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336:"patriarchs" seem to be the Jewish community leaders. However, all the personal names in the inscriptions are Greek. This fact, along with the depiction of the Greek god Helios and the naked figures, are not unique to this ancient synagogue and seem to indicate a degree of self-confident cohabitation of Judaism with pagan Hellenistic cultures. The name Severus occurs several times in the inscriptions, which lead the excavators to name the building the "Synagogue of Severus".
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first built in c. 250 CE, the main period of occupation was in the 4th-5th centuries, with a third period of use (whether as a synagogue is unclear) until the 10th-11th centuries. The mosaic floor was relaid several times, and the entrance, initially located, as typical for the "Galilee synagogue" type, on the southern side, was moved in the second phase to the northern wall, and in the third to the western wall.
257:
The remains of Hammat
Tiberias's "Synagogue B", or "Synagogue of Severus", are adjacent to the southern city wall, within the national park and protected by a modern structure. Being the better known of the two, it is popularly simply referred to as the "Hammat Tiberias Synagogue". It was excavated
237:
Synagogue A, as it is known to archaeologists, stood on the shore of the Sea of
Galilee, some 500 metres north of the city's south wall. The synagogue had the shape of a square basilical hall with a courtyard. It was built in three stages, without any change to the shape and size of the main hall:
276:
The archaeologists distinguished four stages of construction for the building: a 1st-century public building with rooms placed around a courtyard; a first synagogue was built around 230 CE and was apparently destroyed during the same century; a 4th-century synagogue (boasting the famous mosaic
335:
and holding the celestial sphere and a whip. The large inscription from the third panel mention names are of donors and consists of nine squares, two of which are dedicated to one major contributor: "Severus, the pupil of the most illustrious
Patriarchs, has made this blessing. Amen." The
480:
453:"1 Chronicles 2:55 and the clans of the scribes who lived at Jabez--the Tirathites, Shimeathites, and Sucathites. These are the Kenites who came from Hammath, the father of the house of Rechab"
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floor), apparently destroyed by an early-5th-century earthquake; and a much larger synagogue built in the 5th-6th centuries above the older one, and eventually destroyed in the 8th century.
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The first synagogue was discovered on the lake shore, the site being now covered by a hotel. It was uncovered in 1921 by Nachum
Slouschz who was working under the sponsorship of the
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signs in the second panel survived intact. The signs are arranged counterclockwise, with four women symbolizing the manifestation of the four seasons in nature in the corners.
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All that only remains visible of the first, 3rd-century synagogue, it is a small mosaic section now displayed slightly below the southern edge of the central mosaic.
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159:, the springs were heated when they streamed past the entrance of Hell. Archaeologists have concluded it was built on the ruins of the biblical city of Hammath (
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140:, a village once rested upon the site and was distinct from Tiberias. The site was rediscovered in 1920, when the Tiberias-Samakh road was being constructed.
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Two synagogue sites have been excavated at Hammat
Tiberias. The context in which they were built is that Tiberias became the seat of the
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is represented by a nude male uncircumcised figure, which led to speculations that the artist was not Jewish. Helios is driving his
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Thermal hot springs, Tiberias, 1924. From the digital collections of Younes & Soraya
Nazarian Library , University of Haifa
273:
floor, dated to the second half of the fourth century CE, which makes them the earliest mosaic pavement found in a synagogue.
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The famous mosaic floor dates from the later phase of the 4th-century synagogue, and is made up of three panels featuring: a
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665:(reprint, Brown University, Brown Judaic Studies (Number 29), 2020 ed.). Scholars Press. pp. 103–6, 106–110.
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The 17 springs of Hamat
Tiberias have been known since antiquity for their curative properties. According to the
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word for "hot spring." Hammat
Tiberias is adjacent to the ancient city of Tiberias, which was established in the
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The
Historical Background of the Zodiac Mosaic Calendar in the Lower Synagogue at Hammath-Tiberias
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Next to the Torah shrine in the first panel are also other Jewish ritualistic objects: two of the
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National parks declared by Israel in the occupied
Palestinian territories and Golan Heights
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Ancient Greek inscription on the Hellenistic mosaic floor of the Severus synagogue
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481:"Hamat Tiberias National Park, An opulent synagogue and ancient medical baths"
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527:(reprint, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 22–27.
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Art and Judaism in the Greco-Roman World: Toward a new Jewish Archaeology
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are located on the grounds of the park. According to the sages of the
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Moshe Dothan, in charge of excavations at the Severus Synagogue site
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782: Ancient synagogues (Second Temple and Talmudic periods)
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as the first archaeological dig conducted under Jewish auspices.
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The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East
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Buildings and structures in Northern District (Israel)
725:"Meet Hamat Tiberias National Park: Severus Synagogue"
406:. Jewish Publication Society of America. p. 168.
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was uncovered there, which is now on display at the
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178:that come from Hammath, the father of the house of
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508:, at The Bornblum Eretz Israel Synagogues Website
1683:
574:. New York and London: Continuum. p. 215.
1742:3rd-century establishments in the Roman Empire
657:Segal Chiat, Marilyn Joyce (1982). "Galilee".
427:Gordon, Douglas L (1997). "Hammath Tiberias".
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269:in 1961-3, and is noted for its elaborate
230:, was a watershed event in the history of
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108:. The Arabic name uses the cognate word:
54:is an ancient archaeological site and an
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615:
296:; a zodiac wheel set around an image of
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147:Zodiac mosaic floor in ancient synagogue
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1152:Photos of the Hammat Tiberias Synagogue
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65:, which is located on the adjacent to
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403:Legends of Galilee, Jordan, and Sinai
1148:at the Israeli Parks Authority site.
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381:Zodiac mosaics in ancient synagogues
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661:Handbook of Synagogue Architecture
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729:Israel Nature and Parks Authority
232:archaeology in the Land of Israel
73:that runs along the shore of the
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43:Ancient ruins at the hot springs
1702:Archaeological sites in Israel
1094:Italy, Iberia and North Africa
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292:flanked by two seven-branched
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170:, the families of scribes at
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124:Tiberias thermal baths, 1925
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214:prohibited its activity.
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400:Zev Vilnay (June 1978).
284:Helios and zodiac mosaic
30:Not to be confused with
241:A 60 cm tall limestone
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1063:Greece and the Balkans
506:Hammath Tiberias North
253:"Synagogue of Severus"
218:Hammath Tiberias North
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1261:Beit Alfa Synagogue
1213:Adullam-France Park
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361:Jewish Christianity
356:Hellenistic Judaism
1673:32.76861; 35.54833
1205:Jerusalem District
487:on 8 December 2015
376:Tzippori Synagogue
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168:Book of Chronicles
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32:Al-Hamma, Tiberias
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1515:Southern District
1487:Tel Aviv District
1243:Northern District
1233:Judaean Mountains
1128:M. T. Olszewski,
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680:978-0-89130-524-8
413:978-0-8276-0106-2
366:Synagogal Judaism
323:. Nine of the 12
16:(Redirected from
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483:. Archived from
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174:are said to be "
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48:Hammath Tiberias
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69:on the road to
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1540:Semekh caves
1462:Rubin Stream
1442:Hof HaSharon
1419:Tel Shikmona
1409:Mount Carmel
1346:Rosh HaNikra
1326:Hurvat Minia
1129:
1044:Dura-Europos
984:Ein Keshatot
887:
847:Umm el-Umdan
733:. Retrieved
700:. Retrieved
660:
585:. Retrieved
570:
538:. Retrieved
523:
519:Fine, Steven
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485:the original
460:. Retrieved
457:biblehub.com
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1671: /
1545:Tel Lachish
1535:Beit Guvrin
1452:Migdal Afek
1366:Tel Megiddo
1341:Mount Tabor
1336:Mount Arbel
1321:Hurshat Tal
1316:Hula Valley
1296:Hamat Gader
1266:Beit She'an
1101:Bova Marina
979:Kfar Devora
605:|work=
491:13 December
462:24 November
371:Therapeutae
263: [
153:hot springs
1686:Categories
1659:35°32′54″E
1635:See also:
1550:Tel Tzafit
1477:Tzur Natan
1361:Tel Kedesh
1351:Sde Amudim
1218:Bayt 'Itab
1111:Hammam-Lif
964:Ein Nashut
952:Gaulanitis
438:0195112156
387:References
346:Beth Alpha
319:horn, and
186:Synagogues
1656:32°46′7″N
1576:Ein Avdat
1559:Beersheba
1500:Sidna Ali
1472:Tel Gezer
1356:Tel Hazor
1281:Capernaum
1228:Ein Hemed
959:Deir Aziz
913:Nabratein
903:Maoz Haim
878:Capernaum
852:Wadi Qelt
842:Theodotos
697:190431591
607:ignored (
597:cite book
208:Sanhedrin
61:known as
1712:Tiberias
1616:Tel Arad
1581:Ein Gedi
1530:Ashkelon
1523:Ashkelon
1467:Tel Afek
1399:Caesarea
1376:Tzippori
1286:Chorazin
1039:Adrianke
938:Tzippori
883:Chorazin
817:Eshtemoa
812:Ein Gedi
568:(2001).
521:(2005).
340:See also
333:quadriga
294:menorahs
226:and the
151:Natural
67:Tiberias
1606:Nitzana
1591:Mamshit
1154:at the
1132:, see:
989:Zmimrah
974:Katzrin
928:Shfaram
918:Peki'in
861:Galilee
827:Jericho
315:), the
243:menorah
176:Kenites
166:In the
116:History
98:Semitic
92:is the
86:Hammath
56:Israeli
1611:Shivta
1596:Masada
1586:Eshkol
1505:Yarkon
1256:Bar'am
1251:Achziv
1223:Castel
1197:Israel
1054:Sardis
1049:Priene
943:Qision
908:Migdal
873:Bar'am
837:Naaran
735:14 May
731:. 2019
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325:zodiac
317:shofar
313:ethrog
298:Helios
271:mosaic
180:Rechab
157:Talmud
110:hammam
94:Hebrew
71:Zemach
1566:Avdat
1495:Arsuf
1116:Ostia
1106:Elche
1085:Stobi
1075:Delos
998:Negev
969:Gamla
933:Susya
923:Shema
868:Arbel
807:Dikke
795:Judea
693:S2CID
685:JSTOR
329:Libra
309:lulab
267:]
172:Jabez
90:Hamma
1639:and
1134:here
822:Gaza
802:Anim
737:2021
704:2021
675:ISBN
609:help
589:2021
576:ISBN
542:2021
529:ISBN
493:2013
464:2021
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