Hans Bethe - Knowledge

9601: 3092:, Bethe was part of a committee of experts who analysed the incident. They concluded that the reactor suffered from a fundamentally faulty design and also that human error had contributed significantly to the accident. "My colleagues and I established," he explained "that the Chernobyl disaster tells us about the deficiencies of the Soviet political and administrative system rather than about problems with nuclear power." Throughout his life Bethe remained a strong advocate for electricity from nuclear energy, which he described in 1977 as "a necessity, not merely an option." 6357: 3058: 579: 9613: 3049:, the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory designed to detect the gravitational waves from merging neutron stars and black holes. Since Bethe and Brown were good at calculating things that could not be seen, could they look at the mergers? The 90-year-old Bethe quickly became enthused and soon began the required calculations. The result was a 1998 paper on the "Evolution of Binary Compact Objects Which Merge", which Brown regarded as the best that the two produced together. 2900:. He did so by realising that it was a non-relativistic process, which greatly simplified the calculation. The bare energy was easily removed as it was already included in the observed mass of the electron. The self energy term now increased logarithmically instead of linearly, making it mathematically convergent. Bethe arrived at a value for the Lamb shift of 1040 MHz, extremely close to that obtained experimentally by Lamb and Retherford. His paper, published in the 754: 9565: 1301: 2627:, Bethe collaborated with his friend Edward Teller on a theory of shock waves that are generated by the passage of a projectile through a gas. Bethe considered it one of their most influential papers. He also worked on a theory of armor penetration, which was immediately classified by the army, thus making it impossible for Bethe (who was not an American citizen at the time) to access further research on the theory. 9589: 1315: 2606: 6137: 9637: 3134: 33: 2881:(QED), the energy of the electron consisted of the bare energy it had when uncoupled from an electromagnetic field, and the self-energy resulting from the electromagnetic coupling, but both were unobservable, since the electromagnetic field cannot be switched off. QED gave infinite values for the self-energies; but the Lamb shift showed that they were both real and finite. 9625: 2831: 2748:, Bethe signed up and played a key role in the weapon's development. Although he saw the project through to its end, Bethe had hoped that it would be impossible to create the hydrogen bomb. He later remarked in 1968 on the apparent contradiction in his stance, having first opposed the development of the weapon and later helping to create it: 2994:. In 1978, Brown proposed that they collaborate on supernovae. These were reasonably well understood by this time, but the calculations were still a problem. Using techniques honed from decades of working with nuclear physics, and some experience with calculations involving nuclear explosions, Bethe tackled the problems involved in stellar 557: 1115:. Due to his Jewish background, Bethe was dismissed from his job at the university, which was a government post. Geiger refused to help, but Sommerfeld immediately gave Bethe back his fellowship at Munich. Sommerfeld spent much of the summer term of 1933 finding places for Jewish students and colleagues. 1162:, was looking for a new theoretical physicist, and Lloyd Smith strongly recommended Bethe. This was supported by Bragg, who was visiting Cornell at the time. In August 1934, Cornell offered Bethe a position as an acting assistant professor. Bethe had already accepted a fellowship for a year to work with 2557:

was offering a $ 500 prize for the best unpublished paper on the topic of solar and stellar energy. So Bethe, in need of $ 250 to release his mother's furniture, withdrew the CNO cycle paper and sent it in to the New York Academy of Sciences. It won the prize, and Bethe gave Marshak $ 50 finder's fee

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Together with Bacher and Livingston, Bethe published a series of three articles, which summarized most of what was known on the subject of nuclear physics until that time, an account that became known informally as "Bethe's Bible". It remained the standard work on the subject for many years. In this

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Bethe entered the University of Munich in April 1926, where Sommerfeld took him on as a student on Meissner's recommendation. Sommerfeld taught an advanced course on differential equations in physics, which Bethe enjoyed. Because he was such a renowned scholar, Sommerfeld frequently received advance

2692:, who had coveted the job. A series of disagreements between Bethe and Teller between February and June 1944 over the relative priority of Super research led to Teller's group being removed from T Division and placed directly under Oppenheimer. In September it became part of Fermi's new F Division. 1130:

and Peierls' wife Genia. Peierls was a fellow German physicist who had also been barred from academic positions in Germany because he was Jewish. This meant that Bethe had someone to speak to in German and he did not have to eat English food. Their relationship was professional as well as personal.

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That this did not explain the processes in heavier stars was not overlooked. At the time there were doubts about whether the proton–proton cycle described the processes in the Sun, but more recent measurements of the Sun's core temperature and luminosity show that it does. When he returned to

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When asked by Charles Weiner if there was religion in his home, Bethe replied: "No. My father was, I think, slightly religious. I was taught to pray in the evening before going to bed, and I attended the Protestant religious instruction, which was given in the schools in Germany. I was also

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in August 1947, was only three pages long and contained just twelve mathematical equations, but was enormously influential. It had been presumed that the infinities indicated that QED was fundamentally flawed, and that a new, radical theory was required; Bethe demonstrated that this was not

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in 1912, and the family moved into the director's apartment at the institute. Initially, he was schooled privately by a professional teacher as part of a group of eight girls and boys. The family moved again in 1915 when his father became the head of the new Institute of Physiology at the

2801:. Specifically, Bethe argued that Oppenheimer's stances against developing the hydrogen bomb in the late 1940s had not hindered its development, a topic which was seen as a key motivating factor behind the hearing. Bethe contended that the developments that led to the successful 913:

offered him an assistantship in Frankfurt, and in September 1928 Bethe moved in with his father, who had recently divorced his mother. His father had met Vera Congehl earlier that year and married her in 1929. They had two children, Doris, born in 1933, and Klaus, born in 1934.

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account, he also continued where others left off, filling in gaps in the older literature. Loomis offered Bethe a full professorship at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, but Cornell matched the position offered, and the salary of $ 6,000. He wrote to his mother:

2854:, the conference on the "Foundations of Quantum Mechanics" was the first major physics conference held after the war. It was a chance for American physicists to come together, pick up where they had left off before the war, and establish the direction of post-war research. 697:

His scientific research never ceased and he was publishing papers well into his nineties, making him one of the few scientists to have published at least one major paper in his field during every decade of his career, which in Bethe's case spanned nearly seventy years.

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was required to understand the solar neutrino problem, because it presumed that neutrinos have no mass, and therefore, cannot metamorphosize into each other; whereas the MSW effect required this to occur. Bethe hoped that corroborating evidence would be found by the

3077:. The two physicists described in the article that nearly any measure taken by the United States would be easily thwarted with the deployment of relatively simple decoys. Bethe was one of the primary voices in the scientific community behind the signing of the 1963 2760:

looked as if it were about to get hot. I knew then I had to reverse my earlier position. If I did not work on the bomb, somebody else would—and I had thought if I were around Los Alamos I might still be a force for disarmament. So I agreed to join in developing the

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When Oppenheimer died, Oppie's long-time friend, Hans Bethe, assumed the mantle of the scientist of conscience in this country. Like Jefferson and Adams, Teller and Bethe would live on into the new century which they and their colleagues had done so much to shape.

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validated the accuracy of T Division's results. When it was detonated in the New Mexico desert on July 16, 1945, Bethe's immediate concern was for its efficient operation, and not its moral implications. He is reported to have commented: "I am not a philosopher."

1371:, did not interest him, but Teller persuaded him to go. At the conference, Strömgren detailed what was known about the temperature, density, and chemical composition of the Sun, and challenged the physicists to come up with an explanation. Gamow and 2549:, Bethe's mother had become afraid to remain in Germany. Taking advantage of her Strasbourg origin, she was able to emigrate to the United States in June 1939 on the French quota, rather than the German one, which was full. Bethe's graduate student 2596:

of the United States in March 1941. Writing to Sommerfeld in 1947, Bethe confided that "I am much more at home in America than I ever was in Germany. As if I was born in Germany only by mistake, and only came to my true homeland at 28."

2581:, on September 13, 1939, in a simple civil ceremony. She had emigrated to the United States and was a student at Duke University and they met while Bethe was lecturing there in 1937. They had two children, Henry and Monica. (Henry was a 1151:, Chadwick challenged Bethe and Peierls to come up with a theoretical explanation of this phenomenon. This they did on the four-hour train ride from Cambridge back to Manchester. Bethe would investigate further in the years ahead. 1202:

Bethe arrived in the United States in February 1935, and joined the faculty at Cornell University on a salary of $ 3,000. Bethe's appointment was part of a deliberate effort on the part of the new head of its physics department,

1182:, who accepted. The match was opposed by Bethe's mother, who despite having a Jewish background, did not want him to marry a Jewish woman. A few days before their wedding date in December, Bethe broke off their engagement. 3103:

administration. In 1995, at the age of 88, Bethe wrote an open letter calling on all scientists to "cease and desist" from working on any aspect of nuclear weapons development and manufacture. In 2004, he joined 47 other

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from the absolute zero temperature in Celsius units. The paper poked fun at a certain class of papers in theoretical physics of the day, which were purely speculative and based on spurious numerical arguments, such as

3153:, on March 6, 2005, of congestive heart failure. He was survived by his wife, Rose Ewald Bethe, and their two children. At the time of his death, he was the John Wendell Anderson Professor of Physics, Emeritus, at 5579: 3732:

confirmed, and the instruction which I got in this connection got religion out of my system completely. It was never very strong before, and the confirmation had the consequence that I just didn't believe."

580: 2688:, he appointed Bethe director of the T (Theoretical) Division, the laboratory's smallest, but most prestigious division. This move irked the equally qualified, but more difficult to manage Teller and 901:

for the first time, Pauli told him: "After Sommerfeld's tales about you, I had expected much better from you than your thesis." "I guess from Pauli," Bethe later recalled, "that was a compliment."

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noted that it was unusual in the depth and breadth of its treatment of the subject that required very little updating for the 1959 edition. Bethe was then asked by Sommerfeld to help him with the

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of certain one-dimensional quantum many-body models. He was influenced by Fermi's simplicity and Sommerfeld's rigor in approaching problems and these qualities influenced his own later research.

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to perform the calculations demonstrating the virtual impossibility of such an occurrence.) "The fission bomb had to be done," he later recalled, "because the Germans were presumably doing it."

2959:, he produced a solution for the case where there was an infinite hard-core potential. Then, working with Baird Brandow and Albert Petschek, he came up with an approximation that converted the 9852: 842:, Bethe disliked their approaches, which presented mathematics without reference to the other sciences. Bethe found that he was a poor experimentalist who destroyed his lab coat by spilling 8133: 9440: 2920:'s wishes. This was apparently a reflection of Gamow's sense of humor, wanting to have a paper title that would sound like the first three letters of the Greek alphabet. As one of the 2570:

congratulating him on the use of solar neutrino observations to show that the CNO cycle accounts for approximately 7% of the Sun's energy; the neutrino observations had started with

1271:. Gibbs moved to prevent Bethe from being poached by having him appointed as a regular assistant professor in 1936, with an assurance that promotion to professor would soon follow. 2805:

were a matter of serendipity and not a question of manpower or logical development of previously existing ideas. During the hearing, Bethe and his wife also tried hard to persuade

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When the Second World War began, Bethe wanted to contribute to the war effort, but was unable to work on classified projects until he became a citizen. Following the advice of the

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are the class notes taken by one of his students at Cornell from the graduate courses on Nuclear Physics and on Applications of Quantum Mechanics he taught in the spring of 1947.

6280: 9812: 2998:, and the way in which various factors affected a supernova explosion. Once again, he was able to reduce the problem to a set of differential equations, and to solve them. 1048:

The Rockefeller Foundation offered an extension of Bethe's fellowship, allowing him to return to Italy in 1932. In the meantime, Bethe worked for Sommerfeld in Munich as a

9807: 9692: 9502: 4914: 2774: 2711:, he developed a formula for calculating the bomb's explosive yield. After August 1944, when the laboratory was reorganized and reoriented to solve the problem of the 9777: 8126: 1112: 897:

in crystals. Bethe later recalled that he became too ambitious, and, in pursuit of greater accuracy, his calculations became unnecessarily complicated. When he met

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Travelling Scholarship in 1929. This provided $ 150 a month (about $ 3,000 in 2023 dollars) to study abroad. In 1930, Bethe chose to do postdoctoral work at the

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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda

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The two papers, one on the proton–proton cycle, co-authored with Critchfield, and the other on the carbon-oxygen-nitrogen (CNO) cycle, were sent to the

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After the H-bomb was made, reporters started to call Teller the father of the H-bomb. For the sake of history, I think it is more precise to say that

9862: 9712: 5394: 6384: 1053: 2574:, whose experiment was based on Bahcall's calculations and encouragement, and the note led to Davis's receiving a share of the 2002 Nobel Prize. 1510:

But this did not account for the observation of elements heavier than helium. By the end of the conference, Bethe, working in collaboration with

4918:, "Nuclear Reaction", Scientific American 323, 3, 73 (September 2020) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0920-73, Scientific American, September 2020 2940: 2719:

bomb, Bethe spent much of his time studying the hydrodynamic aspects of implosion, a job that he continued into 1944. In 1945, he worked on the

1033:'s laboratory in Rome in February 1931. He was greatly impressed by Fermi and regretted that he had not gone to Rome first. Bethe developed the 5743: 1256: 4692: 9802: 9455: 6211: 5553: 514: 9767: 3509: 9782: 9020: 8882: 3141:

Bethe's hobbies included a passion for stamp-collecting. He loved the outdoors and was an enthusiastic hiker all his life, exploring the

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copies of scientific papers, which he put up for discussion at weekly evening seminars. When Bethe arrived, Sommerfeld had just received

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is the father, because he provided the seed, and Teller is the mother, because he remained with the child. As for me, I guess I am the

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Oral History interview transcript with Hans Bethe on 17 November 1967, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives

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Oral History interview transcript with Hans Bethe on 27 October 1966, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives

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Oral History interview transcript with Hans Bethe on 17 January 1964, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives

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Oral History interview transcript with Hans Bethe on 29 April 1981, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives

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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States

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for a semester, but Cornell agreed to let him start in the spring of 1935. Before leaving for the United States, he visited the

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Oral History interview transcript with Hans Bethe on 8 May 1972, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives

3414: 3395: 3383: 3376: 3361: 3346: 3201: 855: 3353: 9882: 8009: 6111: 6092: 6073: 5947: 5925: 5902: 3338: 3247: 3170: 2653:, he participated in a series of meetings at the invitation of Robert Oppenheimer, which discussed the first designs for the 1052:. Since Bethe was fluent in English, Sommerfeld had Bethe supervise all his English-speaking postdoctoral fellows, including 3714: 2809:

against testifying. However, Teller did not agree, and his testimony played a major role in the revocation of Oppenheimer's

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at Cornell. To complete the team, Cornell needed an experimentalist, and, on the advice of Bethe and Livingston, recruited

658:, although he had originally joined the project with the hope of proving it could not be made. Bethe later campaigned with 9752: 9722: 9667: 3074: 1007: 5961: 9842: 9742: 6393: 6228: 3429: 3410: 3391: 3372: 3357: 3342: 2650: 1335:'s fourth annual Washington Conference of Theoretical Physics. There were only 34 invited attendees, but they included 5616: 9762: 9747: 9672: 8900: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 7881: 6039: 6009: 5986: 3617: 2752:

Just a few months before, the Korean war had broken out, and for the first time I saw direct confrontation with the

854:, who advised Bethe that he should go to a university with a better school of theoretical physics, specifically the 3261:

after him. Similarly named after him is the Hans Bethe Center, 322 Fourth Street NE, Washington, D.C., home to the

2909: 2813:. While Bethe and Teller had been on very good terms during the prewar years, the conflict between them during the 1376: 1328: 9600: 6000:

Brotherhood of the Bomb: The Tangled Lives and Loyalties of Robert Oppenheimer, Ernest Lawrence, and Edward Teller

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for President of the United States as someone who would "restore science to its appropriate place in government".

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Bethe did not find the work in Frankfurt very stimulating, and in 1929 he accepted an offer from Ewald at the

834:. The instruction in physics was poor, and while there were distinguished mathematicians in Frankfurt such as 715: 6325: 2986:, and other problems in theoretical astrophysics into his late nineties. In doing this, he collaborated with 687: 636: 9507: 7633: 7557: 5424: 3501: 3481: 3425: 3096: 3031: 2847: 2798: 2554: 1332: 1088:. Bethe took a very new field and provided a clear, coherent, and complete coverage of it. His work on the 234: 6584: 5398: 1092:

articles occupied most of his time in Rome, but he also co-wrote a paper with Fermi on another new field,

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Bethe left Germany in 1933, moving to England after receiving an offer for a position as lecturer at the

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added Bethe's name (in absentia) without consulting him, knowing that Bethe would not mind, and against

2677:. At one point Teller asked if the nitrogen in the atmosphere could be set alight. It fell to Bethe and 9757: 9707: 9579: 9568: 8868: 8269: 7276: 6149: 3194: 1340: 137: 7041: 6179: 5866:"Hans A. Bethe Prize Prize for astrophysics, nuclear physics, nuclear astrophysics and related fields" 3402: 9617: 9593: 9450: 9445: 8180: 8142: 7945: 7444: 4430: 4425: 4389: 4352: 3278: 3216: 2843: 298: 167: 6189: 5751: 3025:

to explain a vexing discrepancy between theory and experiment. Bethe argued that physics beyond the

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by his 90th birthday, but he did not get the call from SNO until June 2001, when he was nearly 95.

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were so shocked by this action by Bethe that he was not invited to the institute again until after

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His father accepted a position as professor and director of the Institute of Physiology at the

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Bethe, Hans (1930). "Zur Theorie des Durchgangs schneller Korpuskularstrahlen durch Materie".

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and used $ 250 to release his mother's furniture. The paper was subsequently published in the

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In the Shadow of the Bomb: Bethe, Oppenheimer, and the Moral Responsibility of the Scientist

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Critical Assembly: A Technical History of Los Alamos During the Oppenheimer Years, 1943–1945

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at the Royal Society on the Mechanism of Supernovae. In 1978 he was elected a Member of the

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in March. It was a breakthrough in the understanding of the stars, and would win Bethe the

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How an Article about the H-Bomb Landed Scientific American in the Middle of the Red Scare

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of the electromagnetic field, which gave the electron more energy. According to pre-war

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Annotated bibliography for Hans Bethe from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues

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Bethe, Hans A.; Brown, G. E. (1998). "Evolution of Binary Compact Objects That Merge".

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from fundamental quantities in an earlier paper. They were forced to issue an apology.

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Weil, Martin (March 8, 2005). "Hans Bethe Dies; Nobel Prize Winner Worked on A-Bomb".

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Bethe received numerous honors and awards in his lifetime and afterward. He became a

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After the war ended, Bethe returned to Cornell. In June 1947, he participated in the

2814: 2571: 2409: 2102: 1799: 1486: 1367:. Bethe initially declined the invitation to attend, because the conference's topic, 1248: 1228: 1140: 1069: 940: 931:("The Theory of the Passage of Fast Corpuscular Rays Through Matter"). Starting from 894: 859: 671: 526: 489: 459: 434: 416: 9296: 7621: 7328: 5840: 5283: 4004:

Corlin, Axel; Stein, J. S.; Beck, G.; Bethe, H.; Riezler, W. (1931). "Zuschriften".

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article on electrons in metals. The article covered the basis of what is now called

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Video of a talk entitled "Writing the Biography of a Living Scientist: Hans Bethe,"

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was the professor of experimental physics. One of the first laws passed by the new

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initiator, and later, on radiation propagation from an exploding atomic bomb. The

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When Oppenheimer was put in charge of forming a secret weapons design laboratory,

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Overview of the CNO-I cycle – the helium nucleus is released at the top-left step

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s reviewers, Bethe saw the manuscript and struck out the words "in absentia".

9651: 9480: 9342: 9311: 9291: 9236: 9226: 9136: 9025: 9000: 8944: 8848: 8818: 8770: 8746: 8538: 8520: 8478: 8430: 8359: 8275: 8240: 8017: 7934: 7922: 7873: 7857: 7805: 7797: 7773: 7717: 7713: 7693: 7677: 7649: 7581: 7360: 7324: 7208: 7145: 7029: 7009: 6945: 6905: 6893: 6873: 6842: 6465: 6425: 6237: 6224: 6193: 5940:

The Voice Of Genius: Conversations With Nobel Scientists And Other Luminaries

5819: 4845: 4688: 4451: 4340: 3942: 3220: 3208: 3100: 3085: 3010: 2972: 2806: 2737: 2696: 2658: 2545: 1360: 1348: 1336: 1288: 1280: 1279:

I am about the leading theoretician in America. That does not mean the best.

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After the war, Bethe also played an important role in the development of the

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on it, but he found the advanced physics taught by the associate professor,

839: 830:, Bethe entered the University of Frankfurt in 1924. He decided to major in 9537: 9419: 9276: 9221: 9201: 9186: 9090: 8914: 8776: 8752: 8621: 8502: 8412: 7841: 7837: 7793: 7761: 7757: 7609: 7593: 7288: 7260: 7240: 7129: 7109: 7101: 6929: 6850: 6757: 6624: 6533: 6509: 6437: 6203: 5620: 5297:

Garwin, R. L.; Bethe, H.A. (March 1968). "Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems".

5218: 5102: 5093: 5066: 5062: 5020: 4888:

Peplow, Mark (March 8, 2005). "Hans Bethe – Nuclear physicist dies at 98".

4587: 4578: 4553: 3565: 3546: 3116: 2917: 2913: 2882: 2741: 2662: 1344: 1244: 1191: 1187: 1034: 1030: 969: 949: 819:

again for his final three years of secondary schooling, from 1922 to 1924.

786: 735: 725: 722:, on July 2, 1906, the only child of Anna (née Kuhn) and Albrecht Bethe, a 640: 623:

During World War II, he was head of the Theoretical Division at the secret

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to recuperate. By 1917, he had recovered sufficiently to attend the local

399: 9367: 9321: 9286: 9261: 9206: 9110: 9100: 8984: 8824: 8800: 8734: 8567: 8484: 8442: 8317: 8029: 7905: 7789: 7705: 7617: 7573: 7533: 7312: 7308: 7228: 7141: 7113: 6913: 6881: 6683: 6441: 6351: 6340: 6220: 5935: 5773: 5258: 4899: 3615: 3547:"Hans Albrecht Bethe. 2 July 1906 -- 6 March 2005: Elected ForMemRS 1957" 3321: 3274: 3224: 2983: 2893: 2858: 2765:. It seemed quite logical. But sometimes I wish I were a more consistent 2700: 2689: 2666: 2654: 2433: 2358: 2226: 2177: 2019: 1970: 1722: 1673: 1521: 1435: 1163: 1104: 1061: 1042: 628: 556: 499: 449: 322: 6290: 1291:

probably just as good. But I do more and talk more and that counts too.

1099:

In 1932, Bethe accepted an appointment as an assistant professor at the

9470: 9414: 9151: 9070: 8806: 8186: 8174: 7765: 7681: 7661: 7504: 7452: 7001: 6957: 6794: 6710: 6600: 6568: 5969:. Biographical Memoirs. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences. 4387:

Bethe, H. (1937). "Nuclear Physics. B: Nuclear Dynamics, Theoretical".

4025: 3109: 3042: 2979: 2967:. This then led him to the Bethe-Faddeev equation, a generalisation of 2892:

Bethe managed to perform the calculation on the train from New York to

2870: 2866: 2745: 1375:

had proposed in a 1937 paper that the Sun's energy was the result of a

1364: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1038: 988: 796: 743: 711: 57: 6173: 2630:

After receiving security clearance in December 1941, Bethe joined the

929:

Zur Theorie des Durchgangs schneller Korpuskularstrahlen durch Materie

753: 9512: 9378: 9146: 8949: 7153: 7125: 6961: 4226: 4201: 3229:

Benjamin Franklin Medal for Distinguished Achievement in the Sciences

3084:

During the 1980s and 1990s, Bethe campaigned for the peaceful use of

2753: 2716: 2670: 2642: 2639: 2484: 2326: 2303: 2277: 2203: 2126: 2051: 1996: 1919: 1909: 1823: 1773: 1699: 1598: 1216: 1148: 939:, Bethe produced a simplified formula for collision problems using a 927:. While there, he wrote what he considered to be his greatest paper, 924: 831: 785:, Germany. His education was interrupted in 1916, when he contracted 782: 589: 8860: 3660: 3635: 1300: 9552: 9385: 8919: 6901: 6184: 5275: 3715:"Interview with Hans Bethe by Charles Weiner at Cornell University" 3270: 2766: 2757: 2510: 2384: 2077: 1875: 1748: 1647: 1621: 1572: 1461: 932: 6104:

British Scientists and the Manhattan Project: the Los Alamos Years

5189:; Bethe, H.A. (1990). "A solution of the solar neutrino problem". 4202:"A 'Nuclear Photo-effect': Disintegration of the Diplon by γ-Rays" 3717:. American Institute of Physics. November 17, 1967. Archived from 3384:"Note on Inverse Bremsstrahlung in a Strong Electromagnetic Field" 2908:

One of Bethe's most famous papers is one he never wrote: the 1948

2744:

announced the beginning of such a project and the outbreak of the

9542: 9409: 3324:, a powerful weapon called a "Bethe Blaster" is named for Bethe. 2786: 2720: 2618: 1096:, describing the relativistic interactions of charged particles. 886: 747: 719: 644: 4115: 2873:. Oppenheimer and Weisskopf suggested that this was a result of 8928: 8141: 6272: 6136: 4997:

H. Bethe (1947). "The Electromagnetic Shift of Energy Levels".

3507: 2762: 2605: 2459: 2252: 2152: 1945: 1849: 1547: 1411: 1386: 825: 739: 691: 393: 6018: 4965: 4963: 4875: 4863: 4851: 4839: 4827: 4803: 4771: 4599: 4597: 4428:(1937). "Nuclear Physics. C: Nuclear Dynamics, Experimental". 4310: 4308: 4093: 4091: 2673:. (Teller then raised the prospect of a thermonuclear device, 2566:

in 1967. In 2002, at age 96, Bethe sent a handwritten note to

9853:

Members of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina

6331:

Bowley, Roger; Merrifield, Michael; Padilla, Antonio (Tony).

5325: 4693:"Bridge: Son of Nobel Prize Winner Is Famed in His Own Right" 4499: 4497: 3904: 3902: 3790: 3788: 3133: 2857:

A major talking point at the conference was the discovery by

2830: 2646: 1072:

of hydrogen and helium. Reviewing the article decades later,

1029:

For the second half of his scholarship, Bethe chose to go to

850:, more interesting. Gerlach left in 1925 and was replaced by 32: 5462: 4743: 4741: 3354:"Theoretical Estimate of Maximum Possible Nuclear Explosion" 3335:"Theory of High Frequency Rectification by Silicon Crystals" 3081:

prohibiting further atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons.

3005:, in which he helped establish the conversion mechanism for 1314: 9490: 8959: 6392: 5844: 5696: 5167: 5155: 5121: 5035: 4960: 4594: 4533: 4509: 4320: 4305: 4281: 4254: 4166: 4139: 4088: 4064: 4040: 3973: 3887: 3836: 3697: 3695: 3142: 3070: 3046: 2773:

As for his own role in the project and its relation to the

1108: 4948: 4938: 4936: 4921: 4645: 4621: 4494: 4271: 4269: 4183: 4181: 4156: 4154: 3899: 3877: 3875: 3860: 3848: 3785: 2889:

as a solution, but no one knew how to do the calculation.

5421:"48 Nobel Winning Scientists Endorse Kerry-June 21, 2004" 5375: 4738: 3800: 3761: 3749: 2736:

After the war, Bethe argued that a crash project for the

1306:

Illustration of the proton–proton chain reaction sequence

1113:

Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service

1011:

On the Quantum Theory of the Temperature of Absolute Zero

878: 6168:

2014 Video Interview with Rose Bethe by Cynthia C. Kelly

5363: 3692: 9733:

Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States

5619:. American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Archived from 5597: 5450: 5225: 5109: 4933: 4726: 4714: 4702: 4633: 4609: 4521: 4482: 4470: 4293: 4266: 4178: 4151: 4127: 4103: 4076: 4052: 3985: 3949: 3872: 3812: 3277:, that was discovered in 1990 was named after him. The 2665:, and others, and discussed the possibilities of using 2649:

sets. In Chicago in June 1942, and then in July at the

6162:

1982 Audio Interview with Hans Bethe by Martin Sherwin

6156:

1993 Audio Interview with Hans Bethe by Richard Rhodes

6087:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 6085:

Nuclear Forces: The Making of the Physicist Hans Bethe

5678:"Past Winners of the Catherine Wolfe Bruce Gold Medal" 5438: 4975: 4809: 4753: 4458: 3824: 3773: 3240:

Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1957

3069:, published an article criticising in detail the anti- 3001:

At age 85, Bethe wrote an important article about the

585:; July 2, 1906 – March 6, 2005) was a German-American 9577: 5680:. Astronomical Society of the Pacific. Archived from 4242: 3961: 3680: 3668: 968:

in England, where he worked under the supervision of

9813:

Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences

4003: 3552:

Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society

3356:, Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory-Schenectady, N.Y., 2695:

Bethe's work at Los Alamos included calculating the

635:

of the weapons and developing the theory behind the

3737: 2975:, which have densities similar to those of nuclei. 1037:, a method for finding the exact solutions for the 738:, professor at the University of Strasbourg, had a 616:. For most of his career, Bethe was a professor at 9808:Foreign members of the Russian Academy of Sciences 9693:Academics of the Victoria University of Manchester 6061: 6027: 5997: 5913: 5728:Bethe, Hans A. (1994). "Mechanism of Supernovae". 5505:. Array of Contemporary Physicists. Archived from 2740:should not be attempted, although after President 6299: 5296: 4782: 4780: 4345:"Nuclear Physics. A: Stationary States of Nuclei" 4199: 3580:Horgan, John (1992). "Illuminator of the Stars". 3371:, University of Southern California-Los Angeles, 3095:In the 1980s he and other physicists opposed the 2657:. They went over the preliminary calculations by 987:Bethe was known for his sense of humor, and with 9649: 6258:– Session III, interviewed by Charles Weiner at 5841:"JPL Small-Body Database Browser on 30828 Bethe" 5053: 1207:, to move into nuclear physics. Gibbs had hired 881:thesis, Sommerfeld suggested that Bethe examine 631:. There he played a key role in calculating the 400:Theorie der Beugung von Elektronen an Kristallen 6249:– Session II, interviewed by Charles Weiner at 6236:– Session I, interviewed by Charles Weiner and 4423: 2775:dispute over who was responsible for the design 9833:Niels Bohr International Gold Medal recipients 9778:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class) 7903: 5556:. National Academy of Sciences. Archived from 5397:. Nuclear Age Peace Foundation. Archived from 4777: 4699:. February 24, 1988. Retrieved April 11, 2015. 1122:for a year through Sommerfeld's connection to 9873:Members of the American Philosophical Society 9838:Academic staff of Goethe University Frankfurt 9788:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni 8876: 8127: 7889: 6378: 4992: 4990: 3614:Available at www.JamesKeckCollectedWorks.org 3173:in 1947, and that year, he also received the 2947:problem by considering the work conducted by 16:German-American nuclear physicist (1906–2005) 9793:Academic staff of the University of Tübingen 5185: 3460: 889:. As a starting point, Sommerfeld suggested 823: 814: 802: 794: 774: 723: 9868:Presidents of the American Physical Society 8143:Presidents of the American Physical Society 5981:. New Jersey: World Scientific Publishing. 5920:. New York: American Institute of Physics. 5643:"The President's national Medal of Science" 4338: 801:and the following year, he was sent to the 8883: 8869: 8134: 8120: 7896: 7882: 6385: 6371: 6355: 5243: 4987: 2577:Bethe married Rose Ewald, the daughter of 1914: 1516: 1381: 1257:University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign 31: 6068:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 5942:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Perseus Pub. 5889: 5799:"Council for a Livable World, Our Legacy" 5331: 5257: 5115: 5092: 4954: 4927: 4732: 4651: 4627: 4615: 4577: 4503: 4225: 4160: 4133: 4109: 3908: 3866: 3854: 3818: 3794: 3686: 3674: 3659: 3564: 3065:In 1968, Bethe, along with IBM physicist 9863:Fellows of the American Physical Society 9713:American people of German-Jewish descent 6180:Text of the Eddington Medal award speech 6082: 6056: 6034:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 5973: 5956: 5609: 5603: 5468: 5456: 5369: 5231: 5173: 5161: 5127: 5041: 4996: 4981: 4969: 4942: 4759: 4747: 4720: 4708: 4662: 4660: 4639: 4603: 4539: 4527: 4515: 4488: 4476: 4464: 4326: 4314: 4299: 4287: 4275: 4260: 4248: 4187: 4172: 4145: 4121: 4097: 4082: 4070: 4058: 4046: 3991: 3979: 3967: 3955: 3893: 3881: 3842: 3830: 3806: 3779: 3767: 3755: 3701: 3544: 3487: 3467: 3327: 3320:, a 1950–1962 science fiction series by 3132: 3056: 2829: 2707:in an exploding atomic bomb. Along with 2604: 1910:carbon-nitrogen-oxygen cycle (CNO cycle) 1178:in September 1934, where he proposed to 1022:'s attempts to explain the value of the 752: 664:Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists 6311:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive 6022:; Henriksen, Paul W.; Meade, Roger A.; 5546: 5534:. American Academy of Arts and Sciences 5529:"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B" 3627: 3608: 3510:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–" 3227:in 2001, and posthumously in 2005, the 734:. Although his mother, the daughter of 9650: 5995: 5820:"Bethe Center for Theoretical Physics" 5617:"Past Recipients of the Rumford Prize" 5480: 5444: 4887: 3579: 3369:"Three-body Problem in Nuclear Matter" 3202:United States Atomic Energy Commission 3061:Bethe being interviewed by journalists 2793:In 1954, Bethe testified on behalf of 1327:On March 17, 1938, Bethe attended the 8890: 8864: 8115: 7877: 6366: 6101: 5934: 5911: 5727: 5521: 5381: 4815: 4657: 4551: 4386: 3920: 3743: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3508:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. 3403:"Pauli Principle and Pion Scattering" 3339:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 3287: 3248:German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina 3171:American Academy of Arts and Sciences 757:Hans Bethe, aged 12, with his parents 572: 9803:Foreign members of the Royal Society 6004:. New York: Henry Holt and Company. 4786: 4200:Chadwick, J.; Goldhaber, M. (1934). 3633: 3253:Cornell named the third of five new 3160: 3052: 2600: 1900:Cornell, Bethe studied the relevant 1131:Peierls aroused Bethe's interest in 909:After Bethe received his doctorate, 746:, like his father; and he became an 714:, which at the time was part of the 9768:National Medal of Science laureates 1223:. Bethe received requests to visit 1154:In 1933, the physics department at 956:Sommerfeld recommended Bethe for a 13: 9783:Goethe University Frankfurt alumni 9348:Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 6333:"αβγ – The Alpha Beta Gamma Paper" 5343: 3533: 3430:United States Department of Energy 3411:United States Department of Energy 3392:United States Department of Energy 3373:United States Department of Energy 3358:United States Department of Energy 3343:United States Department of Energy 2978:Bethe continued to do research on 2850:and held at the Ram's Head Inn on 2651:University of California, Berkeley 1908:, leading to his discovery of the 947:. He submitted this paper for his 649:dropped on Nagasaki in August 1945 14: 9894: 9848:Members of JASON (advisory group) 6129: 5481:Tucker, Anthony (March 8, 2005). 5319:10.1038/scientificamerican0368-21 5067:"The Origin of Chemical Elements" 3602:10.1038/scientificamerican1092-32 3045:approached Bethe and Brown about 9683:20th-century American physicists 9635: 9623: 9611: 9599: 9587: 9564: 9563: 6152:War and Peace in the Nuclear Age 6135: 6106:. New York: St. Martin's Press. 5977:; Lee, Chang-Hwan, eds. (2006). 5858: 5833: 5812: 5791: 5766: 5736: 5721: 5670: 5649: 5635: 5572: 5495: 5474: 5413: 5387: 5337: 5290: 3634:Wark, David (January 11, 2007). 3413:(through predecessor agency the 3394:(through predecessor agency the 3375:(through predecessor agency the 3360:(through predecessor agency the 3345:(through predecessor agency the 3128: 3099:missile system conceived by the 2963:equation into an easily solved 2731: 1313: 1299: 1197: 1060:. Bethe accepted a request from 682:to sign, respectively, the 1963 592:who made major contributions to 555: 9878:Aspen Center for Physics people 9828:Winners of the Max Planck Medal 6291:Hans Bethe tells his life story 6170:Voices of the Manhattan Project 6164:Voices of the Manhattan Project 6158:Voices of the Manhattan Project 5237: 5179: 5133: 5047: 4906: 4881: 4682: 4545: 4417: 4380: 4332: 4193: 3997: 3914: 3073:defense system proposed by the 2930: 684:Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty 214: 9798:Vannevar Bush Award recipients 9688:20th-century German physicists 7929:Ronald George Wreyford Norrish 5708:American Philosophical Society 5645:. National Science Foundation. 4552:Bethe, H. A. (March 1, 1939). 3707: 3573: 3545:Lee, S.; Brown, G. E. (2007). 3448:List of Jewish Nobel laureates 3407:Los Alamos National Laboratory 3388:Los Alamos National Laboratory 3233:American Philosophical Society 3183:American Philosophical Society 3108:in signing a letter endorsing 2636:Bethe-hole directional coupler 1126:. He moved in with his friend 984:version of the Bethe formula. 943:, which is known today as the 612:for his work on the theory of 1: 9728:Enrico Fermi Award recipients 6326:Mathematics Genealogy Project 6176:, from the Cornell University 6102:Szasz, Ferenc Morton (1992). 5895:Hans Bethe, Prophet of Energy 5883: 5141:"Hans A. Bethe Prize winners" 3284:was named after him as well. 2825: 2820: 2756:. It was too disturbing. The 2585:expert and former husband of 1373:Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker 904: 858:, where he could study under 742:background, Bethe was raised 705: 688:Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty 9883:Recipients of Franklin Medal 9508:Oppenheimer security hearing 6174:Three Lectures by Hans Bethe 6083:Schweber, Silvan S. (2012). 5425:George Washington University 4554:"Energy Production in Stars" 3636:"The Supreme Problem Solver" 3527: 3502:American Antiquarian Society 3482:American Antiquarian Society 3426:Sandia National Laboratories 3367:Bethe, H. A.; Rajaraman, R. 3341:(MIT) Radiation Laboratory, 3175:National Academy of Sciences 3097:Strategic Defense Initiative 3032:Sudbury Neutrino Observatory 2848:National Academy of Sciences 2799:Oppenheimer security hearing 2555:New York Academy of Sciences 1377:proton–proton chain reaction 1333:George Washington University 1064:to write an article for the 7: 9773:People from Alsace-Lorraine 9718:American nuclear physicists 8401:Charles Christian Lauritsen 5868:. American Physical Society 5730:Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond 5211:10.1103/PhysRevLett.65.2233 5143:. American Physical Society 4668:"Hans Bethe – Biographical" 3436: 3263:Council for a Livable World 3137:Rose Bethe Los Alamos badge 2896:, where he was working for 2869:; this became known as the 809:, a private, coeducational 768:Goethe University Frankfurt 716:Reichsland Elsaß-Lothringen 536:Other notable students 10: 9899: 9753:Jewish American scientists 9723:Cornell University faculty 9668:Nobel laureates in Physics 8270:William Francis Gray Swann 6287:delivered by S.S. Schweber 5979:Hans Bethe and his Physics 3296:in the 1980 TV Miniseries 3195:Royal Astronomical Society 2861:and his graduate student, 2703:and the multiplication of 1341:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar 138:Cavity perturbation theory 9843:Scientists from Frankfurt 9743:German nuclear physicists 9561: 9451:Bismuth phosphate process 9446:Atomic Energy Act of 1946 9433: 9402: 9335: 9124: 8993: 8907: 8898: 8837:Sylvester James Gates Jr. 8709: 8554: 8393: 8250: 8181:Edward Leamington Nichols 8149: 8039: 8008: 7989: 7968: 7944: 7913: 7514: 7171: 6860: 6638: 6404: 5897:. New York: Basic Books. 4431:Reviews of Modern Physics 4390:Reviews of Modern Physics 4353:Reviews of Modern Physics 3279:American Physical Society 3217:National Medal of Science 3149:. He died in his home in 2844:Shelter Island Conference 2777:, Bethe later said that: 1369:stellar energy generation 1002:, two other postdoctoral 935:'s interpretation of the 775: 674:. He helped persuade the 627:that developed the first 554: 549: 545: 535: 422: 410: 392: 356: 346: 339: 224: 201: 115: 101: 91: 72: 39: 30: 23: 9763:Manhattan Project people 9748:Jewish American atheists 9673:American Nobel laureates 8574:Norman Foster Ramsey Jr. 8407:John Hasbrouck Van Vleck 8235:Thomas Corwin Mendenhall 6345:University of Nottingham 6316:University of St Andrews 5916:The Road from Los Alamos 4452:10.1103/RevModPhys.9.245 4124:, pp. 211, 220–221. 3943:10.1002/andp.19303970303 3453: 3415:Atomic Energy Commission 3396:Atomic Energy Commission 3377:Atomic Energy Commission 3362:Atomic Energy Commission 3347:Atomic Energy Commission 2935:Bethe believed that the 2910:Alpher–Bethe–Gamow paper 2852:Shelter Island, New York 2834:Hans Bethe lecturing at 2634:, where he invented the 2632:MIT Radiation Laboratory 1283:is certainly better and 1269:John Hasbrouck Van Vleck 1120:University of Manchester 1013:where he calculated the 732:University of Strasbourg 379:University of Manchester 235:A. Cressy Morrison Prize 193:Bethe–Weizsäcker process 188:Bethe–Weizsäcker formula 9528:S-1 Executive Committee 9476:Einstein–Szilard letter 8592:Arthur Leonard Schawlow 8348:Arthur Jeffrey Dempster 8336:Percy Williams Bridgman 8211:Robert Andrews Millikan 5912:Bethe, Hans A. (1991). 5191:Physical Review Letters 4411:10.1103/RevModPhys.9.69 4374:10.1103/RevModPhys.8.82 4006:Die Naturwissenschaften 3422:"Fusion Hybrid Reactor" 3292:Bethe was portrayed by 3242:, and he gave the 1993 3181:and was elected to the 3079:Partial Test Ban Treaty 2879:quantum electrodynamics 1241:University of Rochester 1094:quantum electrodynamics 1024:fine structure constant 1015:fine structure constant 976:, who was working with 966:University of Cambridge 614:stellar nucleosynthesis 608:, and who won the 1967 602:quantum electrodynamics 331:Benjamin Franklin Medal 148:Bethe–Salpeter equation 133:Quantum electrodynamics 128:Stellar nucleosynthesis 106:University of Frankfurt 9818:Theoretical physicists 9698:Alsatian-German people 9678:German Nobel laureates 8970:Salt Wells Pilot Plant 8491:John Archibald Wheeler 8378:Francis Wheeler Loomis 8312:John Torrence Tate Sr. 8199:Benjamin Osgood Peirce 8157:Henry Augustus Rowland 8045:Nobel Prize recipients 8024:Haldan Keffer Hartline 8010:Physiology or Medicine 6398:Nobel Prize in Physics 6024:Westfall, Catherine L. 5996:Herken, Gregg (2002). 5960:; Lee, Sabine (2009). 5483:"Obituary: Hans Bethe" 5094:10.1103/PhysRev.73.803 5021:10.1103/PhysRev.72.339 4670:. The Nobel Foundation 4579:10.1103/PhysRev.55.434 3566:10.1098/rsbm.2007.0018 3364:), (January 31, 1950). 3349:), (October 29, 1942). 3213:Nobel Prize in Physics 3138: 3126: 3062: 3003:solar neutrino problem 2996:gravitational collapse 2992:Stony Brook University 2943:. He investigated the 2839: 2791: 2771: 2645:such as those used in 2614: 2564:Nobel Prize in Physics 1293: 1261:Francis Wheeler Loomis 1211:, who had worked with 1124:William Lawrence Bragg 1101:University of Tübingen 958:Rockefeller Foundation 824: 815: 803: 795: 758: 724: 610:Nobel Prize in Physics 364:University of Tübingen 299:Nat'l Medal of Science 291:Nobel Prize in Physics 9858:Rare earth scientists 9548:X-10 Graphite Reactor 9503:Nobel Prize laureates 9373:509th Composite Group 8694:Jerome Isaac Friedman 8372:J. Robert Oppenheimer 8193:William Francis Magie 8169:Arthur Gordon Webster 7959:Miguel Ángel Asturias 6283:May 14, 2013, at the 5623:on September 27, 2012 5395:"Hans Albrecht Bethe" 5246:Astrophysical Journal 3328:Selected publications 3185:. He was awarded the 3136: 3121: 3075:Department of Defense 3060: 2965:differential equation 2833: 2795:J. Robert Oppenheimer 2779: 2750: 2675:Teller's "Super" bomb 2611:Los Alamos Laboratory 2608: 1277: 1205:Roswell Clifton Gibbs 1168:University of Bristol 920:Technische Hochschule 789:, and he was sent to 756: 730:of physiology at the 680:Nixon administrations 625:Los Alamos laboratory 574:[ˈhansˈbeːtə] 570:German pronunciation: 475:Robert Eugene Marshak 384:University of Chicago 374:University of Bristol 168:Bethe–Feynman formula 163:Bethe-Heitler formula 9456:British contribution 9358:Operation Peppermint 9353:Operation Crossroads 9212:Maria Goeppert Mayer 8658:Donald N. Langenberg 8646:Nicolaas Bloembergen 8515:Edward Mills Purcell 8425:Raymond Thayer Birge 8223:Joseph Sweetman Ames 6302:Robertson, Edmund F. 6150:1986 Video Interview 6144:at Wikimedia Commons 5604:Brown & Lee 2009 5584:search.amphilsoc.org 5580:"APS Member History" 5554:"Henry Draper Medal" 5469:Brown & Lee 2006 5370:Brown & Lee 2006 5232:Brown & Lee 2006 5174:Brown & Lee 2006 5162:Brown & Lee 2006 5128:Brown & Lee 2006 5042:Brown & Lee 2006 4982:Brown & Lee 2009 4970:Brown & Lee 2006 4900:10.1038/news050307-7 4876:Hoddeson et al. 1993 4864:Hoddeson et al. 1993 4852:Hoddeson et al. 1993 4840:Hoddeson et al. 1993 4830:, pp. 204, 246. 4828:Hoddeson et al. 1993 4804:Hoddeson et al. 1993 4772:Hoddeson et al. 1993 4760:Brown & Lee 2009 4748:Brown & Lee 2009 4721:Brown & Lee 2006 4640:Brown & Lee 2006 4465:Brown & Lee 2009 4300:Brown & Lee 2006 4249:Brown & Lee 2009 3968:Brown & Lee 2006 3721:on February 21, 2015 3620:May 9, 2019, at the 3398:), (September 1972). 3255:residential colleges 2875:quantum fluctuations 2836:Dalhousie University 2725:Trinity nuclear test 1233:Princeton University 1172:Niels Bohr Institute 972:. At the request of 962:Cavendish Laboratory 937:Schrödinger equation 883:electron diffraction 856:University of Munich 307:Lomonosov Gold Medal 143:Crystal field theory 110:University of Munich 9217:George Kistiakowsky 9172:Charles Critchfield 8831:Philip H. Bucksbaum 8723:William F. Brinkman 8610:Mildred Dresselhaus 8533:Joseph Edward Mayer 8509:Luis Walter Alvarez 8473:John Harry Williams 8300:Harrison M. Randall 8258:Karl Taylor Compton 8163:Albert A. Michelson 6300:O'Connor, John J.; 6200:Hans Bethe obituary 6190:Hans Bethe obituary 6058:Schweber, Silvan S. 5963:Hans Albrecht Bethe 5471:, pp. 126–128. 5384:, pp. 113–131. 5334:, pp. 107–112. 5311:1968SciAm.218c..21G 5299:Scientific American 5268:1998ApJ...506..780B 5203:1990PhRvL..65.2233B 5176:, pp. 151–153. 5164:, pp. 176–180. 5130:, pp. 165–171. 5085:1948PhRv...73..803A 5044:, pp. 158–159. 5013:1947PhRv...72..339B 4972:, pp. 157–158. 4878:, pp. 344–345. 4866:, pp. 308–310. 4842:, pp. 179–184. 4790:The Washington Post 4606:, pp. 351–352. 4570:1939PhRv...55..434B 4542:, pp. 348–350. 4518:, pp. 345–347. 4444:1937RvMP....9..245L 4403:1937RvMP....9...69B 4366:1936RvMP....8...82B 4329:, pp. 305–307. 4317:, pp. 296–298. 4290:, pp. 272–275. 4263:, pp. 262–263. 4218:1934Natur.134..237C 4175:, pp. 237–240. 4148:, pp. 223–224. 4100:, pp. 202–208. 4073:, pp. 199–202. 4049:, pp. 190–192. 4018:1931NW.....19...37C 3982:, pp. 182–183. 3935:1930AnP...397..325B 3896:, pp. 156–157. 3845:, pp. 118–119. 3652:2007Natur.445..149W 3594:1992SciAm.267d..32H 3582:Scientific American 3023:Lincoln Wolfenstein 2953:perturbation theory 2941:quantum liquid drop 2846:. Sponsored by the 2638:, which is used in 2625:Theodore von Kármán 2594:naturalized citizen 2587:Kitty Munson Cooper 1512:Charles Critchfield 1225:Columbia University 1145:photodisintegration 1111:government was the 1086:solid state physics 1066:Handbuch der Physik 773:Bethe attended the 606:solid-state physics 566:Hans Albrecht Bethe 505:Ramamurti Rajaraman 445:Peter A. Carruthers 44:Hans Albrecht Bethe 9823:Quantum physicists 9618:History of science 9594:Nuclear technology 9282:Henry DeWolf Smyth 9061:Robert Oppenheimer 9016:Priscilla Duffield 8795:Malcolm R. Beasley 8759:Arthur Bienenstock 8634:James A. Krumhansl 8580:Lewis M. Branscomb 8467:William V. Houston 8437:Henry DeWolf Smyth 8366:Lee Alvin DuBridge 8306:Lyman James Briggs 8294:Floyd K. Richtmyer 6354:on Nobelprize.org 6260:Cornell University 6251:Cornell University 6242:Cornell University 5778:Cornell University 5774:"Hans Bethe House" 5754:on October 8, 2017 5748:www.leopoldina.org 5509:on August 30, 2010 4912:McCoy, Alfred W., 4697:The New York Times 4026:10.1007/BF01523870 3923:Annalen der Physik 3417:), (October 1972). 3288:In popular culture 3267:University of Bonn 3238:Bethe was elected 3205:Enrico Fermi Award 3179:Henry Draper Medal 3155:Cornell University 3139: 3090:Chernobyl disaster 3063: 3015:Stanislav Mikheyev 3007:electron neutrinos 2840: 2811:security clearance 2803:Teller–Ulam design 2699:and efficiency of 2615: 1329:Carnegie Institute 1265:Harvard University 1253:Karl Lark-Horovitz 1209:Stanley Livingston 1156:Cornell University 1058:Cornell University 980:, Bethe created a 836:Carl Ludwig Siegel 822:Having passed his 813:. He attended the 763:University of Kiel 759: 710:Bethe was born in 618:Cornell University 369:Cornell University 275:Enrico Fermi Award 243:Henry Draper Medal 173:Mott-Bethe formula 153:Bethe-Slater curve 9758:Jewish physicists 9708:American atheists 9575: 9574: 9497:Los Alamos Primer 9486:Interim Committee 9441:African Americans 9393:The Great Artiste 9252:Isidor Isaac Rabi 9247:Norman Ramsey Jr. 9046:Franklin Matthias 8985:Heavy water sites 8892:Manhattan Project 8858: 8857: 8789:Michael S. Turner 8628:Val Logsdon Fitch 8598:Maurice Goldhaber 8562:William A. Fowler 8497:Charles H. Townes 8384:Isidor Isaac Rabi 8217:Henry A. Bumstead 8109: 8108: 7871: 7870: 6267:– interviewed by 6219:– interviewed by 6140:Media related to 6113:978-0-312-06167-8 6094:978-0-674-06587-1 6075:978-0-691-04989-2 6020:Hoddeson, Lillian 5949:978-0-7382-0447-5 5927:978-0-88318-707-4 5904:978-0-465-02903-7 5891:Bernstein, Jeremy 5744:"List of Members" 5732:. A 346: 251–258. 5401:on April 19, 2013 5197:(18): 2233–2235. 5065:(April 1, 1948). 4957:, pp. 97–99. 4930:, pp. 92–96. 4818:, pp. 19–20. 4806:, pp. 92–83. 4774:, pp. 42–47. 4750:, pp. 13–14. 4654:, pp. 54–55. 4630:, pp. 51–52. 4506:, pp. 45–47. 4426:Livingston, M. S. 3911:, pp. 25–27. 3869:, pp. 20–21. 3857:, pp. 15–16. 3809:, pp. 70–73. 3797:, pp. 11–12. 3770:, pp. 36–40. 3758:, pp. 30–31. 3704:, pp. 32–34. 3646:(7124): 149–150. 3307:in the 2023 film 3161:Honors and awards 3053:Political stances 2982:, neutron stars, 2957:Jeffrey Goldstone 2863:Robert Retherford 2815:Manhattan Project 2601:Manhattan Project 2572:Raymond Davis Jr. 2540:for publication. 2532: 2531: 1902:nuclear reactions 1897: 1896: 1508: 1507: 1249:Purdue University 1229:Isidor Isaac Rabi 1141:Maurice Goldhaber 1070:quantum mechanics 941:Fourier transform 895:X-ray diffraction 893:'s 1914 paper on 868:Erwin Schrödinger 860:Arnold Sommerfeld 672:nuclear arms race 639:used in both the 563: 562: 527:David J. Thouless 490:Michael Nauenberg 460:Jeffrey Goldstone 423:Doctoral students 417:Arnold Sommerfeld 341:Scientific career 9890: 9640: 9639: 9638: 9628: 9627: 9626: 9616: 9615: 9614: 9604: 9603: 9592: 9591: 9590: 9583: 9567: 9566: 9518:Quebec Agreement 9302:John von Neumann 9242:George B. Pegram 9051:Dorothy McKibbin 8885: 8878: 8871: 8862: 8861: 8765:Cherry A. Murray 8682:D. Allan Bromley 8652:Ernest M. Henley 8640:Eugen Merzbacher 8616:Robert R. Wilson 8455:Victor Weisskopf 8449:George Uhlenbeck 8324:George B. Pegram 8136: 8129: 8122: 8113: 8112: 8047: 7898: 7891: 7884: 7875: 7874: 7864: 7848: 7832: 7816: 7800: 7784: 7768: 7752: 7736: 7724: 7708: 7696: 7684: 7668: 7656: 7640: 7624: 7612: 7600: 7584: 7568: 7552: 7536: 7507: 7491: 7479: 7463: 7447: 7431: 7419: 7407: 7395: 7387: 7379: 7363: 7347: 7331: 7319: 7303: 7295: 7283: 7271: 7263: 7247: 7235: 7219: 7203: 7187: 7164: 7148: 7136: 7120: 7104: 7096: 7084: 7076: 7068: 7060: 7052: 7036: 7020: 7004: 6996: 6984: 6976: 6964: 6948: 6936: 6920: 6908: 6896: 6888: 6876: 6853: 6845: 6837: 6829: 6821: 6813: 6805: 6797: 6789: 6788: 6782: 6781: 6775: 6774: 6768: 6760: 6752: 6740: 6728: 6720: 6719: 6713: 6701: 6693: 6692: 6686: 6678: 6670: 6662: 6650: 6631: 6619: 6611: 6603: 6595: 6587: 6579: 6571: 6563: 6555: 6554: 6548: 6536: 6528: 6526:Kamerlingh Onnes 6520: 6512: 6504: 6496: 6484: 6476: 6468: 6460: 6452: 6444: 6428: 6416: 6387: 6380: 6373: 6364: 6363: 6359: 6348: 6318: 6269:Lillian Hoddeson 6139: 6125: 6098: 6079: 6067: 6053: 6033: 6015: 6003: 5992: 5975:Brown, Gerald E. 5970: 5968: 5958:Brown, Gerald E. 5953: 5931: 5919: 5908: 5878: 5877: 5875: 5873: 5862: 5856: 5855: 5853: 5851: 5837: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5826: 5816: 5810: 5809: 5807: 5805: 5795: 5789: 5788: 5786: 5784: 5770: 5764: 5763: 5761: 5759: 5750:. Archived from 5740: 5734: 5733: 5725: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5714: 5700: 5694: 5693: 5691: 5689: 5684:on July 21, 2011 5674: 5668: 5667: 5665: 5663: 5653: 5647: 5646: 5639: 5633: 5632: 5630: 5628: 5613: 5607: 5601: 5595: 5594: 5592: 5590: 5576: 5570: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5560:on July 22, 2012 5550: 5544: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5533: 5525: 5519: 5518: 5516: 5514: 5499: 5493: 5492: 5478: 5472: 5466: 5460: 5454: 5448: 5442: 5436: 5435: 5433: 5431: 5417: 5411: 5410: 5408: 5406: 5391: 5385: 5379: 5373: 5367: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5341: 5335: 5329: 5323: 5322: 5294: 5288: 5287: 5261: 5259:astro-ph/9802084 5241: 5235: 5229: 5223: 5222: 5183: 5177: 5171: 5165: 5159: 5153: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5137: 5131: 5125: 5119: 5113: 5107: 5106: 5096: 5051: 5045: 5039: 5033: 5032: 4994: 4985: 4979: 4973: 4967: 4958: 4952: 4946: 4940: 4931: 4925: 4919: 4910: 4904: 4903: 4885: 4879: 4873: 4867: 4861: 4855: 4849: 4843: 4837: 4831: 4825: 4819: 4813: 4807: 4801: 4795: 4794: 4784: 4775: 4769: 4763: 4757: 4751: 4745: 4736: 4730: 4724: 4718: 4712: 4706: 4700: 4686: 4680: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4664: 4655: 4649: 4643: 4637: 4631: 4625: 4619: 4613: 4607: 4601: 4592: 4591: 4581: 4549: 4543: 4537: 4531: 4525: 4519: 4513: 4507: 4501: 4492: 4486: 4480: 4474: 4468: 4462: 4456: 4455: 4421: 4415: 4414: 4384: 4378: 4377: 4349: 4336: 4330: 4324: 4318: 4312: 4303: 4297: 4291: 4285: 4279: 4273: 4264: 4258: 4252: 4246: 4240: 4239: 4229: 4227:10.1038/134237a0 4197: 4191: 4185: 4176: 4170: 4164: 4158: 4149: 4143: 4137: 4131: 4125: 4119: 4113: 4107: 4101: 4095: 4086: 4080: 4074: 4068: 4062: 4056: 4050: 4044: 4038: 4037: 4001: 3995: 3989: 3983: 3977: 3971: 3965: 3959: 3953: 3947: 3946: 3918: 3912: 3906: 3897: 3891: 3885: 3879: 3870: 3864: 3858: 3852: 3846: 3840: 3834: 3828: 3822: 3816: 3810: 3804: 3798: 3792: 3783: 3777: 3771: 3765: 3759: 3753: 3747: 3741: 3735: 3734: 3728: 3726: 3711: 3705: 3699: 3690: 3684: 3678: 3672: 3666: 3665: 3663: 3631: 3625: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3577: 3571: 3570: 3568: 3542: 3521: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3505: 3499: 3485: 3479: 3464: 3432:, (August 1981). 3317:Cities in Flight 3305:Gustaf Skarsgård 3294:Matthew Guinness 3282:Hans Bethe Prize 3259:Hans Bethe House 3244:Bakerian Lecture 3187:Max Planck Medal 3151:Ithaca, New York 2926: 2898:General Electric 2528: 2526: 2525: 2518: 2517: 2502: 2500: 2499: 2492: 2491: 2476: 2474: 2473: 2466: 2465: 2451: 2449: 2448: 2441: 2440: 2427: 2425: 2424: 2416: 2415: 2401: 2399: 2398: 2391: 2390: 2376: 2374: 2373: 2366: 2365: 2344: 2342: 2341: 2334: 2333: 2320: 2318: 2317: 2310: 2309: 2295: 2293: 2292: 2285: 2284: 2269: 2267: 2266: 2259: 2258: 2244: 2242: 2241: 2234: 2233: 2220: 2218: 2217: 2210: 2209: 2195: 2193: 2192: 2185: 2184: 2169: 2167: 2166: 2159: 2158: 2144: 2142: 2141: 2134: 2133: 2120: 2118: 2117: 2109: 2108: 2094: 2092: 2091: 2084: 2083: 2069: 2067: 2066: 2059: 2058: 2037: 2035: 2034: 2027: 2026: 2013: 2011: 2010: 2003: 2002: 1988: 1986: 1985: 1978: 1977: 1962: 1960: 1959: 1952: 1951: 1937: 1935: 1934: 1927: 1926: 1915: 1893: 1891: 1890: 1883: 1882: 1866: 1864: 1863: 1856: 1855: 1841: 1839: 1838: 1831: 1830: 1817: 1815: 1814: 1806: 1805: 1791: 1789: 1788: 1781: 1780: 1765: 1763: 1762: 1755: 1754: 1740: 1738: 1737: 1730: 1729: 1716: 1714: 1713: 1706: 1705: 1691: 1689: 1688: 1681: 1680: 1665: 1663: 1662: 1655: 1654: 1639: 1637: 1636: 1629: 1628: 1615: 1613: 1612: 1605: 1604: 1590: 1588: 1587: 1580: 1579: 1564: 1562: 1561: 1554: 1553: 1539: 1537: 1536: 1529: 1528: 1517: 1504: 1502: 1501: 1493: 1492: 1478: 1476: 1475: 1468: 1467: 1453: 1451: 1450: 1443: 1442: 1428: 1426: 1425: 1418: 1417: 1403: 1401: 1400: 1393: 1392: 1382: 1353:John von Neumann 1317: 1303: 1078:Victor Weisskopf 1020:Arthur Eddington 1004:research fellows 1001: 993:Wolfgang Riezler 974:Patrick Blackett 829: 818: 816:Goethe-Gymnasium 808: 800: 780: 779: 777:Goethe-Gymnasium 729: 637:implosion method 584: 583: 582: 576: 571: 559: 523: 455:Asoke Nath Mitra 412:Doctoral advisor 406: 329: 321: 313: 305: 297: 289: 281: 273: 265: 257: 249: 241: 233: 218: 216: 84:Ithaca, New York 79: 53: 51: 35: 21: 20: 9898: 9897: 9893: 9892: 9891: 9889: 9888: 9887: 9738:German atheists 9648: 9647: 9646: 9636: 9634: 9624: 9622: 9612: 9610: 9598: 9588: 9586: 9578: 9576: 9571: 9557: 9523:RaLa Experiment 9429: 9398: 9363:Project Alberta 9331: 9327:Chien-Shiung Wu 9257:James Rainwater 9192:Richard Feynman 9182:John R. 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Morse 8461:Frederick Seitz 8389: 8354:Harvey Fletcher 8246: 8145: 8140: 8110: 8105: 8043: 8035: 8032:(United States) 8026:(United States) 8004: 8001:(United States) 7985: 7964: 7940: 7937:(Great Britain) 7931:(Great Britain) 7909: 7902: 7872: 7867: 7851: 7835: 7819: 7803: 7787: 7771: 7755: 7739: 7727: 7711: 7699: 7687: 7671: 7659: 7643: 7627: 7615: 7603: 7587: 7571: 7555: 7539: 7523: 7516: 7510: 7494: 7482: 7466: 7457:Cohen-Tannoudji 7450: 7434: 7422: 7410: 7398: 7390: 7382: 7366: 7350: 7334: 7322: 7306: 7298: 7286: 7274: 7266: 7250: 7238: 7222: 7206: 7190: 7178: 7167: 7151: 7139: 7123: 7107: 7099: 7087: 7079: 7071: 7063: 7055: 7039: 7023: 7007: 6999: 6987: 6979: 6967: 6951: 6939: 6923: 6911: 6899: 6891: 6879: 6867: 6856: 6848: 6840: 6832: 6824: 6816: 6808: 6800: 6792: 6786: 6785: 6779: 6778: 6772: 6771: 6763: 6755: 6743: 6731: 6723: 6717: 6716: 6704: 6696: 6690: 6689: 6681: 6673: 6665: 6653: 6645: 6634: 6622: 6614: 6606: 6598: 6590: 6582: 6574: 6566: 6558: 6552: 6551: 6539: 6531: 6523: 6515: 6507: 6499: 6487: 6479: 6471: 6463: 6455: 6447: 6431: 6419: 6411: 6400: 6391: 6330: 6285:Wayback Machine 6132: 6114: 6095: 6076: 6042: 6012: 5989: 5966: 5950: 5928: 5905: 5886: 5881: 5871: 5869: 5864: 5863: 5859: 5849: 5847: 5839: 5838: 5834: 5824: 5822: 5818: 5817: 5813: 5803: 5801: 5797: 5796: 5792: 5782: 5780: 5772: 5771: 5767: 5757: 5755: 5742: 5741: 5737: 5726: 5722: 5712: 5710: 5702: 5701: 5697: 5687: 5685: 5676: 5675: 5671: 5661: 5659: 5657:"Oersted Medal" 5655: 5654: 5650: 5641: 5640: 5636: 5626: 5624: 5615: 5614: 5610: 5602: 5598: 5588: 5586: 5578: 5577: 5573: 5563: 5561: 5552: 5551: 5547: 5537: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5526: 5522: 5512: 5510: 5501: 5500: 5496: 5479: 5475: 5467: 5463: 5455: 5451: 5443: 5439: 5429: 5427: 5419: 5418: 5414: 5404: 5402: 5393: 5392: 5388: 5380: 5376: 5368: 5364: 5354: 5352: 5345:Rhodes, Richard 5342: 5338: 5330: 5326: 5295: 5291: 5242: 5238: 5230: 5226: 5184: 5180: 5172: 5168: 5160: 5156: 5146: 5144: 5139: 5138: 5134: 5126: 5122: 5114: 5110: 5072:Physical Review 5052: 5048: 5040: 5036: 5000:Physical Review 4995: 4988: 4980: 4976: 4968: 4961: 4953: 4949: 4941: 4934: 4926: 4922: 4911: 4907: 4886: 4882: 4874: 4870: 4862: 4858: 4850: 4846: 4838: 4834: 4826: 4822: 4814: 4810: 4802: 4798: 4785: 4778: 4770: 4766: 4758: 4754: 4746: 4739: 4731: 4727: 4719: 4715: 4707: 4703: 4687: 4683: 4673: 4671: 4666: 4665: 4658: 4650: 4646: 4638: 4634: 4626: 4622: 4614: 4610: 4602: 4595: 4558:Physical Review 4550: 4546: 4538: 4534: 4526: 4522: 4514: 4510: 4502: 4495: 4487: 4483: 4475: 4471: 4463: 4459: 4422: 4418: 4385: 4381: 4347: 4337: 4333: 4325: 4321: 4313: 4306: 4298: 4294: 4286: 4282: 4274: 4267: 4259: 4255: 4247: 4243: 4198: 4194: 4186: 4179: 4171: 4167: 4159: 4152: 4144: 4140: 4132: 4128: 4120: 4116: 4108: 4104: 4096: 4089: 4081: 4077: 4069: 4065: 4057: 4053: 4045: 4041: 4002: 3998: 3990: 3986: 3978: 3974: 3966: 3962: 3954: 3950: 3919: 3915: 3907: 3900: 3892: 3888: 3880: 3873: 3865: 3861: 3853: 3849: 3841: 3837: 3829: 3825: 3817: 3813: 3805: 3801: 3793: 3786: 3778: 3774: 3766: 3762: 3754: 3750: 3742: 3738: 3724: 3722: 3713: 3712: 3708: 3700: 3693: 3685: 3681: 3673: 3669: 3661:10.1038/445149a 3632: 3628: 3622:Wayback Machine 3613: 3609: 3578: 3574: 3543: 3534: 3530: 3525: 3524: 3514: 3512: 3497: 3489:McCusker, J. J. 3477: 3469:McCusker, J. J. 3465: 3461: 3456: 3439: 3330: 3290: 3269:in Germany. An 3198:Eddington Medal 3163: 3131: 3106:Nobel laureates 3055: 2988:Gerald E. Brown 2955:. Working with 2949:Keith Brueckner 2933: 2924: 2922:Physical Review 2902:Physical Review 2887:renormalization 2828: 2823: 2734: 2709:Richard Feynman 2705:nuclear fission 2679:Emil Konopinski 2603: 2592:Bethe became a 2583:contract bridge 2568:John N. Bahcall 2560:Physical Review 2553:noted that the 2537:Physical Review 2524: 2522: 2521: 2520: 2516: 2513: 2512: 2511: 2509: 2498: 2496: 2495: 2494: 2490: 2487: 2486: 2485: 2483: 2472: 2470: 2469: 2468: 2464: 2462: 2461: 2460: 2458: 2447: 2445: 2444: 2443: 2439: 2436: 2435: 2434: 2432: 2423: 2420: 2419: 2418: 2414: 2412: 2411: 2410: 2408: 2397: 2395: 2394: 2393: 2389: 2387: 2386: 2385: 2383: 2372: 2370: 2369: 2368: 2364: 2361: 2360: 2359: 2357: 2340: 2338: 2337: 2336: 2332: 2329: 2328: 2327: 2325: 2316: 2314: 2313: 2312: 2308: 2306: 2305: 2304: 2302: 2291: 2289: 2288: 2287: 2283: 2280: 2279: 2278: 2276: 2265: 2263: 2262: 2261: 2257: 2255: 2254: 2253: 2251: 2240: 2238: 2237: 2236: 2232: 2229: 2228: 2227: 2225: 2216: 2214: 2213: 2212: 2208: 2206: 2205: 2204: 2202: 2191: 2189: 2188: 2187: 2183: 2180: 2179: 2178: 2176: 2165: 2163: 2162: 2161: 2157: 2155: 2154: 2153: 2151: 2140: 2138: 2137: 2136: 2132: 2129: 2128: 2127: 2125: 2116: 2113: 2112: 2111: 2107: 2105: 2104: 2103: 2101: 2090: 2088: 2087: 2086: 2082: 2080: 2079: 2078: 2076: 2065: 2063: 2062: 2061: 2057: 2054: 2053: 2052: 2050: 2033: 2031: 2030: 2029: 2025: 2022: 2021: 2020: 2018: 2009: 2007: 2006: 2005: 2001: 1999: 1998: 1997: 1995: 1984: 1982: 1981: 1980: 1976: 1973: 1972: 1971: 1969: 1958: 1956: 1955: 1954: 1950: 1948: 1947: 1946: 1944: 1933: 1931: 1930: 1929: 1925: 1922: 1921: 1920: 1918: 1889: 1887: 1886: 1885: 1881: 1878: 1877: 1876: 1874: 1862: 1860: 1859: 1858: 1854: 1852: 1851: 1850: 1848: 1837: 1835: 1834: 1833: 1829: 1826: 1825: 1824: 1822: 1813: 1810: 1809: 1808: 1804: 1802: 1801: 1800: 1798: 1787: 1785: 1784: 1783: 1779: 1776: 1775: 1774: 1772: 1761: 1759: 1758: 1757: 1753: 1751: 1750: 1749: 1747: 1736: 1734: 1733: 1732: 1728: 1725: 1724: 1723: 1721: 1712: 1710: 1709: 1708: 1704: 1702: 1701: 1700: 1698: 1687: 1685: 1684: 1683: 1679: 1676: 1675: 1674: 1672: 1661: 1659: 1658: 1657: 1653: 1650: 1649: 1648: 1646: 1635: 1633: 1632: 1631: 1627: 1624: 1623: 1622: 1620: 1611: 1609: 1608: 1607: 1603: 1601: 1600: 1599: 1597: 1586: 1584: 1583: 1582: 1578: 1575: 1574: 1573: 1571: 1560: 1558: 1557: 1556: 1552: 1550: 1549: 1548: 1546: 1535: 1533: 1532: 1531: 1527: 1524: 1523: 1522: 1520: 1500: 1497: 1496: 1495: 1491: 1489: 1488: 1487: 1485: 1474: 1472: 1471: 1470: 1466: 1464: 1463: 1462: 1460: 1449: 1447: 1446: 1445: 1441: 1438: 1437: 1436: 1434: 1424: 1422: 1421: 1420: 1416: 1414: 1413: 1412: 1410: 1399: 1397: 1396: 1395: 1391: 1389: 1388: 1387: 1385: 1357:Bengt Strömgren 1325: 1324: 1323: 1322: 1321: 1318: 1309: 1308: 1307: 1304: 1213:Ernest Lawrence 1200: 1143:discovered the 1133:nuclear physics 995: 907: 811:boarding school 750:later in life. 708: 668:nuclear testing 660:Albert Einstein 594:nuclear physics 578: 577: 569: 531: 517: 440:Hildred Blewett 430:Michel Baranger 404: 388: 351:Nuclear physics 335: 327: 319: 311: 303: 295: 287: 279: 271: 267:Eddington Medal 263: 255: 247: 239: 231: 220: 217: 1939) 212: 208: 197: 123:Nuclear physics 108: 102:Alma mater 96: 87: 81: 77: 68: 62:Alsace–Lorraine 55: 49: 47: 46: 45: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9896: 9886: 9885: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9865: 9860: 9855: 9850: 9845: 9840: 9835: 9830: 9825: 9820: 9815: 9810: 9805: 9800: 9795: 9790: 9785: 9780: 9775: 9770: 9765: 9760: 9755: 9750: 9745: 9740: 9735: 9730: 9725: 9720: 9715: 9710: 9705: 9700: 9695: 9690: 9685: 9680: 9675: 9670: 9665: 9660: 9645: 9644: 9632: 9620: 9608: 9596: 9573: 9572: 9562: 9559: 9558: 9556: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9505: 9500: 9493: 9488: 9483: 9478: 9473: 9468: 9466:Chicago Pile-1 9463: 9461:Calutron Girls 9458: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9437: 9435: 9434:Related topics 9431: 9430: 9428: 9427: 9422: 9417: 9412: 9406: 9404: 9400: 9399: 9397: 9396: 9389: 9382: 9375: 9370: 9365: 9360: 9355: 9350: 9345: 9339: 9337: 9333: 9332: 9330: 9329: 9324: 9319: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9297:Stanisław Ulam 9294: 9289: 9284: 9279: 9274: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9254: 9249: 9244: 9239: 9234: 9232:Edwin McMillan 9229: 9224: 9219: 9214: 9209: 9204: 9199: 9194: 9189: 9184: 9179: 9177:Harry Daghlian 9174: 9169: 9167:John Cockcroft 9164: 9162:James Chadwick 9159: 9154: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9128: 9126: 9122: 9121: 9119: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9086:Charles Thomas 9083: 9081:Frank Spedding 9078: 9073: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9041:James Marshall 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9021:Thomas Farrell 9018: 9013: 9008: 9006:Arthur Compton 9003: 8997: 8995: 8994:Administrators 8991: 8990: 8988: 8987: 8982: 8977: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8957: 8952: 8947: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8922: 8917: 8911: 8909: 8905: 8904: 8899: 8896: 8895: 8888: 8887: 8880: 8873: 8865: 8856: 8855: 8853: 8852: 8846: 8840: 8834: 8828: 8822: 8816: 8810: 8804: 8798: 8792: 8786: 8783:Robert L. Byer 8780: 8774: 8768: 8762: 8756: 8750: 8744: 8738: 8732: 8726: 8720: 8713: 8711: 8707: 8706: 8704: 8703: 8697: 8691: 8688:Andrew Sessler 8685: 8679: 8673: 8670:C. Kumar Patel 8667: 8664:Burton Richter 8661: 8655: 8649: 8643: 8637: 8631: 8625: 8619: 8613: 8607: 8604:Robert Marshak 8601: 8595: 8589: 8583: 8577: 8571: 8565: 8558: 8556: 8552: 8551: 8549: 8548: 8542: 8536: 8530: 8524: 8518: 8512: 8506: 8500: 8494: 8488: 8482: 8476: 8470: 8464: 8458: 8452: 8446: 8440: 8434: 8428: 8422: 8416: 8410: 8404: 8397: 8395: 8391: 8390: 8388: 8387: 8381: 8375: 8369: 8363: 8357: 8351: 8345: 8342:Albert W. Hull 8339: 8333: 8330:George Stewart 8327: 8321: 8315: 8309: 8303: 8297: 8291: 8288:Robert W. Wood 8285: 8282:Arthur Compton 8279: 8273: 8267: 8261: 8254: 8252: 8248: 8247: 8245: 8244: 8238: 8232: 8229:Theodore Lyman 8226: 8220: 8214: 8208: 8205:Ernest Merritt 8202: 8196: 8190: 8184: 8178: 8172: 8166: 8160: 8153: 8151: 8147: 8146: 8139: 8138: 8131: 8124: 8116: 8107: 8106: 8104: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8040: 8037: 8036: 8034: 8033: 8027: 8021: 8014: 8012: 8006: 8005: 8003: 8002: 7995: 7993: 7987: 7986: 7984: 7983: 7979: 7977: 7966: 7965: 7963: 7962: 7955: 7953: 7942: 7941: 7939: 7938: 7932: 7926: 7919: 7917: 7911: 7910: 7901: 7900: 7893: 7886: 7878: 7869: 7868: 7866: 7865: 7849: 7833: 7817: 7801: 7785: 7769: 7753: 7737: 7725: 7709: 7697: 7685: 7669: 7657: 7641: 7625: 7613: 7601: 7585: 7569: 7553: 7537: 7520: 7518: 7512: 7511: 7509: 7508: 7492: 7480: 7464: 7448: 7432: 7420: 7408: 7396: 7388: 7380: 7364: 7348: 7332: 7320: 7304: 7296: 7284: 7272: 7264: 7248: 7236: 7220: 7204: 7193:P. W. Anderson 7188: 7175: 7173: 7169: 7168: 7166: 7165: 7149: 7137: 7121: 7105: 7097: 7085: 7077: 7069: 7061: 7053: 7037: 7021: 7014:Goeppert Mayer 7005: 6997: 6985: 6977: 6965: 6949: 6937: 6921: 6909: 6897: 6889: 6877: 6864: 6862: 6858: 6857: 6855: 6854: 6846: 6838: 6830: 6822: 6814: 6806: 6798: 6790: 6783: 6776: 6769: 6761: 6753: 6741: 6738:C. D. Anderson 6729: 6721: 6714: 6702: 6694: 6687: 6679: 6671: 6663: 6651: 6642: 6640: 6636: 6635: 6633: 6632: 6620: 6612: 6604: 6596: 6588: 6580: 6572: 6564: 6556: 6549: 6537: 6529: 6521: 6513: 6505: 6497: 6485: 6477: 6469: 6461: 6453: 6445: 6429: 6417: 6408: 6406: 6402: 6401: 6390: 6389: 6382: 6375: 6367: 6361: 6360: 6349: 6328: 6319: 6297: 6295:Web of Stories 6288: 6275: 6262: 6253: 6244: 6231: 6221:Thomas S. Kuhn 6214: 6209: 6208: 6207: 6197: 6182: 6177: 6171: 6165: 6159: 6153: 6146: 6145: 6131: 6130:External links 6128: 6127: 6126: 6112: 6099: 6093: 6080: 6074: 6054: 6040: 6016: 6010: 5993: 5987: 5971: 5954: 5948: 5932: 5926: 5909: 5903: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5879: 5857: 5832: 5811: 5790: 5765: 5735: 5720: 5695: 5669: 5648: 5634: 5608: 5596: 5571: 5545: 5520: 5494: 5473: 5461: 5449: 5447:, p. 334. 5437: 5412: 5386: 5374: 5372:, p. 266. 5362: 5336: 5332:Bernstein 1980 5324: 5289: 5276:10.1086/306265 5252:(2): 780–789. 5236: 5234:, p. 182. 5224: 5178: 5166: 5154: 5132: 5120: 5116:Bernstein 1980 5108: 5079:(7): 803–804. 5046: 5034: 5007:(4): 339–341. 4986: 4974: 4959: 4955:Bernstein 1980 4947: 4945:, p. 166. 4932: 4928:Bernstein 1980 4920: 4905: 4880: 4868: 4856: 4854:, p. 129. 4844: 4832: 4820: 4808: 4796: 4793:. p. B06. 4776: 4764: 4752: 4737: 4733:Bernstein 1980 4725: 4723:, p. 143. 4713: 4711:, p. 382. 4701: 4689:Truscott, Alan 4681: 4656: 4652:Bernstein 1980 4644: 4642:, p. 149. 4632: 4628:Bernstein 1980 4620: 4616:Bernstein 1980 4608: 4593: 4564:(5): 434–456. 4544: 4532: 4530:, p. 347. 4520: 4508: 4504:Bernstein 1980 4493: 4491:, p. 370. 4481: 4479:, p. 313. 4469: 4457: 4438:(2): 245–390. 4416: 4379: 4331: 4319: 4304: 4302:, p. 136. 4292: 4280: 4278:, p. 279. 4265: 4253: 4241: 4192: 4190:, p. 244. 4177: 4165: 4161:Bernstein 1980 4150: 4138: 4134:Bernstein 1980 4126: 4114: 4110:Bernstein 1980 4102: 4087: 4085:, p. 195. 4075: 4063: 4061:, p. 193. 4051: 4039: 3996: 3994:, p. 187. 3984: 3972: 3960: 3958:, p. 181. 3948: 3929:(3): 325–400. 3913: 3909:Bernstein 1980 3898: 3886: 3884:, p. 142. 3871: 3867:Bernstein 1980 3859: 3855:Bernstein 1980 3847: 3835: 3823: 3819:Bernstein 1980 3811: 3799: 3795:Bernstein 1980 3784: 3772: 3760: 3748: 3746:, p. 117. 3736: 3706: 3691: 3687:Bernstein 1980 3679: 3675:Bernstein 1980 3667: 3626: 3607: 3572: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3522: 3506:1800–present: 3458: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3451: 3450: 3445: 3443:Hydrogen anion 3438: 3435: 3434: 3433: 3418: 3399: 3380: 3365: 3350: 3329: 3326: 3289: 3286: 3191:Franklin Medal 3162: 3159: 3130: 3127: 3086:nuclear energy 3067:Richard Garwin 3054: 3051: 3027:Standard Model 3019:Alexei Smirnov 3011:muon neutrinos 2969:Ludvig Faddeev 2945:nuclear matter 2937:atomic nucleus 2932: 2929: 2827: 2824: 2822: 2819: 2733: 2730: 2622:aerodynamicist 2602: 2599: 2551:Robert Marshak 2530: 2529: 2523: 2514: 2507: 2504: 2497: 2488: 2481: 2478: 2471: 2463: 2456: 2453: 2446: 2437: 2429: 2428: 2421: 2413: 2406: 2403: 2396: 2388: 2381: 2378: 2371: 2362: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2339: 2330: 2322: 2321: 2315: 2307: 2300: 2297: 2290: 2281: 2274: 2271: 2264: 2256: 2249: 2246: 2239: 2230: 2222: 2221: 2215: 2207: 2200: 2197: 2190: 2181: 2174: 2171: 2164: 2156: 2149: 2146: 2139: 2130: 2122: 2121: 2114: 2106: 2099: 2096: 2089: 2081: 2074: 2071: 2064: 2055: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2032: 2023: 2015: 2014: 2008: 2000: 1993: 1990: 1983: 1974: 1967: 1964: 1957: 1949: 1942: 1939: 1932: 1923: 1906:cross sections 1895: 1894: 1888: 1879: 1871: 1868: 1861: 1853: 1846: 1843: 1836: 1827: 1819: 1818: 1811: 1803: 1796: 1793: 1786: 1777: 1770: 1767: 1760: 1752: 1745: 1742: 1735: 1726: 1718: 1717: 1711: 1703: 1696: 1693: 1686: 1677: 1670: 1667: 1660: 1651: 1644: 1641: 1634: 1625: 1617: 1616: 1610: 1602: 1595: 1592: 1585: 1576: 1569: 1566: 1559: 1551: 1544: 1541: 1534: 1525: 1506: 1505: 1498: 1490: 1483: 1480: 1473: 1465: 1458: 1455: 1448: 1439: 1432: 1429: 1423: 1415: 1408: 1405: 1398: 1390: 1319: 1312: 1311: 1310: 1305: 1298: 1297: 1296: 1295: 1294: 1199: 1196: 1137:James Chadwick 1128:Rudolf Peierls 1054:Lloyd P. Smith 978:cloud chambers 911:Erwin Madelung 906: 903: 899:Wolfgang Pauli 872:wave mechanics 848:Walter Gerlach 805:Odenwaldschule 707: 704: 561: 560: 552: 551: 547: 546: 543: 542: 537: 533: 532: 530: 529: 524: 512: 507: 502: 497: 495:John W. Negele 492: 487: 485:Boyce McDaniel 482: 477: 472: 470:Francis E. Low 467: 462: 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 435:David B. Beard 432: 426: 424: 420: 419: 414: 408: 407: 396: 390: 389: 387: 386: 381: 376: 371: 366: 360: 358: 354: 353: 348: 344: 343: 337: 336: 334: 333: 325: 317: 309: 301: 293: 285: 277: 269: 261: 259:Franklin Medal 253: 245: 237: 228: 226: 222: 221: 210: 206: 205: 203: 199: 198: 196: 195: 190: 185: 180: 175: 170: 165: 160: 155: 150: 145: 140: 135: 130: 125: 119: 117: 116:Known for 113: 112: 103: 99: 98: 93: 89: 88: 82: 80:(aged 98) 74: 70: 69: 56: 43: 41: 37: 36: 28: 27: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9895: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9796: 9794: 9791: 9789: 9786: 9784: 9781: 9779: 9776: 9774: 9771: 9769: 9766: 9764: 9761: 9759: 9756: 9754: 9751: 9749: 9746: 9744: 9741: 9739: 9736: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9703:Alsatian Jews 9701: 9699: 9696: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9681: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9669: 9666: 9664: 9661: 9659: 9656: 9655: 9653: 9643: 9633: 9631: 9621: 9619: 9609: 9607: 9602: 9597: 9595: 9585: 9584: 9581: 9570: 9560: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9498: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9481:Franck Report 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9438: 9436: 9432: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9407: 9405: 9401: 9395: 9394: 9390: 9388: 9387: 9383: 9381: 9380: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9343:Alsos Mission 9341: 9340: 9338: 9334: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9317:Robert Wilson 9315: 9313: 9312:Eugene Wigner 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9292:Edward Teller 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9267:Glenn Seaborg 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9237:Mark Oliphant 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9227:Willard Libby 9225: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9137:Robert Bacher 9135: 9133: 9130: 9129: 9127: 9123: 9117: 9116:Roscoe Wilson 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9031:John Lansdale 9029: 9027: 9026:Leslie Groves 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 9001:Vannevar Bush 8999: 8998: 8996: 8992: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8930: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8912: 8910: 8906: 8902: 8897: 8893: 8886: 8881: 8879: 8874: 8872: 8867: 8866: 8863: 8850: 8849:Robert Rosner 8847: 8844: 8841: 8838: 8835: 8832: 8829: 8826: 8823: 8820: 8819:Roger Falcone 8817: 8814: 8811: 8808: 8805: 8802: 8799: 8796: 8793: 8790: 8787: 8784: 8781: 8778: 8775: 8772: 8771:Curtis Callan 8769: 8766: 8763: 8760: 8757: 8754: 8751: 8748: 8747:John Hopfield 8745: 8742: 8739: 8736: 8733: 8730: 8727: 8724: 8721: 8718: 8715: 8714: 8712: 8708: 8701: 8698: 8695: 8692: 8689: 8686: 8683: 8680: 8677: 8674: 8671: 8668: 8665: 8662: 8659: 8656: 8653: 8650: 8647: 8644: 8641: 8638: 8635: 8632: 8629: 8626: 8623: 8620: 8617: 8614: 8611: 8608: 8605: 8602: 8599: 8596: 8593: 8590: 8587: 8584: 8581: 8578: 8575: 8572: 8569: 8566: 8563: 8560: 8559: 8557: 8553: 8546: 8543: 8540: 8539:Pief Panofsky 8537: 8534: 8531: 8528: 8525: 8522: 8521:Robert Serber 8519: 8516: 8513: 8510: 8507: 8504: 8501: 8498: 8495: 8492: 8489: 8486: 8483: 8480: 8479:Robert Bacher 8477: 8474: 8471: 8468: 8465: 8462: 8459: 8456: 8453: 8450: 8447: 8444: 8441: 8438: 8435: 8432: 8429: 8426: 8423: 8420: 8417: 8414: 8411: 8408: 8405: 8402: 8399: 8398: 8396: 8392: 8385: 8382: 8379: 8376: 8373: 8370: 8367: 8364: 8361: 8360:Edward Condon 8358: 8355: 8352: 8349: 8346: 8343: 8340: 8337: 8334: 8331: 8328: 8325: 8322: 8319: 8316: 8313: 8310: 8307: 8304: 8301: 8298: 8295: 8292: 8289: 8286: 8283: 8280: 8277: 8276:Paul D. Foote 8274: 8271: 8268: 8265: 8262: 8259: 8256: 8255: 8253: 8249: 8242: 8241:Dayton Miller 8239: 8236: 8233: 8230: 8227: 8224: 8221: 8218: 8215: 8212: 8209: 8206: 8203: 8200: 8197: 8194: 8191: 8188: 8185: 8182: 8179: 8176: 8173: 8170: 8167: 8164: 8161: 8158: 8155: 8154: 8152: 8148: 8144: 8137: 8132: 8130: 8125: 8123: 8118: 8117: 8114: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8046: 8042: 8041: 8038: 8031: 8028: 8025: 8022: 8019: 8018:Ragnar Granit 8016: 8015: 8013: 8011: 8007: 8000: 7997: 7996: 7994: 7992: 7988: 7981: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7971: 7967: 7960: 7957: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7947: 7943: 7936: 7935:George Porter 7933: 7930: 7927: 7924: 7923:Manfred Eigen 7921: 7920: 7918: 7916: 7912: 7907: 7899: 7894: 7892: 7887: 7885: 7880: 7879: 7876: 7863: 7859: 7855: 7850: 7847: 7843: 7839: 7834: 7831: 7827: 7823: 7818: 7815: 7811: 7807: 7802: 7799: 7795: 7791: 7786: 7783: 7779: 7775: 7770: 7767: 7763: 7759: 7754: 7751: 7747: 7743: 7738: 7735: 7731: 7726: 7723: 7719: 7715: 7710: 7707: 7703: 7698: 7695: 7691: 7686: 7683: 7679: 7675: 7670: 7667: 7663: 7658: 7655: 7651: 7647: 7642: 7639: 7635: 7631: 7626: 7623: 7619: 7614: 7611: 7607: 7602: 7599: 7595: 7591: 7586: 7583: 7579: 7575: 7570: 7567: 7563: 7559: 7554: 7551: 7547: 7543: 7538: 7535: 7531: 7527: 7522: 7521: 7519: 7513: 7506: 7502: 7498: 7493: 7490: 7486: 7481: 7478: 7474: 7470: 7465: 7462: 7458: 7454: 7449: 7446: 7445:R. Richardson 7442: 7438: 7433: 7430: 7426: 7421: 7418: 7414: 7409: 7406: 7402: 7397: 7394: 7389: 7386: 7381: 7378: 7374: 7370: 7365: 7362: 7358: 7354: 7349: 7346: 7342: 7338: 7333: 7330: 7326: 7321: 7318: 7314: 7310: 7305: 7302: 7297: 7294: 7290: 7285: 7282: 7278: 7277:Chandrasekhar 7273: 7270: 7265: 7262: 7258: 7254: 7249: 7246: 7242: 7237: 7234: 7230: 7226: 7221: 7218: 7214: 7210: 7205: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7189: 7186: 7182: 7177: 7176: 7174: 7170: 7163: 7159: 7155: 7150: 7147: 7143: 7138: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7122: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7106: 7103: 7098: 7095: 7091: 7086: 7083: 7078: 7075: 7070: 7067: 7062: 7059: 7054: 7051: 7047: 7043: 7038: 7035: 7031: 7027: 7022: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7006: 7003: 6998: 6995: 6991: 6986: 6983: 6978: 6975: 6971: 6966: 6963: 6959: 6955: 6950: 6947: 6943: 6938: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6922: 6919: 6915: 6910: 6907: 6903: 6898: 6895: 6890: 6887: 6883: 6878: 6875: 6871: 6866: 6865: 6863: 6859: 6852: 6847: 6844: 6839: 6836: 6831: 6828: 6823: 6820: 6815: 6812: 6807: 6804: 6799: 6796: 6791: 6784: 6777: 6770: 6767: 6762: 6759: 6754: 6751: 6750:G. P. Thomson 6747: 6742: 6739: 6735: 6730: 6727: 6722: 6715: 6712: 6708: 6703: 6700: 6695: 6688: 6685: 6680: 6677: 6672: 6669: 6668:O. Richardson 6664: 6661: 6657: 6652: 6649: 6644: 6643: 6641: 6637: 6630: 6626: 6621: 6618: 6613: 6610: 6605: 6602: 6597: 6594: 6589: 6586: 6581: 6578: 6573: 6570: 6565: 6562: 6557: 6550: 6547: 6543: 6538: 6535: 6530: 6527: 6522: 6519: 6514: 6511: 6506: 6503: 6502:Van der Waals 6498: 6495: 6491: 6486: 6483: 6478: 6475: 6470: 6467: 6466:J. J. Thomson 6462: 6459: 6454: 6451: 6446: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6430: 6427: 6423: 6418: 6415: 6410: 6409: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6388: 6383: 6381: 6376: 6374: 6369: 6368: 6365: 6358: 6353: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6337:Sixty Symbols 6334: 6329: 6327: 6323: 6320: 6317: 6313: 6312: 6307: 6303: 6298: 6296: 6292: 6289: 6286: 6282: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6239: 6238:Jagdish Mehra 6235: 6232: 6230: 6226: 6225:Dwinelle Hall 6222: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6205: 6201: 6198: 6195: 6194:The Economist 6191: 6188: 6187: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6175: 6172: 6169: 6166: 6163: 6160: 6157: 6154: 6151: 6148: 6147: 6143: 6138: 6134: 6133: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6109: 6105: 6100: 6096: 6090: 6086: 6081: 6077: 6071: 6066: 6065: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6041:0-521-44132-3 6037: 6032: 6031: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6011:0-8050-6588-1 6007: 6002: 6001: 5994: 5990: 5988:981-256-609-0 5984: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5965: 5964: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5923: 5918: 5917: 5910: 5906: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5887: 5867: 5861: 5846: 5842: 5836: 5821: 5815: 5800: 5794: 5779: 5775: 5769: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5739: 5731: 5724: 5709: 5705: 5699: 5683: 5679: 5673: 5658: 5652: 5644: 5638: 5622: 5618: 5612: 5606:, p. 17. 5605: 5600: 5585: 5581: 5575: 5559: 5555: 5549: 5530: 5524: 5508: 5504: 5498: 5490: 5489: 5484: 5477: 5470: 5465: 5459:, p. 44. 5458: 5457:Schweber 2012 5453: 5446: 5441: 5426: 5422: 5416: 5400: 5396: 5390: 5383: 5378: 5371: 5366: 5350: 5346: 5340: 5333: 5328: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5293: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5240: 5233: 5228: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5187:Bahcall, J.N. 5182: 5175: 5170: 5163: 5158: 5142: 5136: 5129: 5124: 5118:, p. 46. 5117: 5112: 5104: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5073: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5055:Alpher, R. A. 5050: 5043: 5038: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 5001: 4993: 4991: 4984:, p. 15. 4983: 4978: 4971: 4966: 4964: 4956: 4951: 4944: 4943:Schweber 2000 4939: 4937: 4929: 4924: 4917: 4916: 4909: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4892: 4884: 4877: 4872: 4865: 4860: 4853: 4848: 4841: 4836: 4829: 4824: 4817: 4812: 4805: 4800: 4792: 4791: 4783: 4781: 4773: 4768: 4762:, p. 13. 4761: 4756: 4749: 4744: 4742: 4735:, p. 61. 4734: 4729: 4722: 4717: 4710: 4709:Schweber 2012 4705: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4685: 4669: 4663: 4661: 4653: 4648: 4641: 4636: 4629: 4624: 4618:, p. 39. 4617: 4612: 4605: 4604:Schweber 2012 4600: 4598: 4589: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4548: 4541: 4540:Schweber 2012 4536: 4529: 4528:Schweber 2012 4524: 4517: 4516:Schweber 2012 4512: 4505: 4500: 4498: 4490: 4489:Schweber 2012 4485: 4478: 4477:Schweber 2012 4473: 4467:, p. 11. 4466: 4461: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4432: 4427: 4420: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4397:(2): 69–244. 4396: 4392: 4391: 4383: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4360:(2): 82–229. 4359: 4355: 4354: 4346: 4342: 4335: 4328: 4327:Schweber 2012 4323: 4316: 4315:Schweber 2012 4311: 4309: 4301: 4296: 4289: 4288:Schweber 2012 4284: 4277: 4276:Schweber 2012 4272: 4270: 4262: 4261:Schweber 2012 4257: 4250: 4245: 4237: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4212:(3381): 237. 4211: 4207: 4203: 4196: 4189: 4188:Schweber 2012 4184: 4182: 4174: 4173:Schweber 2012 4169: 4163:, p. 35. 4162: 4157: 4155: 4147: 4146:Schweber 2012 4142: 4136:, p. 33. 4135: 4130: 4123: 4122:Schweber 2012 4118: 4112:, p. 32. 4111: 4106: 4099: 4098:Schweber 2012 4094: 4092: 4084: 4083:Schweber 2012 4079: 4072: 4071:Schweber 2012 4067: 4060: 4059:Schweber 2012 4055: 4048: 4047:Schweber 2012 4043: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4000: 3993: 3992:Schweber 2012 3988: 3981: 3980:Schweber 2012 3976: 3969: 3964: 3957: 3956:Schweber 2012 3952: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3925:(in German). 3924: 3917: 3910: 3905: 3903: 3895: 3894:Schweber 2012 3890: 3883: 3882:Schweber 2012 3878: 3876: 3868: 3863: 3856: 3851: 3844: 3843:Schweber 2012 3839: 3833:, p. 93. 3832: 3831:Schweber 2012 3827: 3821:, p. 13. 3820: 3815: 3808: 3807:Schweber 2012 3803: 3796: 3791: 3789: 3782:, p. 45. 3781: 3780:Schweber 2012 3776: 3769: 3768:Schweber 2012 3764: 3757: 3756:Schweber 2012 3752: 3745: 3740: 3733: 3720: 3716: 3710: 3703: 3702:Schweber 2012 3698: 3696: 3688: 3683: 3676: 3671: 3662: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3630: 3623: 3619: 3616: 3611: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3576: 3567: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3553: 3548: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3532: 3511: 3503: 3496: 3495: 3490: 3483: 3476: 3475: 3470: 3463: 3459: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3440: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3420:Bethe, H. A. 3419: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3401:Bethe, H. A. 3400: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3382:Bethe, H. A. 3381: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3352:Bethe, H. A. 3351: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3333:Bethe, H. A. 3332: 3331: 3325: 3323: 3319: 3318: 3313: 3311: 3306: 3302: 3300: 3295: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3251: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3236: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3223:in 1993, the 3222: 3221:Oersted Medal 3219:in 1975, the 3218: 3215:in 1967, the 3214: 3211:in 1963, the 3210: 3209:Rumford Prize 3207:in 1961, the 3206: 3203: 3199: 3196: 3193:in 1959, the 3192: 3189:in 1955, the 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3158: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3135: 3129:Personal life 3125: 3120: 3118: 3113: 3111: 3107: 3102: 3101:Ronald Reagan 3098: 3093: 3091: 3087: 3082: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3059: 3050: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3037: 3033: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 2999: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2976: 2974: 2973:neutron stars 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2928: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2906: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2890: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2855: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2837: 2832: 2818: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2807:Edward Teller 2804: 2800: 2796: 2790: 2788: 2784: 2778: 2776: 2770: 2768: 2764: 2759: 2755: 2749: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2738:hydrogen bomb 2732:Hydrogen bomb 2729: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2697:critical mass 2693: 2691: 2687: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2659:Robert Serber 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2628: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2612: 2607: 2598: 2595: 2590: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2547: 2546:Kristallnacht 2541: 2539: 2538: 2527: 2508: 2505: 2501: 2482: 2479: 2475: 2457: 2454: 2450: 2431: 2430: 2426: 2407: 2404: 2400: 2382: 2379: 2375: 2356: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2343: 2324: 2323: 2319: 2301: 2298: 2294: 2275: 2272: 2268: 2250: 2247: 2243: 2224: 2223: 2219: 2201: 2198: 2194: 2175: 2172: 2168: 2150: 2147: 2143: 2124: 2123: 2119: 2100: 2097: 2093: 2075: 2072: 2068: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2036: 2017: 2016: 2012: 1994: 1991: 1987: 1968: 1965: 1961: 1943: 1940: 1936: 1917: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1907: 1904:and reaction 1903: 1892: 1872: 1869: 1865: 1847: 1844: 1840: 1821: 1820: 1816: 1797: 1794: 1790: 1771: 1768: 1764: 1746: 1743: 1739: 1720: 1719: 1715: 1697: 1694: 1690: 1671: 1668: 1664: 1645: 1642: 1638: 1619: 1618: 1614: 1596: 1593: 1589: 1570: 1567: 1563: 1545: 1542: 1538: 1519: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1503: 1484: 1481: 1477: 1459: 1456: 1452: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1409: 1406: 1402: 1384: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1361:Edward Teller 1358: 1354: 1350: 1349:Donald Menzel 1346: 1342: 1338: 1337:Gregory Breit 1334: 1330: 1316: 1302: 1292: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1276: 1272: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1237:Edward Condon 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1221:Robert Bacher 1218: 1215:, to build a 1214: 1210: 1206: 1198:United States 1195: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1152: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1116: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1074:Robert Bacher 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1046: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1016: 1012: 1009: 1005: 999: 994: 990: 985: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 954: 952: 951: 946: 945:Bethe formula 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 921: 915: 912: 902: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 875: 873: 870:'s papers on 869: 863: 861: 857: 853: 852:Karl Meissner 849: 845: 844:sulfuric acid 841: 837: 833: 828: 827: 820: 817: 812: 807: 806: 799: 798: 792: 791:Bad Kreuznach 788: 784: 778: 771: 769: 764: 755: 751: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 728: 727: 721: 717: 713: 703: 701: 700:Freeman Dyson 695: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 656:hydrogen bomb 652: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 633:critical mass 630: 626: 621: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 588: 581: 575: 567: 558: 553: 548: 544: 541: 540:Freeman Dyson 538: 534: 528: 525: 521: 516: 513: 511: 510:J. J. Sakurai 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 480:Walter McAfee 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 427: 425: 421: 418: 415: 413: 409: 402: 401: 397: 395: 391: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 361: 359: 355: 352: 349: 345: 342: 338: 332: 326: 324: 318: 316: 315:Oersted Medal 310: 308: 302: 300: 294: 292: 286: 284: 283:Rumford Prize 278: 276: 270: 268: 262: 260: 254: 252: 246: 244: 238: 236: 230: 229: 227: 223: 204: 200: 194: 191: 189: 186: 184: 181: 179: 178:Bethe lattice 176: 174: 171: 169: 166: 164: 161: 159: 158:Bethe formula 156: 154: 151: 149: 146: 144: 141: 139: 136: 134: 131: 129: 126: 124: 121: 120: 118: 114: 111: 107: 104: 100: 94: 90: 85: 76:March 6, 2005 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 42: 38: 34: 29: 22: 19: 9553:Y-12 Project 9538:Smyth Report 9533:S-50 Project 9495: 9491:K-25 Project 9420:Pumpkin bomb 9391: 9384: 9377: 9307:John Wheeler 9277:Louis Slotin 9272:Emilio Segrè 9222:George Koval 9202:James Franck 9187:Enrico Fermi 9141: 9132:Luis Alvarez 9091:Paul Tibbets 9066:Deak Parsons 8813:Laura Greene 8777:Barry Barish 8753:Leo Kadanoff 8622:Sidney Drell 8503:John Bardeen 8418: 8413:Enrico Fermi 8075: 7998: 7301:von Klitzing 7293:Van der Meer 7065: 6336: 6309: 6306:"Hans Bethe" 6204:The Guardian 6103: 6084: 6063: 6029: 5999: 5978: 5962: 5939: 5936:Brian, Denis 5915: 5894: 5870:. Retrieved 5860: 5848:. Retrieved 5835: 5823:. Retrieved 5814: 5802:. Retrieved 5793: 5781:. Retrieved 5768: 5756:. Retrieved 5752:the original 5747: 5738: 5729: 5723: 5713:November 26, 5711:. Retrieved 5698: 5688:February 24, 5686:. Retrieved 5682:the original 5672: 5660:. Retrieved 5651: 5637: 5627:February 24, 5625:. Retrieved 5621:the original 5611: 5599: 5587:. Retrieved 5583: 5574: 5564:February 24, 5562:. Retrieved 5558:the original 5548: 5536:. Retrieved 5523: 5511:. Retrieved 5507:the original 5503:"Hans Bethe" 5497: 5488:The Guardian 5486: 5476: 5464: 5452: 5440: 5428:. Retrieved 5415: 5403:. Retrieved 5399:the original 5389: 5377: 5365: 5353:. Retrieved 5339: 5327: 5305:(3): 21–31. 5302: 5298: 5292: 5249: 5245: 5239: 5227: 5194: 5190: 5181: 5169: 5157: 5145:. Retrieved 5135: 5123: 5111: 5076: 5070: 5058: 5049: 5037: 5004: 4998: 4977: 4950: 4923: 4913: 4908: 4889: 4883: 4871: 4859: 4847: 4835: 4823: 4811: 4799: 4788: 4767: 4755: 4728: 4716: 4704: 4696: 4684: 4672:. Retrieved 4647: 4635: 4623: 4611: 4561: 4557: 4547: 4535: 4523: 4511: 4484: 4472: 4460: 4435: 4429: 4419: 4394: 4388: 4382: 4357: 4351: 4334: 4322: 4295: 4283: 4256: 4251:, p. 9. 4244: 4209: 4205: 4195: 4168: 4141: 4129: 4117: 4105: 4078: 4066: 4054: 4042: 4009: 4005: 3999: 3987: 3975: 3970:, p. 7. 3963: 3951: 3926: 3922: 3916: 3889: 3862: 3850: 3838: 3826: 3814: 3802: 3775: 3763: 3751: 3739: 3730: 3723:. Retrieved 3719:the original 3709: 3689:, p. 8. 3682: 3677:, p. 7. 3670: 3643: 3639: 3629: 3610: 3588:(4): 32–40. 3585: 3581: 3575: 3556: 3550: 3515:February 29, 3513:. Retrieved 3493: 3473: 3462: 3315: 3308: 3297: 3291: 3252: 3237: 3164: 3140: 3122: 3117:Gregg Herken 3114: 3094: 3088:. After the 3083: 3064: 3040: 3013:proposed by 3000: 2977: 2934: 2931:Astrophysics 2921: 2918:Ralph Alpher 2914:George Gamow 2907: 2901: 2891: 2883:Hans Kramers 2856: 2841: 2792: 2780: 2772: 2751: 2742:Harry Truman 2735: 2694: 2683: 2663:Stan Frankel 2629: 2616: 2591: 2576: 2559: 2544: 2542: 2535: 2533: 1898: 1509: 1345:George Gamow 1326: 1278: 1273: 1245:Lee DuBridge 1201: 1192:World War II 1188:James Franck 1153: 1117: 1098: 1089: 1081: 1065: 1050:privatdozent 1049: 1047: 1043:eigenvectors 1035:Bethe ansatz 1031:Enrico Fermi 1028: 1010: 1006:, created a 986: 982:relativistic 970:Ralph Fowler 955: 950:habilitation 948: 928: 918: 916: 908: 876: 864: 821: 787:tuberculosis 772: 760: 736:Abraham Kuhn 726:Privatdozent 709: 696: 653: 641:Trinity test 629:atomic bombs 622: 598:astrophysics 565: 564: 465:Roman Jackiw 398: 357:Institutions 340: 183:Bethe ansatz 78:(2005-03-06) 54:July 2, 1906 18: 9663:2005 deaths 9658:1906 births 9368:Silverplate 9322:Leona Woods 9287:Leo Szilard 9262:Bruno Rossi 9207:Klaus Fuchs 9111:Ed Westcott 9101:Harold Urey 8825:David Gross 8801:Sam Aronson 8735:Helen Quinn 8568:George Pake 8485:Felix Bloch 8443:Jesse Beams 8318:John Zeleny 8030:George Wald 7961:(Guatemala) 7906:Nobel Prize 7345:Steinberger 7261:K. Siegbahn 7253:Bloembergen 6974:Chamberlain 6707:Schrödinger 6617:M. Siegbahn 6546:W. H. Bragg 6542:W. L. Bragg 6341:Brady Haran 6229:UC Berkeley 5445:Herken 2002 5349:"Chernobyl" 4424:Bethe, H.; 4339:Bethe, H.; 3486:1700–1799: 3466:1634–1699: 3322:James Blish 3310:Oppenheimer 3299:Oppenheimer 3275:30828 Bethe 3225:Bruce Medal 2984:black holes 2939:was like a 2905:necessary. 2894:Schenectady 2859:Willis Lamb 2797:during the 2701:uranium-235 2690:Felix Bloch 2667:uranium-235 2655:atomic bomb 1285:Oppenheimer 1164:Nevill Mott 1105:Hans Geiger 1062:Karl Scheel 1039:eigenvalues 996: [ 587:theoretical 518: [ 515:Gordon Shaw 500:Mark Nelkin 450:Ajoy Ghatak 323:Bruce Medal 92:Nationality 9652:Categories 9471:Demon core 9415:Little Boy 9336:Operations 9152:Niels Bohr 9142:Hans Bethe 9125:Scientists 9071:Boris Pash 8950:Los Alamos 8807:Homer Neal 8264:Henry Gale 8187:Henry Crew 8175:Carl Barus 7999:Hans Bethe 7946:Literature 7862:L'Huillier 7826:Hasselmann 7782:Strickland 7750:Kosterlitz 7674:Perlmutter 7413:Brockhouse 7118:Schrieffer 6990:Hofstadter 6942:C. N. Yang 6699:Heisenberg 6676:De Broglie 6352:Hans Bethe 6322:Hans Bethe 6185:Obituaries 6142:Hans Bethe 5884:References 5758:October 8, 5382:Bethe 1991 4816:Szasz 1992 3744:Brian 2001 3379:), (1967). 3115:Historian 3110:John Kerry 3043:Kip Thorne 2980:supernovae 2961:scattering 2871:Lamb shift 2867:Paul Dirac 2826:Lamb shift 2821:Later work 2754:communists 2746:Korean War 2686:Los Alamos 2643:waveguides 2579:Paul Ewald 1365:Merle Tuve 1184:Niels Bohr 1180:Hilde Levi 1176:Copenhagen 1008:hoax paper 989:Guido Beck 905:Early work 891:Paul Ewald 840:Otto Szász 797:Realschule 744:Protestant 712:Strasbourg 706:Early life 207:Rose Ewald 58:Strasbourg 50:1906-07-02 25:Hans Bethe 9642:Astronomy 9630:Biography 9513:Plutonium 9379:Enola Gay 9197:Val Fitch 9147:Aage Bohr 9096:Bud Uanna 8965:Oak Ridge 8555:1976–2000 8431:E. Wigner 8394:1951–1975 8251:1926–1950 8150:1899–1925 7925:(Germany) 7915:Chemistry 7908:laureates 7846:Zeilinger 7666:Novoselov 7634:Kobayashi 7558:Abrikosov 7405:J. Taylor 7385:de Gennes 7377:R. Taylor 7269:K. Wilson 7217:R. Wilson 7201:Van Vleck 7172:1976–2000 7162:Rainwater 7158:Mottelson 7134:Josephson 7082:Gell-Mann 7046:Schwinger 7034:Prokhorov 6994:Mössbauer 6954:Cherenkov 6946:T. D. Lee 6870:Cockcroft 6861:1951–1975 6660:C. Wilson 6639:1926–1950 6585:Guillaume 6474:Michelson 6434:Becquerel 6405:1901–1925 6394:Laureates 6206:Newspaper 5589:March 16, 5063:Gamow, G. 5059:Bethe, H. 5029:120434909 4341:Bacher, R 4034:260488517 4012:(2): 37. 3725:April 25, 3528:Citations 3041:In 1996, 3034:(SNO) in 2885:proposed 2717:plutonium 2713:implosion 2671:plutonium 2640:microwave 1217:cyclotron 1149:deuterium 953:in 1930. 925:Stuttgart 832:chemistry 783:Frankfurt 686:and 1972 647:" weapon 643:and the " 590:physicist 550:Signature 9569:Category 9425:Thin Man 9386:Bockscar 8980:Wendover 8960:New York 8955:Montreal 8945:Inyokern 8920:Berkeley 8901:Timeline 8419:H. Bethe 8020:(Sweden) 7854:Agostini 7742:Thouless 7734:McDonald 7722:Nakamura 7690:Wineland 7622:Grünberg 7578:Politzer 7562:Ginzburg 7550:Giacconi 7530:Ketterle 7485:'t Hooft 7469:Laughlin 7461:Phillips 7441:Osheroff 7369:Friedman 7341:Schwartz 7337:Lederman 7257:Schawlow 7233:Weinberg 7042:Tomonaga 6934:Brattain 6926:Shockley 6835:Blackett 6827:Appleton 6819:Bridgman 6766:Lawrence 6746:Davisson 6726:Chadwick 6609:Millikan 6593:Einstein 6482:Lippmann 6450:Rayleigh 6442:M. Curie 6438:P. Curie 6343:for the 6281:Archived 6196:magazine 6122:23901666 6060:(2000). 6050:26764320 6026:(1993). 5938:(2001). 5893:(1980). 5538:June 24, 5284:17502739 5219:10042492 5103:18877094 4588:17835673 4343:(1936). 3618:Archived 3491:(1992). 3471:(1997). 3437:See also 3409:(LANL), 3390:(LANL), 3271:asteroid 3200:and the 3145:and the 2767:idealist 2758:cold war 2613:ID badge 2609:Bethe's 1160:New York 1135:. After 1103:, where 1090:handbuch 1082:handbuch 933:Max Born 887:crystals 877:For his 670:and the 666:against 662:and the 251:ForMemRS 97:American 9606:Physics 9580:Portals 9543:Uranium 9410:Fat Man 9403:Weapons 8975:Trinity 8940:Hanford 8925:Chicago 7991:Physics 7842:Clauser 7806:Penrose 7790:Peebles 7746:Haldane 7714:Akasaki 7702:Englert 7694:Haroche 7678:Schmidt 7638:Maskawa 7590:Glauber 7582:Wilczek 7566:Leggett 7546:Koshiba 7526:Cornell 7517:present 7501:Kroemer 7497:Alferov 7489:Veltman 7473:Störmer 7393:Charpak 7373:Kendall 7357:Dehmelt 7325:Bednorz 7225:Glashow 7213:Penzias 7209:Kapitsa 7181:Richter 7154:A. Bohr 7130:Giaever 7110:Bardeen 7074:Alvarez 7058:Kastler 7050:Feynman 6930:Bardeen 6894:Zernike 6886:Purcell 6656:Compton 6601:N. Bohr 6490:Marconi 6422:Lorentz 6414:Röntgen 6396:of the 6324:at the 5872:July 7, 5850:July 7, 5825:July 7, 5804:July 7, 5783:July 7, 5662:July 7, 5513:July 7, 5430:July 6, 5405:July 6, 5355:July 6, 5307:Bibcode 5264:Bibcode 5199:Bibcode 5147:July 7, 5081:Bibcode 5009:Bibcode 4674:July 7, 4566:Bibcode 4440:Bibcode 4399:Bibcode 4362:Bibcode 4236:4137231 4214:Bibcode 4014:Bibcode 3931:Bibcode 3648:Bibcode 3590:Bibcode 3303:and by 3231:by the 3169:of the 3147:Rockies 3119:wrote: 3036:Ontario 2787:midwife 2721:neutron 2715:of the 2619:Caltech 2506:+ 2480:→ 2455:+ 2405:+ 2380:+ 2354:→ 2299:+ 2273:→ 2248:+ 2199:+ 2173:→ 2148:+ 2098:+ 2073:+ 2047:→ 1992:+ 1966:→ 1941:+ 1873:2 1870:→ 1845:+ 1795:+ 1769:→ 1744:+ 1695:+ 1669:→ 1643:+ 1594:+ 1568:→ 1543:+ 1482:+ 1457:+ 1431:→ 1407:+ 1166:at the 1068:on the 964:at the 748:atheist 720:Germany 676:Kennedy 645:Fat Man 219: 211: 66:Germany 8935:Dayton 8929:Site A 8851:(2023) 8845:(2022) 8839:(2021) 8833:(2020) 8827:(2019) 8821:(2018) 8815:(2017) 8809:(2016) 8803:(2015) 8797:(2014) 8791:(2013) 8785:(2012) 8779:(2011) 8773:(2010) 8767:(2009) 8761:(2008) 8755:(2007) 8749:(2006) 8743:(2005) 8737:(2004) 8731:(2003) 8725:(2002) 8719:(2001) 8702:(2000) 8696:(1999) 8690:(1998) 8684:(1997) 8678:(1996) 8672:(1995) 8666:(1994) 8660:(1993) 8654:(1992) 8648:(1991) 8642:(1990) 8636:(1989) 8630:(1987) 8624:(1986) 8618:(1985) 8612:(1984) 8606:(1983) 8600:(1982) 8594:(1981) 8588:(1980) 8582:(1979) 8576:(1978) 8570:(1977) 8564:(1976) 8547:(1975) 8541:(1974) 8535:(1973) 8529:(1972) 8523:(1971) 8517:(1970) 8511:(1969) 8505:(1968) 8499:(1967) 8493:(1966) 8487:(1965) 8481:(1964) 8475:(1963) 8469:(1962) 8463:(1961) 8457:(1960) 8451:(1959) 8445:(1958) 8439:(1957) 8433:(1956) 8427:(1955) 8421:(1954) 8415:(1953) 8409:(1952) 8403:(1951) 8386:(1950) 8380:(1949) 8374:(1948) 8368:(1947) 8362:(1946) 8356:(1945) 8350:(1944) 8344:(1943) 8338:(1942) 8332:(1941) 8326:(1941) 8320:(1940) 8314:(1939) 8308:(1938) 8302:(1937) 8296:(1936) 8290:(1935) 8284:(1934) 8278:(1933) 8272:(1931) 8266:(1929) 8260:(1927) 8243:(1925) 8237:(1923) 8231:(1921) 8225:(1919) 8219:(1918) 8213:(1916) 8207:(1914) 8201:(1913) 8195:(1911) 8189:(1909) 8183:(1907) 8177:(1905) 8171:(1903) 8165:(1901) 8159:(1899) 7858:Krausz 7852:2023: 7838:Aspect 7836:2022: 7830:Manabe 7822:Parisi 7820:2021: 7810:Genzel 7804:2020: 7798:Queloz 7788:2019: 7778:Mourou 7774:Ashkin 7772:2018: 7766:Thorne 7762:Barish 7756:2017: 7740:2016: 7730:Kajita 7728:2015: 7712:2014: 7700:2013: 7688:2012: 7672:2011: 7660:2010: 7644:2009: 7628:2008: 7616:2007: 7606:Mather 7604:2006: 7598:Hänsch 7588:2005: 7572:2004: 7556:2003: 7540:2002: 7534:Wieman 7524:2001: 7495:2000: 7483:1999: 7467:1998: 7451:1997: 7437:D. 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