885:
461:
was the chief aide of the emir or caliph and the head of the administration, supervising the three main branches into which it was divided: the royal household, the chancery, and the financial department. Several of the holders of the office also commanded armies. Unlike the
Islamic East, the title
325:
In the late 9th century, the position of the vizier was strengthened, as the powers of the office became more formalized and he emerged as the head of the civilian administration, underpinned by a highly specialized secretarial class. Another contender for authority also emerged in the
352:
became a major power-broker, since he occupied his post continuously from 908â929, whereas the viziers changed rapidly during this period. He not only had a role in the selection of several viziers, but also was responsible for arresting them when they were dismissed.
254:, organizing and supervising caliphal audiences, and bringing visitors to the caliph's presence. He was also head of the palace staff, and might sometimes be employed by the caliph as a trusted agent in eliminating certain of the caliph's subjects.
574:
Many of the dynasties that emerged in the eastern
Islamic world after the fragmentation of the Abbasid Caliphate in the mid 9thâ10th centuries modelled their administrative and courtly practices on the Abbasids. Thus the title of
215:. However, in Arabic historiography, their existence is often obscured or euphemistically paraphrased, since the office was ill regarded in early Muslim society, with its strong egalitarian tendencies.
478:
289:
both became viziers after the dismissal of their rivals who previously held the office. This division and the rivalry between the two offices was strengthened during the "
579:
was still used for masters of ceremonies and intermediaries between the ruler to the bureaucracy, but also as a military rank given to generals and provincial governors.
429:
ruler of the caliphate. Having lost the struggle for power, the chamberlains were recompensed with an increase in titulature: from 941, the head chamberlain was known as
652:
s as generals; all of them were distinguished by a black cloak, a specific type of belt, and a two-pointed cap. However, unlike the
Samanids, the Ghaznavid
715:
might still participate in campaigns and command parts of an army, but he was once again mostly a court official, commanding generals being designated as
812:
798:
was again a chamberlain, although both in the royal court as well as in the lesser provincial courts these men were drawn from the military class. The
590:, the title was originally restricted to the ruler's household, but by the mid-10th century had come to acquire a military role: the "chief" or "great
515:
349:
1311:
364:
783:
in the Seljuk court. In time, the most important generals and provincial governors, as well as other prominent men of the realm, also acquired
74:
world, which evolved to fulfil various functions, often serving as chief ministers or enjoying dictatorial powers. The post appeared under the
250:
still occupied a lower rung in the court hierarchy than the Arab aristocracy or the great ministers of state. His main duties were those of a
396:
226:, when the ruler began to be separated from the ruled, and surrounded by an increasingly elaborate ceremonial, borrowed in large part from
356:
After 929, the commanders-in-chief supplanted the viziers in power and began dominating the government, becoming the main rivals of the
743:
was the highest-ranking court official, and apart from ceremonies and protocol, he was also responsible for military discipline. Under
606:) was the second man in the state, combining in his person the functions of head of the palace and commander-in-chief. Ordinary
1193:
1171:
330:
remained a powerful official, especially during palace coups, as he controlled a part of the caliphal bodyguard, notably the
703:
receded somewhat, although, given the military character of the Seljuk court, its occupant was still a
Turkish commander (
1164:
Crisis and
Continuity at the Abbasid Court: Formal and Informal Politics in the Caliphate of al-Muqtadir (295-320/908-32)
1275:
411:
and commander-in-chief, but despite their dominant position in
Baghdad, the lack of financial resources meant that the
779:
of the day, while others are rather unknown. There were also a number of junior chamberlains with the simple title of
1306:
311:), whose "background, formation, and interests differed starkly from those of the bureaucratic vizier". Under Caliph
277:
controlled courtly affairs. The holders of the two offices often vied for control of the administration; thus the
759:, responsible for ceremonies and order at court; it is unclear whether that was a distinct office from that of
566:("king"), thus maintaining the fiction that they were simply representatives of the long-vanished caliph.
415:
could not compete with provincial governors who controlled the sources of revenue. Thus in 936 it was
772:
751:
is recorded as acting as the intermediary between the Seljuk sultan and his officials, including the
462:
of vizier was given to lower-ranking counsellors tasked with various matters, and subordinate to the
728:
150:
519:
261:
gained in prestige at court, despite their often very humble origin. With the introduction of the
286:
96:
was always superior to the vizier and by the 10th century had come to wield enormous power as a
223:
50:
1262:
1159:
656:
did not exercise direct control over the palace administration, which was in the hands of the
482:
1316:
378:
282:
895:
668:
emirates (934â1062), which lacked the sophisticated central government of the
Abbasid type,
149:('chamberlain of chamberlains, head chamberlain') was also an important official; under the
446:
266:
251:
67:
8:
453:
was from the outset the most senior minister of the state, at the head of his own court (
727:. The office's role under the Seljuks is described in the writings of Nizam al-Mulk and
222:
is part of the consolidation and stratification process of the Muslim society after the
767:
s provided by
Rawandi, the office was not hereditaryâwith only one exception: Ali Bar,
442:
368:
203:, various early Muslim provincial governors and political figures, including all early
162:
1253:
86:. From the early caliphates, the post spread to other areas under Muslim dominion: in
1285:
1240:
1228:
1212:
1189:
1167:
829:
641:
242:
periods, up to the early 9th century, most of the occupants of the office were still
184:
75:
1224:
187:(661â750), but in reality it is widely attested in the sources for the pre-Islamic
1220:
744:
504:
1208:
1204:
179:) of an Arab household. Modern scholars have traditionally regarded the office of
1181:
836:
s were chamberlains, with the chief chamberlain known as the "Lord of the Gate" (
678:
583:
556:
and could not claim the title of caliph, imitated
Almanzor and used the title of
553:
373:
290:
227:
62:
41:
860:
was introduced to the Levant by the
Seljuks, and this model was followed by the
82:, under whom it ranked as one of the senior offices of the state, alongside the
1270:
1266:
1248:
1244:
298:
1300:
1289:
1258:
1232:
853:, tasked with preventing unauthorized visitors and preserving state secrets.
696:
648:
as the commander-in-chief in the Sultan's stead, commanding several ordinary
611:
587:
466:; the latter was almost always chosen from the viziers. A number of ordinary
421:
312:
212:
208:
116:
838:
610:
s served as generals and, occasionally, provincial governors. According to
544:
Following the collapse of the caliphate and the political fragmentation of
416:
470:
s was tasked with the doorkeeping duties and directing court ceremonies.
335:
17:
884:
78:, but gained in influence and prestige in the more settled court of the
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
976:
723:
717:
545:
493:
112:
100:
87:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
322:
served as chief minister, since the Caliph did not nominate a vizier.
846:). Furthermore, the writer Ibn al-Sayrfi mentions the existence of a
791:
673:
188:
169:, "concealing") was one of the duties of domestic slaves or clients (
120:
1129:
731:. Anachronistically ascribing its existence to the practices of the
381:, before they were both dismissed at the latter's insistence. Under
1090:
986:
953:
865:
807:
803:
732:
684:
530:
400:
382:
196:
124:
104:
79:
640:
of a province. The Samanid practice was emulated by the successor
861:
407:, Muhammad ibn Yaqut made a comeback, combining the positions of
404:
303:
239:
204:
192:
128:
552:
kingdoms, some of the taifa rulers, who were not members of the
816:
and held the duties of a master of ceremonies analogous to the
752:
739:
was the official responsible for administering punishment. The
541:
ruler of the Caliphate of Cordoba 978 until his death in 1002.
270:
262:
171:
108:
83:
71:
1078:
849:
665:
562:
549:
319:
200:
24:
1186:
Muslim Spain and Portugal. A political history of al-Andalus
872:
for chamberlains continued in Egypt until the 13th century.
699:(1037â1194), however, the mainly military role of the chief
676:
implies that here too there was a succession of ranks, from
636:
360:, who now also assumed a more military character. Thus the
518:, who served under Abd al-Rahman II and into the reign of
1066:
787:
s in their retinues. These were not always military men.
1054:
771:
of Muhammad I, was succeeded by his son Muhammad, under
660:, nor over the palace guard, which was entrusted to the
1044:
1042:
1040:
1025:
630:("detachment commander"), before attaining the rank of
115:, the title acquired a mainly military role; under the
1239:
1135:
1123:
1019:
980:
943:
481:, who served in the post in the successive reigns of
457:), where he received petitioners and messengers. The
1037:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
144:
138:
132:
91:
55:
586:(819â999), which also relied on a Turkic-dominated
1252:
920:
775:âand was often held by some of the most powerful
755:. Nizam al-Mulk also mentions the existence of a
672:was exclusively a military title. The account of
269:emerged, where the vizierâusually drawn from the
233:
1298:
127:it reverted to its role as a court official; in
326:commander-in-chief of the army. However, the
183:in a courtly setting as an innovation of the
842:) or, occasionally, as "Chief Chamberlain" (
569:
377:in his rivalry with the commander-in-chief
273:classâheaded the administration, while the
153:, they acquired important judicial duties.
1276:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
868:after them. However, the use of the title
537:assumed quasi-regal authority and was the
399:was a soldier who tried to impose his pro-
1157:
479:Abd al-Karim ibn Abd al-Wahid ibn Mughith
66:) was a court official, equivalent to a
1312:Officials in the medieval Islamic world
1284:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 45â49.
1180:
1084:
1072:
1060:
1048:
1031:
823:
1299:
1202:
947:
802:s remained court officials under the
265:as the head of government, a kind of
61:
1136:Sourdel, Bosworth & Lambton 1971
1124:Sourdel, Bosworth & Lambton 1971
1020:Sourdel, Bosworth & Lambton 1971
981:Sourdel, Bosworth & Lambton 1971
879:
30:Court official in early Muslim world
1166:. Leiden: BRILL. pp. 145â163.
810:the chief chamberlain was known as
257:With the rise of the Abbasids, the
45:
13:
735:court, the latter writes that the
707:), with a staff mostly drawn from
14:
1328:
433:("chamberlain of chamberlains").
218:Indeed, the formalization of the
1211:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John;
883:
622:could rise through the ranks to
103:; in the eastern dynasties, the
1225:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_30196
1158:El Cheikh, Nadia Maria (2013).
524:
509:
498:
487:
387:
340:
1219:(3rd ed.). Brill Online.
614:'s account on the training of
514:); the famously incorruptible
234:Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates
161:The office has its origins in
1:
914:
644:(977â1186) as well, with the
436:
403:beliefs on the caliph. Under
16:For the village in Iran, see
293:period", when the office of
7:
145:
139:
133:
92:
56:
10:
1333:
1144:
875:
143:('Master of the Gate') or
22:
15:
570:Eastern Islamic dynasties
238:In the Umayyad and early
207:and anti-caliphs such as
156:
1307:Arabic words and phrases
1087:, pp. 131, 135â136.
729:Muhammad bin Ali Rawandi
662:salar-i ghulaman-i saray
297:began to be occupied by
246:. During this time, the
23:Not to be confused with
1203:Morris, Ian D. (2017).
1217:Encyclopaedia of Islam
892:This section is empty.
445:and in the succeeding
224:early Muslim conquests
1154:, Damascus 1959-1960.
165:, where doorkeeping (
1152:Le vizirat 'Abbaside
824:Egypt and the Levant
763:. From the names of
447:Caliphate of Cordoba
419:who was selected as
287:al-Fadl ibn al-Rabi'
267:separation of powers
252:master of ceremonies
63:[ĂŠlËħÊËdÊib]
1188:. London: Longman.
1075:, pp. 110â122.
548:into the competing
1207:. In Fleet, Kate;
1160:"The chamberlains"
1063:, pp. 45, 64.
806:, while under the
634:, and then become
443:Emirate of Cordoba
379:Mu'nis al-Muzaffar
369:Muhammad ibn Yaqut
283:al-Rabi' ibn Yunus
163:pre-Islamic Arabia
1195:978-0-582-49515-9
1173:978-90-04-25271-4
1034:, pp. 44â45.
912:
911:
830:Fatimid Caliphate
813:ishik-aqasi bashi
794:(1256â1357), the
642:Ghaznavid dynasty
626:("tent leader"),
596:al-hajib al-kabir
425:, and became the
185:Umayyad Caliphate
131:Egypt, the chief
76:Umayyad Caliphate
54:
1324:
1293:
1256:
1236:
1199:
1177:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1121:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1017:
984:
978:
951:
945:
907:
904:
894:You can help by
887:
880:
745:Muhammad I Tapar
600:hajib al-hudjjab
528:
526:
513:
511:
505:Abd al-Rahman II
502:
500:
491:
489:
391:
389:
344:
342:
301:slave soldiers (
228:Sassanid Persian
148:
142:
136:
95:
65:
59:
49:
47:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1297:
1296:
1249:Lambton, A.K.S.
1213:Rowson, Everett
1196:
1174:
1147:
1142:
1134:
1130:
1122:
1091:
1083:
1079:
1071:
1067:
1059:
1055:
1047:
1038:
1030:
1026:
1018:
987:
979:
954:
946:
921:
917:
908:
902:
899:
878:
844:hajib al-hujjab
826:
584:Samanid dynasty
572:
554:Umayyad dynasty
529:); and finally
523:
516:Isa ibn Shuhayd
508:
497:
486:
441:In the Umayyad
439:
386:
374:sahib al-shurta
350:Nasr al-Qushuri
339:
236:
159:
146:hajib al-hujjab
70:, in the early
31:
28:
21:
12:
11:
5:
1330:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1295:
1294:
1245:Bosworth, C.E.
1237:
1209:KrÀmer, Gudrun
1200:
1194:
1178:
1172:
1155:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1128:
1089:
1077:
1065:
1053:
1036:
1024:
985:
952:
918:
916:
913:
910:
909:
890:
888:
877:
874:
825:
822:
818:hajib-i dargah
757:hajib-i dargah
654:hajib-i buzurg
646:hajib-i buzurg
604:hajib-i buzurg
571:
568:
560:, rather than
527: 852â886
512: 822â852
501: 796â822
490: 788â796
438:
435:
431:hajib al-hujab
390: 932â934
343: 908â932
315:, the Turkish
235:
232:
158:
155:
29:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1329:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1263:MĂ©nage, V. L.
1260:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1182:Kennedy, Hugh
1179:
1175:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1138:, p. 48.
1137:
1132:
1126:, p. 47.
1125:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1086:
1081:
1074:
1069:
1062:
1057:
1051:, p. 45.
1050:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1033:
1028:
1022:, p. 46.
1021:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
983:, p. 45.
982:
977:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
949:
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
919:
906:
903:December 2019
897:
893:
889:
886:
882:
881:
873:
871:
867:
863:
859:
856:The military
854:
852:
851:
845:
841:
840:
835:
831:
821:
819:
815:
814:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
788:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
725:
720:
719:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
697:Seljuk Empire
693:
691:
687:
686:
681:
680:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
658:wakil-i khass
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
638:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
612:Nizam al-Mulk
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
588:ghilman corps
585:
580:
578:
567:
565:
564:
559:
555:
551:
547:
542:
540:
536:
533:, who as the
532:
521:
517:
506:
495:
484:
480:
476:
471:
469:
465:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
434:
432:
428:
424:
423:
422:amir al-umara
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
395:
384:
380:
376:
375:
370:
366:
363:
359:
354:
351:
348:
337:
333:
329:
323:
321:
318:
314:
313:al-Mutawakkil
310:
306:
305:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
231:
229:
225:
221:
216:
214:
213:Ibn al-Zubayr
210:
209:Hasan ibn Ali
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
173:
168:
164:
154:
152:
147:
141:
135:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
99:
94:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
64:
58:
52:
43:
39:
35:
26:
19:
1317:Chamberlains
1281:
1274:
1216:
1185:
1163:
1151:
1150:D. Sourdel,
1131:
1085:Kennedy 1996
1080:
1073:Kennedy 1996
1068:
1061:Kennedy 1996
1056:
1049:Kennedy 1996
1032:Kennedy 1996
1027:
900:
896:adding to it
891:
869:
857:
855:
847:
843:
839:sahib al-bab
837:
833:
827:
817:
811:
799:
795:
789:
784:
780:
776:
768:
764:
760:
756:
748:
740:
736:
722:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
694:
689:
688:and then to
683:
677:
669:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
635:
631:
627:
624:withaq-bashi
623:
619:
615:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
582:Thus in the
581:
576:
573:
561:
557:
543:
538:
534:
474:
472:
467:
463:
458:
454:
450:
440:
430:
426:
420:
412:
408:
393:
372:
367:had his son
361:
357:
355:
346:
331:
327:
324:
316:
308:
302:
294:
285:and his son
278:
274:
258:
256:
247:
243:
237:
219:
217:
180:
176:
170:
166:
160:
140:sahib al-bab
97:
37:
33:
32:
1280:Volume III:
1271:Schacht, J.
1267:Pellat, Ch.
1241:Sourdel, D.
948:Morris 2017
628:khayl-bashi
336:al-Muqtadir
271:secretarial
175:, singular
68:chamberlain
18:Hajib, Iran
1301:Categories
915:References
790:Under the
765:amir hajib
761:amir hajib
749:amir hajib
741:amir hajib
724:isfahsalar
718:sipahsalar
713:amir hajib
546:al-Andalus
520:Muhammad I
494:al-Hakam I
437:Al-Andalus
397:Ibn Yalbaq
371:appointed
332:MaáčŁÄffiyya
113:Ghaznavids
101:chancellor
88:al-Andalus
1290:495469525
1259:Lewis, B.
1233:1873-9830
792:Ilkhanids
773:Mahmud II
674:Miskawayh
664:. In the
417:Ibn Ra'iq
230:practic.
189:Ghassanid
137:, styled
121:Ilkhanids
51:romanized
1273:(eds.).
1254:"កÄdjib"
1251:(1971).
1215:(eds.).
1184:(1996).
866:Ayyubids
864:and the
850:al-diwan
808:Safavids
804:Timurids
733:Sasanian
539:de facto
531:Almanzor
483:Hisham I
473:Notable
427:de facto
383:al-Qahir
334:. Under
307:, sing.
197:Muhammad
125:Timurids
105:Samanids
98:de facto
80:Abbasids
57:al-áž„Äjib
1205:"កÄjib"
1145:Sources
876:Maghreb
862:Zengids
828:In the
709:ghilman
695:In the
616:ghilman
503:), and
477:s were
405:ar-Radi
345:), the
304:ghilman
299:Turkish
291:Samarra
240:Abbasid
205:caliphs
195:kings,
193:Lakhmid
151:Mamluks
129:Fatimid
117:Seljuks
53::
1288:
1282:HâIram
1269:&
1247:&
1231:
1192:
1170:
848:hajib
832:, the
753:vizier
747:, the
711:. The
620:ghulam
455:majlis
449:, the
392:) the
309:ghulam
263:vizier
259:mawÄlÄ«
244:mawÄlÄ«
172:mawÄlÄ«
167:áž„ijÄba
157:Origin
109:Buyids
84:vizier
72:Muslim
46:ۧÙŰۧۏۚ
42:Arabic
38:hadjib
1257:. In
870:hajib
858:hajib
834:hajib
800:hajib
796:hajib
785:hajib
781:hajib
769:hajib
737:hajib
701:hajib
690:hajib
685:qa'id
679:naqib
670:hajib
666:Buyid
650:hajib
632:hijab
608:hajib
592:hajib
577:hajib
563:malik
558:hajib
550:taifa
535:hajib
475:hajib
468:hajib
464:hajib
459:hajib
451:hajib
413:hajib
409:hajib
401:Shi'a
394:hajib
365:Yaqut
362:hajib
358:hajib
347:hajib
328:hajib
320:Itakh
317:hijab
295:hajib
279:hajib
275:hajib
248:hajib
220:hajib
201:Sajah
181:hajib
177:mawlÄ
134:hajib
93:hajib
34:Hajib
25:hijab
1286:OCLC
1229:ISSN
1190:ISBN
1168:ISBN
777:amir
705:amir
637:amir
618:, a
211:and
191:and
123:and
111:and
90:the
1221:doi
898:.
721:or
682:to
594:" (
492:),
36:or
1303::
1278:.
1265:;
1261:;
1243:;
1227:.
1162:.
1092:^
1039:^
988:^
955:^
922:^
820:.
692:.
602:,
598:,
525:r.
510:r.
499:r.
488:r.
388:r.
341:r.
281:s
199:,
119:,
107:,
60:,
48:,
44::
1292:.
1235:.
1223::
1198:.
1176:.
950:.
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496:(
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27:.
20:.
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