1544:
20:
839:, which means that they are able to absorb more solar energy per molecule than carbon dioxide. Wealthy countries are clamping down on these gases. Thornton says that many countries are needlessly producing these chemicals just to get the carbon credits. Thus, as a result of carbon trading rules under the Kyoto Protocol, nearly half the credits from developing countries are from HFCs, with China scoring billions of dollars from catching and destroying HFCs that would be in the atmosphere as industrial byproducts.
5098:
5060:
1644:
5108:
1613:, which are intensely irritating. Halons are very effective on Class A (organic solids), B (flammable liquids and gases), and C (electrical) fires, but they are unsuitable for Class D (metal) fires, as they will not only produce toxic gas and fail to halt the fire, but in some cases pose a risk of explosion. Halons can be used on Class K (kitchen oils and greases) fires, but offer no advantages over specialised foams.
5089:
5081:
5073:
706:
molecule, the second is the number of fluorine atoms, the third is the chlorine atoms, and the fourth is the number of bromine atoms. If the number includes a fifth digit, the fifth number indicates the number of iodine atoms (though iodine in halon is rare). Any bonds not taken up by halogen atoms are then allocated to hydrogen atoms.
1597:
causes only slight giddiness at its effective concentration of 5%, and even at 15% those exposed remain conscious but impaired and suffer no long-term effects. (Experimental animals have also been exposed to 2% concentrations of Halon 1301 for 30 hours per week for 4 months, with no discernible health effects.)
1596:
fire suppression flood systems operate from 34% concentration by volume (surface-only combustion of liquid fuels) up to 75% (dust traps). Carbon dioxide can cause severe distress at concentrations of 3–6%, and has caused death by respiratory paralysis in a few minutes at 10% concentration. Halon 1301
1689:
is typically used in hand-held extinguishers, in which a stream of liquid halon is directed at a smaller fire by a user. The stream evaporates under reduced pressure, producing strong local cooling, as well as a high concentration of halon in the immediate vicinity of the fire. In this mode, fire is
1635:
designed to ensure uniform mixing throughout the room. The quantity dumped is pre-calculated to achieve the desired concentration, typically 3–7% v/v. This level is maintained for some time, typically with a minimum of ten minutes and sometimes up to a twenty-minute "soak" time, to ensure all items
100:
The physical properties of halomethanes depend on the number and identity of the halogen atoms in the compound. In general, halomethanes are volatile but less so than methane because of the polarizability of the halides. The polarizability of the halides and the polarity of the molecules makes them
1795:
Manfred
Rossberg, Wilhelm Lendle, Gerhard Pfleiderer, Adolf Tögel, Eberhard-Ludwig Dreher, Ernst Langer, Heinz Rassaerts, Peter Kleinschmidt, Heinz Strack, Richard Cook, Uwe Beck, Karl-August Lipper, Theodore R. Torkelson, Eckhard Löser, Klaus K. Beutel, Trevor Mann “Chlorinated Hydrocarbons” in
726:
The refrigerant naming system is mainly used for fluorinated and chlorinated short alkanes used as refrigerants. In the United States, the standard is specified in ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34–1992, with additional annual supplements. The specified ANSI/ASHRAE prefixes were FC (fluorocarbon) or R
705:
Halons are usually defined as hydrocarbons where the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by bromine, along with other halogens. They are referred to by a system of code numbers similar to (but simpler than) the system used for freons. The first digit specifies the number of carbon atoms in the
709:
For example, consider Halon 1211. This halon has number 1211 in its name, which tells it has 1 carbon atom, 2 fluorine atoms, 1 chlorine atom, and 1 bromine atom. A single carbon only has four bonds, all of which are taken by the halogen atoms, so there is no hydrogen. Thus its formula is
1604:
However, Halon 1301 fire suppression is not completely non-toxic; very high temperature flame, or contact with red-hot metal, can cause decomposition of Halon 1301 to toxic byproducts. The presence of such byproducts is readily detected because they include
1655:
or other automatic detection system. In the latter case, a warning siren and strobe lamp will first be activated for a few seconds to warn personnel to evacuate the area. The rapid discharge of halon and consequent rapid cooling fills the air with
803:
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) contain no chlorine. They are composed entirely of carbon, hydrogen, and fluorine. They have no known effects on the ozone layer; fluorine itself is not ozone-toxic. However, HFCs and perfluorocarbons (PFCs) are
96:
Like methane itself, halomethanes are tetrahedral molecules. The halogen atoms differ greatly in size and charge from hydrogen and from each other. Consequently, most halomethanes deviate from the perfect tetrahedral symmetry of methane.
1867:
1636:
have cooled so reignition is unlikely to occur, then the air in the enclosure is purged, generally via a fixed purge system that is activated by the proper authorities. During this time the enclosure may be entered by persons wearing
1472:
Dichloromethane is the most important halomethane-based solvent. Its volatility, low flammability, and ability to dissolve a wide range of organic compounds makes this colorless liquid a useful solvent. It is widely used as a
669:
halomethanes, especially bromine-containing compounds. Small amounts of chloromethanes arise from the interaction of chlorine sources with various carbon compounds. The biosyntheses of these halomethanes are catalyzed by the
1775:
Günter
Siegemund, Werner Schwertfeger, Andrew Feiring, Bruce Smart, Fred Behr, Herward Vogel, Blaine McKusick “Fluorine Compounds, Organic” Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2002.
1640:. (There exists a common myth that this is because halon is highly toxic; in fact, it is because it can cause giddiness and mildly impaired perception, and due to the risk of combustion byproducts.)
1871:
1631:, and a fixed piping network leads to the protected enclosure. On triggering, the entire measured contents of one or more cylinders are discharged into the enclosure in a few seconds, through
1535:. The conversion of these devices and treatments from CFC to propellants that do not deplete the ozone layer is almost complete. Production and import is now banned in the United States.
1690:
extinguished by cooling and oxygen deprivation at the core of the fire, as well as radical quenching over a larger area. After fire suppression, the halon diffuses, leaving no residue.
76:). Halomethanes are both naturally occurring, especially in marine environments, and human-made, most notably as refrigerants, solvents, propellants, and fumigants. Many, including the
4809:
5034:
1722:
Haloalkanes are diverse in their properties, making generalizations difficult. Few are acutely toxic, but many pose risks from prolonged exposure. Some problematic aspects include
791:
a = Letter added to identify isomers, the "normal" isomer in any number has the smallest mass difference on each carbon, and a, b, or c are added as the masses diverge from normal.
5029:
101:
useful as solvents. The halomethanes are far less flammable than methane. Broadly speaking, reactivity of the compounds is greatest for the iodides and lowest for the fluorides.
1671:
from becoming explosive; when the aircraft enters an area with the possibility of attack, Halon 1301 is injected into the fuel tanks for one-time use. Due to ozone depletion,
2649:
2631:
2663:
2640:
2580:
2781:
2772:
2742:
2689:
2680:
2601:
2407:
2730:
2468:
2421:
2763:
2751:
2713:
2610:
2814:
2789:
2721:
2826:
2805:
2473:
2426:
2384:
2498:
2489:
5156:
1592:
total flooding systems are typically used at concentrations no higher than 7% by volume in air, and can suppress many fires at 2.9% v/v. By contrast,
2223:
1945:
1559:
atoms that combine readily with active hydrogen atoms, quenching flame propagation reactions even when adequate fuel, oxygen, and heat remain. The
2029:
5047:
1583:
1578:
than are required by fire suppressants using the more traditional methods of cooling, oxygen deprivation, or fuel dilution. As of 2023, due to
828:, a non-governmental, environmental watchdog, says that HFCs are up to 12,500 times as potent as carbon dioxide in global warming. The higher
4742:
2881:
2006:
185:= 1, 2, 3, or 4). The main problems with this method are that it cogenerates HCl and it produces mixtures of different products. Using
3800:
2114:
4981:
3805:
2045:
2083:
2141:
847:
Most permutations of hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine on one carbon atom have been evaluated experimentally.
5024:
1851:
1664:
4312:
4124:
1995:
4277:
4170:
3840:
5042:
5019:
4198:
3858:
2108:
2100:
1637:
1601:
also has low toxicity, although it is more toxic than Halon 1301, and thus considered unsuitable for flooding systems.
825:
5084:
4831:
4717:
4211:
4206:
1619:
is common in total flooding systems. In these systems, banks of halon cylinders are kept pressurised to about 4
1464:
Because they have many applications and are easily prepared, halomethanes have been of intense commercial interest.
657:
Traces of halomethanes in the atmosphere arise through the introduction of other non-natural, industrial materials.
5166:
5011:
1275:
Soil sterilant and fumigant, currently being phased out. It strongly depletes the ozone layer and is highly toxic.
4757:
4494:
3884:
2874:
832:
has two causes: HFCs remain in the atmosphere for long periods of time, and they have more chemical bonds than
5146:
5092:
5067:
4372:
3704:
1574:; by sequestering the radicals which propagate the reaction, halons are able to halt the fire at much lower
5131:
4543:
4292:
4272:
4024:
2658:
4648:
4302:
5076:
4976:
4899:
4307:
4137:
3967:
3277:
2867:
2572:
2134:
2026:
1363:
5141:
4779:
4737:
4699:
4264:
4058:
1652:
1221:
1911:
4774:
4297:
4238:
4149:
3314:
2402:
829:
291:
Halogen exchange. The method is mainly used to produce fluorinated derivatives from the chlorides.
4986:
4752:
4282:
3833:
3787:
2560:
1505:
1090:
741:
221:
of methanol. This method is used for the production of the mono-chloride, -bromide, and -iodide.
4945:
4335:
3687:
2622:
2589:
2535:
1624:
1117:
1066:
2092:
5161:
5151:
4915:
4747:
4623:
4531:
4221:
4114:
3914:
3794:
3682:
2849:
2671:
2543:
2393:
2368:
2127:
2075:
1730:(e.g., carbon tetrachloride). Under certain combustion conditions, chloromethanes convert to
1386:
1139:
4722:
4377:
4073:
3763:
3208:
2705:
2697:
2551:
2459:
2442:
2412:
2376:
1672:
1409:
878:
2070:
8:
4789:
4727:
4694:
4633:
4565:
4430:
4425:
4403:
3977:
3069:
2450:
2257:
1707:
1186:
31:
1543:
5102:
5063:
4996:
4971:
4966:
4784:
4661:
4455:
4327:
4091:
3962:
3889:
3826:
2834:
2527:
2296:
2266:
1339:
967:
948:
77:
2053:
1930:
114:
The halomethanes are produced on an industrial scale from abundant precursors such as
4991:
4851:
4671:
4580:
4548:
4465:
4418:
4345:
4317:
4086:
4081:
3879:
3753:
3723:
3481:
3103:
2797:
2305:
2275:
2080:
1847:
1703:
1610:
1560:
923:
628:
600:
81:
4935:
4836:
4794:
4762:
4656:
4610:
4570:
4477:
4445:
4413:
4398:
4382:
4357:
4142:
4096:
3458:
2952:
2890:
2519:
2326:
1926:
1824:
1797:
1777:
1606:
891:. The main chemical used under this trademark is dichlorodifluoromethane. The word
671:
1801:
5136:
4799:
4709:
4675:
4560:
4514:
4440:
4367:
4287:
4190:
4132:
3987:
3677:
3436:
3431:
3414:
3397:
3198:
2947:
2284:
2245:
2179:
2087:
2033:
1816:
1723:
1579:
1210:
1016:
765:
675:
2010:
1993:
1937:
5112:
4846:
4732:
4689:
4683:
4679:
4524:
4509:
4460:
4450:
4362:
4216:
3972:
3943:
3748:
3743:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3402:
3369:
3153:
3135:
3125:
2352:
2314:
1593:
1571:
1486:
1474:
1289:
821:
809:
805:
727:(refrigerant), but today most are prefixed by a more specific classification:
5125:
5097:
4866:
4767:
4553:
4482:
4254:
4002:
3866:
3768:
3716:
3647:
3533:
3523:
3518:
3508:
3503:
3453:
3448:
3364:
3359:
3349:
3203:
3158:
3120:
3108:
3079:
2957:
2335:
2237:
2196:
2187:
1967:
1781:
1575:
1528:
1509:
1482:
1240:
992:
888:
4887:
4861:
4841:
4665:
4628:
4592:
4228:
4175:
4051:
4007:
3992:
3921:
3699:
3586:
3581:
3558:
3309:
3148:
3074:
3011:
3006:
2984:
2940:
2925:
2915:
2205:
1753:
1727:
1568:
1548:
1513:
1265:
756:
666:
218:
80:, have attracted wide attention because they become active when exposed to
19:
1796:
Ullmann's
Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2006, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
1651:
Flooding systems may be manually operated or automatically triggered by a
1586:
in some countries and alternatives are being deployed by the US military.
4824:
4819:
4504:
4499:
4470:
4435:
4408:
3938:
3758:
3711:
3672:
3553:
3441:
3426:
3421:
3409:
2974:
2969:
2935:
2930:
2920:
2898:
2214:
2046:"Credit Card Freedom | Red Smoothie Detox & Dessert Photographs"
1814:
Gordon W. Gribble (1998). "Naturally
Occurring Organohalogen Compounds".
1434:
139:
115:
85:
5001:
4618:
3933:
3926:
3909:
3894:
3667:
3658:
3538:
3493:
3389:
3354:
3344:
3284:
3220:
3143:
3091:
2434:
2360:
1748:
1743:
1686:
1616:
1598:
1589:
1165:
1046:
887:
is a trade name for a group of chlorofluorocarbons used primarily as a
1828:
1643:
4930:
4882:
4856:
4804:
4638:
4600:
4350:
4340:
4012:
3874:
3849:
3634:
3548:
3513:
3498:
3486:
3329:
3304:
3113:
2481:
1668:
1501:
1478:
1319:
896:
2859:
1892:
4575:
4519:
4180:
4029:
3997:
3642:
3596:
3563:
3259:
3165:
3039:
2994:
2979:
2506:
2097:
1994:
Office of
Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (September 2000).
1731:
1628:
119:
65:
61:
53:
27:
4536:
4039:
4017:
3904:
3899:
3604:
3528:
3379:
3374:
3339:
3324:
3319:
3289:
3272:
3096:
3023:
2989:
2166:
2158:
1556:
135:
123:
69:
57:
42:
24:
4940:
4920:
4814:
4489:
3982:
3692:
3624:
3468:
3177:
3170:
3064:
3045:
3034:
3018:
2964:
2119:
1711:
1699:
1632:
1532:
1489:
900:
127:
73:
1984:
All Things
Considered, NPR News, 5:24 p.m., December 11, 2007.
4950:
4892:
4233:
4165:
4063:
3955:
3573:
3543:
3476:
3334:
3299:
3294:
3267:
3215:
3182:
3086:
2910:
1564:
884:
3818:
2105:
4925:
4046:
4034:
3950:
3001:
1516:
1497:
84:
found at high altitudes and destroy the Earth's protective
1943:
1531:, including metered-dose inhalers for drugs used to treat
977:(CFC-14 and HF-14 also used, although formally incorrect)
1657:
1620:
1493:
214:, but mixtures of other products will still be present.
1946:"Environmental issues : essential primary sources"
627:
Reaction of methanol with hypochlorous acid, producing
718:, hence its IUPAC name is bromochlorodifluoromethane.
1698:
Chloromethane and bromomethane are used to introduce
842:
130:. They are usually prepared by one of three methods.
1660:, and is accompanied by a loud, disorienting noise.
1002:
Methylation agent; e.g., for methyl trichlorosilane
2003:
Public Health Goals for
Chemicals in Drinking Water
1944:Lerner & K. Lee Lerner, Brenda Wilmoth (2006).
1555:At high temperatures, halons decompose to release
1813:
1706:. Chlorodifluoromethane is the main precursor of
1527:One major use of CFCs has been as propellants of
678:enzymes, respectively. An idealized equation is:
5123:
721:
798:
3834:
2875:
2135:
2106:Environment Investigation Agency – EIA Global
1841:
1547:Halon-based fire extinguishing system inside
776:0 = Number of double bonds (omitted if zero)
165:This method is useful for the production of
1693:
91:
5157:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
3841:
3827:
2882:
2868:
2142:
2128:
2007:California Environmental Protection Agency
1771:
1769:
1667:fighter to prevent the fuel vapors in the
1504:. Its volatility has led to its use as an
788:4 = Replaced by Bromine ("B" prefix added)
1791:
1789:
1683:) is being considered as an alternative.
795:Other coding systems are in use as well.
1909:
1647:Halon-based hand-held fire extinguishers
1642:
1542:
18:
4982:Pollutant release and transfer register
1766:
1582:problems, halon fire extinguishers are
1173:In semiconductor industry, refrigerant
772:The decoding system for CFC-01234a is:
700:
5124:
1965:
1807:
1786:
1710:, which is the monomeric precursor to
16:Halogen compounds derived from methane
3822:
2889:
2863:
2123:
2115:Alphabetical list of all halomethanes
1551:, a nuclear fallout bunker in Canada.
1538:
779:1 = Carbon atoms -1 (omitted if zero)
5072:
4313:Electromagnetic radiation and health
207:in large excess generates primarily
192:in large excess generates primarily
109:
5088:
5080:
4171:Radium and radon in the environment
2081:History of Halon use by the US Navy
1391:BTM, Halon 1301 BTM, or Freon 13BI
1368:BCF, Halon 1211 BCF, or Freon 12B1
1299:Solvent and chemical intermediate.
824:. Allan Thornton, President of the
13:
2109:Environmental Investigation Agency
2101:Environmental Investigation Agency
1496:as well as to prepare extracts of
843:Overview of principal halomethanes
826:Environmental Investigation Agency
14:
5178:
2093:Ozone Loss: The Chemical Culprits
2064:
1966:US EPA, OAR (February 15, 2013).
1326:For separation of heavy minerals
5106:
5096:
5087:
5079:
5071:
5059:
5058:
2149:
3885:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
2038:
2027:3-III-2 HALON 1301 REPLACEMENTS
2020:
1987:
1978:
1663:Halon 1301 is also used in the
1459:
1349:Formerly in fire extinguishers
972:Carbon tetrafluoride, Freon 14
910:Formerly in fire extinguishers
1959:
1903:
1885:
1860:
1844:Oxford Dictionary of Chemistry
1835:
1522:
1:
4373:Electrical resistance heating
3848:
1931:10.1016/S1872-0358(06)01001-3
1802:10.1002/14356007.a06_233.pub2
1759:
812:. Two groups of haloalkanes,
134:Free radical chlorination of
104:
41:compounds are derivatives of
4025:Persistent organic pollutant
1919:Advances in Fluorine Science
1912:"Fluorine in the Atmosphere"
1485:, it was previously used to
799:Hydrofluoro compounds (HFC)
734:—list of chlorofluorocarbons
722:ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-1992
660:
7:
5035:Least polluted cities by PM
1846:. Oxford University Press.
1737:
1467:
849:
749:—list of hydrofluorocarbons
10:
5183:
4977:Pollution haven hypothesis
4900:Brain health and pollution
4138:Ecological light pollution
3968:Internal combustion engine
1364:Bromochlorodifluoromethane
1251:Semiconductor manufacture
52:) with one or more of the
5056:
5010:
4959:
4908:
4875:
4780:Nonpoint source pollution
4708:
4700:War and environmental law
4647:
4609:
4591:
4391:
4326:
4263:
4189:
4158:
4123:
4107:
4072:
4059:Volatile organic compound
3865:
3856:
3777:
3736:
3656:
3633:
3595:
3572:
3467:
3388:
3258:
3235:
3191:
3134:
3057:
3032:
2897:
2846:
2518:
2351:
2236:
2178:
2157:
1734:, which is highly toxic.
1717:
1222:ozone depletion potential
1196:Refrigerant (phased out)
851:Overview of Halomethanes
599:Reaction of methane with
4239:Marine mammals and sonar
4150:Radio spectrum pollution
1968:"Ozone Layer Protection"
1910:Tressaud, Alain (2006).
1893:"Ozone Layer Protection"
1782:10.1002/14356007.a11_349
1694:Chemical building blocks
1506:aerosol spray propellant
830:global warming potential
768:(completely fluorinated)
742:hydrochlorofluorocarbons
92:Structure and properties
5167:Fire suppression agents
5085:WikiProject Environment
5043:Most polluted countries
4987:Polluter pays principle
4718:Agricultural wastewater
3788:chemical classification
1414:Trifluoromethyl iodide
1091:Dichlorodifluoromethane
5103:Environment portal
4336:Agricultural pollution
1842:John Daintith (2008).
1648:
1552:
1220:Refrigerant with zero
1118:Chlorotrifluoromethane
1067:Trichlorofluoromethane
665:Many marine organisms
35:
4758:Industrial wastewater
4624:Clutter (advertising)
4532:Municipal solid waste
4378:Soil guideline values
4222:Sustainable transport
4115:Information pollution
3915:Open burning of waste
3795:chemical nomenclature
1646:
1546:
1387:Bromotrifluoromethane
1140:Chlorodifluoromethane
820:, are targets of the
782:2 = Hydrogen atoms +1
22:
5147:Halogenated solvents
5030:Most polluted cities
4723:Biological pollution
4634:Overhead power lines
2071:Gas conversion table
2050:www.afrlhorizons.com
1673:trifluoroiodomethane
1410:Trifluoroiodomethane
928:Carbon tetrabromide
879:Carbon tetrachloride
701:Classes of compounds
56:atoms replaced with
5132:Aerosol propellants
5093:WikiProject Ecology
4790:Ocean acidification
4695:Unexploded ordnance
4566:Post-consumer waste
4426:Foam food container
4404:Biodegradable waste
3978:Global distillation
3251:not C, H or O)
1899:. October 14, 2020.
1708:tetrafluoroethylene
1187:Chlorofluoromethane
1021:Methylene chloride
875:Tetrachloromethane
852:
78:chlorofluorocarbons
32:space filling model
5113:Ecology portal
4997:Waste minimisation
4972:Industrial ecology
4967:Cleaner production
4785:Nutrient pollution
4662:Herbicidal warfare
4456:Construction waste
4092:Introduced species
3963:Indoor air quality
3890:Chlorofluorocarbon
3693:Hypervalent iodine
2086:2000-08-19 at the
2032:2008-04-19 at the
1868:"ASHRAE Bookstore"
1649:
1627:) with compressed
1553:
1539:Fire extinguishing
1444:Organic synthesis
1420:Organic synthesis
1340:Bromochloromethane
1294:Methylene bromide
968:Tetrafluoromethane
949:Carbon tetraiodide
850:
814:hydrofluorocarbons
785:3 = Fluorine atoms
603:, producing water.
36:
5119:
5118:
4992:Pollution control
4672:Nuclear holocaust
4581:Thermal treatment
4549:Plastic pollution
4466:Mercury poisoning
4419:Battery recycling
4318:Radioactive waste
4087:Genetic pollution
4082:Biological hazard
3880:Air quality index
3816:
3815:
3754:Sulfenyl chloride
3732:
3731:
3231:
3230:
3050:(only C, H and O)
2891:Functional groups
2857:
2856:
2056:on July 11, 2007.
1996:"Dichloromethane"
1853:978-0-19-920463-2
1829:10.1021/ar9701777
1704:organic synthesis
1611:hydrofluoric acid
1561:chemical reaction
1457:
1456:
1162:Trifluoromethane
1043:Trichloromethane
945:Tetraiodomethane
924:Tetrabromomethane
870:Chemical formula
629:hydrogen peroxide
601:hypochlorous acid
110:Industrial routes
82:ultraviolet light
5174:
5142:Greenhouse gases
5111:
5110:
5109:
5101:
5100:
5091:
5090:
5083:
5082:
5075:
5074:
5062:
5061:
4936:Legacy pollution
4795:Oil exploitation
4657:Chemical warfare
4571:Waste management
4478:Industrial waste
4446:Biomedical waste
4414:Electronic waste
4399:Advertising mail
4383:Phytoremediation
4358:Land degradation
4143:Overillumination
4097:Invasive species
3843:
3836:
3829:
3820:
3819:
3783:
3688:Trifluoromethoxy
3256:
3255:
3252:
3055:
3054:
3051:
2904:
2884:
2877:
2870:
2861:
2860:
2520:Tetrasubstituted
2144:
2137:
2130:
2121:
2120:
2076:Nomenclature FAQ
2058:
2057:
2052:. Archived from
2042:
2036:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2009:. Archived from
2000:
1991:
1985:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1916:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1870:. Archived from
1864:
1858:
1857:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1811:
1805:
1793:
1784:
1773:
1682:
1607:hydrobromic acid
1453:
1429:
1404:
1381:
1358:
1334:
1316:Tribromomethane
1311:
1284:
1260:
1245:Methyl fluoride
1235:
1205:
1181:
1157:
1134:
1112:
1085:
1061:
1038:
1011:
997:Methyl chloride
987:
962:
940:
918:
895:is a registered
856:Systematic name
853:
838:
818:perfluorocarbons
806:greenhouse gases
766:perfluorocarbons
717:
696:
672:chloroperoxidase
653:
622:
594:
574:
553:
540:
519:
506:
482:
465:
452:
431:
418:
398:
385:
372:
344:
323:
306:
286:
265:
240:
213:
206:
199:
191:
180:
161:
51:
5182:
5181:
5177:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5172:
5171:
5122:
5121:
5120:
5115:
5107:
5105:
5095:
5052:
5038:
5006:
4955:
4904:
4871:
4810:Pharmaceuticals
4800:Oil exploration
4704:
4676:Nuclear fallout
4643:
4605:
4587:
4561:Packaging waste
4515:Deep sea mining
4441:Hazardous waste
4387:
4368:Open defecation
4322:
4288:Nuclear fallout
4283:Nuclear fission
4259:
4185:
4154:
4125:Electromagnetic
4119:
4103:
4068:
3988:Ozone depletion
3861:
3852:
3847:
3817:
3812:
3781:
3773:
3728:
3683:Trichloromethyl
3678:Trifluoromethyl
3652:
3629:
3591:
3568:
3463:
3432:Phosphine oxide
3384:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3227:
3187:
3130:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3028:
2902:
2901:
2893:
2888:
2858:
2853:
2842:
2838:
2830:
2822:
2818:
2809:
2801:
2793:
2785:
2776:
2767:
2759:
2755:
2746:
2738:
2734:
2725:
2717:
2709:
2701:
2693:
2684:
2675:
2667:
2653:
2644:
2635:
2626:
2618:
2614:
2605:
2597:
2593:
2584:
2576:
2568:
2564:
2555:
2547:
2539:
2531:
2514:
2510:
2502:
2493:
2485:
2477:
2463:
2454:
2446:
2438:
2430:
2416:
2397:
2388:
2380:
2372:
2364:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2330:
2322:
2318:
2309:
2300:
2292:
2288:
2279:
2270:
2261:
2253:
2249:
2232:
2227:
2218:
2209:
2200:
2191:
2180:Monosubstituted
2174:
2170:
2153:
2148:
2088:Wayback Machine
2067:
2062:
2061:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2034:Wayback Machine
2025:
2021:
2013:
1998:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1964:
1960:
1951:
1949:
1942:
1938:
1914:
1908:
1904:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1877:
1875:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1854:
1840:
1836:
1817:Acc. Chem. Res.
1812:
1808:
1794:
1787:
1774:
1767:
1762:
1740:
1724:carcinogenicity
1720:
1696:
1680:
1676:
1580:ozone depletion
1541:
1525:
1470:
1462:
1451:
1447:
1427:
1423:
1403:
1399:
1380:
1376:
1356:
1352:
1333:
1329:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1282:
1278:
1270:Methyl bromide
1258:
1254:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1211:Difluoromethane
1203:
1199:
1180:
1176:
1156:
1152:
1133:
1129:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1095:Freon-12, R-12
1083:
1079:
1071:Freon-11, R-11
1060:
1056:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1017:Dichloromethane
1009:
1005:
986:
982:
976:
961:
957:
939:
935:
917:
913:
860:
845:
837:
833:
801:
724:
715:
711:
703:
694:
690:
686:
682:
676:bromoperoxidase
663:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
620:
616:
612:
608:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
551:
547:
543:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
480:
476:
472:
468:
463:
459:
455:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
396:
392:
388:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
321:
317:
313:
309:
304:
300:
296:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
238:
234:
230:
226:
212:
208:
205:
201:
197:
193:
190:
186:
179:
173:
166:
159:
155:
151:
147:
112:
107:
94:
50:
46:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5180:
5170:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5117:
5116:
5057:
5054:
5053:
5051:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5027:
5025:Law by country
5022:
5016:
5014:
5008:
5007:
5005:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4963:
4961:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4912:
4910:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4902:
4897:
4896:
4895:
4890:
4879:
4877:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4847:Surface runoff
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4828:
4827:
4822:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4771:
4770:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4733:Eutrophication
4730:
4725:
4720:
4714:
4712:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4690:Scorched earth
4687:
4684:nuclear winter
4680:nuclear famine
4669:
4659:
4653:
4651:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4615:
4613:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4603:
4597:
4595:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4584:
4583:
4578:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4557:
4556:
4546:
4541:
4540:
4539:
4529:
4528:
4527:
4525:Uranium mining
4522:
4517:
4512:
4510:Surface mining
4507:
4502:
4492:
4487:
4486:
4485:
4475:
4474:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4461:Lead poisoning
4458:
4453:
4451:Chemical waste
4448:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4422:
4421:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4395:
4393:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4363:Bioremediation
4360:
4355:
4354:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4332:
4330:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4278:Bioremediation
4275:
4269:
4267:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4252:
4249:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4241:
4231:
4226:
4225:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:Transportation
4195:
4193:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4162:
4160:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4147:
4146:
4145:
4140:
4129:
4127:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4117:
4111:
4109:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4101:
4100:
4099:
4089:
4084:
4078:
4076:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4055:
4054:
4044:
4043:
4042:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3973:Global dimming
3970:
3965:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3944:Diesel exhaust
3936:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3871:
3869:
3863:
3862:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3846:
3845:
3838:
3831:
3823:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3808:
3803:
3791:
3784:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3769:Sulfinylamines
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3749:Phosphoramides
3746:
3744:Isothiocyanate
3740:
3738:
3734:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3720:
3719:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3664:
3662:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3650:
3645:
3639:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3620:Selenenic acid
3617:
3615:Seleninic acid
3612:
3610:Selenonic acid
3607:
3601:
3599:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3584:
3578:
3576:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3479:
3473:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3403:Phosphodiester
3394:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3264:
3262:
3253:
3249:(one element,
3233:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3140:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3126:Methylenedioxy
3123:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3094:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3072:
3067:
3061:
3059:
3052:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3009:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2907:
2905:
2903:(only C and H)
2895:
2894:
2887:
2886:
2879:
2872:
2864:
2855:
2854:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2770:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2629:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2355:
2353:Trisubstituted
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2147:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2103:
2095:
2090:
2078:
2073:
2066:
2065:External links
2063:
2060:
2059:
2037:
2019:
2016:on 2009-10-09.
1986:
1977:
1958:
1948:. Thomson Gale
1936:
1902:
1884:
1859:
1852:
1834:
1823:(3): 141–152.
1806:
1785:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1739:
1736:
1719:
1716:
1695:
1692:
1678:
1594:carbon dioxide
1584:largely banned
1576:concentrations
1572:chain reaction
1567:proceeds as a
1540:
1537:
1524:
1521:
1475:paint stripper
1469:
1466:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1439:Methyl iodide
1437:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:Dibromomethane
1286:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1007:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
989:
988:
984:
980:
978:
973:
970:
964:
963:
959:
955:
953:
951:
946:
942:
941:
937:
933:
931:
929:
926:
920:
919:
915:
911:
908:
905:
876:
872:
871:
868:
865:
862:
859:Common/trivial
857:
844:
841:
835:
822:Kyoto Protocol
810:global warming
808:, which cause
800:
797:
793:
792:
789:
786:
783:
780:
777:
770:
769:
759:
750:
744:
735:
723:
720:
713:
702:
699:
698:
697:
692:
688:
684:
662:
659:
655:
654:
650:
646:
642:
641:OH + HOCl → CH
638:
633:
632:
624:
623:
618:
614:
610:
605:
604:
596:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
549:
545:
541:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
478:
474:
470:
466:
461:
457:
453:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
394:
390:
386:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
319:
315:
311:
307:
302:
298:
293:
292:
288:
287:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
236:
232:
228:
223:
222:
210:
203:
195:
188:
175:
168:
163:
162:
157:
153:
149:
144:
143:
111:
108:
106:
103:
93:
90:
48:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5179:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5114:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5086:
5078:
5069:
5065:
5055:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5017:
5015:
5013:
5009:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4958:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4907:
4901:
4898:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4884:
4881:
4880:
4878:
4874:
4868:
4867:Water quality
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4817:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4711:
4707:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4670:
4667:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4650:
4646:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4629:Traffic signs
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4612:
4608:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4594:
4590:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4555:
4554:Microplastics
4552:
4551:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4544:Nanomaterials
4542:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4533:
4530:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4484:
4483:Lead smelting
4481:
4480:
4479:
4476:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4390:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4325:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4303:Radioactivity
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4262:
4256:
4255:Noise control
4253:
4250:
4247:
4244:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4192:
4188:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4151:
4148:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4106:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4075:
4071:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4045:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4003:Metal working
4001:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3952:
3949:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3920:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3855:
3851:
3844:
3839:
3837:
3832:
3830:
3825:
3824:
3821:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3792:
3790:
3789:
3785:
3780:
3779:
3776:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3725:
3722:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3710:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3698:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3655:
3649:
3648:Telluroketone
3646:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3534:Sulfonic acid
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3524:Sulfinic acid
3522:
3520:
3519:Thiosulfonate
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3509:Thiosulfinate
3507:
3505:
3504:Sulfenic acid
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3466:
3460:
3459:Phosphaallene
3457:
3455:
3454:Phosphaalkyne
3452:
3450:
3449:Phosphaalkene
3447:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3408:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3387:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3234:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3214:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3121:Ethylenedioxy
3119:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3047:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3003:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2885:
2880:
2878:
2873:
2871:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2851:
2845:
2839:
2833:
2831:
2825:
2823:
2813:
2811:
2804:
2802:
2796:
2794:
2788:
2786:
2780:
2778:
2771:
2769:
2762:
2760:
2750:
2748:
2741:
2739:
2729:
2727:
2720:
2718:
2712:
2710:
2704:
2702:
2696:
2694:
2688:
2686:
2679:
2677:
2670:
2668:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2648:
2646:
2639:
2637:
2630:
2628:
2621:
2619:
2609:
2607:
2600:
2598:
2588:
2586:
2579:
2577:
2571:
2569:
2559:
2557:
2550:
2548:
2542:
2540:
2534:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2511:
2505:
2503:
2497:
2495:
2488:
2486:
2480:
2478:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2458:
2456:
2449:
2447:
2441:
2439:
2433:
2431:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2392:
2390:
2383:
2381:
2375:
2373:
2367:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2344:
2334:
2332:
2325:
2323:
2313:
2311:
2304:
2302:
2295:
2293:
2283:
2281:
2274:
2272:
2265:
2263:
2256:
2254:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2238:Disubstituted
2235:
2229:
2222:
2220:
2213:
2211:
2204:
2202:
2195:
2193:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2159:Unsubstituted
2156:
2152:
2145:
2140:
2138:
2133:
2131:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2023:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1990:
1981:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1947:
1940:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1874:on 2006-06-15
1873:
1869:
1863:
1855:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1810:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1790:
1783:
1779:
1772:
1770:
1765:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1691:
1688:
1684:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1659:
1654:
1645:
1641:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1602:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1550:
1545:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1510:blowing agent
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1483:food industry
1480:
1476:
1465:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1241:Fluoromethane
1239:
1238:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
993:Chloromethane
991:
990:
981:
979:
974:
971:
969:
966:
965:
956:
954:
952:
950:
947:
944:
943:
934:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
921:
912:
909:
906:
904:
902:
899:belonging to
898:
894:
890:
886:
880:
877:
874:
873:
869:
866:
863:
858:
855:
854:
848:
840:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
796:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
774:
773:
767:
763:
760:
758:
757:fluorocarbons
754:
751:
748:
745:
743:
739:
736:
733:
730:
729:
728:
719:
707:
681:
680:
679:
677:
673:
668:
667:biosynthesize
658:
635:
634:
630:
626:
625:
607:
606:
602:
598:
597:
576:
555:
542:
521:
508:
484:
467:
454:
433:
420:
400:
387:
374:
346:
325:
308:
295:
294:
290:
289:
267:
242:
231:OH + HCl → CH
225:
224:
220:
217:
216:
215:
184:
178:
172:
146:
145:
141:
137:
133:
132:
131:
129:
125:
121:
117:
102:
98:
89:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
44:
40:
33:
29:
26:
21:
5162:Refrigerants
5152:Halomethanes
4946:Point source
4888:Heavy metals
4862:Urban runoff
4842:Sulfur water
4820:Septic tanks
4666:Agent Orange
4520:Mining waste
4346:Manure waste
4176:Volcanic ash
4052:Black carbon
4008:Oil refining
3993:Particulates
3922:Construction
3793:
3786:
3700:Vinyl halide
3657:
3587:Borinic acid
3582:Boronic acid
3559:Thioxanthate
2899:Hydrocarbons
2151:Halomethanes
2150:
2054:the original
2049:
2040:
2022:
2011:the original
2002:
1989:
1980:
1971:
1961:
1950:. Retrieved
1939:
1922:
1918:
1905:
1896:
1887:
1876:. Retrieved
1872:the original
1862:
1843:
1837:
1820:
1815:
1809:
1754:Halogenation
1728:liver damage
1721:
1697:
1685:
1662:
1650:
1615:
1603:
1588:
1569:free radical
1554:
1549:Diefenbunker
1526:
1514:polyurethane
1487:decaffeinate
1471:
1463:
1460:Applications
1266:Bromomethane
892:
882:
846:
817:
813:
802:
794:
771:
761:
752:
746:
737:
731:
725:
708:
704:
664:
656:
426:+ 3 HF → CHF
393:+ 2 HF → CHF
380:+ HF → CHFCl
301:Cl + HF → CH
219:Halogenation
182:
176:
170:
164:
113:
99:
95:
38:
37:
4916:Area source
4825:Pit latrine
4748:Groundwater
4505:Gold mining
4500:Coal mining
4471:Toxic waste
4436:Green waste
4409:Brown waste
4392:Solid waste
3939:Exhaust gas
3764:Thiocyanate
3759:Sulfonamide
3724:Perchlorate
3712:Acyl halide
3673:Fluoroethyl
3554:Thionoester
3442:Phosphonium
3427:Phosphinate
3422:Phosphonous
3410:Phosphonate
3109:Hydroperoxy
2931:Cyclopropyl
1523:Propellants
1435:Iodomethane
1417:Freon 13T1
1394:Halon 1301
1371:Halon 1211
1346:Halon 1011
889:refrigerant
881:, Freon 10
816:(HFCs) and
613:+ HOCl → CH
565:+ 2 HF → CF
548:+ 4 HF → CF
514:+ 3 HF → CF
473:+ 2 HF → CF
460:+ HF → CFCl
335:+ 2 HF → CH
281:I + HPO(OH)
140:ultraviolet
122:, and from
116:natural gas
86:ozone layer
39:Halomethane
5126:Categories
5068:by country
5064:Categories
5002:Zero waste
4883:Pollutants
4837:Stagnation
4775:Monitoring
4743:Freshwater
4619:Air travel
4431:Food waste
4351:Pesticides
4341:Herbicides
4245:Industrial
4074:Biological
3934:Demolition
3927:Renovation
3910:Joss paper
3895:Combustion
3668:Haloalkane
3539:Thioketone
3494:Persulfide
3390:Phosphorus
3355:Isocyanate
3345:Isonitrile
3246:or oxygen
3244:hydrogen,
3240:not being
3221:Orthoester
3114:Dioxiranes
3092:Enol ether
2980:1-Propenyl
2111:in the USA
1952:2006-09-11
1878:2009-10-07
1760:References
1749:Haloalkane
1744:Halocarbon
1702:groups in
1687:Halon 1211
1669:fuel tanks
1623:(600
1617:Halon 1301
1599:Halon 1211
1590:Halon 1301
1502:flavorings
1500:and other
1166:Fluoroform
1047:Chloroform
687:+ 2 Cl + O
518:Cl + 3 HCl
443:+ HF → CHF
397:Cl + 2 HCl
277:+ P → 3 CH
252:+ S → 4 CH
200:and using
105:Production
4960:Responses
4931:Garbology
4857:Turbidity
4805:Oil spill
4738:Firewater
4639:Vandalism
4601:Satellite
4298:Poisoning
4293:Plutonium
4273:Actinides
4265:Radiation
4013:Wood dust
3875:Acid rain
3850:Pollution
3801:inorganic
3635:Tellurium
3549:Thioester
3514:Sulfoxide
3499:Disulfide
3487:Sulfonium
3437:Phosphine
3415:Phosphite
3398:Phosphate
3330:Carbamate
3305:Hydrazone
3238:element,
3236:Only one
3209:Anhydride
2948:Methylene
2852:compound.
1508:and as a
1481:. In the
1479:degreaser
1320:Bromoform
1191:Freon 31
897:trademark
764:—list of
755:—list of
740:—list of
695:Cl + 2 OH
661:In nature
531:+ HF → CF
322:FCl + HCl
318:+ HF → CH
248:OH + 3 Br
5048:Treaties
5020:Diseases
4832:Shipping
4728:Diseases
4576:Landfill
4251:Abstract
4248:Military
4181:Wildfire
4030:Smelting
3998:Asbestos
3782:See also
3717:Chloride
3643:Tellurol
3597:Selenium
3564:Xanthate
3278:Ammonium
3260:Nitrogen
3242:carbon,
3199:Carboxyl
3166:Aldehyde
3154:Acryloyl
3136:carbonyl
3040:hydrogen
2995:Cumulene
2659:C*BrClFI
2469:C*HBrClI
2403:C*HBrClF
2084:Archived
2030:Archived
1925:: 1–32.
1738:See also
1732:phosgene
1629:nitrogen
1529:aerosols
1468:Solvents
1147:HCFC-22
1053:Solvent
1026:Solvent
861:name(s)
273:OH + 3 I
160:Cl + HCl
124:halogens
120:methanol
54:hydrogen
28:molecule
5077:Commons
4852:Thermal
4753:Hypoxia
4537:Garbage
4308:Uranium
4159:Natural
4108:Digital
4040:Aerosol
4018:Welding
3905:Biomass
3900:Biofuel
3859:History
3806:organic
3605:Selenol
3529:Sulfone
3482:Sulfide
3380:NONOate
3375:Nitroso
3365:Nitrite
3360:Nitrate
3350:Cyanate
3340:Nitrile
3325:Amidine
3320:Imidate
3290:Nitrene
3285:Hydrazo
3273:Enamine
3204:Acetoxy
3192:carboxy
3159:Benzoyl
3097:Epoxide
3080:Methoxy
3070:Alcohol
3024:Carbene
2958:Methine
2422:C*HBrFI
2408:C*HClFI
1633:nozzles
1557:halogen
1248:HFC-41
1217:HFC-32
1170:HFC-23
1124:CFC-13
1098:CFC-12
1074:CFC-11
907:CFC-10
573:+ 2 HCl
552:+ 4 HCl
535:Cl + Cl
481:+ 2 HCl
430:+ 3 HCl
414:Cl + Cl
343:+ 2 HCl
305:F + HCl
264:+ 2 HBr
142:light):
138:(under
136:methane
128:halides
60:atoms (
58:halogen
43:methane
25:methane
5137:DuPont
4941:Midden
4921:Debris
4876:Topics
4815:Sewage
4768:debris
4763:Marine
4611:Visual
4495:Mining
4490:Litter
3983:Mining
3705:Iodide
3625:Selone
3469:Sulfur
3178:Ketone
3171:Ketene
3149:Acetyl
3104:Peroxy
3075:Alkoxy
3065:Acetal
3046:oxygen
3035:carbon
3019:Alkyne
3012:Benzyl
3007:Phenyl
2990:Allene
2985:Crotyl
2965:Alkene
2953:Bridge
2941:Pentyl
2926:Propyl
2916:Methyl
2850:Chiral
2782:CBrClI
2573:CBrClF
2443:CHBrCl
1972:US EPA
1897:US EPA
1850:
1718:Safety
1712:Teflon
1700:methyl
1533:asthma
1490:coffee
1477:and a
1377:CBrClF
975:PFC-14
901:DuPont
691:→ 2 CH
645:Cl + H
617:Cl + H
590:+ 2 Cl
285:+ 3 HI
256:Br + H
235:Cl + H
30:in 3D
5012:Lists
4951:Waste
4893:Paint
4710:Water
4593:Space
4234:Sonar
4229:Urban
4207:Water
4191:Noise
4166:Ozone
4133:Light
4064:Waste
3956:Smoke
3737:Other
3574:Boron
3544:Thial
3477:Thiol
3370:Nitro
3335:Imide
3315:Amide
3300:Oxime
3295:Imine
3268:Amine
3216:Ester
3183:Ynone
3087:Ether
3058:R-O-R
3033:Only
2975:Allyl
2970:Vinyl
2936:Butyl
2921:Ethyl
2911:Alkyl
2743:CBrCl
2714:CBrCl
2690:CBrFI
2664:CClFI
2632:CBrCl
2499:CHBrI
2474:CHClI
2377:CHBrF
2369:CHClF
2014:(PDF)
1999:(PDF)
1915:(PDF)
1653:VESDA
1565:flame
1563:in a
1517:foams
1153:CHClF
1144:R-22
893:Freon
885:Freon
864:Code
582:+ 2 F
539:+ HCl
464:+ HCl
451:+ HCl
410:→ CHF
384:+ HCl
72:, or
4926:Dust
4909:Misc
4328:Soil
4217:Rail
4203:Land
4047:Soot
4035:Smog
3951:Haze
3659:Halo
3144:Acyl
3044:and
3002:Aryl
2827:CBrI
2790:CClI
2602:CBrF
2581:CClF
2544:CBrF
2536:CClF
2490:CHBr
2482:CHBr
2460:CHBr
2451:CHCl
2435:CHCl
2427:CHFI
2413:CHBr
2394:CHCl
2301:BrCl
1848:ISBN
1726:and
1665:F-16
1638:SCBA
1609:and
1512:for
1498:hops
1492:and
1400:CBrF
1357:BrCl
1330:CHBr
1130:CClF
1057:CHCl
867:Use
738:HCFC
716:ClBr
683:2 CH
674:and
586:→ CF
569:+ Cl
502:+ Cl
494:→ CF
447:+ Cl
435:CHCl
422:CHCl
402:CHCl
389:CHCl
376:CHCl
368:+ Cl
360:→ CH
269:3 CH
244:4 CH
156:→ CH
152:+ Cl
5037:2.5
4649:War
4212:Air
3867:Air
3310:Azo
2815:CBr
2806:CBr
2798:CBr
2777:ClI
2773:CBr
2764:CBr
2752:CCl
2731:CBr
2722:CCl
2706:CCl
2698:CFI
2681:CBr
2672:CBr
2654:ClF
2650:CBr
2641:CCl
2623:CCl
2590:CBr
2561:CCl
2507:CHI
2385:CHF
2361:CHF
2331:BrI
2310:ClI
2271:BrF
2262:ClF
2098:EIA
1927:doi
1825:doi
1798:doi
1778:doi
1658:fog
1625:psi
1621:MPa
1494:tea
1204:ClF
1177:CHF
1104:CCl
1080:CCl
936:CBr
914:CCl
903:.)
762:PFC
747:HFC
732:CFC
578:CCl
561:+ F
557:CCl
544:CCl
527:+ F
523:CCl
510:CCl
490:+ F
486:CCl
469:CCl
456:CCl
439:+ F
406:+ F
356:+ F
209:CCl
126:or
118:or
5128::
5070:)
4682:-
4678:-
3042:,
3037:,
2848:*
2835:CI
2768:Cl
2735:Cl
2685:FI
2645:FI
2611:CF
2552:CF
2528:CF
2464:Cl
2336:CH
2327:CH
2319:Br
2315:CH
2306:CH
2297:CH
2289:Cl
2285:CH
2280:FI
2276:CH
2267:CH
2258:CH
2246:CH
2228:At
2224:CH
2215:CH
2210:Br
2206:CH
2201:Cl
2197:CH
2188:CH
2167:CH
2048:.
2005:.
2001:.
1970:.
1921:.
1917:.
1895:.
1821:31
1788:^
1768:^
1714:.
1677:CF
1519:.
1448:CH
1424:CF
1353:CH
1307:Br
1303:CH
1283:Br
1279:CH
1255:CH
1227:CH
1200:CH
1034:Cl
1030:CH
1010:Cl
1006:CH
983:CF
958:CI
834:CO
753:FC
712:CF
637:CH
609:CH
498:Cl
477:Cl
352:Cl
348:CH
331:Cl
327:CH
314:Cl
310:CH
297:CH
260:SO
227:CH
202:Cl
198:Cl
194:CH
187:CH
174:Cl
169:4−
167:CH
148:CH
88:.
70:Br
68:,
66:Cl
64:,
47:CH
23:A
5066:(
4686:)
4674:(
4668:)
4664:(
3842:e
3835:t
3828:v
2883:e
2876:t
2869:v
2837:4
2829:3
2821:2
2819:I
2817:2
2810:I
2808:3
2800:4
2792:3
2784:2
2775:2
2766:3
2758:2
2756:I
2754:2
2747:I
2745:2
2737:2
2733:2
2726:I
2724:3
2716:3
2708:4
2700:3
2692:2
2683:2
2676:F
2674:3
2666:2
2652:2
2643:2
2636:F
2634:2
2627:F
2625:3
2617:2
2615:I
2613:2
2606:I
2604:2
2596:2
2594:F
2592:2
2585:I
2583:2
2575:2
2567:2
2565:F
2563:2
2556:I
2554:3
2546:3
2538:3
2530:4
2509:3
2501:2
2494:I
2492:2
2484:3
2476:2
2462:2
2455:I
2453:2
2445:2
2437:3
2429:2
2417:F
2415:2
2398:F
2396:2
2389:I
2387:2
2379:2
2371:2
2363:3
2342:2
2340:I
2338:2
2329:2
2321:2
2317:2
2308:2
2299:2
2291:2
2287:2
2278:2
2269:2
2260:2
2252:2
2250:F
2248:2
2226:3
2219:I
2217:3
2208:3
2199:3
2192:F
2190:3
2169:4
2143:e
2136:t
2129:v
1974:.
1955:.
1933:.
1929::
1923:1
1881:.
1856:.
1831:.
1827::
1804:.
1800::
1780::
1681:I
1679:3
1675:(
1452:I
1450:3
1428:I
1426:3
1402:3
1379:2
1355:2
1332:3
1309:2
1305:2
1281:3
1259:F
1257:3
1233:2
1231:F
1229:2
1202:2
1179:3
1155:2
1132:3
1110:2
1108:F
1106:2
1084:F
1082:3
1059:3
1036:2
1032:2
1008:3
985:4
960:4
938:4
916:4
883:(
836:2
714:2
693:3
689:2
685:4
651:2
649:O
647:2
643:3
639:3
631:.
621:O
619:2
615:3
611:4
592:2
588:4
584:2
580:4
571:2
567:4
563:2
559:4
550:4
546:4
537:2
533:3
529:2
525:4
516:3
512:4
504:2
500:2
496:2
492:2
488:4
479:2
475:2
471:4
462:3
458:4
449:2
445:3
441:2
437:3
428:3
424:3
416:2
412:2
408:2
404:3
395:2
391:3
382:2
378:3
370:2
366:2
364:F
362:2
358:2
354:2
350:2
341:2
339:F
337:2
333:2
329:2
320:2
316:2
312:2
303:3
299:3
283:2
279:3
275:2
271:3
262:4
258:2
254:3
250:2
246:3
239:O
237:2
233:3
229:3
211:4
204:2
196:3
189:4
183:n
181:(
177:n
171:n
158:3
154:2
150:4
74:I
62:F
49:4
45:(
34:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
