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The Hale's 200 in (510 cm) mirror was near the technological limit of a primary mirror made of a single rigid piece of glass. Using a monolithic mirror much larger than the 5-meter Hale or 6-meter BTA-6 is prohibitively expensive due to the cost of both the mirror, and the massive structure
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After cooling several months, the finished mirror blank was transported by rail to
Pasadena, California. Once in Pasadena the mirror was transferred from the rail flat car to a specially designed semi-trailer for road transport to where it would be polished. In the optical shop in Pasadena (now the
729:
configuration (a Pyrex plug for this hole was also made to be used during the grinding and polishing process). While the glass was being poured into the mold during the first attempt to cast the 200-inch mirror, the intense heat caused several of the molding blocks to break loose and float to the
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that cut the amount of Pyrex needed down from over 40 short tons (36 t) to just 20 short tons (18 t), making a mirror that would cool faster in use and have multiple "mounting points" on the back to evenly distribute its weight (note – see external links 1934 article for drawings). The
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jig was constructed which could employ five different motions when the mirror was ground and polished. Over 13 years almost 10,000 lb (4.5 t) of glass was ground and polished away, reducing the weight of the mirror to 14.5 short tons (13.2 t). The mirror was coated (and still is
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design. Compared to the usual parabolic primary, this design would have provided sharper images over a larger usable field of view. However, Ritchey and Hale had a falling-out. With the project already late and over budget, Hale refused to adopt the new design, with its complex curvatures, and
798:
During its first 50 years, the Hale
Telescope made many significant contributions to stellar evolution, cosmology, and high-energy astrophysics. Similarly, the telescope, and the technology developed for it, advanced the study of the spectra of stars, interstellar matter, AGNs, and quasars.
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in 1928, he orchestrated the planning, design, and construction of the observatory, but with the project ending up taking 20 years he did not live to see its commissioning. The Hale was groundbreaking for its time, with double the diameter of the second-largest
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needed to support it. A mirror beyond that size would also sag slightly under its own weight as the telescope is rotated to different positions, changing the precision shape of the surface, which must be accurate to within 2 millionths of an inch (50
688:
The 5 meter (16 ft. 8 in.) mirror in
December 1945 at the Caltech Optical Shop when grinding resumed following World War 2. The honeycomb support structure on the back of the mirror is visible through the
524:, the telescope was not completed until 1948 when it was dedicated. Due to slight distortions of images, corrections were made to the telescope throughout 1949. It became available for research in 1950.
473:: the 60-inch (1.5 m) telescope in 1908 and the 100-inch (2.5 m) telescope in 1917. These telescopes were very successful, leading to the rapid advance in understanding of the scale of the
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techniques were used to turn the flat blank into a precise concave parabolic shape, although they had to be executed on a grand scale. A special 240 in (6.1 m) 25,000 lb (11 t)
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The moving weight of the upper dome is about 1000 US tons, and can rotate on wheels. The dome doors weigh 125 tons each. The dome is made of welded steel plates about 10 mm thick.
607:
called a "horseshoe mount", a modified yoke mount that replaces the polar bearing with an open "horseshoe" structure that gives the telescope full access to the entire sky, including
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was assigned the task of making a 200-inch (5.1 m) primary mirror. Construction of the observatory facilities and dome started in 1936, but because of interruptions caused by
2075:
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re-coated every 18–24 months) with a reflective aluminum surface using the same aluminum vacuum-deposition process invented in 1930 by
Caltech physicist and astronomer
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Originally, the Hale
Telescope was going to use a primary mirror of fused quartz manufactured by General Electric, but instead the primary mirror was cast in 1934 at
1862:
Wallerstein, George; Oke, J. B. (2000). "The First 50 Years at
Palomar, 1949–1999 Another View: Instruments, Spectroscopy and Spectrophotometry and the Infrared".
1165:
755:). Modern telescopes over 9 meters use a different mirror design to solve this problem, with either a single thin flexible mirror or a cluster of smaller
730:
top, ruining the mirror. The defective mirror was used to test the annealing process. After the mold was re-engineered, a second mirror was successfully cast.
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The Hale had four times the light-collecting area of the second-largest scope when it was commissioned in 1949. Other contemporary telescopes were the
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exoplanets under exceptional circumstances. Specifically, it is easier to obtain images when the planet is especially large (considerably larger than
3349:
1827:
Sandage, Allan. (1999). "The first 50 years at
Palomar: 1949–1999 the early years of stellar evolution, cosmology, and high-energy astrophysics".
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The telescope continues to be used every clear night for scientific research by astronomers from
Caltech and their operating partners,
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Ritchey left the project. The Mount
Palomar Hale Telescope turned out to be the last world-leading telescope to have a parabolic
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917:), widely separated from its parent star, and hot so that it emits intense infrared radiation. However, in 2010 a team from
504:(Caltech), of which Hale was a founding member. In the early 1930s, Hale selected a site at 1,700 m (5,600 ft) on
1341:
422:
The Hale
Telescope represented the technological limit in building large optical telescopes for over 30 years. It was the
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shape of a central hole was also part of the mold so light could pass through the finished mirror when it was used in a
105:
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470:
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Postage Stamp. The US Post Office issued a 3c postage stamp in 1948 commemorating the Hale Telescope and Observatory.
890:
512:, US, as the best site, and less likely to be affected by the growing light pollution problem in urban centers like
485:
3187:
2076:"Thermal infrared (8?13 ?m) spectra of 29 asteroids: The Cornell Mid-Infrared Asteroid Spectroscopy (MIDAS) Survey"
1459:
3005:
735:
347:
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In October 2017 the Hale Telescope was able to record the spectrum of the first recognized interstellar object,
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1703:
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for "the construction of an observatory, including a 200-inch reflecting telescope" to be administered by the
3291:
2388:
3471:
2957:
1736:
886:("ʻOumuamua"); while no specific mineral was identified it showed the visitor had a reddish surface color.
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of Caltech in Pasadena in 1935, designed to flex in such a way as to keep all of the optics in alignment.
509:
388:
92:
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were discovered in September 1997, bringing the planet's total known moons to 17 at that time. One was
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similar to that of the Hale Telescope compared to a simple truss. For clarity, only the top and bottom
577:
1229:"Science in Review: Research Work in Astronomy and Cancer Lead Year's List of Scientific Developments"
850:(initial designation S/1997 U 2) and was also discovered using the 200 inch Hale Telescope.
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3180:
3145:
3138:
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1788:
1764:
962:
922:
584:
565:
2205:
Masiero, Joseph (2017-10-26). "Palomar Optical Spectrum of Hyperbolic Near-Earth Object A/2017 U1".
1339:
Caltech Astronomy : Palomar Observatory Astronomical Images – Hubble's Variable Nebula NGC 2261
268:
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3386:
3152:
1064:
561:
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through the 1920s, and demonstrating to visionaries like Hale the need for even larger collectors.
466:
80:
62:
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534:
513:
155:
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1946:
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957:
857:(MIDAS) survey used the Hale Telescope with a spectrograph to study spectra from 29 asteroids.
670:
497:
400:
20:
1602:
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and G. Edward Danielson on 16 October 1982 using the 200-inch Hale Telescope equipped with a
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2902:
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2526:
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1583:
1103:
973:
684:
481:
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1789:"National Park Service: Astronomy and Astrophysics (Palomar Observatory 200-inch Reflector)"
1765:"National Park Service: Astronomy and Astrophysics (Palomar Observatory 200-inch Reflector)"
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3012:
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2718:
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2411:
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2314:
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2028:
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380:
201:
783:
708:
449:
8:
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3131:
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1996:
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were first identified as high redshift sources by spectra taken with the Hale Telescope.
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517:
384:
249:
234:
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147:
74:
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2012:
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1233:
1089:
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568:. It is equipped with modern optical and infrared array imagers, spectrographs, and an
557:
396:
56:
1968:
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design and in the design and fabrication of its large aluminum coated "honeycomb" low
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2004:
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1238:
961:
Size comparison of the Hale Telescope (upper left, blue) to some modern and upcoming
843:
808:
666:
542:
413:
197:
165:
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The collecting area of the mirror is about 31,000 square inches (20 square meters).
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3047:
3040:
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2590:
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2503:
2436:
2366:
2098:
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2036:
2016:
2008:
1992:
1932:
1918:
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1525:
1402:
1070:
1060:
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In December 2023 the Hale Telescope began serving as the receiving antenna for the
831:
756:
721:
649:
604:
505:
434:
262:
45:
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imaging, which in combination with adaptive optics pushed the mirror close to its
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2102:
2000:
1619:
1569:
1345:
1093:
839:
812:
658:
612:
569:
409:
257:
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The mirror was cast in a mold with 36 raised mold blocks (similar in shape to a
3226:
3061:
2662:
910:
894:
860:
In 2009, using a coronograph, the Hale Telescope was used to discover the star
847:
835:
827:
744:
616:
530:
A functioning one-tenth scale model of the telescope was also made at Corning.
490:
179:
175:
2370:
846:
using the 200-inch Hale Telescope. The other Uranian moon discovered then is
32:
3450:
3284:
1242:
760:
627:
120:
107:
3240:
3219:
2837:
2602:
2420:
2378:
1648:
1550:
1050:
906:
636:
521:
427:
242:
2055:
883:
3307:
1136:
875:
was discovered with the 200-inch Hale, called S/2010 J 1 and later named
811:(1P) upcoming 1986 approach to the Sun was first detected by astronomers
717:
583:
One of the Corning Labs' glass test blanks for the Hale was used for the
2517:
2450:
1668:
1117:
433:
was built in 1976, and the second largest until the construction of the
356:
3277:
3254:
2734:
876:
865:
816:
392:
183:
2657:
1923:
1898:
480:
The chief optical designer for Hale's previous 100-inch telescope was
3372:
2699:
1455:
937:
752:
573:
405:
830:(S/1997 U 1), which was discovered on 6 September 1997 by
2508:
2483:
2441:
2424:
2211:
1529:
792:
550:
474:
457:
371:
2040:
1023:
914:
872:
861:
608:
187:
2227:"NASA's Tech Demo Streams First Video From Deep Space via Laser"
1729:"Revolution in telescope design debuts at Keck after birth here"
759:, whose shape is continuously adjusted by a computer-controlled
3402:
2645:
1329:. 365daysofastronomy.org (2009-01-26). Retrieved on 2011-07-01.
941:
823:
802:
438:
343:
2061:
2019:(1998). "Discovery of two distant irregular moons of Uranus".
1991:
1430:""Frozen Eye" to bring new worlds into viewPopular Mechanics"
698:
430:
419:
mirror. It was completed in 1949 and is still in active use.
416:
2668:
2425:"The 200-Inch Hale Telescope and Some Problems It May Solve"
2073:
1620:"Mirror, Mirror: Keeping the Hale Telescope optically sharp"
1327:
January 26: 60th Anniversary of Hale Telescope "First Light"
918:
697:
in New York state using Corning's then new material called
2597:
1572:. Astro.caltech.edu (1947-11-12). Retrieved on 2011-07-01.
1508:
Anderson, John A. (1948). "1948PASP...60..221A Page 222".
1348:. Astro.caltech.edu (1949-01-26). Retrieved on 2011-07-01.
611:
and stars near it. The optical tube assembly (OTA) uses a
496:
In 1928 Hale secured a grant of $ 6 million from the
2844:
1699:
1210:
An acre of glass: a history and forecast of the telescope
1418:, "Reflecting Telescopes", Paul Murdin and Patrick Moore
2488:
Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
2429:
Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
2074:
Lim, L; McConnochie, T; Belliii, J; Hayward, T (2005).
1510:
Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
1692:
The endless mantra: Innovation at the Keck Observatory
1603:"Grinder With Human Touch to Polish Eye for Telescope"
1166:
List of largest optical telescopes in the 20th century
465:
Hale supervised the building of the telescopes at the
2562:
1804:"Hale Telescope takes first photos, January 26, 1949"
929:
could enable small scopes to directly image planets.
665:
are shown. Red and green lines denote elements under
648:: The 200-inch (508 cm) Hale Telescope inside on its
553:, an object also known as Hubble's Variable Nebula.
2464:
First Light: The Search for the Edge of the Universe
2181:"Update on 'Oumuamua, Our First Interstellar Object"
1481:
Spencer Jones, H. (1941). "The 200-inch telescope".
734:
Synchrotron building at Caltech) standard telescope
19:
For the smaller Hale Telescope at Mount Wilson, see
2328:
The Perfect Machine: Building the Palomar Telescope
791:The first observation of the Hale Telescope was of
16:
Telescope at Palomar Observatory in California, USA
2404:
2387:
1399:"Palomar FAQ: How far can the Hale telescope see?"
1899:"3C 273: a star-like object with large red-shift"
1480:
1285:"The 200-inch telescope takes its first pictures"
3448:
2550:Palomar Skies: Palomar History Photo of the Week
1896:
1600:
1581:
1427:
2129:
1826:
1669:"Keck telescope science kit fact sheet, Part 1"
1161:List of largest optical telescopes historically
900:
1861:
1448:"200-inch Hale Telescope, Palomar Observatory"
1222:
1220:
2684:
1156:List of largest optical reflecting telescopes
712:Entrance door to 200 inch Hale telescope dome
2307:Astronomical Society of the Pacific Leaflets
1207:
787:Dome of the 200-inch aperture Hale Telescope
778:
2545:The 200-inch (5,100 mm) Hale Telescope
2254:"Viewing through 100-inch Hooker Telescope"
1864:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
1829:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
1563:Caltech Astronomy : History: 1908–1949
1217:
545:under the direction of American astronomer
2691:
2677:
2555:The Journey to Palomar, PBS, November 2008
2481:
2219:
1356:
1354:
1227:Kaempffert, Waldemar (December 26, 1948).
1226:
855:Cornell Mid-Infrared Asteroid Spectroscopy
603:The Hale Telescope uses a special type of
587:'s 120-inch (300 cm) primary mirror.
484:, who intended the new telescope to be of
301:
267:
248:
233:
220:
206:
146:
133:
79:
61:
44:
31:
2507:
2440:
2241:New method could image Earth-like planets
2210:
1922:
1638:
1310:"The 200-inch (5.1-meter) Hale Telescope"
1262:. Springer Science & Business Media.
533:The 200-inch (510 cm) telescope saw
408:, and pioneered many new technologies in
2325:
1507:
1360:
1255:
972:at the Mount Wilson Observatory and the
956:
931:
782:
707:
683:
456:
448:
426:from its construction in 1949 until the
2457:
2389:"The possibilities of large telescopes"
2204:
2067:
1388:. Ucolick.org. Retrieved on 2011-07-01.
1351:
948:on a 1.5m portion of the Hale Telescope
864:, which is a companion to Alcor in the
3449:
2524:
2419:
2303:"Explorations with the Hale Telescope"
2256:. Mount Wilson Observatory. 2016-06-29
2229:. NASA/JPL-Caltech. December 18, 2023.
1726:
1689:Bobra, Monica Godha (September 2005).
1282:
763:system using actuators built into the
598:
322:
2672:
2403:Hale, George Ellery (November 1929).
2300:
1759:
1757:
1688:
1671:. SCI Space Craft International. 2009
1416:Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Physics
980:The three largest telescopes in 1949
3430:
2402:
2385:
2345:Hale, George Ellery (May 13, 1898).
2344:
2243:. NBC News. Retrieved on 2011-07-01.
2130:SPACE com Staff (10 December 2009).
247:16.76 m (55 ft 0 in)
2326:Florence, Ronald (August 4, 1995).
1969:"Astronomers Find Two Uranus Moons"
1801:
871:In 2010, a new satellite of planet
232:31,000 sq in (20 m)
13:
2484:"Dedication of the Hale telescope"
2386:Hale, George Ellery (April 1928).
2347:"The function of large telescopes"
2294:
1754:
1237:(Late City ed.). p. 87.
1151:List of astronomical observatories
679:
502:California Institute of Technology
471:Carnegie Institution of Washington
14:
3488:
3457:1948 establishments in California
2538:
2482:Richardson, R. S. (August 1948).
2406:"Building the 200-inch telescope"
1582:Hearst Magazines (January 1941).
891:Deep Space Optical Communications
3467:Infrastructure completed in 1948
3429:
3418:
3417:
3188:Southern African Large Telescope
2656:
2644:
2632:
2620:
2608:
2596:
2584:
2572:
2525:Swezey, Kenneth M. (June 1934).
1609:. Hearst Magazines. p. 566.
1452:The Top 5 Telescopes of All Time
1259:Dictionary of Minor Planet Names
1116:
1069:
1022:
635:
626:
342:
321:
314:
2268:
2246:
2239:Thompson, Andrea. (2010-04-14)
2233:
2198:
2173:
2148:
2123:
1985:
1961:
1939:
1890:
1855:
1820:
1795:
1781:
1720:
1682:
1661:
1639:Nickerson, Colin (2007-11-05).
1632:
1613:
1601:Hearst Magazines (April 1936).
1594:
1590:. Hearst Magazines. p. 84.
1575:
1556:
1544:
1501:
1474:
1440:
1436:. Hearst Magazines. p. 97.
1421:
1409:
1391:
1379:
1292:Engineering and Science Monthly
2132:"New Star Found in Big Dipper"
1849:10.1146/annurev.astro.37.1.445
1428:Hearst Magazines (July 1931).
1332:
1320:
1302:
1276:
1249:
1201:
1183:
580:for certain types of viewing.
424:largest telescope in the world
1:
2698:
1949:. European Space Agency. 2006
1884:10.1146/annurev.astro.38.1.79
1551:The Hale Reflecting Telescope
1361:Fienberg, Rick (2007-09-14).
1256:Schmadel, Lutz (2003-08-05).
1191:"The 200-inch Hale Telescope"
1176:
976:at the McDonald Observatory.
952:
593:
537:on January 26, 1949, at 10:06
395:, US, named after astronomer
145:1,713 m (5,620 ft)
2103:10.1016/j.icarus.2004.08.005
1737:Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
1727:Yarris, Lynn (Winter 1992).
1112:(i.e. Otto Struve Telescope)
901:Direct imaging of exoplanets
657:Principle of operation of a
510:San Diego County, California
370:is a 200-inch (5.1 m),
93:Palomar Mountain, California
7:
2301:Bowen, I. S. (March 1965).
1212:. Johns Hopkins Univ Press.
1144:
10:
3493:
2467:. Atlantic Monthly Press.
1283:Edison, Hodge (May 1949).
963:extremely large telescopes
444:
331:Location of Hale Telescope
219:200 in (5.1 m)
18:
3412:
3204:
3181:Large Binocular Telescope
3146:Extremely Large Telescope
3139:Extremely large telescope
3112:
2995:
2935:
2856:
2818:
2779:
2772:
2706:
2371:10.1126/science.7.176.650
2156:"Jupiter's Smallest Moon"
1897:Schmidt, Maarten (1963).
1363:"Sharpening the 200-inch"
923:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
779:Observations and research
615:, then newly invented by
585:C. Donald Shane telescope
572:system. It has also used
566:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
353:
340:
309:
276:
256:
241:
228:
215:
193:
171:
154:
141:
99:
88:
70:
52:
39:
30:
3153:Gran Telescopio Canarias
1947:"Comet Halley Recovered"
1386:120-inch Shane Reflector
905:Up until the year 2010,
822:Two moons of the planet
562:University of California
467:Mount Wilson Observatory
399:. With funding from the
348:Related media on Commons
3248:Astrology and astronomy
2958:Gravitational radiation
2276:"Otto Struve Telescope"
1876:2000ARA&A..38...79W
1841:1999ARA&A..37..445S
1553:Corning Museum of Glass
770:
160:January 26, 1949, 10:06
3167:Hubble Space Telescope
965:
949:
788:
713:
690:
578:theoretical resolution
498:Rockefeller Foundation
462:
454:
401:Rockefeller Foundation
121:33.35628°N 116.86489°W
40:Alternative names
21:60-inch Hale Telescope
3271:Astroparticle physics
3006:Australian Aboriginal
2527:"Giant New Telescope"
2278:. McDonald Observator
2160:Astrobiology Magazine
1208:Zirker, J.B. (2005).
1195:www.astro.caltech.edu
1104:McDonald Obs. 82-inch
974:Otto Struve Telescope
960:
935:
893:experiment on NASA's
795:on January 26, 1949.
786:
711:
687:
482:George Willis Ritchey
469:with grants from the
460:
452:
3263:Astronomers Monument
3195:Very Large Telescope
2742:Astronomical symbols
1733:Science@Berkeley Lab
1108:McDonald Observatory
1007:Special advocate(s)
925:demonstrated that a
381:reflecting telescope
229:Collecting area
202:reflecting telescope
194:Telescope style
126:33.35628; -116.86489
3472:Palomar Observatory
3336:List of astronomers
2749:Astronomical object
2500:1948PASP...60..215R
2363:1898Sci.....7..650H
2319:1965ASPL....9..225B
2185:Sky & Telescope
2095:2005Icar..173..385L
2062:Gladman et al. 1998
2033:1998Natur.392..897G
1915:1963Natur.197.1040S
1584:"Popular Mechanics"
1522:1948PASP...60..221A
1495:1941Obs....64..129S
1314:Palomar Observatory
1171:Lists of telescopes
1047:John D. Rockefeller
981:
836:Philip D. Nicholson
765:mirror support cell
695:Corning Glass Works
663:structural elements
599:Mounting structures
547:Edwin Powell Hubble
518:Corning Glass Works
385:Palomar Observatory
117: /
75:Palomar Observatory
27:
3322:Physical cosmology
1802:MacNeil, Jessica.
1641:"Long time no see"
1625:Products Finishing
1622:by Jim Destefani,
1568:2008-05-11 at the
1344:2008-10-11 at the
1234:The New York Times
1090:George Ellery Hale
1043:George Ellery Hale
979:
966:
950:
946:vortex coronagraph
927:vortex coronagraph
789:
720:). This created a
714:
703:borosilicate glass
691:
558:Cornell University
463:
455:
397:George Ellery Hale
57:George Ellery Hale
25:
3444:
3443:
3329:Quantum cosmology
3315:Planetary geology
3108:
3107:
2819:Celestial subject
2474:978-0-87113-200-0
2412:Harper's Magazine
2395:Harper's Magazine
2337:978-0-06-092670-0
2330:. HarperCollins.
2027:(6679): 897–899.
1924:10.1038/1971040a0
1607:Popular Mechanics
1588:Popular Mechanics
1462:on 19 August 2009
1434:Popular Mechanics
1405:on July 11, 2011.
1367:Sky and Telescope
1269:978-3-540-00238-3
1142:
1141:
1113:
1065:Mount Wilson Obs.
844:John J. Kavelaars
757:segmented mirrors
617:Mark U. Serrurier
461:Crab Nebula, 1959
414:thermal expansion
364:
363:
198:optical telescope
3484:
3437:
3433:
3432:
3425:
3421:
3420:
3405:
3396:
3389:
3382:
3375:
3366:
3359:
3352:
3350:Medieval Islamic
3345:
3338:
3331:
3324:
3317:
3310:
3303:
3294:
3287:
3280:
3273:
3266:
3257:
3250:
3243:
3236:
3234:Astroinformatics
3229:
3222:
3215:
3213:Archaeoastronomy
3197:
3190:
3183:
3176:
3174:Keck Observatory
3169:
3162:
3155:
3148:
3141:
3134:
3127:
3101:
3092:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3069:Medieval Islamic
3064:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3015:
3008:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2967:
2960:
2953:
2946:
2928:
2919:
2912:
2905:
2898:
2896:
2888:
2886:
2874:
2867:
2847:
2840:
2833:
2811:
2804:
2797:
2790:
2777:
2776:
2765:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2693:
2686:
2679:
2670:
2669:
2661:
2660:
2649:
2648:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2601:
2600:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2568:
2534:
2521:
2511:
2494:(355): 215–219.
2478:
2459:Preston, Richard
2454:
2444:
2435:(349): 153–167.
2416:
2408:
2399:
2391:
2382:
2357:(176): 650–662.
2341:
2322:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2250:
2244:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2111:
2105:. Archived from
2080:
2071:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2005:Kavelaars, J. J.
1997:Nicholson, P. D.
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1926:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1761:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1739:. Archived from
1724:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1708:
1702:. Archived from
1697:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1636:
1630:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1579:
1573:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1458:. Archived from
1444:
1438:
1437:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1401:. Archived from
1395:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1358:
1349:
1336:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1316:. March 5, 2016.
1306:
1300:
1299:
1289:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1224:
1215:
1213:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1187:
1120:
1111:
1073:
1061:Hooker Telescope
1026:
982:
978:
970:Hooker Telescope
940:around the star
936:Direct image of
832:Brett J. Gladman
722:honeycomb mirror
650:equatorial mount
639:
630:
605:equatorial mount
540:
506:Palomar Mountain
486:Ritchey–Chrétien
453:Base of the tube
435:Keck Observatory
389:San Diego County
377:
375:
357:edit on Wikidata
346:
325:
324:
318:
305:
300:
297:
295:
293:
291:
289:
287:
285:
283:
272:
271:
263:equatorial mount
252:
237:
224:
211:
210:
163:
156:First light
150:
137:
132:
131:
129:
128:
127:
122:
118:
115:
114:
113:
110:
84:
83:
66:
65:
53:Named after
48:
35:
28:
24:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3462:1948 in science
3447:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3428:
3416:
3408:
3401:
3392:
3385:
3380:X-ray telescope
3378:
3371:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3341:
3334:
3327:
3320:
3313:
3306:
3299:
3290:
3283:
3276:
3269:
3260:
3253:
3246:
3239:
3232:
3225:
3218:
3211:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3179:
3172:
3165:
3158:
3151:
3144:
3137:
3130:
3123:
3115:
3104:
3097:
3088:
3081:
3074:
3067:
3060:
3053:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3018:
3011:
3004:
2991:
2986:Multi-messenger
2984:
2977:
2970:
2963:
2956:
2949:
2942:
2931:
2924:
2915:
2908:
2901:
2894:
2891:
2882:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2852:
2843:
2836:
2825:
2814:
2809:Space telescope
2807:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2768:
2761:
2754:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2702:
2697:
2667:
2655:
2643:
2633:
2631:
2621:
2619:
2609:
2607:
2595:
2585:
2583:
2573:
2571:
2563:
2560:
2541:
2531:Popular Science
2475:
2423:(August 1947).
2338:
2297:
2295:Further reading
2292:
2291:
2281:
2279:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2259:
2257:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2238:
2234:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2203:
2199:
2190:
2188:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2165:
2163:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2140:
2138:
2128:
2124:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2078:
2072:
2068:
2060:
2056:
2013:Williams, G. V.
1990:
1986:
1977:
1975:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1952:
1950:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1895:
1891:
1860:
1856:
1825:
1821:
1812:
1810:
1800:
1796:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1773:
1771:
1763:
1762:
1755:
1746:
1744:
1725:
1721:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1695:
1687:
1683:
1674:
1672:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1653:
1651:
1637:
1633:
1618:
1614:
1599:
1595:
1580:
1576:
1570:Wayback Machine
1561:
1557:
1549:
1545:
1506:
1502:
1483:The Observatory
1479:
1475:
1465:
1463:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1426:
1422:
1414:
1410:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1384:
1380:
1371:
1369:
1359:
1352:
1346:Wayback Machine
1337:
1333:
1325:
1321:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1287:
1281:
1277:
1270:
1254:
1250:
1225:
1218:
1206:
1202:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1147:
1130:(6791 ft)
1129:
1124:
1110:
1106:
1094:Andrew Carnegie
1092:
1083:(5715 ft)
1082:
1077:
1063:
1049:
1045:
1036:(5620 ft)
1035:
1030:
1016:
1003:
989:
955:
903:
840:Joseph A. Burns
813:David C. Jewitt
781:
773:
682:
680:200-inch mirror
677:
676:
675:
674:
673:, respectively.
659:Serrurier truss
653:
642:
641:
640:
632:
631:
613:Serrurier truss
601:
596:
570:adaptive optics
538:
447:
410:telescope mount
373:
372:
360:
336:
335:
334:
333:
332:
328:
327:
326:
280:
266:
205:
200:
161:
125:
123:
119:
116:
111:
108:
106:
104:
103:
78:
60:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3490:
3480:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3426:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3390:
3383:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3360:
3353:
3346:
3332:
3325:
3318:
3311:
3304:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3281:
3274:
3267:
3258:
3251:
3244:
3237:
3230:
3227:Astrochemistry
3223:
3216:
3208:
3206:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3191:
3184:
3177:
3170:
3163:
3160:Hale Telescope
3156:
3149:
3142:
3135:
3128:
3120:
3118:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3079:
3072:
3065:
3058:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3030:
3023:
3016:
3009:
3001:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2982:
2975:
2968:
2961:
2954:
2947:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2906:
2899:
2893:Visible-light
2889:
2875:
2868:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2834:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2805:
2798:
2791:
2783:
2781:
2774:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2715:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2696:
2695:
2688:
2681:
2673:
2666:
2665:
2653:
2641:
2629:
2617:
2605:
2593:
2581:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2540:
2539:External links
2537:
2536:
2535:
2522:
2509:10.1086/126041
2479:
2473:
2455:
2442:10.1086/125931
2417:
2400:
2383:
2342:
2336:
2323:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2267:
2245:
2232:
2218:
2197:
2172:
2147:
2122:
2066:
2054:
2009:Marsden, B. G.
1993:Gladman, B. J.
1984:
1960:
1938:
1909:(4872): 1040.
1889:
1854:
1835:(1): 445–486.
1819:
1794:
1780:
1753:
1719:
1681:
1660:
1631:
1612:
1593:
1574:
1555:
1543:
1530:10.1086/126043
1500:
1473:
1439:
1420:
1408:
1390:
1378:
1350:
1331:
1319:
1301:
1275:
1268:
1248:
1216:
1200:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1114:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1087:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1067:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1040:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1020:
1015:Hale Telescope
1013:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
986:
954:
951:
911:directly image
902:
899:
895:Psyche mission
809:Halley's Comet
780:
777:
772:
769:
681:
678:
644:
643:
634:
633:
625:
624:
623:
622:
621:
600:
597:
595:
592:
491:primary mirror
446:
443:
368:Hale Telescope
362:
361:
354:
351:
350:
338:
337:
330:
329:
320:
319:
313:
312:
311:
310:
307:
306:
278:
274:
273:
260:
254:
253:
245:
239:
238:
230:
226:
225:
217:
213:
212:
195:
191:
190:
173:
169:
168:
158:
152:
151:
143:
139:
138:
101:
97:
96:
90:
86:
85:
72:
68:
67:
54:
50:
49:
41:
37:
36:
26:Hale Telescope
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3489:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3436:
3427:
3424:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3404:
3400:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3347:
3344:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3330:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3309:
3305:
3302:
3298:
3293:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3285:Constellation
3282:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3256:
3252:
3249:
3245:
3242:
3238:
3235:
3231:
3228:
3224:
3221:
3217:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3196:
3192:
3189:
3185:
3182:
3178:
3175:
3171:
3168:
3164:
3161:
3157:
3154:
3150:
3147:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3133:
3129:
3126:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3111:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3077:
3073:
3070:
3066:
3063:
3059:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2948:
2945:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2936:Other methods
2934:
2927:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2897:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2872:Submillimetre
2869:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2846:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2832:
2831:Extragalactic
2828:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2799:
2796:
2795:Observational
2792:
2789:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2753:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2694:
2689:
2687:
2682:
2680:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2640:
2630:
2628:
2618:
2616:
2606:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2592:
2582:
2580:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2533:. p. 13.
2532:
2528:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2470:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2421:Hubble, Edwin
2418:
2414:
2413:
2407:
2401:
2397:
2396:
2390:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2343:
2339:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2299:
2298:
2277:
2271:
2255:
2249:
2242:
2236:
2228:
2222:
2213:
2208:
2201:
2186:
2182:
2176:
2161:
2157:
2151:
2137:
2133:
2126:
2112:on 2016-03-03
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2058:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2041:10.1038/31890
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2017:Offutt, W. B.
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2965:High-energy
2951:Cosmic rays
2903:Ultraviolet
2627:Outer space
2615:Spaceflight
2282:January 24,
2260:January 24,
1769:www.nps.gov
1698:(Masters).
1489:: 129–135.
1466:20 December
1137:Otto Struve
909:could only
745:John Strong
740:mirror cell
718:waffle iron
671:compression
535:first light
514:Los Angeles
294:/telescopes
124: /
112:116°51′54″W
100:Coordinates
89:Location(s)
3477:Telescopes
3451:Categories
3301:Photometry
3278:Binoculars
3255:Astrometry
3116:telescopes
3013:Babylonian
2857:EM methods
2735:Astronomer
2579:California
2212:1710.09977
2191:2019-10-30
2166:2019-11-03
2141:2019-10-30
2116:2019-08-26
2089:(2): 385.
1978:2019-10-30
1953:16 January
1813:2019-10-30
1774:2019-10-30
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1713:2009-11-11
1675:2009-11-11
1654:2009-11-11
1645:Boston.com
1372:2016-09-06
1177:References
953:Comparison
938:exoplanets
907:telescopes
884:1I/2017 U1
877:Jupiter LI
866:Big Dipper
817:CCD camera
727:Cassegrain
594:Components
564:, and the
437:Keck 1 in
393:California
184:Jupiter LI
172:Discovered
109:33°21′23″N
3373:Telescope
2979:Spherical
2926:Gamma-ray
2895:(optical)
2700:Astronomy
2651:Education
2591:Astronomy
2136:Space.com
1538:121078506
1456:Space.com
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999:Altitude
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574:lucky cam
441:in 1993.
406:telescope
3423:Category
3132:Category
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2879:Infrared
2827:Galactic
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2756:Glossary
2726:Timeline
2518:40671980
2461:(1987).
2451:40671816
2379:17794011
1627:Magazine
1566:Archived
1342:Archived
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1076:100-inch
1029:200-inch
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793:NGC 2261
689:surface.
551:NGC 2261
475:Universe
290:/palomar
286:.caltech
258:Mounting
216:Diameter
142:Altitude
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3387:history
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3205:Related
3114:Optical
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3083:Serbian
3076:Persian
3020:Chinese
2997:Culture
2917:History
2788:Amateur
2719:History
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2663:Science
2565:Portals
2496:Bibcode
2359:Bibcode
2351:Science
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2091:Bibcode
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2029:Bibcode
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1872:Bibcode
1837:Bibcode
1518:Bibcode
1491:Bibcode
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873:Jupiter
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277:Website
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2447:JSTOR
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