Hammadid dynasty - Knowledge

55: 2560:

antecedent to the common Almoravid and Almohad forms which are seen in the Great Mosque of Tlemcen or in Tinmel. The framework of a marble basin and a grey marble fragment document the use of multifoil arches with spiral-form impost decoration. The use of this motif at the Qal'at subsequently spread during the times of the Almoravids and became universal in Almohad buildings. The square rooms surrounded by rampant barrel vaults in the Qasr al-Manar have been compared to the Almohad minarets and the Torre Pisana in Palermo which it predates. The Hammadid palaces are also noted to contain the first or one of the first documented use of shadirwan.

402: 2569:

Qal-at to Béjaïa to Malaga and black painted and incised earthenware objects as well as bronze sculptures from the Zirids most likely influenced similar objects in Andalusia. Ceramic architectural decorations had never played such a large role in the Islamic world up until the Hammadids and from there it subsequently spread to Al-Andalus and Morocco where it became a hallmark for the architecture of these countries and it also spread throughout Europe.

3928: 2403: 1799: 1499:). The peace was further sealed by marriage, with al-Mu'izz's sister marrying one of Hammad's sons. According to historian Hady Roger Idris, it appears that the Hammadids agreed to recognize Fatimid suzerainty again at this time, but at some later point in his reign, perhaps around the same time as the Zirids did in the 1040s, Qa'id ibn Hammad repudiated Fatimid suzerainty again. 2464: 1619:

to them and buying off tribesmen in order to secure the safety of trade routes. Over time, Qal'at Bani Hammad was eventually eclipsed by Béjaïa. In 1090, with the Banu Hilal menace rising, the Hammadids moved their capital to Béjaïa, yielding their southern territories to the Hilalians. The Hammadids maintained control of a small but prosperous coastal territory between

1635:(1927) states that the Qal'at Bani Hammad "was not completely abandoned by al-Mansur and he even embellished it with a number of palaces. The Hammadid kingdom had therefore at this point two capitals joined by a royal road." Renamed al-Nasiriya to honor the emir, Béjaïa developed into a sophisticated trading city; under al-Nasir and his son and successor 4031: 1618:

In the 11th century, the Hammadids came under increasing pressure from the Banu Hilal, who had settled in the Plains of Constantine and increasingly threatened Qal'at Bani Hammad. While initially allied to the Bedouins, the Hammadids later became their puppets, allocating half of their harvest yields

1544:

to recognize; historian Amar S. Baadj writes, "It would appear that the principle which the Hammadids followed in the course of their relations with Baghdad and Cairo was that of opposing the Zirids. Whenever the Zirids recognized one of two rival caliphs, the Hammadids would declare their submission

2251:, and mountain fire signals became built in a wise manner, as reflective mirrors were installed in lighthouses to reflect lights and throw them far away. Thus, the nearby centers received their signals, and all centers transmitted them accordingly. They could have also used carrier pigeons like the 2587:

for the services of Italian masons and other skilled craftsmen for the construction of Béjaïa. Although Béjaïa is mostly in ruins, a large sea gate reportedly survives. The Bab al-Bahr (gate of the sea) was built during an-Nasirs reign along with five other gates with the purpose of protecting the

2530:

wrote two different poems describing one of the Hammadid palaces which he described having interior courts of marble that looked as if they had been carpeted with crystal and he observed that the grounds looked as if they were strewn with fine pearls. His description mentions that the palace had a

2591:

In Béjaïa drawings of a facade of two palaces with ground plans by one of the Hammadids have been preserved and provide an insight into palatial architecture of the time period of the Hammadids. The first palace consisted of a huge domed hall flanked by smaller domed towers and chambers while the

2478:

noted that the abundance of travellers was due to the wealth of resources offered to those interested in sciences, commerce and arts. The Qal'at attracted poets, sages and theologians. It was filled with various richly decorated palaces, caravanserai, gardens and what was to be the largest mosque

2568:

The excavations in the Qal'at Beni Hammad also discovered the first reference corpus of Islamic ceramics. The production of ceramics in Al-Andalus during the taifa and Almoravid periods reflect a strong and direct Hammadid influence. The technique of luster-painting on pottery was passed from al

1651:

had also studied in Béjaïa, his father was appointed as collector of customs in Béjaïaand he brought Leonardo along with him where he was taught. It was in Béjaïa where Fibonacci was introduced to the Arabic numerical system and computational method, he later introduced this numerical system to

2559:

Furthermore, the Qal'at buildings are considered to be documented antecedents and precursors to certain developments in Western Islamic art in the 12th century. Plaster capitals that were found at the Qal'at were composed of smooth leaves recurved in their upper part are considered to be an

1646:

An-Nasir corresponded with Pope Gregory VII and expanded commercial opportunities for Italian traders in Béjaïa. The city since flourished as a trading port and a prominent intellectual centre where even Abu Madyan and the Andalusian Shaykh Abu Ali Hassan bin Ali Muhammad taught.

2474:, the dynasty's capital, was described by Al-Bakri in the 11th century as a large and powerful military stronghold and a centre of commerce that attracted caravans from all over the Maghreb, Iraq, Syria, Egypt and the Hejaz. 14th-century Arab historian and philosopher 1749:

in 1152 and then captured Béjaïa later the same year, crushing Hammadid forces at the gates of the city. This marked a major military triumph for Abd al-Mu'min. Yahya fled to Constantine but surrendered several months later. He died in comfortable exile in

1781:, Ashir, and al Qal'a, with the goal of establishing a new Almoravid polity in the Maghreb. Less than a year later, the Almohad had recaptured all the towns. The Banu Ghaniya did retain, through the end of the Almohad period, some influence in 2506:. The Hammadid mosque is said to have been the largest mosque constructed in North Africa prior to the twentieth century and it features the typical Maghreb style square minaret. Architecture in Qal'at Bani Hammad featured adornments of " 54: 2592:

second palace called al-Kukab which was said to have been located where the present day Bordj Moussa is currently situated. al-Kukab consisted of a large centred hall with a gabled roof flanked by side aisles and two small towers.

2588:

town. It is now a ruin consisted of a pointed arch constructed with solid bricks. The Bab al-Bunud was also built in Béjaïa during an-Nasirs reign with hexagonal towers and its two ogival-arch gates.

1536:'s daughter married into the Hammadids, this did not end the rivalry between the dynasties. A common pattern was for Hammadids and Zirids to support "rival coalitions of Arab tribes to fight their 1676:(r. 1105–1121), Béjaïa had about 100,000 people, and the Hammadids consolidated their power in the city. The dynasty suffered a decline after this point; efforts to develop more sea power in the 1137: 4387: 2273:) (governors) were from the royal family, with their number fluctuating depending on the Sultan. Each city had its governor appointed by the Hammadid Sultan. Cities like 4034:, in Word, Heritage and Knowledge, a cura di C. Gambardella, XVI Forum International di Studi-Le vie dei Mercanti, Napoli-Capri 14-16 giugno 2018, Roma 2018, pp. 323-332 360: 346: 321: 307: 2552:

vault in the Islamic world. However, other scholars of Islamic architecture have questioned or rejected the dating of these fragments or their identification as true

1502:

In 1039, Qaid ibn Hammad was attacked by Hammama, the ruler of Fes, but Hammama soon returned to Fez, requested peace, and declared his submission to the Hammadids.

1572:, who succeeded him as emir. The Hammadid empire peaked during al-Nasir's reign. Under his reign the Hammadids established their control across large parts of the 2479:

built in North Africa prior to the twentieth century. The art and architecture of the Hammadids influenced that of the Arabs, Almohads, Almoravids and Normans.

2151:

based in the capital. Most of these viziers were not from the Hammadid dynasty. They were given various tasks that included suppressing rebellions such as the

784: 4135: 4204: 849: 3430: 3405: 3206: 4380: 2607:

The following is a list of Hammadid rulers, starting at Hammadid independence from the Zirids in 1015 and ending with the Almohad conquest in 1152:

1866:, stipulating that Hammad would retain authority over a substantial swath of the Central Maghreb (Algeria). This encompassed pivotal cities such as 1722:

Yahya tried to establish good relations with the Fatimids in the early 1140s, but ultimately he recognized the Abbasids instead and minted coins in

4067:

Massaiu, Maurizio (2014). "The Use of Muqarnas in Hammadid Art. Some Preliminary Observations.". In Burnett, Charles; Mantas-España, Pedro (eds.).

3326: 1719:

had previously vacillated between recognizing Zirid and Hammadid authority, was annexed in 1128 and controlled by Hammadid governors until 1148.

1031: 924: 2538:

In the Qal'at Beni Hammad fragments of stucco were discovered from the Qasr al-Salam and the Qasr al-Manar which may be the oldest fragments of

1886:, as well as any lands annexed through his conquests. The kingdom's territories would quickly expand. Following Hammad's death, his son Sultan 1819:

repeats the scope of the history section. Please merge material with the history section above and discuss any discrepancies on the talk page.

1961:) were notably brought under Hammadid rule. Shortly after the submission of these cities, Sultan Al Nacer conquered the city of Laribus near 1758:

the women and children of Hammadid loyalists who had fought against him, but did not sack Béjaïa because the city had willingly surrendered.

1065: 4373: 1172: 1131: 1070: 1529:. Amidst the chaos, the Hammadids reverted their allegiance to the Fatimids and managed to negotiate an alliance with the Bedouin tribes. 987: 914: 3300: 1937:(1062-1089) that the kingdom experienced the peak of its territorial expansion. The influence of the Hammadids extended into Ifriqiya ( 4019: 1439:

lands. Hammad subsequently defended the territory against Zenata incursions and was granted additional lands by al-Mansur's successor

1688:

and had also occupied a number of settlements on the coast of Tunisia and Algeria. However, Abd al-Aziz did expel the Hilalians from

3848:

Valérian, Dominique (2021). "Khurāsān, Banū". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).

3722:

Valérian, Dominique (2021). "Khurāsān, Banū". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).

1525:, culminating in al-Mu'izz's defeat in 1053 and the subsequent reduction of the Zirids to a small, insignificant territory based in 4329: 1761:

Some 30 years after the collapse of the Hammadids, the dynasty had a brief revival in 1184, when 'Ali ibn Ghaniya—a member of the

1055: 495: 3626:

Sedrata: histoire et archéologie d'un carrefour du Sahara médiéval à la lumière des archives inédites de Marguerite van Berchem.

3602:

Sedrata: Histoire et archéologie d'un carrefour du Sahara médiéval à la lumière des archives inédites de Marguerite van Berchem

944: 3995: 3798: 3689: 3662: 3610: 3566: 3507: 3354: 3310: 3278: 3218: 3131: 3024: 2914: 2495: 2147:

Initially, the Hammadid emirs personally oversaw the administration of the emirate, later delegating this responsibility to

4581: 4229: 4121: 4102: 2191:, whose authority grew as the Emir focused on hunting and entertainment. The Hammadid central administration included the 1854:

The Hammadid domain stretched across the entirety of the Central Maghreb, comprising the northern expanse of contemporary

4396: 919: 842: 1026: 976: 3585:

Histoire de l'Afrique septentrionale (Berbérie) dupuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à la conquête française (1830)

4353: 4244:

By Richard Ettinghausen, Oleg Grabar, Professor Emeritus of Islamic Art and Architecture Oleg Grabar, Marilyn Jenkins

4214: 4145: 4078: 3857: 3731: 3097: 2445: 2427: 1841: 1823: 1685: 1378: 3679: 1505:

Al-Mu'izz subsequently also broke with the Fatimids and changed his allegiance to the Abbasids. The Fatimid caliph,

4305: 4280: 3268: 1165: 636: 443: 411: 2531:

pool that was bordered by marble lions with water streaming from their mouths, these lions were likely similar to

1703:(r. 1121–1152). Yahya repulsed Bedouin incursions and subdued uprisings by Berber clans, but during his reign the 4566: 2144:

appointed by the Hammadid Emirs who was responsible for the affairs of Muslims, including complaints and others.

1615:

forming the southernmost city of their territory. They briefly extended their authority further to the Oued Mya.

1084: 1050: 581: 3815: 3749:

Heather J. Empey, "The Mothers of the Caliph's Sons: Women as Spoils of War During the Early Almohad Period" in

992: 3556: 3388: 2732: 1657: 1411: 1124: 1045: 4161:

Golvin, Lucien (1957). "Notes sur quelques fragments de platre trouvés récemment à la Qal'a des Beni-Hammâd".

2599:

was originally constructed by the Hammadids in the 12th century and was built on the ruins of a Roman temple.

1389:). However, the Hammadids would face another challenge on their western borders with the growing force of the 59:

Hammadid territory circa 1050 (in green), and extended territories (dotted line) controlled in certain periods

4343: 4241: 447: 1094: 2357:. Alongside these provinces, there were regions within the kingdom whose governance was assigned to other 893: 2688: 2596: 2548:

the fragments of the muqarnas semi-dome at the Qasr al-Salam are the oldest documented remains of a true

2176: 1997:

in the west, who continued to raid Hammadid territories. He gathered over 20,000 fighters and marched on

1640: 1158: 1118: 381: 3817:

Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique septentrionale, tr. par le baron de Slane

4032:

L. Hadda, Zirid and Hammadid palaces in North Africa and its influence on Norman architecture in Sicily

1726:'s name. In 1144 and 1145, he dispatched Hammadid forces to join the Almoravids in fighting the Berber 1484:. The Zirids failed to quash the rebellion and recognized Hammadid legitimacy in 1017, in a peace with 1361:. Both cities would grow to become one of the largest and most prosperous centers of the Maghreb, with 837: 883: 4576: 3773: 2418: 1894:. The latter swiftly backtracked and declared submission to the Hammadids. Under the reign of Sultan 1814: 2096:

was exclusively within the Hammadid dynasty, they did recognize the spiritual authority of both the

1611:

into a large, fortified town and port. The Hammadids also expanded south deep into the Sahara, with

1785:, southern Tunisia, and the Algerian plains, where Hammadid loyalists numbered among their allies. 1603:, he was also able to install a loyal governor in Tunis until 1067. Between 1067 and 1072 he built 3536: