978:
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330:, a major ARI, is the number one cause of mortality among children under five years old, taking the lives of an estimated 1.8 million children per year. Diarrhea and pneumonia together account for almost 3.5 million child deaths annually. According to UNICEF, turning handwashing with soap before eating and after using the toilet into an ingrained habit can save more lives than any single vaccine or medical intervention, cutting deaths from diarrhea by almost half and deaths from acute respiratory infections by one-quarter. Hand washing is usually integrated with other sanitation interventions as part of water, sanitation, and hygiene (
993:, hand washing with soap is recognized as a cost-effective, essential tool for achieving good health, and even good nutrition. However, a lack of reliable water supply, soap or hand washing facilities in people's homes, at schools and the workplace make it a challenge to achieve universal hand washing behaviors. For example, in most of rural Africa hand washing taps close to every private or public toilet are scarce, even though cheap options exist to build hand washing stations. However, low hand washing rates can also be the result of engrained habits rather than due to a lack of soap or water.
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the use of ash to wash hands is of poor quality. It is not clear if washing hands with ash is effective at reducing viral or bacterial spreading compared to washing with mud, not washing, or with washing with water alone. One concern is that if the soil or ash is contaminated with microorganisms it may increase the spread of disease rather than decrease it, however, there is also no clear evidence to determine the level of risk. Like soap, ash is also a disinfecting agent because in contact with water, it forms an alkaline solution.
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1000:, Target 6.2 which states "By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations. The corresponding Indicator 6.2.1 is formulated as follows: "Proportion of population using (a) safely managed sanitation services and (b) a hand-washing facility with soap and water" (see map to the right with data worldwide from 2017)."
5965:
1013:
5989:
360:
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258:), before feeding a child, before eating and before/after preparing food or handling raw meat, fish, or poultry. Other occasions when correct handwashing technique should be practiced in order to prevent the transmission of disease include before and after treating a cut or wound; after sneezing, coughing, or blowing your nose; after touching animal waste or handling animals; and after touching
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319:, such as hand washing with soap. This simple action can reduce the rate of mortality from these diseases by almost 50%. Interventions that promote hand washing can reduce diarrhoea episodes by about a third, and this is comparable to providing clean water in low income areas. 48% of reductions in diarrhoea episodes can be associated with hand washing with soap.
850:
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soap and water are unavailable. Despite their effectiveness, non-water agents do not cleanse the hands of organic material, but simply disinfect them. It is for this reason that hand sanitizers are not as effective as soap and water at preventing the spread of many pathogens, since the pathogens remain on the hands.
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Several companies around the globe have developed technologies that aim to improve the hand washing process. Among the different inventions, there are eco-friendly devices that use 90% less water and 60% less soap compared to hand washing under a faucet. Another device uses light-based rays to detect
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In situations with limited water supply (such as schools or rural areas in developing countries), there are water-conserving solutions, such as "tippy-taps" and other low-cost options. A tippy-tap is a simple technology using a jug suspended by a rope, and a foot-operated lever to pour a small amount
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or soil instead. The World Health
Organization recommended ash or sand as an alternative to soap when soap is not available. Use of ash is common in rural areas of developing countries and has in experiments been shown at least as effective as soap for removing pathogens. However, evidence to support
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Medical hand-washing is for a minimum of 15 seconds, using generous amounts of soap and water or gel to lather and rub each part of the hands. Hands should be rubbed together with digits interlocking. If there is debris under fingernails, a bristle brush may be used to remove it. Since pathogens may
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such as an alcohol hand gel can be used. They can be used in addition to hand washing to minimize risks when caring for "at-risk" groups. To be effective, alcohol hand gels should contain not less than 60%v/v alcohol. Enough hand antiseptic or alcohol rub must be used to thoroughly wet or cover both
183:
and clean water, although the benefits and harms are uncertain for reducing the spread of viral or bacterial infections. However, frequent hand washing can lead to skin damage due to drying of the skin. Moisturizing lotion is often recommended to keep the hands from drying out; dry skin can lead to
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wash, sterile towels for drying the hands after washing, and a sterile brush for scrubbing and another sterile instrument for cleaning under the fingernails. All jewelry should be removed. This procedure requires washing the hands and forearms up to the elbow, usually 2–6 minutes. Long scrub-times
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The World Health
Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) are clear and straightforward concerning hand hygiene, and recommend paper towels and hand dryers equally. Both have stressed the importance of frequent and thorough hand washing followed by their complete
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The promotion and advocacy of hand washing with soap can influence policy decisions, raise awareness about the benefits of hand washing and lead to long-term behavior change of the population. For this to work effectively, monitoring and evaluation are necessary. A systematic review of 70 studies
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Comparing hand-rubbing with alcohol-based solution with hand washing with antibacterial soap for a median time of 30 seconds each showed that the alcohol hand-rubbing reduced bacterial contamination 26% more than the antibacterial soap. But soap and water is more effective than alcohol-based hand
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reports that a lack of hand-washing remains at unacceptable levels in most medical environments, with large numbers of doctors and nurses routinely forgetting to wash their hands before touching patients, thus transmitting microorganisms. One study showed that proper hand-washing and other simple
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recommend hand washing with soap over hand sanitizer rubs, particularly when hands are visibly dirty. The increasing use of these agents is based on their ease of use and rapid killing activity against micro-organisms; however, they should not serve as a replacement for proper hand washing unless
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that is still comfortable for washing hands is not hot enough to kill bacteria. Bacteria grow much faster at body temperature (37 °C). WHO considers warm soapy water to be more effective than cold, soapy water at removing natural oils which hold soils and bacteria. But CDC mentions that warm
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It has also been found that people, after having recalled or contemplated unethical acts, tend to wash hands more often than others, and tend to value hand washing equipment more. Furthermore, those who are allowed to wash their hands after such a contemplation are less likely to engage in other
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The importance of hand washing for human health – particularly for people in vulnerable circumstances like mothers who had just given birth or wounded soldiers in hospitals – was first recognized in the mid 19th century by two pioneers of hand hygiene: the
Hungarian
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that encourages schools to take simple, inexpensive steps to ensure that students wash their hands with soap, among other hygienic requirements. When minimum standards are achieved, schools can move from one to ultimately three stars. Building hand washing stations can be a part of hand washing
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infections in hospitals, it has been found that the greatest benefit from hand-cleansing came from the first 20% of washing, and that very little additional benefit was gained when hand cleansing frequency was increased beyond 35%. Washing with plain soap results in more than triple the rate of
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in 2020 led to increased awareness in many countries of the importance of washing hands with soap to protect oneself from such infectious diseases. For example, posters with "correct hand washing techniques" were hung up next to hand washing sinks in public toilets and in the toilets of office
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Jet-air dryers were found to be capable of blowing micro-organisms from the hands and the unit and potentially contaminating other users and the environment up to 2 metres (6.6 feet) away. In the same study in 2008 (sponsored by the paper-towel industry the
European Tissue Symposium), use of a
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Certain environments are especially sensitive to the transmission of pathogenic microorganisms, like health care and food production. Organizations attempting to prevent infection transmission in these environments have started using programmed washing cycles that provide sufficient time for
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drying as a means to stop the spread of pathogens, like COVID-19. Specifically, the World Health
Organization recommends that everyone "frequently clean hands..." and "dry thoroughly by using paper towels or a warm air dryer." The CDC report that, "Both are effective ways to dry hands."
707:), conventional tap with/without basin, valve/tap fitted to bottles, bucket and cup, camp sink. Options for multiple users include: adapting household technologies for multiple users, water container fitted to a pipe with multiple taps, water container fitted to a pipe with holes.
521:
A 2007 meta-analysis from the
University of Oregon School of Public Health indicated that plain soaps are as effective as consumer-grade anti-bacterial soaps containing triclosan in preventing illness and removing bacteria from the hands. Dissenting, a 2011 meta-analysis in the
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warm-air hand dryer spread micro-organisms only up to 0.25 metres (0.82 feet) from the dryer, and paper towels showed no significant spread of micro-organisms. No studies have found a correlation to hand dryers and human health, however, making these findings inconsequential.
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Solid soap, because of its reusable nature, may hold bacteria acquired from previous uses. A small number of studies which have looked at the bacterial transfer from contaminated solid soap have concluded transfer is unlikely as the bacteria are rinsed off with the foam. The
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The addition of antiseptic chemicals to soap ("medicated" or "antimicrobial" soaps) confers killing action to a hand-washing agent. Such killing action may be desired before performing surgery or in settings in which antibiotic-resistant organisms are highly prevalent.
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Lather hands by rubbing them with a generous amount of soap, including the backs of hands, between fingers, and under nails. Soap lifts pathogens from the skin, and studies show that people tend to wash their hands more thoroughly when soap is used rather than water
4364:
Andrighetto, Giulia; Szekely, Aron; Guido, Andrea; Gelfand, Michele; Abernathy, Jered; Arikan, Gizem; Aycan, Zeynep; Bankar, Shweta; Barrera, Davide; Basnight-Brown, Dana; Belaus, Anabel; Berezina, Elizaveta; Blumen, Sheyla; Boski, Paweł; Bui, Huyen Thi Thu (2024).
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discovered its effectiveness (in 1846) in preventing disease in a hospital environment. There are electronic devices that provide feedback to remind hospital staff to wash their hands when they forget. One study has found decreased infection rates with their use.
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remain in the water on the hands, it is important to rinse well and wipe dry with a clean towel. After drying, the paper towel should be used to turn off the water (and open any exit door if necessary). This avoids re-contaminating the hands from those surfaces.
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found in many public toilets. A review in 2012 concluded that "From a hygiene standpoint, paper towels are superior to air dryers; therefore, paper towels should be recommended for use in locations in which hygiene is paramount, such as hospitals and clinics."
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scrubbing the hands with soap and rinsing them with water. Combined with AI-powered software, these technological advancements turn the hand-washing process into digital data, allowing individuals to receive insights and improve their hand hygiene practices.
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has published a sheet demonstrating standard hand-washing and hand-rubbing in health-care sectors. The draft guidance of hand hygiene by the organization can also be found at its website for public comment. A relevant review was conducted by Whitby
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Wet hands with warm or cold running water. Running water is recommended because standing basins may be contaminated, while the temperature of the water does not seem to make a difference, however some experts suggest warm, tepid water may be
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water causes skin irritations more often and its ecological footprint is more significant. Water temperatures from 4 to 40 °C do not differ significantly regarding removal of microbes. The most important factor is proper scrubbing.
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agent. In the late 1990s and early part of the 21st century, alcohol rub non-water-based hand hygiene agents (also known as alcohol-based hand rubs, antiseptic hand rubs, or hand sanitizers) began to gain popularity. Most are based on
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In the 1980s, foodborne outbreaks and healthcare-associated infections led the United States
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to more actively promote hand hygiene as an important way to prevent the spread of infection. The
695:
Various low-cost options can be made to facilitate hand washing where tap-water and/or soap is not available e.g. pouring water from a hanging jerrycan or gourd with suitable holes and/or using ash if needed in developing countries.
346:
A small detrimental effect of handwashing is that frequent hand washing can lead to skin damage due to the drying of the skin. A 2012 Danish study found that excessive hand washing can lead to an itchy, flaky skin condition known as
853:
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hands. The front and back of both hands and between and the ends of all fingers must be rubbed for approximately 30 seconds until the liquid, foam or gel is dry. Finger tips must be washed well too, rubbing them in both palms.
913:(10 minutes) are not necessary. When rinsing, water on the forearms must be prevented from running back to the hands. After hand-washing is completed, the hands are dried with a sterile cloth and a surgical gown is donned.
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125:, dirt, grease, and other harmful or unwanted substances stuck to the hands. Drying of the washed hands is part of the process as wet and moist hands are more easily recontaminated. If soap and water are unavailable,
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Contrary to popular belief, scientific studies have shown that using warm water has no effect on reducing the microbial load on hands. Using hot water for handwashing can even be regarded as a waste of energy.
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380:
Group hand washing for school children at set times of the day is one option in developing countries to engrain hand washing in children's behaviors. The "Essential Health Care
Program" implemented by the
742:
Effective drying of the hands is an essential part of the hand hygiene process. Therefore, the proper drying of hands after washing should be an integral part of the hand hygiene process in health care.
3583:
Swoboda SM, Earsing K, Strauss K, Lane S, Lipsett PA (February 2004). "Electronic monitoring and voice prompts improve hand hygiene and decrease nosocomial infections in an intermediate care unit".
148:(WHO) recommends washing hands for at least 20 seconds before and after certain activities. These include the five critical times during the day where washing hands with soap is important to reduce
3143:"Association between Moderate-to-Severe Diarrhea in Young Children in the Global Enteric Multi center Study (GEMS) and Types of Hand washing Materials Used by Caretakers in Mirzapur, Bangladesh"
371:
In many countries, there is a low rate of hand washing with soap. A study of hand washing in 54 countries in 2015 found that on average, 38.7% of households practiced hand washing with soap.
4033:
Jabbar U, Leischner J, Kasper D, Gerber R, Sambol SP, Parada JP, et al. (June 2010). "Effectiveness of alcohol-based hand rubs for removal of
Clostridium difficile spores from hands".
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begins to compulsively wash her hands in an attempt to cleanse an imagined stain, representing her guilty conscience regarding crimes she had committed and induced her husband to commit.
1229:
The phrase "washing one's hands of" something, means declaring one's unwillingness to take responsibility for the thing or share complicity in it. It originates from the bible passage in
307:
deliveries. A 2013 study showed that improved hand washing practices may lead to small improvements in the length growth in children under five years of age. In developing countries,
3805:
Whitby M, Pessoa-Silva CL, McLaws ML, Allegranzi B, Sax H, Larson E, et al. (January 2007). "Behavioural considerations for hand hygiene practices: the basic building blocks".
852:
230:
The most commonly missed areas are the thumb, the wrist, the areas between the fingers, and under fingernails. Artificial nails and chipped nail polish may harbor microorganisms.
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Low-cost hand washing technologies for households may differ from facilities for multiple users. For households, options include tippy taps, bucket/container with tap (such as a
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Hand washing facilities should be placed at convenient locations to encourage people to use them regularly and at the right times; they should be attractive and well maintained.
806:(with rains and muddiness), location and more. Important aspects for good accessibility include: Placement of the technology, paths, ramps, steps, type of tap, soap placement.
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Hand washing using hand sanitizing wipes is an alternative during traveling in the absence of soap and water. Alcohol-based hand sanitizer should contain at least 60% alcohol.
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is an example of at scale action to promote children's health and education. Deworming twice a year, supplemented with washing hands daily with soap, brushing teeth daily with
3141:
Baker, K.K.; Dil
Farzana, F.; Ferdous, F.; Ahmed, S.; Kumar Das, S.; Faruque, A.S.G.; Nasrin, D.; Kotloff, K.L.; Nataro, J.P.; Kolappaswamy, K.; Levine, M.M. (28 April 2014).
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of organisms. So, even if antibiotic resistant strains are not selected for by antibacterial soaps, they might not be as effective as they are marketed to be. Besides the
3348:
2601:
Weber DJ, Rutala WA (October 2006). "Use of germicides in the home and the healthcare setting: is there a relationship between germicide use and antibiotic resistance?".
1505:"The effectiveness of hand hygiene procedures in reducing the risks of infections in home and community settings including hand washing and alcohol-based hand sanitizers"
969:, and written and verbal reminders to staff. There is a need for more research into which of these interventions are most effective in different healthcare settings.
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Hand sanitizers are most effective against bacteria and less effective against some viruses. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers are almost entirely ineffective against
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averted. However, one review suggests that promoting hand washing with soap is significantly more cost-effective than other water and sanitation interventions.
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buildings and airports in Germany. Research indicates that the COVID pandemic shifted social norms regarding hand washing, making it more prevalent worldwide.
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3115:
3853:"Increasing the frequency of hand washing by healthcare workers does not lead to commensurate reductions in staphylococcal infection in a hospital ward"
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A 2014 study showed that Saudi Arabia had the highest rate of 97%; the United States near the middle with 77%; and China with the lowest rate of 23%.
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There are five critical times during the day where washing hands with soap is important to reduce fecal-oral transmission of disease: after using the
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1930:
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Poster about when to wash hands to raise awareness about hygiene. This poster can be used to raise awareness on that topic amongst school children.
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2013:"Interventions to improve water quality and supply, sanitation and hygiene practices, and their effects on the nutritional status of children"
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found that community-based approaches are effective at increasing hand washing in LMICs, while social marketing campaigns are less effective.
965:
Interventions to improve hand hygiene in healthcare settings can involve education for staff on hand washing, increasing the availability of
1931:"Protecting Children from Diarrhoea and Acute Respiratory Infections: The Role of Hand Washing Promotion in Water and Sanitation Programmes"
7071:
6188:
2279:
577:
In situations where hand washing with soap is not an option (e.g., when in a public place with no access to wash facilities), a waterless
4180:"Approaches to promote handwashing and sanitation behaviour change in low- and middle-income countries: a mixed method systematic review"
3334:
3191:
931:
Microbial growth on a cultivation plate without procedures (A), after washing hands with soap (B) and after disinfection with alcohol (C)
4178:
De Buck E, Van Remoortel H, Hannes K, Govender T, Naidoo S, Avau B, Veegaete AJ, Musekiwa A, Lutje V, Cargo M, Mosler HJ (19 May 2017).
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3994:"Efficacy of soap and water and alcohol-based hand-rub preparations against live H1N1 influenza virus on the hands of human volunteers"
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641:
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in water can be used as long as hands are not visibly excessively dirty or greasy. Hand hygiene is central to preventing the spread of
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To reduce the spread of pathogens, it is better to wash the hands or use a hand antiseptic before and after tending to a sick person.
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1199:, the English "founder of modern nursing". At that time most people still believed that infections were caused by foul odors called
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Several behavior change methodologies now exist to increase uptake of the behavior of hand washing with soap at the critical times.
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2758:
6181:
5843:
5815:
4855:
4765:
3945:"Efficacy of handrubbing with alcohol based solution versus standard handwashing with antiseptic soap: randomised clinical trial"
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Curtis V, Cairncross S (May 2003). "Effect of washing hands with soap on diarrhoea risk in the community: a systematic review".
1855:
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7839:
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6209:
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1786:
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2863:"The Environmental Cost of Misinformation: Why the Recommendation to Use Elevated Temperatures for Handwashing is Problematic"
2414:"Double hand washing with a fingernail brush. HACCP – HITM: food science safety and HACCP training and certification provider"
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Poster used in Africa for raising awareness about hand washing after using the toilet with simple low-cost hand washing device
220:. Scrubbing creates friction, which helps remove pathogens from skin, and scrubbing for longer periods removes more pathogens.
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Boyce JM (October 2011). "Measuring healthcare worker hand hygiene activity: current practices and emerging technologies".
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2413:
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1881:
774:
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2946:"Glycerol content within the WHO ethanol-based handrub formulation: balancing tolerability with antimicrobial efficacy"
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4219:. Eschborn, Germany: United Nations Children's Fund and Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ).
3237:"The Hygiene Improvement Project (HIP) – Tippy-Tap: A simple low-cost technology for handwashing when water is scarce"
3236:
1080:
Few studies have considered the overall cost effectiveness of hand washing in developing countries in relationship to
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A study in 2020 found that hand dryers and paper towels were both found to be equally hygienic hand-drying solutions.
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Building a culture of handwashing with children can create a change in culture with widespread public health benefits.
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1882:"Combining drinking water treatment and hand washing for diarrhoea prevention, a cluster randomised controlled trial"
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956:
316:
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Ejemot RI, Ehiri JE, Meremikwu MM, Critchley JA (2009). "Cochrane review: Hand washing for preventing diarrhoea".
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4148:"The Handwashing Handbook – A guide for developing a hygiene promotion program to increase handwashing with soap"
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Commercial devices can measure and validate hand hygiene, if demonstration of regulatory compliance is required.
841:
4459:
Zhong CB, Liljenquist K (September 2006). "Washing away your sins: threatened morality and physical cleansing".
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have been heavily promoted to a health-conscious public. To date, there is no evidence that using recommended
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de Almeida e Borges LF, Silva BL, Gontijo Filho PP (August 2007). "Hand washing: changes in the skin flora".
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204:(CDC) recommends the following steps when washing one's hands for the prevention of transmission of disease:
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3458:"Comparison of electric hand dryers and paper towels for hand hygiene: a critical review of the literature"
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251:
165:
6508:
4589:
2944:
Menegueti MG, Laus AM, Ciol MA, Auxiliadora-Martins M, Basile-Filho A, Gir E, et al. (24 June 2019).
798:) to everyone is crucial to maintain hand washing behavior. Considerations for accessibility include age,
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When neither hand washing nor using hand sanitizer is possible, hands can be cleaned with uncontaminated
17:
1813:"Facemasks and hand hygiene to prevent influenza transmission in households: a cluster randomized trial"
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into a liquid, or foam for ease of use and to decrease the drying effect of the alcohol. Adding diluted
172:), before feeding a child, before eating and before/after preparing food or handling raw meat, fish, or
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904:, it is necessary to have a tap that can be turned on and off without touching it with the hands, some
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3904:"Effect of hand wash agents on controlling the transmission of pathogenic bacteria from hands to food"
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A comparative study of three different hand drying methods: paper towel, warm air dryer, jet air dryer
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argued that when properly formulated, triclosan can grant a small but detectable improvement, as can
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Handwashing with soap is the single most effective and inexpensive way to prevent diarrhea and acute
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389:, is at the core of this national program. It has also been successfully implemented in Indonesia.
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Pronovost P, Needham D, Berenholtz S, Sinopoli D, Chu H, Cosgrove S, et al. (December 2006).
1620:"Hand cleaning with ash for reducing the spread of viral and bacterial infections: a rapid review"
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Scaling up group handwashing in schools – Compendium of group washing facilities across the globe
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Indicator 6.2.1b in 2017: "Share of the population with basic handwashing facilities on premises"
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Dry with a clean towel or allow to air dry. Wet and moist hands are more easily recontaminated.
4367:"Changes in social norms during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic across 43 countries"
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Grayson ML, Melvani S, Druce J, Barr IG, Ballard SA, Johnson PD, et al. (February 2009).
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Luby SP, Agboatwalla M, Painter J, Altaf A, Billhimer W, Keswick B, Hoekstra RM (April 2006).
757:. A growing volume of research suggests paper towels are much more hygienic than the electric
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3116:"Water Sanitation Health. How can personal hygiene be maintained in difficult circumstances?"
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handwashing was part of a system of public health measures encouraged to reduce transmission.
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4282:. In Jamison DT, Breman JG, Measham AR, Alleyne G, Claeson M, Evans DB, et al. (eds.).
4236:(3rd ed.). FHI 360 for the Global Public-Private Partnership for Handwashing with Soap.
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Raising Even More Clean Hands: Advancing Health, Learning and Equity through WASH in Schools
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2012:
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4513:
Wheatley T, Haidt J (October 2005). "Hypnotic disgust makes moral judgments more severe".
4212:
4162:
3270:
3012:
2387:
2351:
2011:
Dangour AD, Watson L, Cumming O, Boisson S, Che Y, Velleman Y, et al. (August 2013).
8:
7915:
7867:
7857:
7823:
7428:
6866:
6702:
6513:
6099:
5911:
5906:
5680:
5479:
5469:
5304:
4913:
4651:
4147:
2818:
Laestadius JG, Dimberg L (April 2005). "Hot water for handwashing--where is the proof?".
2686:"A meta-analysis of the published literature on the effectiveness of antimicrobial soaps"
1962:
Rhee V, Mullany LC, Khatry SK, Katz J, LeClerq SC, Darmstadt GL, Tielsch JM (July 2008).
467:
292:
134:
4472:
4417:
4382:
4366:
3839:
2487:
2127:
Cairncross S, Hunt C, Boisson S, Bostoen K, Curtis V, Fung IC, Schmidt WP (April 2010).
7591:
7586:
7495:
7475:
7109:
6952:
6917:
6771:
6737:
6287:
5533:
5116:
4965:
4707:
4538:
4502:
4105:
4080:
4058:
3879:
3852:
3781:
3608:
3596:
3565:
3484:
3457:
3167:
3142:
2972:
2945:
2887:
2862:
2843:
2831:
2626:
2553:
2528:
2149:
2128:
2039:
1988:
1963:
1911:
1644:
1619:
1529:
1504:
1435:
1408:
944:
455:
348:
312:
6523:
4276:
3969:
3944:
3386:"New safety tool at SEA Airport scans restaurant employee hands to ensure cleanliness"
2504:
2471:
2070:
283:
Hand washing has many significant health benefits, including minimizing the spread of
7877:
7818:
7678:
7631:
7433:
6935:
6604:
6594:
6584:
6569:
6386:
6369:
6233:
5695:
5690:
5618:
5567:
5341:
5321:
5309:
5269:
5240:
5208:
5126:
5019:
4987:
4883:
4796:
4743:
4530:
4526:
4494:
4422:
4404:
4305:
4295:
4110:
4062:
4050:
4015:
3974:
3925:
3884:
3822:
3759:
3718:
3649:
3644:
3600:
3557:
3489:
3326:
3293:
3216:
3172:
3083:
3078:
3061:
2977:
2919:
2892:
2835:
2803:
2786:
2707:
2618:
2558:
2509:
2393:
2178:
2154:
2109:
2074:
2043:
2031:
1993:
1903:
1898:
1834:
1687:
1649:
1496:
1440:
1230:
1212:
1208:
1184:
1039:
627:
595:
326:(ARI), as automatic behavior performed in homes, schools, and communities worldwide.
4542:
4506:
3569:
2847:
2630:
1964:"Maternal and birth attendant hand washing and neonatal mortality in southern Nepal"
1811:
Cowling BJ, Chan KH, Fang VJ, Cheng CK, Fung RO, Wai W, et al. (October 2009).
1049:
Designing hand washing facilities that encourage use can use the following aspects:
7905:
7872:
7808:
7795:
7624:
7613:
7505:
7485:
7320:
7234:
7209:
6940:
6887:
6826:
6717:
6364:
6292:
6157:
6071:
5860:
5613:
5572:
5384:
5359:
5171:
5101:
4945:
4522:
4486:
4412:
4394:
4386:
4287:
4191:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4042:
4005:
3964:
3956:
3915:
3874:
3864:
3814:
3749:
3708:
3639:
3612:
3592:
3549:
3479:
3469:
3162:
3154:
3073:
2967:
2957:
2882:
2874:
2827:
2798:
2697:
2610:
2548:
2540:
2499:
2491:
2144:
2136:
2101:
2066:
2027:
2023:
1983:
1975:
1915:
1893:
1824:
1679:
1639:
1631:
1524:
1516:
1500:
1430:
1420:
1192:
1180:
1170:
846:
procedures can decrease the rate of catheter-related bloodstream infections by 66%.
819:
815:
603:
475:
300:
3902:
Fischler GE, Fuls JL, Dail EW, Duran MH, Rodgers ND, Waggoner AL (December 2007).
3678:
2644:
2495:
2389:
School Community Manual – Indonesia (formerly Manual for teachers), Fit for School
1409:"The hygienic efficacy of different hand-drying methods: a review of the evidence"
1020:
One example for hand washing promotion in schools is the "Three Star Approach" by
447:
still states "liquid soap with hands-free controls for dispensing is preferable".
7740:
7735:
7579:
7527:
7335:
7312:
7157:
7134:
6518:
6483:
6359:
6304:
5921:
5623:
5426:
5419:
5354:
5294:
5176:
5166:
5096:
5069:
5054:
5009:
4999:
4950:
4702:
3920:
3903:
2785:
Michaels B, Gangar V, Schultz A, Arenas M, Curiale M, Ayers T, Paulson D (2002).
2702:
2685:
2374:
2313:
1425:
1337:
1025:
promotion campaigns that are carried out to reduce diseases and child mortality.
917:
909:
704:
684:
308:
6488:
3738:"An intervention to decrease catheter-related bloodstream infections in the ICU"
2996:
2911:
1618:
Paludan-Müller AS, Boesen K, Klerings I, Jørgensen KJ, Munkholm K (April 2020).
637:(or Norwalk) type viruses, the most common cause of contagious gastroenteritis.
7770:
7703:
7646:
7418:
7307:
7299:
7224:
7177:
7172:
7119:
6843:
6624:
6619:
6579:
6528:
6493:
6331:
6267:
6109:
5608:
5394:
5331:
5316:
5299:
5257:
5059:
4940:
4817:
4671:
4661:
4390:
4247:
4131:
3818:
2417:
1979:
1683:
1520:
1332:
1277:
1241:, but has become a phrase with a much wider usage in some English communities.
1234:
939:
578:
572:
126:
32:
4594:
4291:
3367:"How Swiss scale-up Smixin battles the spread of infectious disease worldwide"
2962:
2544:
1635:
1544:
1031:
is another example of an awareness-raising campaign that is trying to achieve
7900:
7894:
7651:
7608:
7567:
7460:
7443:
7401:
7114:
6665:
6634:
6255:
5916:
5795:
5603:
5577:
5454:
5414:
5379:
5369:
5349:
5091:
5049:
5024:
4972:
4960:
4955:
4864:
4676:
4656:
4408:
3960:
3297:
2994:
2113:
1327:
1291:
1200:
905:
791:
754:
499:
482:
and skin-protecting agent, the sophisticated formulations may contain acids (
419:
415:
239:
153:
122:
6501:
4490:
3869:
3628:"APIC guideline for handwashing and hand antisepsis in health care settings"
2663:
2647:, "Microbicidal and sanitizing soap compositions", issued 1997-09-04
7862:
7800:
7542:
7490:
7438:
7389:
7189:
7139:
6750:
6321:
6091:
6053:
6045:
5936:
5364:
5213:
5181:
5111:
5004:
4918:
4728:
4697:
4646:
4534:
4498:
4426:
4309:
4150:. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank.
4114:
4054:
4019:
3978:
3929:
3888:
3826:
3763:
3722:
3627:
3604:
3561:
3493:
3244:
3176:
2981:
2923:
2896:
2839:
2711:
2622:
2266:
WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation
2158:
2078:
2035:
1997:
1907:
1838:
1691:
1653:
1444:
1238:
1175:
1126:
1053:
611:
503:
223:
Rinse well under running water. Rinsing in a basin can recontaminate hands.
184:
skin damage which can increase the risk for the transmission of infection.
3653:
3196:. International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene (IFH). Somerset, England.
3158:
3087:
2562:
2513:
2198:
7755:
7557:
7480:
7455:
7204:
7184:
7089:
7049:
6973:
6344:
6339:
6260:
6243:
5931:
5628:
5326:
5235:
5198:
4681:
4079:
Gould DJ, Moralejo D, Drey N, Chudleigh JH, Taljaard M (September 2017).
3754:
3737:
3697:"System failure versus personal accountability--the case for clean hands"
2140:
1306:
1301:
1245:
803:
491:
483:
28:
3713:
3696:
753:
However, there is some debate over the most effective form of drying in
567:
Hand disinfection procedure according to the German standard DIN EN 1500
7693:
7668:
7636:
7413:
7394:
7384:
7372:
7219:
6831:
6803:
6629:
6589:
6081:
5557:
5279:
4399:
4196:
4179:
4132:"Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals." (SDG 6)
3424:"Interest in Israeli Smart Hand-Washing Device Surges with Coronavirus"
2878:
2253:
799:
758:
737:
586:
479:
459:
431:
411:
304:
247:
161:
6005:
3943:
Girou E, Loyeau S, Legrand P, Oppein F, Brun-Buisson C (August 2002).
3514:(Report). The School of Biosciences, University of Westminster London.
3474:
3213:
Healthy villages: a guide for communities and community health workers
2280:"Les Français et le savonnage des mains après être allé aux toilettes"
80:
7765:
7244:
6277:
6272:
6205:
5655:
5474:
5044:
4925:
4580:
Photos of low-cost hand washing installations in developing countries
3094:
2529:"Washing with contaminated bar soap is unlikely to transfer bacteria"
2307:
Approaches to promoting behaviour-change around handwashing-with-soap
2105:
1669:
1617:
1322:
1295:
1105:
1088:
Cost-Effectiveness of Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion
1012:
836:
634:
619:
507:
487:
471:
407:
327:
284:
243:
157:
138:
2943:
947:
transmitted to food as compared to washing with antibacterial soap.
876:
The World Health Organization has "Five Moments" for washing hands:
835:
The purpose of hand-washing in the health-care setting is to remove
7748:
7663:
7239:
7214:
7167:
6712:
6282:
6225:
6036:
5521:
5274:
4908:
4878:
4569:
4325:
Die Aetiologie, der Begriff und die Prophylaxis des Kindbettfiebers
4046:
4010:
3993:
3553:
3323:
Handwashing Compendium for Low Resource Settings: A Living Document
3038:
2614:
1342:
623:
607:
535:
531:
402:
Removal of microorganisms from skin is enhanced by the addition of
386:
335:
296:
288:
118:
4570:
Centers for Disease Control on hand hygiene in healthcare settings
4177:
4081:"Interventions to improve hand hygiene compliance in patient care"
3804:
3735:
1494:
7552:
7423:
6676:
6162:
5193:
4574:
1588:
1549:
1249:
1152:
901:
661:
Many people in low-income communities cannot afford soap and use
599:
590:
515:
511:
466:
organisms in nature. However, antibacterial soaps contain common
427:
259:
173:
4833:
3527:"The Doctor Who Championed Hand-Washing And Briefly Saved Lives"
3456:
Reynolds KA, Sexton JD, Norman A, McClelland DJ (January 2021).
2860:
2759:"WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care (Advanced Draft)"
7760:
7325:
6978:
6574:
6124:
5488:
4603:
3349:"By Gamifying Hand Washing, Soapy Might Just Save Civilization"
2861:
Carrico AR, Spoden M, Wallston KA, Vandenbergh MP (July 2013).
2664:"Plain soap as effective as antibacterial but without the risk"
2129:"Water, sanitation and hygiene for the prevention of diarrhoea"
1073:
1021:
779:
359:
255:
169:
52:
4363:
3455:
2577:"Infection Control: Frequently Asked Questions – Hand Hygiene"
2441:"A brief history of aluminum stearate as a component of paint"
6989:
6147:
5650:
3405:"This Startup Wants to Fight Coronavirus With Soap and Water"
3062:"Alcohol-impregnated wipes as an alternative in hand hygiene"
2091:
1043:
982:
959:
688:
547:
114:
110:
6203:
3193:
Use of ash and mud for handwashing in low income communities
3140:
2126:
1703:
1701:
1271:
996:
Hand washing at a global level has its own indicator within
6442:
5776:
Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety
5582:
4032:
2784:
2010:
1879:
1475:
403:
331:
106:
102:
62:
58:
4078:
3060:
Butz AM, Laughon BE, Gullette DL, Larson EL (April 1990).
3041:. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 16 March 2020
1469:
3582:
3325:. Edition 1, The Sanitation Learning Hub, Brighton: IDS,
3059:
2202:
1698:
662:
615:
434:
oils, enabling them to be carried away by running water.
180:
130:
4164:
Handwashing Promotion – Monitoring and Evaluation Module
3942:
1850:
1848:
1260:"cleansing" compensatory actions, such as volunteering.
674:
351:, which is especially common among health-care workers.
4339:"The Global Public-Private Partnership for Handwashing"
3991:
2787:"Water temperature as a factor in handwashing efficacy"
922:
782:
with sinks for people of different heights. During the
716:
contaminants on the hands after they have been washed.
495:
27:
For the figure of speech in the law-based context, see
4442:"Lady Macbeth Not Alone in Her Quest for Spotlessness"
4286:(Second ed.). World Bank Group. pp. 771–92.
2995:
National Center for Biotechnology Information (2009).
2094:
Evidence-Based Child Health: A Cochrane Review Journal
338:
which is transmitted through direct physical contact.
4277:"41: Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Promotion"
3901:
3776:
2753:
1961:
1845:
1761:"When and How to Wash Your Hands | Handwashing | CDC"
3209:"Chapter 8 Personal, domestic and community hygiene"
1810:
1267:
731:
4274:
4126:
4124:
4761:Political abuse of psychiatry in the United States
4575:Global Public-Private Partnership for Hand washing
4284:Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries
4145:
2820:Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
2683:
2120:
669:
299:; decreasing respiratory infections; and reducing
4270:
4268:
3851:Beggs CB, Shepherd SJ, Kerr KG (September 2008).
3850:
3147:American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
2817:
1042:, UNICEF promoted the adoption of a hand washing
814:Medical hand-washing became mandatory long after
334:) programmes. Hand washing also protects against
7892:
4458:
4121:
3321:Coultas, M. and Iyer, R. with Myers, J. (2020).
2056:
1968:Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine
2526:
2085:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
558:
4265:
3229:
3189:
2950:Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control
1707:
1377:"Show Me the Science – How to Wash Your Hands"
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1136:Basic sanitation – construction and promotion
630:increases further the antimicrobial activity.
6555:
6189:
6021:
4849:
4713:Prescription drug prices in the United States
4619:
4512:
4213:"The Three Star Approach for WASH in Schools"
3840:WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care
2362:
2360:
1861:. World Health Organization. 27 February 2020
363:Hand cleaning station at the entrance of the
254:), after cleaning a child's bottom (changing
168:), after cleaning a child's bottom (changing
4322:
3506:
3271:"Hand washing devices – How to make and use"
1928:
1886:Tropical Medicine & International Health
1716:
1712:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Co.
1476:Centers for Disease Control (2 April 2020).
1406:
1237:washed his hands of the decision to crucify
4210:
4130:Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina (2018)
4085:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4035:Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology
3542:Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology
2780:
2778:
2726:"Antibacterial Soap Has Poor Killing Power"
2684:Montville R, Schaffner DW (November 2011).
2603:Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology
2600:
2277:
2020:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1856:"Getting your workplace ready for COVID-19"
1624:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1545:"WHO: How to handwash? With soap and water"
1488:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1356:
839:("germs") and avoid transmitting them. The
700:of water over the hands and a bar of soap.
474:, which has an extensive list of resistant
6196:
6182:
6028:
6014:
5811:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
4856:
4842:
4626:
4612:
3439:"Soapy Washes Your Hands Clean Of Corona!"
3426:. The Christian Broadcasting Network, Inc.
3206:
2581:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2357:
2344:
2327:"How to Trigger for Handwashing with Soap"
1463:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
642:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
383:Department of Education in the Philippines
202:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
51:
5771:Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
5761:Center for Disease Control and Prevention
4480:
4416:
4398:
4195:
4160:
4104:
4009:
3968:
3919:
3878:
3868:
3753:
3712:
3643:
3483:
3473:
3166:
3077:
2971:
2961:
2886:
2867:International Journal of Consumer Studies
2802:
2701:
2552:
2503:
2472:"Microbial flora of in-use soap products"
2392:. GIZ Fit for School, Philippines. 2014.
2148:
1987:
1897:
1828:
1643:
1528:
1434:
1424:
727:A nurse uses a smart hand washing device.
233:
4595:WHO: How to handwash with soap and water
3694:
2909:
2775:
1395:
1174:
1067:
1011:
976:
926:
848:
773:
722:
710:
678:
562:
358:
274:
191:
7270:Ear-Nose-Throat/Upper respiratory tract
6443:Access to water, sanitation and hygiene
6035:
5816:Health departments in the United States
4766:Political abuse of psychiatry in Russia
3518:
3190:Bloomfield SF, Nath KJ (October 2009).
2749:
2747:
2469:
2135:. 39 Suppl 1 (Supplement 1): i193-205.
1830:10.7326/0003-4819-151-7-200910060-00142
1665:
1663:
972:
14:
7893:
7853:Infectious disease (medical specialty)
7745:Antimicrobial resistance surveillance
5821:Council on Education for Public Health
4233:Global Handwashing Day Planner's Guide
3782:"How to Handrub & How to Handwash"
3625:
3268:
2527:Heinze JE, Yackovich F (August 1988).
2476:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
2438:
2174:The State of the World's Children 2008
1407:Huang C, Ma W, Stack S (August 2012).
1219:
1003:
397:
6177:
6009:
5879:Professional degrees of public health
5786:Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
4837:
4607:
4439:
4229:
4146:Curtis V, Scott B, Cardosi J (2000).
4074:
4072:
3632:American Journal of Infection Control
3539:
3524:
3421:
3346:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3264:
3262:
3066:American Journal of Infection Control
3039:"Handwashing: Clean Hands Save Lives"
2133:International Journal of Epidemiology
1672:American Journal of Infection Control
1509:American Journal of Infection Control
1459:"Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)"
1063:
675:Low-cost options when water is scarce
450:
315:can be reduced by introducing simple
187:
7100:Compartmental models in epidemiology
5976:
5869:Bachelor of Science in Public Health
4331:
3798:
3770:
3507:Redway K, Fawdar S (November 2008).
3402:
3053:
2998:WHO-recommended handrub formulations
2744:
2225:"Too-Clean Hands Can Lead to Eczema"
1922:
1873:
1804:
1660:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1583:
1581:
923:Effectiveness in healthcare settings
778:A community handwashing facility in
141:in home and everyday life settings.
5988:
5137:Workers' right to access the toilet
4978:Human right to water and sanitation
4248:"What about a handwashing emoji??!"
3742:The New England Journal of Medicine
3701:The New England Journal of Medicine
3436:
3383:
3283:
1565:"Hand Hygiene: How, Why & When"
1072:Hand washing stands at a school in
886:after exposure to blood/body fluids
860:Video demonstration on hand washing
24:
4560:Hand Hygiene: Why, How & When?
4275:Cairncross S, Valdmanis V (2006).
4069:
3597:10.1097/01.CCM.0000108866.48795.0F
3449:
3304:
3259:
2937:
2832:10.1097/01.jom.0000158737.06755.15
2451:from the original on 18 March 2017
1787:"The right way to wash your hands"
1499:; Cookson, Barry; O'Boyle, Carol;
1195:who worked in Vienna, Austria and
410:to water. Soap and detergents are
392:
354:
341:
295:; preventing infectious causes of
270:
25:
7927:
5410:Commercial determinants of health
4863:
4553:
3807:The Journal of Hospital Infection
3102:"When and How to Wash Your Hands"
2304:Abdi & Gautam, R. & O.P,
1735:"When and How to Wash Your Hands"
1606:
1578:
1557:
1537:
1478:"When and How to Wash Your Hands"
732:Drying with towels or hand driers
7849:Economics of Infectious Diseases
6143:Automatic self-clean toilet seat
6138:Automatic toilet paper dispenser
5987:
5975:
5964:
5963:
4993:National public health institute
4633:
4527:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01614.x
3668:"Surgical Handrubbing Technique"
3013:"Preventing Norovirus Infection"
2804:10.1046/j.1471-5740.2002.00043.x
2278:BreakingWeb (23 November 2015).
1899:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2006.01592.x
1270:
1224:
769:
418:by disorganizing their membrane
265:
31:. For the biblical passage, see
5390:Open-source healthcare software
5132:Sociology of health and illness
4691:Economic and financial concerns
4584:Sustainable Sanitation Alliance
4452:
4433:
4357:
4316:
4240:
4223:
4204:
4171:
4154:
4139:
4026:
3985:
3936:
3895:
3844:
3833:
3729:
3688:
3660:
3619:
3576:
3533:
3500:
3462:Journal of Applied Microbiology
3430:
3415:
3396:
3377:
3371:GGBa Invest Western Switzerland
3359:
3340:
3277:
3200:
3183:
3134:
3108:
3031:
3005:
2988:
2903:
2854:
2811:
2718:
2677:
2656:
2637:
2594:
2569:
2520:
2463:
2432:
2406:
2380:
2319:
2298:
2271:
2242:
2217:
2191:
2165:
2059:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases
2050:
2004:
1955:
1779:
1753:
1708:Wilkinson JM, Treas LA (2011).
842:New England Journal of Medicine
790:Making hand washing facilities
670:Technologies and design aspects
506:and further skin conditioners (
101:, is the act of cleaning one's
7858:Infectious disease informatics
7689:Transmission-based precautions
6133:Automatic deodorizer dispenser
5751:Caribbean Public Health Agency
5563:Sexually transmitted infection
5460:Statistical hypothesis testing
5221:Occupational safety and health
5122:Sexual and reproductive health
5035:Occupational safety and health
4097:10.1002/14651858.CD005186.pub4
2439:Tumosa CS (1 September 2001).
2028:10.1002/14651858.CD009382.pub2
1451:
998:Sustainable Development Goal 6
809:
13:
1:
7275:Chest/Lower respiratory tract
7050:Ocular (Eye) mucosal membrane
6411:Behavioral/lifestyle factors
5405:Social determinants of health
4756:Political abuse of psychiatry
4440:Carey B (12 September 2006).
3286:"When Low-Tech Solutions Win"
3215:. World Health Organization.
2496:10.1128/AEM.48.2.338-341.1984
2416:. 2 July 2019. Archived from
2354:. New York; Eschborn, Germany
2071:10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00606-6
1349:
900:To 'scrub' one's hands for a
656:
541:
462:or disinfectants selects for
437:
6837:Aerosol-generating procedure
6615:Silent/Subclinical infection
6315:Multidrug-resistant bacteria
5465:Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
5226:Human factors and ergonomics
4323:Semmelweisig, Ignaz (1861).
3998:Clinical Infectious Diseases
3921:10.4315/0362-028X-70.12.2873
3645:10.1016/0196-6553(95)90070-5
3273:. Zimbabwe: Aquamor Pvt Ltd.
3079:10.1016/0196-6553(90)90084-6
3001:. World Health Organization.
2703:10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-11-122
1929:Scott B, Curtis V, Rabie T.
1426:10.1016/j.mayocp.2012.02.019
559:Antiseptics (hand sanitizer)
152:of disease: after using the
7:
7501:Vaccine-preventable disease
7449:Monoclonal antibody therapy
5646:Good manufacturing practice
5450:Randomized controlled trial
4792:Hospital-acquired infection
4787:Hospital-acquired pneumonia
4184:Campbell Systematic Reviews
3403:Pick A (3 September 2020).
3284:Rao A (11 September 2014).
3118:. WHO. 2014. Archived from
1817:Annals of Internal Medicine
1263:
1038:As a result of the ongoing
889:before an aseptic task, and
883:after environmental contact
784:COVID-19 pandemic in Rwanda
602:formulated together with a
311:related to respiratory and
38:Act of cleaning one's hands
10:
7932:
7642:Respiratory source control
5716:Theory of planned behavior
5641:Good agricultural practice
5546:Public health surveillance
5438:epidemiological statistics
5082:Public health intervention
4391:10.1038/s41467-024-44999-5
3908:Journal of Food Protection
3819:10.1016/j.jhin.2006.09.026
2690:Journal of Food Protection
2533:Epidemiology and Infection
2470:McBride ME (August 1984).
1980:10.1001/archpedi.162.7.603
1684:10.1016/j.ajic.2006.07.012
1521:10.1016/j.ajic.2007.07.001
1168:
1164:
1144:Sanitation promotion only
1076:district, Karnataka, India
915:
735:
589:is a non-water-based hand
570:
524:Journal of Food Protection
26:
7832:
7786:Global Health Initiatives
7776:Evolutionary epidemiology
7724:
7516:
7471:Post-exposure prophylaxis
7407:Antimicrobial stewardship
7365:
7352:
7257:
7148:
7130:Multiplicity of infection
7095:Basic reproduction number
7070:
7042:
7028:
7014:
6998:
6966:
6928:
6871:Percutaneous inoculation
6857:
6819:
6812:
6794:
6726:
6693:
6686:
6650:
6643:
6546:
6433:
6355:Host–pathogen interaction
6330:
6224:
6217:
6123:
6090:
6062:
6044:
5959:
5894:
5853:
5838:World Toilet Organization
5833:World Health Organization
5740:
5729:
5666:
5591:
5507:
5435:
5400:Public health informatics
5340:
5145:
5107:Right to rest and leisure
4936:Globalization and disease
4871:
4810:
4774:
4721:
4690:
4639:
4564:World Health Organization
4292:10.1596/978-0-8213-6179-5
4161:Vujcic J, Ram PK (2013).
3778:World Health Organization
3675:World Health Organization
3626:Larson EL (August 1995).
3207:Howard G, Bogh C (2002).
2963:10.1186/s13756-019-0553-z
2755:World Health Organization
2545:10.1017/s0950268800029290
2250:"JMP handwashing dataset"
2177:. UNICEF. November 2008.
1636:10.1002/14651858.cd013597
1572:World Health Organization
1179:Electronic sign inside a
866:World Health Organization
837:pathogenic microorganisms
826:
585:A hand sanitizer or hand
309:childhood mortality rates
146:World Health Organization
77:
73:Handwashing, hand hygiene
69:
50:
45:
7604:Protective sequestration
7466:Pre-exposure prophylaxis
6757:Generational difference
6310:Horizontal gene transfer
6300:Antimicrobial resistance
6077:Automatic soap dispenser
5884:Schools of public health
5676:Diffusion of innovations
5375:Health impact assessment
5087:Public health laboratory
4983:Management of depression
4739:Compulsory sterilization
4135:SDG-Tracker.org, website
3961:10.1136/bmj.325.7360.362
3695:Goldmann D (July 2006).
3422:Stahl J (4 April 2020).
3347:Carni Y (10 July 2019).
2910:Gold NA, Avva U (2021).
2445:cool.conservation-us.org
648:
365:Toronto General Hospital
7791:Microbial phylogenetics
7709:Wastewater surveillance
7230:Geographic distribution
7105:Critical community size
6903:Surgical site infection
6751:Iatrogenic/Medical care
6670:Microbial translocation
6666:Endogenous reactivation
6661:Normal flora overgrowth
6610:Opportunistic infection
6382:Opportunistic infection
6153:Deodorizing toilet seat
5947:Social hygiene movement
5874:Doctor of Public Health
5706:Social cognitive theory
5508:Infectious and epidemic
5290:Fecal–oral transmission
4667:Unnecessary health care
4491:10.1126/science.1130726
3870:10.1186/1471-2334-8-114
3857:BMC Infectious Diseases
3384:Sun DD (21 July 2020).
2791:Food Service Technology
2331:Sanitation Learning Hub
1710:Fundamentals of Nursing
1413:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
1127:Water sector regulation
528:chlorhexidine gluconate
150:fecal-oral transmission
7863:Microbial bioterrorism
7486:efficacy/effectiveness
6894:Surgical intervention
6786:Breakthrough infection
6408:Genetic predisposition
6392:Susceptible individual
6239:Germ theory of disease
5942:Germ theory of disease
5721:Transtheoretical model
4734:Sluggish schizophrenia
3585:Critical Care Medicine
3104:. CDC. 10 August 2021.
2377:, Joint Call to Action
1495:Bloomfield, Sally F.;
1312:Global Handwashing Day
1187:
1117:House water connection
1077:
1029:Global Handwashing Day
1017:
986:
967:alcohol-based hand rub
953:H1N1 influenza A virus
932:
861:
787:
728:
692:
683:A school girl using a
568:
368:
324:respiratory infections
280:
234:When it is recommended
197:
129:that is at least 60% (
7699:Universal precautions
6657:Endogenous overgrowth
6509:Poultry and livestock
5826:Public Health Service
5711:Social norms approach
5701:PRECEDE–PROCEED model
5147:Preventive healthcare
5040:Pharmaceutical policy
4889:Chief Medical Officer
4811:Records and histories
4782:Adverse drug reaction
4750:The Protest Psychosis
4515:Psychological Science
4371:Nature Communications
4343:globalhandwashing.org
3159:10.4269/ajtmh.13-0509
2312:21 March 2017 at the
1287:Antibiotic resistance
1209:outbreak of swine flu
1178:
1169:Further information:
1071:
1015:
980:
957:Clostridium difficile
930:
916:Further information:
859:
777:
736:Further information:
726:
711:Advanced technologies
682:
566:
362:
278:
195:
7801:Genomic reassortment
7781:Genetic epidemiology
7620:Health communication
7548:Flattening the curve
7538:Disease surveillance
7321:Systemic/Generalized
7085:Animal disease model
6565:Asymptomatic carrier
6115:Toothbrush sanitizer
5902:Sara Josephine Baker
5801:Public Health Agency
5686:Health communication
5551:Disease surveillance
5517:Asymptomatic carrier
5499:Statistical software
5187:Preventive nutrition
5015:Medical anthropology
4904:Environmental health
4590:OCD and Hand Washing
4211:UNICEF, GIZ (2013).
3755:10.1056/NEJMoa061115
3437:Joe (7 April 2020).
2373:4 March 2016 at the
2350:UNICEF, GIZ (2016).
1317:Nosocomial infection
1197:Florence Nightingale
1056:, cues and reminders
991:developing countries
973:Developing countries
468:antibacterial agents
464:antibiotic-resistant
7868:Pandemic prevention
7824:Viral phylodynamics
7805:Re-emerging disease
7694:Travel restrictions
6898:Postoperative wound
6867:Blood-borne disease
6849:Respiratory droplet
6761:Vertical/Congenital
6746:Nosocomial/Hospital
6703:Spillover infection
6100:Electric toothbrush
5912:Carl Rogers Darnall
5907:Samuel Jay Crumbine
5681:Health belief model
5534:Notifiable diseases
5470:Regression analysis
5305:Waterborne diseases
4894:Cultural competence
4652:Medical malpractice
4473:2006Sci...313.1451Z
4383:2024NatCo..15.1436A
4167:. New York: UNICEF.
3714:10.1056/NEJMp068118
3122:on 14 February 2005
2912:"Alcohol Sanitizer"
2732:. 24 September 2015
2730:Scientific American
2488:1984ApEnM..48..338M
1465:. 11 February 2020.
1296:infectious diseases
1220:Society and culture
1183:station during the
1089:
1004:Promotion campaigns
892:after patient care.
880:before patient care
518:, plant extracts).
456:Antibacterial soaps
398:Soap and detergents
293:infectious diseases
218:at least 20 seconds
139:infectious diseases
7814:Selection pressure
7110:Force of infection
6738:Contagious disease
6673:Endogenous seeding
6570:Chain of infection
6494:Injection drug use
6405:Vaccination status
6288:Case fatality rate
6206:infectious disease
5510:disease prevention
5445:Case–control study
5117:Security of person
4966:Health care reform
4708:Financial toxicity
4446:The New York Times
4197:10.4073/csr.2017.7
3247:on 25 October 2014
2879:10.1111/ijcs.12012
2229:EverydayHealth.com
2141:10.1093/ije/dyq035
1497:Aiello, Allison E.
1188:
1087:
1078:
1064:Cost effectiveness
1018:
987:
951:rubs for reducing
945:infectious disease
933:
902:surgical operation
862:
788:
729:
693:
569:
451:Antibacterial soap
369:
349:contact dermatitis
317:behavioral changes
313:diarrheal diseases
281:
200:The United States
198:
188:Steps and duration
57:Hand washing with
7888:
7887:
7878:Tropical medicine
7819:Synthetic biology
7720:
7719:
7679:Social distancing
7632:Outbreak response
7253:
7252:
7080:Agent-based model
7066:
7065:
7062:
7061:
7058:
7057:
6605:Natural reservoir
6595:Infectious period
6585:Incubation period
6542:
6541:
6498:Natural disaster
6467:Tropical diseases
6450:Biodiversity loss
6387:Risk of infection
6377:Microbiome health
6370:Immunosuppression
6171:
6170:
6003:
6002:
5955:
5954:
5865:Higher education
5696:Positive deviance
5691:Health psychology
5667:Health behavioral
5594:safety management
5568:Social distancing
5342:Population health
5322:Smoking cessation
5270:Pharmacovigilance
5241:Injury prevention
5209:Infection control
5127:Social psychology
5077:Prisoners' rights
5020:Medical sociology
4988:Public health law
4884:Biological hazard
4831:
4830:
4797:Iatrogenic anemia
4744:Physician gag law
4301:978-0-8213-6179-5
3684:on 29 April 2016.
3475:10.1111/jam.14796
3331:978-1-78118-638-1
3269:Morgan P (2011).
3222:978-92-4-154553-2
2399:978-3-95645-250-5
2205:. 19 October 2017
2184:978-92-806-4191-2
1767:. 4 December 2019
1741:. 4 December 2019
1503:(December 2007).
1501:Larson, Elaine L.
1213:COVID-19 pandemic
1185:COVID-19 pandemic
1162:
1161:
1040:COVID-19 pandemic
857:
628:hydrogen peroxide
596:isopropyl alcohol
252:menstrual hygiene
166:menstrual hygiene
97:), also known as
88:
87:
16:(Redirected from
7923:
7873:Tropical disease
7809:Reverse zoonosis
7796:One Health Model
7625:Health education
7614:Community health
7533:Cordon sanitaire
7506:Ring vaccination
7476:Repurposed drugs
7363:
7362:
7282:Gastrointestinal
7125:Machine learning
6929:Gastrointestinal
6880:Intravenous line
6817:
6816:
6731:/Cross-infection
6718:Reverse zoonosis
6691:
6690:
6648:
6647:
6553:
6552:
6534:War and conflict
6402:Nutrition status
6365:Immunodeficiency
6222:
6221:
6198:
6191:
6184:
6175:
6174:
6158:Electronic bidet
6072:Automatic faucet
6030:
6023:
6016:
6007:
6006:
5991:
5990:
5979:
5978:
5967:
5966:
5861:Health education
5738:
5737:
5592:Food hygiene and
5573:Tropical disease
5385:Infant mortality
5360:Community health
5236:Controlled Drugs
5172:Health promotion
5102:Right to housing
4946:Health economics
4858:
4851:
4844:
4835:
4834:
4775:Related concerns
4628:
4621:
4614:
4605:
4604:
4547:
4546:
4510:
4484:
4467:(5792): 1451–2.
4456:
4450:
4449:
4437:
4431:
4430:
4420:
4402:
4361:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4350:
4335:
4329:
4328:
4320:
4314:
4313:
4281:
4272:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4244:
4238:
4237:
4227:
4221:
4220:
4208:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4175:
4169:
4168:
4158:
4152:
4151:
4143:
4137:
4128:
4119:
4118:
4108:
4076:
4067:
4066:
4030:
4024:
4023:
4013:
3989:
3983:
3982:
3972:
3940:
3934:
3933:
3923:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3882:
3872:
3848:
3842:
3837:
3831:
3830:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3786:
3774:
3768:
3767:
3757:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3716:
3692:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3677:. Archived from
3672:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3647:
3623:
3617:
3616:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3525:Davis R (2015).
3522:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3487:
3477:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3344:
3338:
3319:
3302:
3301:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3266:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3243:. Archived from
3233:
3227:
3226:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3170:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3081:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3009:
3003:
3002:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2975:
2965:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2890:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2782:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2763:
2751:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2705:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2556:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2507:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2384:
2378:
2364:
2355:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2323:
2317:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2261:
2252:. Archived from
2246:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2152:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2106:10.1002/ebch.373
2089:
2083:
2082:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2017:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1991:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1942:
1936:. Archived from
1935:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1901:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1860:
1852:
1843:
1842:
1832:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1731:
1714:
1713:
1705:
1696:
1695:
1667:
1658:
1657:
1647:
1615:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1585:
1576:
1575:
1569:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1438:
1428:
1404:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1373:
1280:
1275:
1274:
1211:in 2009 and the
1193:Ignaz Semmelweis
1181:Washington Metro
1171:Ignaz Semmelweis
1090:
1086:
858:
820:Ignaz Semmelweis
691:for handwashing
604:thickening agent
301:infant mortality
107:soap or handwash
81:edit on Wikidata
55:
43:
42:
21:
7931:
7930:
7926:
7925:
7924:
7922:
7921:
7920:
7911:Medical hygiene
7891:
7890:
7889:
7884:
7828:
7741:Antigenic shift
7736:Antigenic drift
7727:
7716:
7580:Barrier nursing
7528:Contact tracing
7519:
7512:
7357:
7355:
7348:
7259:
7249:
7150:
7144:
7135:Serial interval
7054:
7038:
7029:Cervico-vaginal
7024:
7015:Trans-placental
7010:
6994:
6962:
6924:
6860:Vascular system
6859:
6853:
6808:
6796:
6790:
6730:
6722:
6682:
6639:
6557:
6538:
6429:
6360:Immune response
6326:
6305:Drug resistance
6249:Infectious dose
6213:
6202:
6172:
6167:
6119:
6086:
6058:
6040:
6034:
6004:
5999:
5951:
5922:Margaret Sanger
5890:
5849:
5733:
5731:
5725:
5668:
5662:
5634:Safety scandals
5593:
5587:
5509:
5503:
5437:
5431:
5427:Social medicine
5420:Race and health
5355:Child mortality
5336:
5295:Open defecation
5177:Human nutrition
5167:Family planning
5155:Behavior change
5141:
5097:Right to health
5010:Maternal health
5000:Health politics
4951:Health literacy
4867:
4862:
4832:
4827:
4806:
4770:
4722:Political abuse
4717:
4703:Balance billing
4686:
4635:
4632:
4601:
4556:
4551:
4550:
4511:
4457:
4453:
4438:
4434:
4362:
4358:
4348:
4346:
4345:. 19 March 2015
4337:
4336:
4332:
4321:
4317:
4302:
4279:
4273:
4266:
4256:
4254:
4246:
4245:
4241:
4228:
4224:
4209:
4205:
4176:
4172:
4159:
4155:
4144:
4140:
4129:
4122:
4091:(9): CD005186.
4077:
4070:
4031:
4027:
3990:
3986:
3941:
3937:
3900:
3896:
3849:
3845:
3838:
3834:
3803:
3799:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3775:
3771:
3748:(26): 2725–32.
3734:
3730:
3693:
3689:
3681:
3670:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3624:
3620:
3581:
3577:
3548:(10): 1016–28.
3538:
3534:
3523:
3519:
3511:
3505:
3501:
3454:
3450:
3435:
3431:
3420:
3416:
3401:
3397:
3382:
3378:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3345:
3341:
3335:alternative URL
3320:
3305:
3282:
3278:
3267:
3260:
3250:
3248:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3223:
3205:
3201:
3188:
3184:
3139:
3135:
3125:
3123:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3058:
3054:
3044:
3042:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3022:
3020:
3011:
3010:
3006:
2993:
2989:
2942:
2938:
2928:
2926:
2908:
2904:
2859:
2855:
2816:
2812:
2783:
2776:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2752:
2745:
2735:
2733:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2696:(11): 1875–82.
2682:
2678:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2650:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2609:(10): 1107–19.
2599:
2595:
2585:
2583:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2525:
2521:
2468:
2464:
2454:
2452:
2437:
2433:
2423:
2421:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2400:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2375:Wayback Machine
2365:
2358:
2349:
2345:
2335:
2333:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2314:Wayback Machine
2303:
2299:
2289:
2287:
2276:
2272:
2259:
2257:
2256:on 2 April 2016
2248:
2247:
2243:
2233:
2231:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2208:
2206:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2185:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2125:
2121:
2090:
2086:
2055:
2051:
2022:(8): CD009382.
2015:
2009:
2005:
1960:
1956:
1946:
1944:
1943:on 28 June 2009
1940:
1933:
1927:
1923:
1878:
1874:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1846:
1809:
1805:
1795:
1793:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1770:
1768:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1744:
1742:
1733:
1732:
1717:
1706:
1699:
1668:
1661:
1630:(7): CD013597.
1616:
1607:
1597:
1595:
1589:"UNICEF Malawi"
1587:
1586:
1579:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1515:(10): S27–S64.
1493:
1489:
1474:
1470:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1405:
1396:
1386:
1384:
1375:
1374:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1338:Rubbing alcohol
1276:
1269:
1266:
1227:
1222:
1173:
1167:
1066:
1033:behavior change
1006:
975:
938:For control of
925:
920:
918:Jewelry hygiene
849:
829:
812:
772:
740:
734:
713:
705:Veronica Bucket
685:Veronica Bucket
677:
672:
659:
651:
575:
561:
544:
500:antimicrobially
453:
440:
400:
395:
393:Substances used
357:
355:Behavior change
344:
342:Adverse effects
273:
271:Health benefits
268:
236:
190:
84:
65:
61:and water at a
39:
36:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7929:
7919:
7918:
7913:
7908:
7903:
7886:
7885:
7883:
7882:
7881:
7880:
7870:
7865:
7860:
7855:
7850:
7847:
7842:
7836:
7834:
7830:
7829:
7827:
7826:
7821:
7816:
7811:
7806:
7803:
7798:
7793:
7788:
7783:
7778:
7773:
7771:Emergent virus
7768:
7763:
7758:
7753:
7752:
7751:
7743:
7738:
7732:
7730:
7722:
7721:
7718:
7717:
7715:
7714:
7711:
7706:
7704:Vector control
7701:
7696:
7691:
7686:
7681:
7676:
7671:
7666:
7661:
7660:
7659:
7654:
7649:
7647:N95 respirator
7639:
7634:
7629:
7628:
7627:
7622:
7617:
7606:
7601:
7600:
7599:
7589:
7584:
7583:
7582:
7572:
7571:
7570:
7565:
7560:
7550:
7545:
7540:
7535:
7530:
7524:
7522:
7520:pharmaceutical
7514:
7513:
7511:
7510:
7509:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7452:
7451:
7441:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7421:
7416:
7411:
7410:
7409:
7399:
7398:
7397:
7387:
7382:
7381:
7380:
7369:
7367:
7366:Pharmaceutical
7360:
7350:
7349:
7347:
7346:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7317:Cardiovascular
7315:
7310:
7305:
7302:
7297:
7296:Nervous system
7294:
7291:
7290:
7289:
7279:
7278:
7277:
7272:
7263:
7261:
7255:
7254:
7251:
7250:
7248:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7181:
7180:
7175:
7165:
7160:
7154:
7152:
7146:
7145:
7143:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7120:Infection rate
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7076:
7074:
7068:
7067:
7064:
7063:
7060:
7059:
7056:
7055:
7053:
7052:
7046:
7044:
7040:
7039:
7037:
7036:
7032:
7030:
7026:
7025:
7023:
7022:
7018:
7016:
7012:
7011:
7009:
7008:
7002:
7000:
6996:
6995:
6993:
6992:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6970:
6968:
6964:
6963:
6961:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6944:
6943:
6932:
6930:
6926:
6925:
6923:
6922:
6921:
6920:
6915:
6907:
6906:
6905:
6900:
6892:
6891:
6890:
6885:
6882:
6877:
6875:Injection site
6869:
6863:
6861:
6855:
6854:
6852:
6851:
6846:
6844:Dental aerosol
6841:
6840:
6839:
6829:
6823:
6821:
6814:
6810:
6809:
6807:
6806:
6800:
6798:
6792:
6791:
6789:
6788:
6783:
6782:
6781:
6776:
6775:
6774:
6769:
6766:
6755:
6754:
6753:
6748:
6740:
6734:
6732:
6728:Human-to-human
6724:
6723:
6721:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6699:
6697:
6688:
6684:
6683:
6681:
6680:
6674:
6671:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6654:
6652:
6645:
6641:
6640:
6638:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6625:Super-spreader
6622:
6620:Superinfection
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6561:
6559:
6550:
6544:
6543:
6540:
6539:
6537:
6536:
6531:
6529:Vector control
6526:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6505:
6504:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6470:
6469:
6464:
6458:Climate zones
6456:
6454:Climate change
6451:
6448:
6445:
6439:
6437:
6431:
6430:
6428:
6427:
6426:
6425:
6422:
6419:
6418:
6417:
6409:
6406:
6403:
6400:
6397:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6373:
6372:
6367:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6336:
6334:
6328:
6327:
6325:
6324:
6319:
6318:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6297:
6296:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6270:
6268:Quorum sensing
6265:
6264:
6263:
6253:
6252:
6251:
6241:
6236:
6230:
6228:
6219:
6215:
6214:
6201:
6200:
6193:
6186:
6178:
6169:
6168:
6166:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6129:
6127:
6121:
6120:
6118:
6117:
6112:
6110:Oral irrigator
6107:
6096:
6094:
6088:
6087:
6085:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6068:
6066:
6060:
6059:
6057:
6056:
6050:
6048:
6042:
6041:
6033:
6032:
6025:
6018:
6010:
6001:
6000:
5998:
5997:
5985:
5973:
5960:
5957:
5956:
5953:
5952:
5950:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5898:
5896:
5892:
5891:
5889:
5888:
5887:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5863:
5857:
5855:
5851:
5850:
5848:
5847:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5829:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5805:
5804:
5803:
5798:
5790:
5789:
5788:
5780:
5779:
5778:
5773:
5765:
5764:
5763:
5755:
5754:
5753:
5744:
5742:
5735:
5730:Organizations,
5727:
5726:
5724:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5672:
5670:
5664:
5663:
5661:
5660:
5659:
5658:
5653:
5643:
5638:
5637:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5597:
5595:
5589:
5588:
5586:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5554:
5553:
5543:
5542:
5541:
5531:
5530:
5529:
5519:
5513:
5511:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5501:
5496:
5495:
5494:
5486:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5441:
5439:
5436:Biological and
5433:
5432:
5430:
5429:
5424:
5423:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5402:
5397:
5395:Multimorbidity
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5346:
5344:
5338:
5337:
5335:
5334:
5332:Vector control
5329:
5324:
5319:
5317:School hygiene
5314:
5313:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5300:Sanitary sewer
5297:
5292:
5287:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5266:
5265:
5258:Patient safety
5255:
5254:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5218:
5217:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5191:
5190:
5189:
5184:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5163:
5162:
5151:
5149:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5073:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4996:
4995:
4990:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4969:
4968:
4963:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4941:Harm reduction
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4922:
4921:
4916:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4875:
4873:
4869:
4868:
4861:
4860:
4853:
4846:
4838:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4825:
4818:Drug pollution
4814:
4812:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4778:
4776:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4725:
4723:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4694:
4692:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4672:Adverse effect
4669:
4664:
4662:Patient safety
4659:
4654:
4649:
4643:
4641:
4637:
4636:
4631:
4630:
4623:
4616:
4608:
4599:
4598:
4592:
4587:
4582:(collected by
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:(PDF from the
4555:
4554:External links
4552:
4549:
4548:
4482:10.1.1.181.571
4451:
4432:
4356:
4330:
4315:
4300:
4264:
4252:www.unicef.org
4239:
4230:PPPHW (2014).
4222:
4203:
4170:
4153:
4138:
4120:
4068:
4047:10.1086/652772
4025:
4011:10.1086/595845
3984:
3935:
3914:(12): 2873–7.
3894:
3843:
3832:
3797:
3769:
3728:
3687:
3659:
3618:
3575:
3554:10.1086/662015
3532:
3517:
3499:
3448:
3429:
3414:
3395:
3376:
3373:. 12 May 2020.
3358:
3339:
3303:
3276:
3258:
3228:
3221:
3199:
3182:
3133:
3107:
3093:
3052:
3030:
3019:. 9 March 2018
3004:
2987:
2936:
2902:
2873:(4): 433–441.
2853:
2810:
2774:
2743:
2717:
2676:
2655:
2636:
2615:10.1086/507964
2593:
2568:
2519:
2462:
2431:
2420:on 2 July 2019
2405:
2398:
2379:
2366:UNICEF (2012)
2356:
2343:
2318:
2297:
2270:
2241:
2216:
2190:
2183:
2164:
2119:
2100:(2): 893–939.
2084:
2049:
2003:
1954:
1921:
1872:
1844:
1803:
1778:
1752:
1715:
1697:
1659:
1605:
1593:www.unicef.org
1577:
1556:
1536:
1487:
1468:
1450:
1394:
1383:. 4 March 2020
1354:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1333:Patient safety
1330:
1325:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1278:Viruses portal
1265:
1262:
1235:Pontius Pilate
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1102:
1101:
1094:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1005:
1002:
981:World map for
974:
971:
940:staphylococcal
924:
921:
894:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
828:
825:
811:
808:
771:
768:
755:public toilets
733:
730:
712:
709:
676:
673:
671:
668:
658:
655:
650:
647:
579:hand sanitizer
573:Hand sanitizer
571:Main article:
560:
557:
543:
540:
452:
449:
439:
436:
416:microorganisms
399:
396:
394:
391:
356:
353:
343:
340:
272:
269:
267:
264:
235:
232:
228:
227:
224:
221:
214:
210:
189:
186:
127:hand sanitizer
123:microorganisms
86:
85:
78:
75:
74:
71:
67:
66:
56:
48:
47:
37:
33:Pontius Pilate
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7928:
7917:
7914:
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7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7690:
7687:
7685:
7684:Sterilization
7682:
7680:
7677:
7675:
7672:
7670:
7667:
7665:
7662:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7652:Surgical mask
7650:
7648:
7645:
7644:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7630:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7615:
7612:
7611:
7610:
7609:Public health
7607:
7605:
7602:
7598:
7595:
7594:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7585:
7581:
7578:
7577:
7576:
7573:
7569:
7566:
7564:
7561:
7559:
7556:
7555:
7554:
7551:
7549:
7546:
7544:
7541:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7526:
7525:
7523:
7521:
7515:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7483:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7461:Phage therapy
7459:
7457:
7454:
7450:
7447:
7446:
7445:
7444:Immunotherapy
7442:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7408:
7405:
7404:
7403:
7402:Antimicrobial
7400:
7396:
7393:
7392:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7379:
7376:
7375:
7374:
7371:
7370:
7368:
7364:
7361:
7359:
7351:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7295:
7293:Genitourinary
7292:
7288:
7285:
7284:
7283:
7280:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7267:
7265:
7264:
7262:
7256:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7170:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7155:
7153:
7151:in population
7147:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7115:Herd immunity
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7077:
7075:
7073:
7069:
7051:
7048:
7047:
7045:
7041:
7034:
7033:
7031:
7027:
7020:
7019:
7017:
7013:
7007:
7004:
7003:
7001:
6999:Genitourinary
6997:
6991:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6971:
6969:
6965:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6942:
6941:Contamination
6939:
6938:
6937:
6934:
6933:
6931:
6927:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6910:
6909:Vector-borne
6908:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6895:
6893:
6889:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6872:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6864:
6862:
6856:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6838:
6835:
6834:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6824:
6822:
6818:
6815:
6811:
6805:
6802:
6801:
6799:
6793:
6787:
6784:
6780:
6777:
6773:
6770:
6767:
6764:
6763:
6762:
6759:
6758:
6756:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6743:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6735:
6733:
6729:
6725:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6700:
6698:
6696:
6695:Cross-species
6692:
6689:
6685:
6678:
6675:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6656:
6655:
6653:
6649:
6646:
6642:
6636:
6635:Window period
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6600:Latent period
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6562:
6560:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6545:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6503:
6500:
6499:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6479:Deforestation
6477:
6475:
6472:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6459:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6440:
6438:
6436:
6432:
6424:Stress levels
6423:
6420:
6416:
6413:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6404:
6401:
6398:
6395:
6394:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6362:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6337:
6335:
6333:
6329:
6323:
6320:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6302:
6301:
6298:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6275:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6262:
6259:
6258:
6257:
6256:Pathogenicity
6254:
6250:
6247:
6246:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6231:
6229:
6227:
6223:
6220:
6216:
6211:
6207:
6199:
6194:
6192:
6187:
6185:
6180:
6179:
6176:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6130:
6128:
6126:
6122:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6105:
6101:
6098:
6097:
6095:
6093:
6089:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6069:
6067:
6065:
6061:
6055:
6052:
6051:
6049:
6047:
6043:
6038:
6031:
6026:
6024:
6019:
6017:
6012:
6011:
6008:
5996:
5995:
5986:
5984:
5983:
5974:
5972:
5971:
5962:
5961:
5958:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5917:Joseph Lister
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5899:
5897:
5893:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5866:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5858:
5856:
5852:
5845:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5808:
5806:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5796:Health Canada
5794:
5793:
5791:
5787:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5768:
5766:
5762:
5759:
5758:
5756:
5752:
5749:
5748:
5746:
5745:
5743:
5741:Organizations
5739:
5736:
5728:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5673:
5671:
5665:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5648:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5601:
5599:
5598:
5596:
5590:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5578:Vaccine trial
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5552:
5549:
5548:
5547:
5544:
5540:
5537:
5536:
5535:
5532:
5528:
5525:
5524:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5514:
5512:
5506:
5500:
5497:
5493:
5491:
5487:
5485:
5483:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5462:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5455:Relative risk
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5442:
5440:
5434:
5428:
5425:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5415:Health equity
5413:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5380:Health system
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5370:Global health
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5350:Biostatistics
5348:
5347:
5345:
5343:
5339:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5282:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5259:
5256:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5223:
5222:
5219:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5196:
5195:
5192:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5179:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5161:
5158:
5157:
5156:
5153:
5152:
5150:
5148:
5144:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5092:Right to food
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5047:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5030:
5026:
5025:Mental health
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4973:Housing First
4971:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4961:Health system
4959:
4958:
4957:
4956:Health policy
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4911:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4865:Public health
4859:
4854:
4852:
4847:
4845:
4840:
4839:
4836:
4823:
4819:
4816:
4815:
4813:
4809:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4773:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4751:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4720:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4689:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4677:Patient abuse
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4657:Medical error
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4638:
4629:
4624:
4622:
4617:
4615:
4610:
4609:
4606:
4602:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4585:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4565:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4521:(10): 780–4.
4520:
4516:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4455:
4447:
4443:
4436:
4428:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4360:
4344:
4340:
4334:
4326:
4319:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4278:
4271:
4269:
4253:
4249:
4243:
4235:
4234:
4226:
4218:
4214:
4207:
4198:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4174:
4166:
4165:
4157:
4149:
4142:
4136:
4133:
4127:
4125:
4116:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4075:
4073:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4041:(6): 565–70.
4040:
4036:
4029:
4021:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4004:(3): 285–91.
4003:
3999:
3995:
3988:
3980:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3955:(7360): 362.
3954:
3950:
3946:
3939:
3931:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3898:
3890:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3847:
3841:
3836:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3801:
3783:
3779:
3773:
3765:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3732:
3724:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3691:
3680:
3676:
3669:
3663:
3655:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3638:(4): 251–69.
3637:
3633:
3629:
3622:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3591:(2): 358–63.
3590:
3586:
3579:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3536:
3528:
3521:
3510:
3503:
3495:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3452:
3444:
3440:
3433:
3425:
3418:
3410:
3406:
3399:
3391:
3387:
3380:
3372:
3368:
3362:
3354:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3280:
3272:
3265:
3263:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3232:
3224:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3203:
3195:
3194:
3186:
3178:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3153:(1): 181–89.
3152:
3148:
3144:
3137:
3121:
3117:
3111:
3103:
3097:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3056:
3040:
3034:
3018:
3014:
3008:
3000:
2999:
2991:
2983:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2940:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2906:
2898:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2857:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2814:
2805:
2800:
2797:(3): 139–49.
2796:
2792:
2788:
2781:
2779:
2760:
2756:
2750:
2748:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2680:
2665:
2659:
2646:
2640:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2597:
2582:
2578:
2572:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2539:(1): 135–42.
2538:
2534:
2530:
2523:
2515:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2482:(2): 338–41.
2481:
2477:
2473:
2466:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2435:
2419:
2415:
2409:
2401:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2383:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2363:
2361:
2353:
2347:
2332:
2328:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2301:
2285:
2281:
2274:
2267:
2255:
2251:
2245:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2204:
2200:
2194:
2186:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2168:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2088:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2065:(5): 275–81.
2064:
2060:
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2029:
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2007:
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1995:
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1981:
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1973:
1969:
1965:
1958:
1939:
1932:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1909:
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1900:
1895:
1892:(4): 479–89.
1891:
1887:
1883:
1876:
1857:
1851:
1849:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1823:(7): 437–46.
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1792:
1788:
1782:
1766:
1762:
1756:
1740:
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1730:
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1726:
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1685:
1681:
1678:(6): 417–20.
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1673:
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770:Accessibility
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489:
488:ascorbic acid
485:
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421:
420:lipid bilayer
417:
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372:
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329:
325:
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
277:
266:Public health
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
231:
225:
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211:
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7592:Notification
7563:Hand washing
7562:
7558:Food hygiene
7543:Disinfection
7439:Immunization
7390:Anthelmintic
7378:prophylactic
7266:Respiratory
7190:Hyperendemic
7140:WAIFW matrix
6795:Environment-
6548:Transmission
6524:Urbanization
6322:Host tropism
6218:Determinants
6204:Concepts in
6092:Oral hygiene
6064:Hand washing
6063:
6054:Towel warmer
6046:Body hygiene
5992:
5980:
5968:
5937:Radium Girls
5932:Typhoid Mary
5619:Microbiology
5489:
5481:
5365:Epidemiology
5263:Organization
5214:Oral hygiene
5204:Hand washing
5203:
5182:Healthy diet
5112:Right to sit
5005:Labor rights
4802:Hand washing
4801:
4748:
4729:Drapetomania
4698:Medical debt
4647:Iatrogenesis
4634:Medical harm
4600:
4518:
4514:
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4460:
4454:
4445:
4435:
4374:
4370:
4359:
4347:. Retrieved
4342:
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4324:
4318:
4283:
4255:. Retrieved
4251:
4242:
4232:
4225:
4216:
4206:
4190:(1): 1–447.
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3846:
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3810:
3806:
3800:
3788:. Retrieved
3772:
3745:
3741:
3731:
3707:(2): 121–3.
3704:
3700:
3690:
3679:the original
3674:
3662:
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3631:
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3502:
3468:(1): 25–39.
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3408:
3398:
3389:
3379:
3370:
3361:
3352:
3342:
3289:
3279:
3251:30 September
3249:. Retrieved
3245:the original
3240:
3231:
3212:
3202:
3192:
3185:
3150:
3146:
3136:
3124:. Retrieved
3120:the original
3110:
3096:
3069:
3065:
3055:
3043:. Retrieved
3033:
3021:. Retrieved
3016:
3007:
2997:
2990:
2953:
2949:
2939:
2927:. Retrieved
2915:
2905:
2870:
2866:
2856:
2826:(4): 434–5.
2823:
2819:
2813:
2794:
2790:
2765:. Retrieved
2734:. Retrieved
2729:
2720:
2693:
2689:
2679:
2667:. Retrieved
2658:
2639:
2606:
2602:
2596:
2586:30 September
2584:. Retrieved
2571:
2536:
2532:
2522:
2479:
2475:
2465:
2453:. Retrieved
2444:
2434:
2422:. Retrieved
2418:the original
2408:
2388:
2382:
2346:
2334:. Retrieved
2330:
2321:
2305:
2300:
2288:. Retrieved
2283:
2273:
2265:
2258:. Retrieved
2254:the original
2244:
2232:. Retrieved
2228:
2219:
2207:. Retrieved
2193:
2173:
2167:
2132:
2122:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2019:
2006:
1974:(7): 603–8.
1971:
1967:
1957:
1945:. Retrieved
1938:the original
1924:
1889:
1885:
1875:
1863:. Retrieved
1820:
1816:
1806:
1794:. Retrieved
1790:
1781:
1769:. Retrieved
1764:
1755:
1743:. Retrieved
1738:
1709:
1675:
1671:
1627:
1623:
1596:. Retrieved
1592:
1571:
1559:
1548:
1539:
1512:
1508:
1490:
1481:
1471:
1462:
1453:
1419:(8): 791–8.
1416:
1412:
1385:. Retrieved
1380:
1258:
1254:Lady Macbeth
1243:
1239:Jesus Christ
1228:
1205:
1189:
1096:Costs (US$ /
1079:
1048:
1037:
1027:
1019:
1007:
995:
988:
964:
962:from hands.
949:
937:
934:
899:
895:
875:
870:
863:
840:
834:
830:
813:
789:
764:
752:
749:
745:
741:
718:
714:
702:
698:
694:
660:
652:
639:
632:
612:acrylic acid
610:(polymer of
584:
576:
553:
545:
523:
520:
504:benzoic acid
454:
441:
401:
379:
376:
373:
370:
345:
321:
291:, and other
282:
237:
229:
217:
199:
178:
143:
99:hand hygiene
98:
94:
91:Hand washing
90:
89:
46:Hand washing
40:
7845:Eradication
7756:Biosecurity
7481:Vaccination
7456:Inoculation
7434:Drug safety
7429:Combination
7356:and Control
7304:Soft tissue
7258:Anatomical
7225:Seasonality
7205:Mesoendemic
7185:Holoendemic
7178:Farr's laws
7090:Attack rate
6888:Animal bite
6884:Insect bite
6820:Respiratory
6447:Air quality
6435:Environment
6345:Comorbidity
6261:Attack rate
6244:Infectivity
5994:WikiProject
5734:and history
5614:Engineering
5327:Vaccination
5199:Food safety
4682:Never event
4400:10071/31245
4377:(1): 1436.
4217:Field Guide
3443:JLM-BioCity
3390:KIRO 7 News
3072:(2): 70–6.
3017:www.cdc.gov
2916:StatPearls
2336:13 December
2286:(in French)
1791:Mayo Clinic
1765:www.cdc.gov
1739:www.cdc.gov
1381:www.cdc.gov
1307:Bactericide
1302:Food safety
1246:Shakespeare
810:Medical use
804:seasonality
759:hand dryers
498:regulator,
492:lactic acid
484:acetic acid
460:antiseptics
412:surfactants
95:handwashing
70:Other names
29:Clean hands
18:Handwashing
7916:Sanitation
7895:Categories
7728:infections
7669:Sanitation
7637:Quarantine
7496:resistance
7414:Antiseptic
7395:Ascaricide
7385:Antifungal
7373:Antibiotic
7354:Prevention
7287:Intestinal
7220:Prevalence
7200:Inequality
7149:Occurrence
6948:Breastmilk
6832:Bioaerosol
6804:Sapronosis
6779:Horizontal
6651:Endogenous
6630:Viral load
6590:Index case
6104:Ultrasonic
6082:Hand dryer
6039:appliances
5747:Caribbean
5624:Processing
5558:Quarantine
5480:Student's
5280:Sanitation
4914:History of
3813:(1): 1–8.
2956:(1): 109.
2645:US5942478A
2290:9 February
2234:24 January
2199:"Impetigo"
1350:References
1191:physician
1155:promotion
943:bacterial
818:physician
800:disability
792:accessible
738:Hand dryer
657:Ash or mud
587:antiseptic
542:Warm water
480:surfactant
438:Solid soap
432:emulsifies
430:. It also
424:denaturing
414:that kill
408:detergents
305:home birth
248:defecation
216:Scrub for
162:defecation
113:to remove
7840:Discovery
7766:Disease X
7726:Emerging
7674:Screening
7575:Isolation
7419:Antiviral
7245:Twindemic
7195:Incidence
7072:Modelling
7035:Perinatal
6967:Cutaneous
6858:Linked to
6768:Perinatal
6687:Exogenous
6679:formation
6421:Pregnancy
6278:Endotoxin
6273:Virulence
5927:John Snow
5854:Education
5844:Full list
5732:education
5656:ISO 22000
5609:Chemistry
5522:Epidemics
5475:ROC curve
5285:Emergency
5065:Radiation
5045:Pollution
5029:Ministers
4926:Euthenics
4477:CiteSeerX
4409:2041-1723
4063:205994880
3409:Calcalist
3298:1091-2339
2669:17 August
2284:BVA Group
2114:1557-6272
2044:205199671
1598:5 January
1323:biosafety
1106:Hand-pump
816:Hungarian
796:inclusive
635:norovirus
620:humectant
614:) into a
508:aloe vera
472:triclosan
328:Pneumonia
285:influenza
244:urination
209:superior.
158:urination
7749:EARS-Net
7664:Safe sex
7616:services
7587:Lockdown
7358:measures
7260:location
7240:Syndemic
7235:Sporadic
7215:Pandemic
7210:Outbreak
7168:Epidemic
7021:Prenatal
6913:Mosquito
6797:to-human
6772:Neonatal
6765:Prenatal
6713:Zoonosis
6558:concepts
6489:Humidity
6474:Commerce
6350:Diabetes
6283:Exotoxin
6037:Bathroom
5970:Category
5669:sciences
5604:Additive
5275:Safe sex
5246:Medicine
5160:Theories
4931:Genomics
4909:Eugenics
4899:Deviance
4879:Auxology
4640:Concepts
4543:14114448
4535:16181440
4507:33103635
4499:16960010
4427:38365869
4418:10873354
4349:18 April
4310:21250333
4257:13 March
4115:28862335
4055:20429659
4020:19115974
3979:12183307
3930:18095447
3889:18764942
3827:17145101
3764:17192537
3723:16837675
3605:14758148
3570:19428439
3562:21931253
3494:32794646
3177:24778193
3126:12 March
2982:31285821
2929:12 March
2924:30020626
2897:23814480
2848:37287489
2840:15824636
2736:14 April
2712:22054188
2631:20734025
2623:17006819
2449:Archived
2371:Archived
2310:Archived
2260:20 March
2209:11 March
2159:20348121
2079:12726975
2036:23904195
1998:18606930
1908:16553931
1865:27 March
1839:19652172
1692:17660014
1654:32343408
1445:22656243
1343:Virucide
1264:See also
624:glycerin
622:such as
608:Carbomer
606:such as
536:povidone
532:iodophor
512:vitamins
470:such as
428:proteins
387:fluoride
367:, Canada
336:impetigo
303:rate at
297:diarrhea
289:COVID-19
119:bacteria
7906:Hygiene
7553:Hygiene
7491:booster
7424:Asepsis
7163:Endemic
7158:Cluster
6742:Source
6677:Biofilm
6514:Poverty
6484:Ecology
6462:El Niño
6415:Smoking
6293:factors
6234:Biofilm
6210:Outline
6163:Washlet
5982:Commons
5895:History
5792:Canada
5767:Europe
5251:Nursing
5231:Hygiene
5194:Hygiene
4919:Liberal
4872:General
4597:(video)
4469:Bibcode
4461:Science
4379:Bibcode
4106:6483670
3880:2553083
3863:: 114.
3790:21 July
3654:7503437
3613:9817602
3485:7818469
3168:4080560
3088:2337257
3045:26 July
2973:6591802
2888:3692566
2767:21 July
2563:3402545
2554:2249330
2514:6486782
2484:Bibcode
2455:5 April
2424:8 April
2150:2845874
1989:2587156
1916:7747732
1796:7 March
1771:7 March
1745:6 March
1645:7192094
1550:YouTube
1530:7115270
1482:cdc.gov
1436:3538484
1387:6 March
1250:Macbeth
1231:Matthew
1201:miasmas
1165:History
1153:Hygiene
618:, or a
600:ethanol
591:hygiene
516:menthol
502:active
476:strains
260:garbage
256:diapers
174:poultry
170:diapers
135:alcohol
115:viruses
7761:CRISPR
7713:Zoning
7568:Gloves
6979:Fomite
6813:Routes
6708:Vector
6575:Fomite
6556:Basic
6519:Travel
6399:Gender
6125:Toilet
5782:India
5757:China
5629:Safety
5310:Worker
4541:
4533:
4505:
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4479:
4425:
4415:
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4308:
4298:
4113:
4103:
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3970:117885
3967:
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3825:
3762:
3721:
3652:
3611:
3603:
3568:
3560:
3529:. NPR.
3492:
3482:
3353:Forbes
3329:
3296:
3219:
3175:
3165:
3086:
3023:17 May
2980:
2970:
2922:
2895:
2885:
2846:
2838:
2710:
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2629:
2621:
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2505:241514
2502:
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2181:
2157:
2147:
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2077:
2042:
2034:
1996:
1986:
1947:21 May
1914:
1906:
1837:
1690:
1652:
1642:
1527:
1443:
1433:
1298:expert
1233:where
1074:Mysore
1054:Nudges
1022:UNICEF
960:spores
910:iodine
871:et al.
827:Method
780:Rwanda
426:their
240:toilet
213:alone.
154:toilet
7833:Other
7341:Fetus
7336:Mouth
7331:Tooth
7326:Blood
7313:Joint
7173:Curve
7043:Other
6990:wound
6988:Open
6958:Feces
6953:Water
6644:Modes
6502:Flood
6226:Agent
6148:Bidet
5807:U.S.
5651:HACCP
5600:Food
5492:-test
5484:-test
5070:Light
5055:Water
4539:S2CID
4503:S2CID
4280:(PDF)
4059:S2CID
3785:(PDF)
3682:(PDF)
3671:(PDF)
3609:S2CID
3566:S2CID
3512:(PDF)
3290:Slate
3241:USAID
2844:S2CID
2762:(PDF)
2627:S2CID
2040:S2CID
2016:(PDF)
1941:(PDF)
1934:(PDF)
1912:S2CID
1859:(PDF)
1568:(PDF)
1294:, an
1147:11.2
1139:≤270
1082:DALYs
1044:emoji
983:SDG 6
689:Ghana
649:Wipes
548:water
534:, or
494:) as
404:soaps
242:(for
156:(for
111:water
105:with
103:hands
79:[
7901:Hand
7597:list
7518:Non-
7308:Bone
7300:Skin
6984:Soil
6974:Burn
6936:Food
6918:Tick
6580:Host
6340:Burn
6332:Host
5583:WASH
5539:List
5527:List
5060:Soil
4822:List
4531:PMID
4495:PMID
4423:PMID
4405:ISSN
4351:2015
4306:PMID
4296:ISBN
4259:2020
4111:PMID
4089:2017
4051:PMID
4016:PMID
3975:PMID
3926:PMID
3885:PMID
3823:PMID
3792:2008
3760:PMID
3719:PMID
3650:PMID
3601:PMID
3558:PMID
3490:PMID
3327:ISBN
3294:ISSN
3253:2015
3217:ISBN
3173:PMID
3128:2020
3084:PMID
3047:2012
3025:2018
2978:PMID
2931:2020
2920:PMID
2893:PMID
2836:PMID
2769:2008
2738:2020
2708:PMID
2671:2007
2619:PMID
2588:2016
2559:PMID
2510:PMID
2457:2017
2426:2020
2394:ISBN
2338:2021
2292:2020
2262:2017
2236:2020
2211:2020
2179:ISBN
2155:PMID
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