Horn region. At a later period, this culture was exposed to

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thus scattered Habesha like the Gurage people were cut off from the rest of Abyssinia. In the late sixteenth century the nomadic Oromo people penetrated the Habesha plains occupying large territories during the

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exchange, if it even occurred at all. In the 21st century, scholars have largely discounted the longstanding presumption that Sabaean migrants had played a direct role in Ethiopian civilization.

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The chief Semitic languages of Ethiopia also suggest an antiquity of Judaism in Ethiopia. "There still remains the curious circumstance that a number of Abyssinian words connected with religion—

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of Habesha men. It consists of a long sleeve, knee-length shirt, and matching pants. Most shirts are made with a Mandarin, band, or Nehru collar. The suit is made of chiffon, which is a sheer

2366:—are of Hebrew origin. These words must have been derived directly from a Jewish source, for the Abyssinian Church knows the scriptures only in a Ge'ez version made from the Septuagint." 1900:

Defrocked priests and deacons commonly function as diviners, who are the main healers. Spirit possession is common, affecting primarily women. Women are also the normal spirit mediums. A

1026:. Arts and crafts and secular music are performed mostly by artisans, who are regarded with suspicion. Sacred music is performed and icons are painted only by men trained in monasteries. 1677:

who resided in Ethiopia, described that the peasant women wore skins like their husbands and, in some areas, some woollen cloths five or six cubits long and three wide that they call "

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in Ethiopia and Eritrea, as well as the civilization of Axum in the 4th century BCE during the reign of Ezana. While Ge'ez today is extinct and only used for liturgical purposes in the

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the Ethiopian chronicle of its early history. The oldest known existing copies of the book date from as far back as the 13th century. Jewish Ethiopians are mentioned in both the Torah

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the Holy Ark as well as Solomon getting her pregnant with a child who established the "Solomonic" lineage in Ethiopia, as given in Christian Ethiopian tradition, were written in the

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basin and the Afar depression. The former is rich in gold and the latter in salt: both materials having a highly important use to the Aksumites. Aksum was accessible to the port of

1072:. The kingdom of Dʿmt wrote proto-Ge'ez in Epigraphic South Arabian as early as the 9th century BCE. Later, an independent script replaced it as early as the 5th century BCE. 1795:, where Christianity had existed from its earliest years. The church is a central feature of communities and of each family's daily life. Each community has a church with a 262:

of ḤBŠT. The term appears to refer to a group of peoples, rather than a specific ethnicity. Another Sabaean inscription describes an alliance between Shamir Yuhahmid of the

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employed the conversion of various ethnic groups to Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity and the imposition of the Amharic language to spread a common Habesha national identity.

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claims it originated from the visit of the Queen of Sheba to King Solomon back in the 10th century BCE. This visit is mentioned in the Hebrew Scriptures (I Kings 10:1),

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Throughout history, populations in the Horn of Africa had been interacting through migration, trade, warfare and intermarriage. Most people in the region spoke

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that the Ethiopian was reading. After the Ethiopian received an explanation of the passage, he requested that Philip baptize him, which Philip obliged. Queen

3698: 2261:, are observed both in urban centers as well as in rural areas, among both settled peoples and nomads. Numerous Ethiopian Muslims perform the pilgrimage to 3760: 282:

in 1450 BC, was the first usage of the term or somehow connected. Francis Breyer also believes the Egyptian demonym to be the source of the Semitic term.

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European scholars postulated that the ancient communities that evolved into the modern Ethiopian state were formed by a migration across the Red Sea of

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is spoken, identify as Habesha and have a strong sense of Ethiopian national identity, due in part to their ancient ties with the northern Habesha.

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is the traditional attire of Habesha women. The ankle length dress is usually worn by Ethiopian and Eritrean women at formal events. It is made of

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Judaism in Ethiopia is believed to date from very ancient times. Precisely what its early history was, however, remains obscure. The now dominant

1830:, the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria appointing the archbishop for the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church. They gained independence from the 5503: 4026: 3206:

Kebede, Messay (2003). "Eurocentrism and Ethiopian Historiography: Deconstructing Semitization". University of Dayton-Department of Philosophy.

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Curtis, Matthew C. (2002). "Ancient Interaction across the Southern Red Sea: cultural exchange and complex societies in the 1st millennium BC".

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and Catholic Christians and not unique to Judaism. Ethiopian Orthodox worshippers remove their shoes when entering a church, in accordance with

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is very important. Every Ethiopian church has a replica of the Ark. Also, the Ethiopian Church has a larger biblical canon than other churches.

5938: 5933: 4855: 506:. According to this theory, Sabaeans brought with them South Arabian letters and language, which gradually evolved into the Ge'ez language and 940:

Some scholars consider the Amhara to have been Ethiopia's ruling elite for centuries, represented by the Solomonic line of Emperors ending in

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is another common breakfast dish. It is usually served in a large bowl with a dug-out made in the middle of the genfo and filled with spiced

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of ḤBŠT in the first quarter of the third century. However, South Arabian expert Eduard Glaser claimed that the Egyptian hieroglyphic

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A number of unique beliefs and practices distinguish Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity from other Christian groups; for example, the

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peoples) and this usage remains common today. The term is also used in varying degrees of inclusion and exclusion of other groups.

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monks. Historically, the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church and Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church have had strong ties with the

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by defeating all his rivals and took the throne in 1855. The Tigrayans made only a brief return to the throne in the person of

301:." The region of the Abasēnoi produce myrrh, incense and cotton and they cultivate a plant which yields a purple dye (probably 4171: 2005: 1217:. Their written accounts about their experiences include observations and descriptions of the Abyssinian customs and manners. 411:; however, Tigrayan oral traditions and linguistic evidence bear witness to ancient and constant relations with Amharas. Some 5365: 4354: 4291: 3787: 3743: 3455: 3265: 2859: 2832: 2703: 914:, their land was appropriated by the Abyssinian colonizers coupled with hefty taxation which led to a revolt in the 1960s. 3671: 3648: 898:

in 1872, whose death in 1889 resulted in the power base shifting back to the dominant Amharic-speaking elite. His successor

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According to Gerard Prunier, one very restrictive use of the term today by some Tigrayans refers exclusively to speakers of

342:). The location of the Abasēnoi in Yemen may perhaps be explained by remnant Aksumite populations from the 520s conquest by 3622:

Southern Ethiopia and the Christian kingdom 1508-1708 with special reference to the Galla migrations and their consequences

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and other neighboring states, a considerable number of natives were displaced and Abyssinians settled in their place. In

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Goitom, Mary (2017). "'Unconventional Canadians': Second-generation 'Habesha' youth and belonging in Toronto, Canada".

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The source texts, RIE 185 and 189, are unvocalized. These vocalizations are from Rainer Voigt and Francis Breyer.

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Habesha cuisine characteristically consists of vegetable and often very spicy meat dishes, usually in the form of

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Fighting Against the Injustice of the State and Globalization Comparing the African American and Oromo Movements

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The Kingdom of Aksum was situated in northern Ethiopia and Eritrea, with its capital city in Northern Ethiopia.

514:(whose oldest inscriptions are found in Yemen), Ge'ez is descended from a different branch of Southern Semitic, 5241: 2397:, mainly due to the Israeli government making 'proper conversion' a prerequisite for being recognized as Jews. 2079: 2021: 334:). Other place names in Yemen contain the ḥbš root, such as the Jabal Ḥabaši, whose residents are still called 17: 599:

This is the first known use of this term to describe specifically the region known today as Ethiopia (and not

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The delicacy consists of a large fried pancake made with flour, often with a layer of egg, eaten with honey.

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Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of Semitic languages identifies an Early Bronze Age origin of Semitic in the

2214:. Islam in Eritrea is the predominant religion of all the ethnic groups except for the Tigrinya people, the 2154:). Muhammad's followers crossed the Red Sea and sought refuge in the Kingdom of Aksum, possibly settling at 1022:

The Habesha people have a rich heritage of music and dance, using drums and stringed instruments tuned to a

861:, also known as Iyasu the Great. The decline in the prestige of the dynasty led to the semi-anarchic era of 522:

has asserted that the Tigrayans and the Amhara comprise "Abyssinians proper" and a "Semitic outpost," while

6030: 5246: 5159: 4375: 4279: 3762:Éthiopie méridionale journal de mon voyage aux pays Amhara, Oromo et Sidama, septembre 1885 à novembre 1888 2037: 3888:

Studia Aethiopica - Were the Gambo a Gafat Group? Deliberations on a Finer Point of Ethiopian Ethnohistory

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Habecker, Shelly (2012). "Not black, but Habasha: Ethiopian and Eritrean immigrants in American society".

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Abyssinian civilization has its roots in the pre-Aksumite culture. An early kingdom to arise was that of

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Centres in the Periphery: Negotiating Territoriality and Identification in Harar and Jijiga from 1942

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has argued that this view "neglects the crucial role of non-Semitic elements in Ethiopian culture."

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Creating and Crossing Boundaries in Ethiopia: Dynamics of Social Categorization and Differentiation

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Islam in Ethiopia and Eritrea dates to 615. During that year, a group of Muslims were counseled by

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later used the term "Αβασηνοί" (i.e. Abasēnoi) to refer to "an Arabian people living next to the

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A Description of the Coasts of East Africa and Malabar in the Beginning of the Sixteenth Century

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Scholars have determined that the ancient Semitic language of Ethiopia was not derived from the

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have historically opposed the name Habesha; Muslim Tigrinya-speakers are usually referred to as

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flour. People of Ethiopia and Eritrea eat exclusively with their right hands, using pieces of

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were considered to be figureheads. Until a young man named Kassa Haile Giorgis also known as

720: 564: 253: 3919: 3341:"Review of Changing Settlement Patterns in the Aksum-Yeha Region of Ethiopia: 700 BC-AD 850" 1694:, and typically comes in white, grey or beige shades. Many women also wrap a shawl called a 740:. This was a commodity that the Horn region, which the ancient Egyptians referred to as the 5553: 5463: 5314: 5309: 5299: 5221: 5216: 5191: 4998: 4508: 2336: 1989: 1969: 1811: 1151: 794: 307: 917: 8: 5498: 5468: 5329: 5324: 5211: 4715: 3973: 2359: 2032:, is commanded to remove his shoes while standing on holy ground). Furthermore, both the 1956: 1878: 1666:

also attests that their clothes being of hides as the country was in wanting of clothes.

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The Habesha developed an agricultural society, which most continue, including raising of

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as "Amhara", and the fact that many people from other ethnic groups have adopted Amharic

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D'Andrea, A. Catherine; Manzo, Andrea; Harrower, Michael J.; Hawkins, Alicia L. (2008).

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Understanding Contemporary Ethiopia: Monarchy, Revolution and the Legacy of Meles Zenawi

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Understanding Contemporary Ethiopia: Monarchy, Revolution and the Legacy of Meles Zenawi

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The Historical Geography of Ethiopia: From the First Century Ad to 1704 - Google Books"

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Understanding Contemporary Ethiopia Monarchy, Revolution and the Legacy of Meles Zenawi

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Irvine, A. K. (1965). "On the identity of Habashat in the South Arabian inscriptions".

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remained its capital until the 7th century. The kingdom was favorably located near the

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Around the time that the Aksumite empire began to decline, the burgeoning religion of

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Leaf of Allah Khat & Agricultural Transformation in Harerge, Ethiopia 1875-1991

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Kitchen, Andrew; Ehret, Christopher; Assefa, Shiferaw; Mulligan, Connie J. (2009).

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The History and Description of Africa: And of the Notable Things Therein Contained

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The most important Islamic religious practices, such as the daily ritual prayers (

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on the coast of the Red Sea. The kingdom traded with Egypt, India, Arabia and the

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Who We are and how We Got Here: Ancient DNA and the New Science of the Human Past

3255: 2988: 2596:

Eritrea between empires: Nationalism and the anti-colonial imagination, 1890–1991

2379: 2232: 1913: 1849: 1729: 1723: 1448: 1159: 1143: 1098:

Some historians in the past have labelled the Ethiopian Semitic languages as the

1053: 998:

of the church. It includes a procession through the church grounds and environs.

862: 600: 507: 327: 225: 3673:

Frontiers of Violence in North-East Africa: Genealogies of Conflict Since C.1800

2158:, a place in present-day Tigray Region. Moreover, Islamic tradition states that 1717:

women use to cover their head and shoulders when they wear clothing made out of

789:

At its peak, Aksum controlled territories as far as southern Egypt, east to the

5964: 5898: 5826: 5772: 5723: 5403: 5382: 5095: 4897: 4845: 4780: 4688: 3027: 2695:

Abyssinia's Samuel Johnson Ethiopian Thought in the Making of an English Author

2668:

Making Citizens in Africa: Ethnicity, Gender, and National Identity in Ethiopia

2162:, one of the foremost companions of Muhammad, was from Abyssinia, as were many 1936: 1928: 1886: 1815: 1738: 1663: 1404: 1307: 1147: 1135: 1119: 1088: 995: 811: 587: 435: 431: 416: 401: 140: 2953: 2325: 664:, extensive palaces, and ancient places of worship that are still being used. 5994: 5974: 5867: 5508: 5408: 5135: 4912: 4737: 4727: 4710: 4683: 4660: 4650: 4640: 4615: 4585: 4449: 4444: 4326: 4307:

Voigt, Rainer (2016). "Language, Script And Society In The Axumite Kingdom".

4141: 4118: 4095: 4073: 4049: 4010: 3356: 3035: 2515: 2319: 2315: 2279: 2275: 2219: 2203: 2191: 1916:, and often as a folk healer, who may also function in roles comparable to a 1686: 1640: 1628: 1356: 1269: 1202: 1123: 1115: 1103: 933: 907: 583: 412: 347: 343: 136: 4519: 1924:. Folklore and legends ascribe the role of magician to the debtera as well. 1667: 1048: 744:, had in abundance. Much of the incense is produced in Somalia to this day. 510:. Linguists have revealed, however, that although its script developed from 5801: 5599: 5573: 5108: 5080: 5014: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4942: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4907: 4902: 4892: 4887: 4877: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4805: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4775: 4747: 4720: 4698: 4635: 4630: 4610: 4605: 4600: 3320: 3302: 3123: 2311: 2215: 2174: 2029: 1841: 1796: 1163: 1111: 1076: 925: 911: 902:

an Emperor of Amhara origin seized power. Upon Menelik's occupation of the

790: 741: 427: 393: 331: 316: 275: 189: 124: 4380: 4205: 752:, a kingdom in the early 1st millennium BC most likely centered at nearby 5734: 5614: 5380: 5140: 5085: 5075: 5070: 4932: 4815: 4810: 4800: 4770: 4703: 4693: 4645: 4620: 4580: 4575: 3477:. Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies, Volumes 5-7. p. 73 2330: 2296: 2292: 2195: 2170: 1932: 1743: 1647: 1592: 1428: 1206: 957: 895: 865:("Era of the Princes"), in which rival warlords fought for power and the 845: 616: 559:

Amharic and Tigrinya languages of Ethiopia belong to the large branch of

499: 397: 213: 148: 132: 27:

Ethnic or pan-ethnic identifier used to refer to Ethiopians and Eritreans

3364: 3340: 3043: 3011: 2568: 2150:, which was ruled by, in Muhammad's estimation, a pious Christian king ( 1351:, which is simmered or sauteed in a pot. Once the onions have softened, 4850: 4752: 4590: 4459: 2351: 2211: 1976:, specifically with regard to how an animal is slaughtered. Similarly, 1476: 1343: 1298: 1227: 1155: 1011: 949: 899: 298: 279: 2268: 640: 5473: 5151: 4947: 4742: 4464: 4454: 3326: 2912:

Cultural Capital and Prospects for Democracy in Botswana and Ethiopia

2178: 2009: 1671: 1520: 1444: 1249: 1246: 1107: 764: 671:

made its first inroads in the Abyssinian highlands. During the first

221: 5259: 3873:

Semito-Hamitic Languages: An Essay in Classification - Google Books"

3253: 2053: 2000:; they are also expected to cover their hair with a large scarf (or 5654: 5619: 5589: 5453: 4468: 2375: 2371: 2143: 2131: 1927:

A small number of Abyssinian Christians adhere to various forms of

1921: 1714: 1328: 961: 707: 676: 620: 294: 201: 4393: 2878:

Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia: Collected Essays

1263: 798: 312: 5782: 5777: 5742: 5684: 5634: 5629: 5558: 4655: 4325:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

3012:"The Pre-Aksumite and Aksumite Settlement of NE Tigrai, Ethiopia" 2258: 2123: 2033: 1980:

is prohibited, though unlike Kashrut, Ethiopian cuisine does mix

1973: 1965: 1901: 1867: 1674: 1659: 1605: 1575: 1570: 1316: 1278: 1167: 858: 772: 733: 696: 623: 319:. Abasēnoi was located by Hermann von Wissman as a region in the 217: 205: 144: 4207:

Pedro Paez's History of Ethiopia, 1622 (Christopher Tribe trad.)

3920:

Ethiopian Semitic: Studies in Classification - Internet Archive"

3875:: Nauka, Central Department of Oriental Literature, (1965) pp 12 3499:

The History of Islam in Africa - Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa

3009: 1972:, traditionally follow dietary rules that are similar to Jewish 749: 712: 653: 5767: 5752: 5518: 5513: 3861:. Nauka, Central Department of Oriental Literature. p. 12. 2390: 2355: 2333: 2186: 2182: 2155: 2127: 1997: 1917: 1909: 1792: 1788: 1705: 1696: 1540: 1524: 1500: 1472: 1293: 1241: 1195: 1006: 987: 929: 768: 672: 612: 608: 571:

are classified under the South Semitic languages branch with a

491: 236:

The oldest reference to Habesha was in second or third century

209: 1996:). Women are prohibited from entering the church during their 1029: 838: 687:

province in central Ethiopia. The polity was succeeded by the

5747: 5704: 5699: 5664: 5624: 5609: 5594: 4259: 2306: 2262: 2257:– used by local Christians as well) during the holy month of 2227: 2025: 1993: 1981: 1823: 1803: 1779: 1758: 1751: 1655: 1644: 1560: 1544: 1348: 1171: 1075:

Ge'ez literature is considered to begin with the adoption of

991: 983: 815: 783: 737: 692: 684: 668: 661: 591: 267: 3765:. Quantin, Librairies-imprimeries réunies. pp. 238–239. 2363: 2347: 2240: 1985: 1977: 1871: 1783: 1747: 1651: 1624: 1388: 1253: 760: 753: 603:

or the entire African and Indian region outside of Egypt).

483: 259: 192:

identifier that has been historically employed to refer to

3847:

The Semitic Languages of Ethiopia: A Comparative Phonology

3284: 1019:

for fuel for their fires throughout the surrounding area.

494:-speaking South Arabian tribes, including one called the " 4386: 3983: 3073:, "Ge'ez" (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005), p. 732. 1627:

season; so Habesha cuisine contains many dishes that are

1623:) periods, including Wednesdays, Fridays, and the entire 3625:. University of London. pp. 438–439. Archived from 3140:

Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society

1643:, a greater number of the Abyssinians historically wore 1568:). It consists of raw (or rare) beef mince marinated in 415:

societies, such as Orthodox Christian communities where

3345:

The International Journal of African Historical Studies

3291:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

2671:. Cambridge University Press. 20 May 2013. p. 54. 2544:;: D-Ha. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005. pp. 949. 2495:"The Ancient Egyptian Etymology of Ḥabašāt "Abessinia"" 1201:

Throughout history, various European travelers such as

247: 241: 53: 380:

Historically, the term "Habesha" represented northern

90: 2824:

The Cross and the River Ethiopia, Egypt, and the Nile

2480:: D-Ha. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005. p. 948. 1287:

is a common breakfast dish. It is made from shredded

1170:; and the other ancient Argobba and Harari inhabited 289:

is from the fifth century CE. The 6th-century author

73: 3858:

Semito-Hamitic Languages: An Essay in Classification

3387: 1942: 611:

influence, of which the best-known examples are the

3164: 2436: 2434: 1806:. A well-known example of this is the story of the 804: 691:around 1285. Ifat was governed from its capital at 3432:For an overview of this influence see Ullendorff, 3223:Alemu, Daniel E. (2007). "Re-imagining the Horn". 626:, this claim has not yet been effectively proven. 502:and revived by early 20th-century Italian scholar 2645:. Scarecrow Press. 14 October 2010. p. 279. 1381:or both are omitted when making vegetable stews, 450:. At the turn of the 20th century, elites of the 5992: 4186: 3421:Aksum: An African Civilisation of Late Antiquity 3278: 2431: 1650:, with the more honourable wearing the hides of 252:recounting the South Arabian involvement of the 4169: 3884: 2800:. London: C. Hurst & Co. pp. 39, 440. 1056:on a 15th-century Ethiopian Coptic prayer book. 782:From its capital, Aksum commanded the trade of 4187:Barbosa, Duarte; Magalhães, Fernão de (1866). 3936:The History of Islam in Africa - Google Books" 2795: 2745: 1600:, but uses cubed rather than ground beef. The 1327:, or spices, and may be eaten with a spoon. A 822:invaded Habesha lands in what is known as the 315:on the coastal plain to the Ḥimyarite capital 5366: 5275: 5167: 5030: 4549: 4535: 4409: 3423:. Edinburgh: University Press, 1991, pp. 57f. 3260:. Oxford University Press. pp. 216–217. 3254:David Reich (Harvard Medical School) (2018). 2851:Medieval Islamic Civilization An Encyclopedia 2796:Prunier, Gérard; Ficquet, Éloi, eds. (2015). 2746:Prunier, Gérard; Ficquet, Éloi, eds. (2015). 2248: 1908:lay priest figure trained by the Church as a 1260:to pick up bites of entrées and side dishes. 1068:family. Among these tongues is the classical 1060:Abyssinians speak languages belonging to the 5044: 3706:. The University of Edinburgh. p. 198. 3646: 2775:. Manchester University Press. p. 124. 2773:Ethiopian Semitic: Studies in Classification 330:, perhaps related in etymology with the ḥbš 3885:Michael Kleiner (2004). Verena Böll (ed.). 3854: 3376: 3374: 3143:. University of Chicago Press. p. 18. 2169:Most of Ethiopia and Eritrea's Muslims are 2082:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1582:, a very spicy chili powder similar to the 1030:Northern Highlander Language and literature 679:were received in the Aksumite kingdom. The 5373: 5359: 5282: 5268: 5174: 5160: 5037: 5023: 4542: 4528: 4416: 4402: 4286:. London: Simon Publications. p. 40. 4160:(New York: Palgrave, 2000), p. 12 and note 3968: 3966: 3964: 3647:Nelson, Harold D.; Kaplan, Irving (1981). 3598:. Cambridge University Press. p. 91. 3208:International Journal of Ethiopian Studies 2874: 2407:Naming conventions in Ethiopia and Eritrea 1347:begins with a large amount of chopped red 422:Predominately Muslim ethnic groups in the 3922:: Manchester University Press, 1972 p. 6. 3891:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 154. 3843: 3696: 3495: 3470: 3393: 3310: 3170: 2750:. London: C. Hurst & Co. p. 19. 2470: 2468: 2466: 2440: 2102:Learn how and when to remove this message 1802:Ethiopia has often been mentioned in the 1555:) are also used instead in vegan dishes. 1166:who are the ancestors of Harari lived in 3855:Dʹi︠a︡konov, Igorʹ Mikhaĭlovich (1965). 3371: 2974: 2535: 2533: 2488: 2486: 2324: 2267: 2113: 1988:- which in turn makes it even closer to 1968:. Ethiopian Christians, like some other 1946: 1857: 1840: 1787:single blocks of stone, as they were in 1262: 1189: 1047: 916: 882:, "regents") had effective control. The 837: 706: 639: 473: 5381:Kingdoms and dynasties of the medieval 3961: 3850:. Taylor's (Foreign) Press. p. 45. 3775: 3758: 3731: 3676:. Oxford University Press. p. 30. 3564: 3063: 3061: 2770: 2698:. Oxford University Press. p. 37. 2691: 2443:Aksum: A Civilization of Late Antiquity 2173:Muslims, much like the majority of the 360:in the mid-sixteenth century. (English 14: 5993: 5181: 4278: 4203: 3805:, Official Ethiopian Monarchy Website. 3502:. Ohio University Press. p. 228. 3338: 3136: 3107: 3082: 2935: 2908: 2820: 2718: 2508: 2492: 2463: 2385:Some Ethiopian Jews, especially those 1558:Another distinctively Habesha dish is 644:Abyssinia depicted on map before 1884 400:, as well as Semitic-speaking Muslims/ 311:). It lay on a route which leads from 5354: 5289: 5263: 5155: 5018: 4523: 4397: 4306: 4158:Layers of Time: a history of Ethiopia 4150: 3878: 3776:Prunier, Gérard (15 September 2015). 3474:Pre-Aksumite Civilization of Ethiopia 3448:Layers of Time, A History of Ethiopia 3445: 2612: 2593: 2530: 2483: 4146:Amharic-English Dictionary', 4/30/13 4123:Amharic-English Dictionary', 4/30/13 4100:Amharic-English Dictionary', 4/30/13 4078:Amharic-English Dictionary', 4/30/13 4054:Amharic-English Dictionary', 4/30/13 4031:Amharic-English Dictionary', 4/30/13 4015:Amharic-English Dictionary', 4/30/13 3945:Ohio University Press, 2000. p. 228. 3865: 3669: 3591: 3087:. Oxford: Archaeopress. p. 60. 3058: 2854:. Taylor & Francis. p. 12. 2847: 2080:adding citations to reliable sources 2047: 1832:Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria 1828:Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria 1301:. Another popular breakfast food is 797:, and west to the Nubian Kingdom of 434:. Another term for Muslims from the 285:The first attestation of late Latin 4423: 4210:. The Hakluyt Society. p. 204. 3912: 3130: 2619:. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 194. 2236: 2146:to escape persecution in Mecca and 1009:, a spongy flat bread, served with 516:Ethiosemitic or Ethiopic sub-branch 442:, this applied to even the empress 24: 3974:"Eating and Drinking in Ethiopia." 3948: 3925: 3618: 3450:. New York: Palgrave. p. 37. 3217: 3200: 2929: 2881:. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 61. 2725:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 99. 2303:Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church 2004:) while in church in keeping with 1955:is believed to house the original 1355:(or, in the case of vegan dishes, 1085:Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church 200:peoples found in the highlands of 25: 6042: 3954:George Wynn Brereton Huntingford 3565:Jayussi, Salma (22 August 2008). 3399:"Let's Look Across the Red Sea I" 3176:"Let's Look Across the Red Sea I" 2417: 1943:Similarities to Judaism and Islam 1836:Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church 1087:. Ge'ez language is ancestral to 1081:Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church 711:Approximate realm of the ancient 404:, were considered the periphery. 5397:Islamic sultanates & Empires 4489: 4433: 4374: This article incorporates 4369: 4320: 3803:Emperor Haile Selassie I, Part 1 2642:Historical Dictionary of Eritrea 2052: 2040:, is laid upon the Holy Sunday. 1951:The Chapel of the Tablet at the 1838:has recently reforged the link. 1102:. They are mainly spoken by the 805:Medieval and early modern period 446:due to her ties to the state of 4500:Multi-ethnic civic nationalism 4300: 4272: 4253: 4240: 4227: 4214: 4197: 4180: 4176:. Hakluyt Society. p. 976. 4163: 4127: 4104: 4081: 4058: 4035: 4019: 3996: 3871:Igorʹ Mikhaĭlovich Dʹi︠a︡konov 3826: 3808: 3796: 3769: 3752: 3725: 3690: 3670:Reid, Richard (24 March 2011). 3663: 3653:U.S. Government Printing Office 3640: 3612: 3592:Cook, David (15 January 2007). 3585: 3558: 3549: 3536: 3523: 3489: 3464: 3439: 3426: 3413: 3332: 3247: 3234: 3190: 3101: 3076: 3003: 2968: 2902: 2868: 2848:Meri, Josef (31 October 2005). 2841: 2814: 2789: 2764: 2739: 2712: 2685: 2659: 2633: 2164:non-Arab Companions of Muhammad 1953:Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion 1778:The Habesha empire centered in 1773: 1146:; the Galila clan of Aymallal ( 1134:; the ancient Semitic-speaking 1130:-speaking people inhabited the 5583:Christian kingdoms and Empires 4193:. Hakluyt Society. p. 19. 3242:Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: D-Ha 2692:Belcher, Wendy (31 May 2012). 2606: 2587: 2561: 2548: 1862:This leather painting depicts 1371:. Turmeric is used instead of 590:version of his inscription as 536:Ethiosemitic-language speakers 13: 1: 3958:British Academy, 1989. p. 78. 3568:The City in the Islamic World 3240:Stefan Weninger. "Ḥäbäshat", 2909:Jalata, Asafa (16 May 2019). 2719:Jalata, A (8 February 2002). 2424: 2126:, reportedly Africa's oldest 1727:, which is made out of four. 1267:Habesha women in traditional 1239:), a thick stew, served atop 563:which in turn is part of the 5939:Second Ajuran-Portuguese war 5247:Little Ethiopia, Los Angeles 3738:. James Currey. p. 44. 3016:Journal of Field Archaeology 2989:10.1080/01419870.2011.598232 2038:Resurrection of Jesus Christ 1765:is wrapped around the suit. 1359:) is added. Following this, 1273:performing a folklore dance. 702: 565:Afro-Asiatic Language Family 248: 242: 231: 54: 7: 5934:First Ajuran-Portuguese war 3649:"Ethiopia, a Country Study" 3496:Katpeijns, Lidwien (2000). 3471:Fattovich, Rodolfo (1975). 3339:Curtis, Matthew C. (2008). 3137:Levine, Donald (May 2000). 2875:Braukämper, Ulrich (2002). 2400: 1834:in the 1950s, although the 1768: 1044:Ethiopian Semitic languages 848:with his son and heir, Ras 656:in the 8th century BC. The 364:is attested from 1576, and 198:Oriental Orthodox Christian 106:Ethiopian Semitic languages 91: 74: 10: 6047: 4351:Civic Webs Virtual Library 4260:http://www.kebranegast.com 4233:Lisa L. Schoonover, 2012, 3844:Ullendorf, Edward (1955). 3839:. L.E.R. 1999. p. 36. 3836:Metalogicon, Volumes 12-13 3697:Matshanda, Namhla (2014). 3111:Journal of Semitic Studies 3028:10.1179/009346908791071268 2827:. L. Rienner. p. 39. 2447:Edinburgh University Press 2441:Munro-Hay, Stuart (1991). 2378:, a sect that is close to 2290: 2286: 1739:Ethiopian or Eritrean suit 1616: 1297:stir-fried with spices or 1185: 1033: 971: 967: 910:, mainly inhabited by the 633: 629: 592: 469: 165: 46: 6021:Ethnic groups in Ethiopia 6011:Cushitic-speaking peoples 5947: 5924:Adal conquest of Ethiopia 5911: 5881: 5835: 5791: 5732: 5582: 5396: 5389: 5295: 5187: 5126: 5094: 5061: 5052: 4971: 4868: 4761: 4674: 4566: 4557: 4551:Ethnic groups in Ethiopia 4498: 4487: 4440: 4431: 4338:Federal Research Division 3979:January 31, 2013, at the 3732:Gebissa, Ezekiel (2004). 2977:Ethnic and Racial Studies 2954:10.1007/s40609-017-0098-0 2575:. Oxford University Press 2573:Oxford English Dictionary 2318:as well as the Christian 2249: 1713:is a handmade cloth many 1700:around the formal dress. 1602:Ethiopian Orthodox Church 1552: 1532: 1508: 1496: 1484: 1468: 1456: 1436: 1424: 1412: 1396: 1363:is added to make a spicy 1138:inhabited Eastern Damot ( 879: 478:Ancient stone slabs with 390:Cushitic-speaking peoples 181: 173: 116: 111: 104: 99: 83: 63: 40: 6026:Ethnic groups in Eritrea 6006:Semitic-speaking peoples 5046:Ethnic groups in Eritrea 4344:Pankhurst, Dr. Richard. 4311:. Extra Issue II: 59–80. 4170:Leo (Africanus) (1896). 3555:Pankhurst 1998, pp. 22-3 3395:Pankhurst, Richard K. P. 3172:Pankhurst, Richard K. P. 3085:Red Sea Trade and Travel 3070:Encyclopaedia Aethiopica 2771:Hetzron, Robert (1972). 2542:Encyclopaedia Aethiopica 2493:Breyer, Francis (2016). 2477:Encyclopaedia Aethiopica 2412: 2120:Mosque of the Companions 2043: 1935:, collectively known as 512:Epigraphic South Arabian 375: 184:; commonly used exonym: 4284:The History of Ethiopia 4248:Dirty Laundry: a memoir 3820:Encyclopedia Britannica 3759:Borelli, Jules (1890). 3446:Henze, Paul B. (2000). 2613:Epple, Susanne (2014). 2504:. Extra Issue II: 8–18. 1604:prescribes a number of 1040:South Semitic languages 850:Araya Selassie Yohannes 615:and Ethiopian Jews (or 561:South Semitic languages 4376:public domain material 4204:Pennec, Hervé (2011). 3571:. BRILL. p. 625. 3434:Ethiopia and the Bible 3303:10.1098/rspb.2009.0408 3231:: 56–64 – via Ingenta. 2821:Erlikh, Ḥagai (2002). 2339: 2283: 2139: 1960: 1874: 1855: 1854:A traditional wedding. 1274: 1198: 1057: 1015:, a spicy meat sauce. 956:and his Empress Itege 937: 853: 716: 649: 569:Ethiosemitic languages 552:South Arabian alphabet 487: 482:inscriptions found at 291:Stephanus of Byzantium 4504:Ethiopian nationalism 3993:. Accessed July 2011. 3210:. Tsehai Publishers. 3067:Uhlig, Siegbert, ed. 2938:Global Social Welfare 2594:Makki, Fouad (2006). 2569:"Abyssin, n. and adj" 2539:Uhlig, Siegbert, ed. 2474:Uhlig, Siegbert, ed. 2328: 2271: 2202:, and the section of 2117: 1950: 1891:Roman Catholic Church 1861: 1844: 1733:is the male version. 1266: 1193: 1126:people. In antiquity 1051: 1034:Further information: 920: 841: 824:"Conquest of Habasha" 736:trade was to acquire 721:Afroasiatic languages 710: 643: 582:In the reign of King 477: 216:(i.e. the modern-day 4509:Eritrean nationalism 4235:The Indigo Butterfly 4221:Travel & Leisure 3397:(January 17, 2003). 3174:(January 17, 2003). 3124:10.1093/jss/10.2.178 2278:: Celebrity singer 2148:migrate to Abyssinia 2076:improve this section 2028:, while viewing the 1990:Islamic dietary laws 1820:Gersamot Hendeke VII 1564:(frequently spelled 1194:Traditional Habesha 1100:Abyssinian languages 723:, with the family's 675:, the companions of 356:post-classical form 6031:Afroasiatic peoples 4716:Soddo Gurage people 3721:on 31 January 2020. 3409:on August 30, 2006. 3297:(1668): 2703–2710. 3225:African Renaissance 3214:: 1–19 – via JSTOR. 3186:on August 30, 2006. 2602:. pp. 342–345. 2008:. As with Orthodox 1957:Ark of the Covenant 1879:Ark of the Covenant 1742:is the traditional 1596:is very similar to 974:Culture of Ethiopia 636:History of Ethiopia 540:Ethiopian Highlands 532:Carlo Conti Rossini 386:Orthodox Christians 382:Ethiopian Highlands 308:Fleminga Grahamiana 37: 5919:Ethiopian–Adal war 5889:Kingdom of Wolaita 5564:Sultanate of Showa 5419:Sultanate of Harar 5182:Ethiopian diaspora 4476:People of Ethiopia 4382:The World Factbook 4265:2011-11-10 at the 3989:2014-05-28 at the 3941:2017-01-16 at the 3934:, Randall Pouwels 3595:Martyrdom in Islam 3419:Stuart Munro-Hay, 2395:mainstream Judaism 2340: 2284: 2140: 1970:Eastern Christians 1961: 1875: 1864:Ethiopian Orthodox 1856: 1275: 1199: 1058: 978:Culture of Eritrea 938: 854: 717: 681:Sultanate of Showa 650: 567:. Even though the 488: 463:Eritrean diasporic 424:Eritrean Highlands 297:together with the 196:and predominantly 188:) is an ethnic or 35: 5988: 5987: 5955:Solomonic dynasty 5907: 5906: 5348: 5347: 5290:Eritrean diaspora 5257: 5256: 5149: 5148: 5122: 5121: 5063:Cushitic-speakers 5012: 5011: 4864: 4863: 4517: 4516: 4481:People of Eritrea 4357:on March 23, 2005 4293:978-1-931541-62-6 4280:Monroe, Elizabeth 3789:978-1-84904-618-3 3745:978-0-85255-480-7 3457:978-0-312-22719-7 3267:978-0-19-882125-0 2861:978-1-135-45596-5 2834:978-1-55587-970-9 2705:978-0-19-979321-1 2208:Great Rift Valley 2185:. There are also 2112: 2111: 2104: 2014:Oriental Orthodox 1471:) is also added. 1211:Mansfield Parkyns 1062:Ethiopian Semitic 689:Sultanate of Ifat 648:to divide Africa. 646:Berlin Conference 573:Cushitic language 528:Edward Ullendorff 520:Edward Ullendorff 452:Solomonic dynasty 444:Eleni of Ethiopia 384:Semitic speaking 372:from the 1620s.) 264:Himyarite Kingdom 155: 154: 122:Oriental Orthodox 89: 72: 52: 16:(Redirected from 6038: 5980:Makhzumi dynasty 5970:Goobroon dynasty 5960:Walashma dynasty 5929:Oromo migrations 5894:Kingdom of Damot 5882:Wolaita kingdoms 5863:Kingdom of Damot 5394: 5393: 5375: 5368: 5361: 5352: 5351: 5284: 5277: 5270: 5261: 5260: 5242:Washington, D.C. 5176: 5169: 5162: 5153: 5152: 5059: 5058: 5039: 5032: 5025: 5016: 5015: 4979:African American 4564: 4563: 4544: 4537: 4530: 4521: 4520: 4493: 4437: 4418: 4411: 4404: 4395: 4394: 4390: 4373: 4372: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4353:. Archived from 4341: 4324: 4323: 4313: 4312: 4304: 4298: 4297: 4276: 4270: 4257: 4251: 4244: 4238: 4231: 4225: 4218: 4212: 4211: 4201: 4195: 4194: 4184: 4178: 4177: 4167: 4161: 4154: 4148: 4131: 4125: 4108: 4102: 4085: 4079: 4062: 4056: 4039: 4033: 4023: 4017: 4000: 3994: 3970: 3959: 3952: 3946: 3932:Nehemia Levtzion 3929: 3923: 3916: 3910: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3882: 3876: 3869: 3863: 3862: 3851: 3840: 3830: 3824: 3823: 3816:"Ge'ez language" 3812: 3806: 3800: 3794: 3793: 3773: 3767: 3766: 3756: 3750: 3749: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3720: 3714:. Archived from 3705: 3694: 3688: 3687: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3644: 3638: 3637: 3635: 3634: 3616: 3610: 3609: 3589: 3583: 3582: 3562: 3556: 3553: 3547: 3540: 3534: 3527: 3521: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3493: 3487: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3443: 3437: 3430: 3424: 3417: 3411: 3410: 3405:. Archived from 3391: 3385: 3378: 3369: 3368: 3336: 3330: 3324: 3314: 3282: 3276: 3275: 3251: 3245: 3238: 3232: 3221: 3215: 3204: 3198: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3182:. Archived from 3168: 3162: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3134: 3128: 3127: 3105: 3099: 3098: 3080: 3074: 3065: 3056: 3055: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2983:(7): 1200–1219. 2972: 2966: 2965: 2933: 2927: 2926: 2906: 2900: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2872: 2866: 2865: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2818: 2812: 2811: 2793: 2787: 2786: 2768: 2762: 2761: 2743: 2737: 2736: 2716: 2710: 2709: 2689: 2683: 2682: 2663: 2657: 2656: 2637: 2631: 2630: 2610: 2604: 2603: 2591: 2585: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2565: 2559: 2552: 2546: 2537: 2528: 2527: 2526: 2525: 2512: 2506: 2505: 2499: 2490: 2481: 2472: 2461: 2460: 2438: 2420: 2337:Border Policeman 2331:Ethiopian Jewish 2252: 2251: 2238: 2210:, as well as in 2107: 2100: 2096: 2093: 2087: 2056: 2048: 2018:Eastern Orthodox 2006:1 Corinthians 11 1866:priests playing 1808:Ethiopian eunuch 1791:and in parts of 1618: 1554: 1534: 1510: 1498: 1486: 1470: 1458: 1438: 1426: 1414: 1398: 1024:pentatonic scale 954:Haile Selassie I 946:Amharic-speakers 942:Haile Selassie I 888:Emperor Tewodros 881: 833:Oromo migrations 777:Byzantine Empire 658:Kingdom of Aksum 595: 594: 556:Stuart Munro-Hay 548:Sabaean language 538:of the northern 524:Donald N. Levine 251: 245: 194:Semitic-speaking 183: 175: 167: 94: 88:romanized: 87: 85: 77: 67: 65: 57: 51:romanized: 50: 48: 38: 34: 21: 6046: 6045: 6041: 6040: 6039: 6037: 6036: 6035: 6016:Nilotic peoples 6001:Habesha peoples 5991: 5990: 5989: 5984: 5943: 5903: 5877: 5836:Sidama kingdoms 5831: 5787: 5728: 5578: 5439:Aussa Sultanate 5385: 5379: 5349: 5344: 5291: 5288: 5258: 5253: 5183: 5180: 5150: 5145: 5118: 5090: 5048: 5043: 5013: 5008: 4967: 4860: 4757: 4670: 4553: 4548: 4518: 4513: 4494: 4485: 4438: 4427: 4425:Habesha peoples 4422: 4379: 4370: 4360: 4358: 4345: 4333:Country Studies 4330: 4321: 4317: 4316: 4305: 4301: 4294: 4277: 4273: 4267:Wayback Machine 4258: 4254: 4245: 4241: 4232: 4228: 4219: 4215: 4202: 4198: 4185: 4181: 4168: 4164: 4156:Paul B. Henze, 4155: 4151: 4132: 4128: 4109: 4105: 4086: 4082: 4063: 4059: 4040: 4036: 4024: 4020: 4001: 3997: 3991:Wayback Machine 3981:Wayback Machine 3972:Javins, Marie. 3971: 3962: 3953: 3949: 3943:Wayback Machine 3930: 3926: 3918:Robert Hetzron 3917: 3913: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3883: 3879: 3870: 3866: 3852: 3841: 3833: 3831: 3827: 3814: 3813: 3809: 3801: 3797: 3790: 3774: 3770: 3757: 3753: 3746: 3730: 3726: 3718: 3703: 3695: 3691: 3684: 3668: 3664: 3645: 3641: 3632: 3630: 3619:Aregay, Merid. 3617: 3613: 3606: 3590: 3586: 3579: 3563: 3559: 3554: 3550: 3541: 3537: 3528: 3524: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3494: 3490: 3480: 3478: 3469: 3465: 3458: 3444: 3440: 3431: 3427: 3418: 3414: 3392: 3388: 3379: 3372: 3337: 3333: 3283: 3279: 3268: 3252: 3248: 3239: 3235: 3222: 3218: 3205: 3201: 3195: 3191: 3169: 3165: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3135: 3131: 3106: 3102: 3095: 3081: 3077: 3066: 3059: 3008: 3004: 2973: 2969: 2934: 2930: 2923: 2907: 2903: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2873: 2869: 2862: 2846: 2842: 2835: 2819: 2815: 2808: 2794: 2790: 2783: 2769: 2765: 2758: 2744: 2740: 2733: 2717: 2713: 2706: 2690: 2686: 2679: 2665: 2664: 2660: 2653: 2639: 2638: 2634: 2627: 2611: 2607: 2600:SUNY Binghamton 2592: 2588: 2578: 2576: 2567: 2566: 2562: 2553: 2549: 2538: 2531: 2523: 2521: 2514: 2513: 2509: 2497: 2491: 2484: 2473: 2464: 2457: 2439: 2432: 2427: 2415: 2403: 2380:Karaite Judaism 2299: 2291:Main articles: 2289: 2231:) and fasting ( 2108: 2097: 2091: 2088: 2073: 2057: 2046: 1945: 1776: 1771: 1387:. Meat such as 1188: 1152:Southwest Shewa 1132:Aksumite Empire 1046: 1032: 980: 972:Main articles: 970: 892:Zemene Mesafint 890:brought end to 863:Zemene Mesafint 807: 793:, south to the 713:Kingdom of Dʿmt 705: 638: 632: 534:'s theory that 472: 378: 328:Ibb Governorate 234: 158:Habesha peoples 131: 127: 120: 95: 78: 58: 33: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6044: 6034: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5986: 5985: 5983: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5965:Gareen dynasty 5962: 5957: 5951: 5949: 5945: 5944: 5942: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5915: 5913: 5909: 5908: 5905: 5904: 5902: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5885: 5883: 5879: 5878: 5876: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5839: 5837: 5833: 5832: 5830: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5798: 5796: 5789: 5788: 5786: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5739: 5737: 5730: 5729: 5727: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5586: 5584: 5580: 5579: 5577: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5400: 5398: 5391: 5387: 5386: 5383:Horn of Africa 5378: 5377: 5370: 5363: 5355: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5342: 5337: 5335:United Kingdom 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5296: 5293: 5292: 5287: 5286: 5279: 5272: 5264: 5255: 5254: 5252: 5251: 5250: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5229: 5227:United Kingdom 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5188: 5185: 5184: 5179: 5178: 5171: 5164: 5156: 5147: 5146: 5144: 5143: 5138: 5132: 5130: 5124: 5123: 5120: 5119: 5117: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5100: 5098: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5067: 5065: 5056: 5050: 5049: 5042: 5041: 5034: 5027: 5019: 5010: 5009: 5007: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4975: 4973: 4972:Non-Indigenous 4969: 4968: 4966: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4874: 4872: 4866: 4865: 4862: 4861: 4859: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4767: 4765: 4759: 4758: 4756: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4724: 4723: 4718: 4708: 4707: 4706: 4701: 4691: 4686: 4680: 4678: 4672: 4671: 4669: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4572: 4570: 4561: 4555: 4554: 4547: 4546: 4539: 4532: 4524: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4511: 4506: 4499: 4496: 4495: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4483: 4478: 4472: 4471: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4441: 4439: 4432: 4429: 4428: 4421: 4420: 4413: 4406: 4398: 4392: 4391: 4367: 4342: 4315: 4314: 4299: 4292: 4271: 4252: 4250:. 2006, p. 89. 4239: 4226: 4213: 4196: 4179: 4162: 4149: 4140:2013-08-03 at 4126: 4117:2013-06-28 at 4103: 4094:2013-06-28 at 4080: 4072:2013-06-28 at 4057: 4048:2013-06-28 at 4034: 4018: 4009:2013-06-28 at 3995: 3960: 3947: 3924: 3911: 3898:978-3447048910 3897: 3877: 3864: 3825: 3807: 3795: 3788: 3768: 3751: 3744: 3724: 3689: 3682: 3662: 3639: 3611: 3604: 3584: 3577: 3557: 3548: 3535: 3522: 3509:978-0821444610 3508: 3488: 3463: 3456: 3438: 3425: 3412: 3386: 3370: 3351:(1): 123–126. 3331: 3277: 3266: 3246: 3233: 3216: 3199: 3189: 3163: 3149: 3129: 3118:(2): 178–196. 3100: 3094:978-1841716220 3093: 3075: 3057: 3022:(2): 151–176. 3002: 2967: 2928: 2921: 2901: 2887: 2867: 2860: 2840: 2833: 2813: 2806: 2788: 2781: 2763: 2756: 2738: 2731: 2711: 2704: 2684: 2677: 2658: 2651: 2632: 2625: 2605: 2586: 2560: 2547: 2529: 2520:, Geoview.info 2507: 2482: 2462: 2456:978-0748601066 2455: 2449:. p. 39. 2429: 2428: 2426: 2423: 2414: 2411: 2410: 2409: 2402: 2399: 2288: 2285: 2110: 2109: 2060: 2058: 2051: 2045: 2042: 1984:products with 1944: 1941: 1929:Pentecostalism 1810:as written in 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1664:Duarte Barbosa 1637: 1636: 1315:) resembles a 1223: 1222: 1187: 1184: 1070:Ge'ez language 1064:branch of the 1036:Ge'ez language 1031: 1028: 969: 966: 814:armies led by 812:Adal Sultanate 806: 803: 704: 701: 634:Main article: 631: 628: 471: 468: 436:Horn of Africa 432:Jeberti people 402:Ethiopian Jews 377: 374: 240:engravings as 233: 230: 153: 152: 139:Christianity ( 118:Predominately: 114: 113: 109: 108: 102: 101: 97: 96: 41: 31: 26: 18:Habesha people 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6043: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5998: 5996: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5975:Zagwe dynasty 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5952: 5950: 5946: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5916: 5914: 5910: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5886: 5884: 5880: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5840: 5838: 5834: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5790: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5731: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5587: 5585: 5581: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5414:Aussa Imamate 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5401: 5399: 5395: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5376: 5371: 5369: 5364: 5362: 5357: 5356: 5353: 5341: 5340:United States 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5297: 5294: 5285: 5280: 5278: 5273: 5271: 5266: 5265: 5262: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5234: 5233: 5232:United States 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5189: 5186: 5177: 5172: 5170: 5165: 5163: 5158: 5157: 5154: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5133: 5131: 5129: 5125: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5093: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5040: 5035: 5033: 5028: 5026: 5021: 5020: 5017: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4976: 4974: 4970: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4875: 4873: 4871: 4867: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 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