397:, making their way to City Hall. They pushed their way to the top of the front steps as some chanted "Hey, hey, whattya say? We support the USA", while others held American flags. The workers attempted to gain entrance, demanding the flag above City Hall be raised to whole staff. Police on duty at City Hall, and reinforcements, were able to stop them from getting inside. A few workers were asked to enter the building to calm tensions. One postal worker, who was already inside, went to the roof and raised the U.S. flag there to full mast. When one mayoral aide lowered the flag back down to half-mast, hundreds of construction workers stormed the area around City Hall, leading to a melee similar to the one on Wall Street the hour prior. Deputy Mayor Richard Aurelio, fearing the building would be overrun by the mob, ordered city workers to raise the flag back to full mast.
57:
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385:, converged on the student protest from four directions. Some construction workers carried U.S. flags and chanted, "USA, All the way" and "America, love it or leave it." Anti-war protesters shouted, "Peace now." More than 800 office workers soon joined the construction workers' ranks. Hundreds more construction workers arrived around noon, as the lunchtime crowd and onlookers in the streets exceeded 20,000. A thin and inadequate line of
424:—hardly a hotbed of activism. More than 100 people were injured, including seven policemen. Most of the injured required hospital treatment. The most common victim was a "22-year-old white male collegian" and the worst injuries were to the "half-dozen young men beaten unconscious," but about one in four of the injured were women. Six people were arrested, but only one construction worker was arrested by police.
464:, and in August 1970 the NYPD published a report that largely acquitted itself of any collusion with the construction workers though its own records were decades later shown to undercut that report. The construction workers and police were both mostly "white ethnics", lived in the same neighborhoods, and socialized in similar establishments; many were also veterans of
835:"pscale whites were slightly more in favor of escalating the war in Cambodia, compared to downscale whites"—and like most Americans in 1970, blue-collar whites also saw the war as a "mistake", but the "anti-war movement was less popular than the Vietnam War" among all Americans, and particularly blue-collar whites by 1970.
493:
protested against
Lindsay on May 11, holding signs reading, "Impeach the Red Mayor" and chanting, "Lindsay is a bum." They held another rally May 16, carrying signs calling Lindsay a "rat", "commie rat" and "traitor". Mayor Lindsay described the mood of the city as "taut". The rallies culminated in a
459:
by anti-war demonstrators. He also denied that anything except fists had been used against the demonstrators, though police records showed tools and some iron pipes were used. Brennan claimed telephone calls and letters to the unions were 20 to 1 in favor of the workers. One man, Edward Shufro, of
389:
police officers, who were largely sympathetic to the workers' position, formed to separate them from the protesters. Construction workers then broke through the police lines and began chasing students through the streets. Workers attacked those who looked like hippies and beat them with their hard
451:
Mayor
Lindsay severely criticized the NYPD for their lack of action. NYPD leaders later accused Lindsay of "undermining the confidence of the public in its police department" by his statements, and blamed their inaction on inadequate preparations and "inconsistent directives" in the past from the
332:
within the anti-war movement and perceived rejection of returning veterans, a disproportionate majority of whom were blue-collar, blue-collar whites came to oppose the anti-war demonstrators, who tended to be college-educated, a group which were disproportionately non-veterans.
433:
1136:"Edward Shufro, of the brokerage firm Rose and Ehrman, watched through binoculars two men in grey suits who, he said, seemed to be directing the workers". See Bigart, "War Foes Here Attacked By Construction Workers", nytimes.com, May 9, 1970.
494:
large rally on May 20 in which an estimated 150,000 construction workers, longshoremen and others rallied outside City Hall. When the workers later marched down
Broadway, many office workers in surrounding buildings showed their support by
349:
for the four dead students at Kent State. By late morning, after some high school students, teachers and others joined, more than a thousand protesters were gathered in the street in front of
Federal Hall and on the steps around
509:
and presented him with several ceremonial hardhats and a flag pin. Nixon said he sought to honor those “labor leaders and people from Middle
America who still have character and guts and a bit of patriotism.” Nixon's
715:
32:
313:, and the vice president of the New York City Central Labor Council and the New York State AFL–CIO, umbrella groups for all labor unions in these respective areas. Brennan was a registered
328:
and male. Although blue-collar whites were not generally more pro-war than upscale whites, the anti-war movement was particularly unpopular among blue collar whites. In response to
549:’s everyman first turned against the liberalism that once had championed him" and Nixon "moved the Republican Party from blue bloods to blue collars". In their reviews of
482:
wrote in his diary, "The college demonstrators have overplayed their hands, evidence is the blue-collar group rising up against them, and president can mobilize them".
309:
and ending U.S. involvement in the war. He was also president of the
Building and Construction Trades Council of New York, the statewide umbrella group for construction
1766:
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who had lobbied strongly for that party through the 1950s and 1960s, but increasingly supported
Republican candidates as support for skilled labor unions decreased.
1950:
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the brokerage firm Rose and Ehrman, saw two men wearing grey suits directing the workers. The NYPD "buried most records of police malfeasance", according to Kuhn's
631:
170:. Some construction workers carried U.S. flags and chanted, "USA, All the way" and "America, love it or leave it." Anti-war protesters shouted, “Peace now."
448:, Nixon told some protesters that, "I understand just how you feel" and defended the recent troop movements into Cambodia as aiding their goal of peace.
61:
Hard hats on cabinet table after Nixon meeting with and supporting construction trades group less than three weeks after the New York City Hard Hat Riot
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The following week, Brennan claimed that "the unions had nothing to do with" the riot and that workers were allegedly "fed up" with violence and
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200:. Six people were arrested, but only one of them was a construction worker associated with the rioters. Nixon invited the hardhat leaders to
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Rioting construction workers, many of them
Catholic "white ethnics", also attacked buildings near City Hall. Several workmen ripped the
1303:
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During a press conference that evening, President Nixon tried to defuse the situation before tens of thousands of students arrived in
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collided that day, presaging the long
Democratic civil war ahead", and that the riot and demonstrations after captured the "era when
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hats and other weapons, including tools and steel-toe boots. Victims and onlookers reported that the police stood by and did little.
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522:, identified Brennan as a friendly labor leader due to his role in organizing the counter-protests in the weeks after the riot.
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On May 26, Brennan led a delegation of 22 union leaders, who represented more than 300,000 tradesmen, to meet with Nixon at the
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1083:"P.B.A BLAMES CITY IN REPLY TO MAYOR ON LAXITY CHARGE; City Hall Directive Called 'Inconsistent' as Guide in Attack by Workers"
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305:, president of the Building and Construction Trades Council of Greater New York, was a strong supporter of Nixon's policy of
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Brennan later organized significant union political support for Nixon in the 1972 election. Nixon appointed
Brennan as his
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1125:"Head of Building Trades Unions Here Says Response Favors Friday's Action; 20-1 Endorsement Cited In Phone Calls and Mail"
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and smaller clashes between construction workers and anti-war demonstrators. As a show of sympathy for the dead students,
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and Long Island and in turn helped fuel local activism. In the days before the riot, there were anti-war protests on
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and lasted more than three hours. Around 100 people, including seven policemen, were injured on what became known as
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518:, who organized the meeting and was later in charge of developing a strategy to win union support for Nixon in the
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At 7:30 a.m. on May 8, several-hundred anti-war protesters, mostly college students, began picketing the
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characterized the riot as "a blue-collar rampage whose effects still ripple, not the least of them being
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Freeman, Joshua B. "Hardhats: Construction Workers, Manliness, and the 1970 Pro-War Demonstrations",
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408:, because the flag was associated with the anti-war protestors, though it was planted to signal a
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Perlmutter, Emanuel. "Head of Building Trades Unions Here Says Response Favors Friday's Action",
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The Hardhat Riot: Nixon, New York City, and the Dawn of the White Working-Class Revolution
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The Hardhat Riot: Nixon, New York City, and the Dawn of the White Working-Class Revolution
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The Hardhat Riot: Nixon, New York City, and the Dawn of the White Working-Class Revolution
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The Hardhat Riot: Nixon, New York City, and the Dawn of the White Working-Class Revolution
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The Hardhat Riot: Nixon, New York City, and the Dawn of the White Working-Class Revolution
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The Hardhat Riot: Nixon, New York City, and the Dawn of the White Working-Class Revolution
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The Hardhat Riot: Nixon, New York City, and the Dawn of the White Working-Class Revolution
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The Hardhat Riot: Nixon, New York City, and the Dawn of the White Working-Class Revolution
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The Hardhat Riot: Nixon, New York City, and the Dawn of the White Working-Class Revolution
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The Hardhat Riot: Nixon, New York City, and the Dawn of the White Working-Class Revolution
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The Hardhat Riot: Nixon, New York City, and the Dawn of the White Working-Class Revolution
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The Hardhat Riot: Nixon, New York City, and the Dawn of the White Working-Class Revolution
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The Hardhat Riot: Nixon, New York City, and the Dawn of the White Working-Class Revolution
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The Hardhat Riot: Nixon, New York City, and the Dawn of the White Working-Class Revolution
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The Hardhat Riot: Nixon, New York City, and the Dawn of the White Working-Class Revolution
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The Hardhat Riot: Nixon, New York City, and the Dawn of the White Working-Class Revolution
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The Hardhat Riot: Nixon, New York City, and the Dawn of the White Working-Class Revolution
8:
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1044:"NIXON DEFENDS CAMBODIA DRIVE AS AIDING STUDENTS' PEACE AIM; says pullout will begin soon
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Naughton, James M. "Construction Union Chief in New York Is Chosen to Succeed Hodgson",
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Shortly before noon, more than 400 construction workers, many of whom were building the
1905:
1592:
1172:, The Wall Street Journal book review of The Hardhat Riot; accessed September 11, 2020.
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499:
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472:, and both were also disproportionately likely to have family and friends in Vietnam.
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haven. Several groups of construction workers stormed the newly-built main building at
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and around 800 office workers attacked around 1,000 demonstrators affiliated with the
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Peter J. Brennan, U.S. Secretary of Labor during the Nixon and Ford administrations.
2021:
1915:
1624:
717:, The Washington Post book review of The Hardhat Riot; accessed September 11, 2020.
456:
441:
329:
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78:
1361:, The New York Daily News review of The Hardhat Riot; accessed September 11, 2020.
959:. Oxford University Press. pp. Part Two of the book, notable pages 176, 197.
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was among the speakers. The protesters demanded an end to the war, the release of
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Stetson, Damon. "Brennan Reports Labor Leaders Favoring Nixon Are Organizing",
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McFadden, Robert D. "Peter Brennan, 78, Union Head and Nixon's Labor Chief",
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New York City's building and construction unions were overwhelmingly white,
1975:
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706:, The Daily Beast excerpt of The Hardhat Riot; accessed September 11, 2020.
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wrote that the riot "changed American politics, perhaps forever" and, in
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Bigart, Homer. "Huge City Hall Rally Backs Nixon's Indochina Policies",
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afterward as a reward for his support and he was retained by President
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421:
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1103:. Oxford University Press. pp. Part Three, key pages: 231, 241.
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wrote of the riot that it was the day when the Old Left attacked the
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and an end to military-related research on all university campuses.
1871:
1813:
1325:"Construction Union Chief in New York Is Chosen to Succeed Hodgson"
934:. Oxford University Press. pp. Part Two, key pages: 189, 352.
636:
538:
1514:
Stetson, Damon. "200 Labor Chiefs in City Form Nixon Committee",
1405:
Bigart, Homer. "War Foes Here Attacked By Construction Workers",
393:
Hundreds of construction workers and counter-protesters moved up
1772:
1493:
Semple, Jr., Robert B. "Nixon Meets Heads Of 2 City Unions",
1317:"Brennan Reports Labor Leaders Favoring Nixon Are Organizing"
432:
420:, business-oriented school where the most popular major was
1500:
Shabecoff, Philip. "Brennan Choice Called Political Move",
236:. One of the dead was Jeffrey Glenn Miller, who was from a
221:
1767:
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District
1553:
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
1434:(paperback ed.) New York: International Publishers, 1989;
1951:
National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam
1451:
Kifner, John. "4 Kent State Students Killed by Troops",
984:. Oxford University Press. pp. 141–144, 214, 236.
794:"Peter Brennan, 78, Union Head and Nixon's Labor Chief"
662:. Oxford University Press. pp. 141–144, 214, 236.
1214:. New York. Associated Press. May 20, 1970. p. 3.
632:
List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
173:
The riot, first breaking out near the intersection of
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and thus strongly supported military involvement in
1343:"The Day the White Working Class Turned Republican"
1229:"Thousands Assail Lindsay In 2d Protest by Workers"
1208:"150,000 New York workers join in pro-Nixon parade"
1057:"Police Assailed by Mayor On Laxity at Peace Rally"
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698:
533:into 1975, following Nixon's resignation. The book
1242:"Thousands in City March To Assail Lindsay on War"
751:Kifner, "4 Kent State Students Killed by Troops",
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627:List of incidents of civil unrest in New York City
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1258:. Oxford University Press. pp. Chapter 23.
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1680:April 15, 1967 Anti-Vietnam war demonstrations
16:1970 riot in New York, New York, United States
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1327:, nytimes.com, November 30, 1972; Shabecoff,
1323:, nytimes.com, September 28, 1972; Naughton,
1283:. Oxford University Press. pp. 252–253.
1150:. Oxford University Press. pp. 238–239.
1009:. Oxford University Press. pp. 224–225.
851:. Oxford University Press. pp. 70, 276.
823:. Oxford University Press. pp. 70, 276.
731:. Oxford University Press. pp. 120–131.
1726:1968 Democratic National Convention protests
1319:, nytimes.com, September 9, 1972; Stetson,
573:’s improbable ascension to the presidency".
444:for a scheduled protest rally the next day.
293:and most U.S. labor leaders were vehemently
1921:Fifth Avenue Vietnam Peace Parade Committee
1462:, New York: Oxford University Press, 2020.
345:, and later held a protest and memorial at
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2068:Riots and civil disorder in New York City
1414:Biographical Dictionary of American Labor
876:. Oxford University Press. pp. 7–9.
807:Biographical Dictionary of American Labor
498:. One magazine coined the day, "Workers'
159:, following the April 30 announcement by
151:. The students were protesting the May 4
2078:Right-wing populism in the United States
2063:Labor-related riots in the United States
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1186:. Oxford University Press. p. 277.
769:. Oxford University Press. p. 276.
692:, chnm.gmu.edu; accessed April 23, 2016.
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364:political prisoners in the United States
1669:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence
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496:showering the marchers with ticker tape
485:Several thousand construction workers,
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1375:. Oxford University Press. p. 3.
1329:"Brennan Choice Called Political Move"
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244:, which led to funeral proceedings in
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234:U.S. incursions into neutral Cambodia
2093:May 1970 events in the United States
2058:Political riots in the United States
1793:Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam
1740:Columbia University protests of 1968
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1070:5 Police Groups Rebut Critical Mayor
278:was deeply divided over support for
204:, and accepted a hardhat from them.
129:NYC union trade/construction workers
230:U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War
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1946:Movement for a Democratic Military
1616:1965 March against the Vietnam War
1244:, nytimes.com, May 16, 1970, p. 11
1072:, nytimes.com, May 12, 1970, p. 18
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1966:Students for a Democratic Society
1231:, nytimes.com, May 12, 1970, p. 1
1059:, nytimes.com, May 10, 1970, p. 1
228:as they demonstrated against the
168:U.S. invasion of neutral Cambodia
2048:Protests against the Vietnam War
1986:Vietnam Veterans Against the War
1588:Draft evasion in the Vietnam War
1341:Haberman, Clyde (July 1, 2020).
1331:, nytimes.com, December 1, 1972.
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1981:United States Servicemen's Fund
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1855:Winter Soldier Investigation
1675:Court-martial of Howard Levy
1127:, nytimes.com, May 12, 1970.
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1911:Concerned Officers Movement
1732:The whole world is watching
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872:Kuhn, David Paul (2020).
847:Kuhn, David Paul (2020).
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149:student strike of 1970
91:; 54 years ago
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1685:March on the Pentagon
1518:, September 28, 1972.
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1511:, September 9, 1972.
1483:, November 30, 1972.
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1081:Michael T. Kaufman.
619:United States portal
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491:white-collar workers
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153:Kent State shootings
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1961:Stop Our Ship (SOS)
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1412:Fink, Gary M., ed.
683:Profile of incident
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475:On Sunday, May 10,
368:Black Panther Party
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1814:Free The Army tour
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1458:Kuhn, David Paul.
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551:The Hardhat Riot
535:The Hardhat Riot
462:The Hardhat Riot
457:flag desecration
452:mayor's office.
442:Washington, D.C.
330:flag desecration
303:Peter J. Brennan
212:On May 4, 1970,
202:Washington, D.C.
99:
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89:May 8, 1970
59:
39:
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1926:Fort Hood Three
1893:
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1878:Pentagon Papers
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1750:Presidio mutiny
1714:
1710:self-immolation
1663:Angry Arts week
1651:
1642:Fort Hood Three
1629:Norman Morrison
1599:
1562:
1555:
1550:
1497:, May 27, 1970.
1490:, May 12, 1970.
1474:New York Times.
1418:Greenwood Press
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527:labor secretary
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430:
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339:
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267:to be flown at
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183:Lower Manhattan
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902:New York Times
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883:978-0190064716
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516:Charles Colson
480:H. R. Haldeman
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307:Vietnamization
299:Southeast Asia
295:anti-communist
276:labor movement
254:New York Mayor
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137:Hard Hat Riot
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42:Hard Hat Riot
40:
34:
30:
29:
25:
19:
1976:The Newsreel
1876:
1864:
1833:
1788:Days of Rage
1765:
1707:Nhat Chi Mai
1697:
1691:Flower Power
1690:
1515:
1508:
1501:
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1409:May 9, 1970.
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487:longshoremen
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466:World War II
461:
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418:conservative
399:
392:
380:
360:Paul O'Dwyer
347:Federal Hall
340:
319:
291:George Meany
273:
257:John Lindsay
211:
197:
191:conservative
179:Broad Street
172:
139:occurred in
136:
134:
126:Perpetrators
47:Part of the
26:
18:
1647:Human Be-In
1604:Before 1967
543:liberalisms
531:Gerald Ford
507:White House
376:Bobby Seale
372:Huey Newton
326:blue-collar
250:Wall Street
242:Long Island
175:Wall Street
157:Vietnam War
22:‹ The
2083:1970 riots
2042:Categories
1892:People and
1621:Alice Herz
1563:and events
1393:References
792:McFadden,
422:accounting
289:president
269:half-staff
261:Republican
240:suburb on
208:Background
96:1970-05-08
1315:Stetson,
1042:Frankel,
500:Woodstock
428:Aftermath
410:first aid
402:Red Cross
280:President
274:The U.S.
246:Manhattan
161:President
31:is being
1872:FTA Show
1561:Protests
1420:, 1984;
896:Bigart,
686:Archived
637:New Left
577:See also
539:New Left
395:Broadway
370:leaders
366:such as
337:The riot
322:Catholic
315:Democrat
155:and the
79:New York
75:New York
67:Location
35:. ›
24:template
2005:Related
1996:Yippies
1571:General
1033:, 1989.
1029:Foner,
809:, 1984.
358:member
287:AFL–CIO
166:of the
118:Injured
94: (
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805:Fink,
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553:, the
311:unions
110:Deaths
81:, U.S.
1693:photo
1635:1965
643:Notes
470:Korea
1848:1971
1802:1970
1759:1969
1719:1968
1656:1967
1464:ISBN
1436:ISBN
1422:ISBN
1377:ISBN
1285:ISBN
1260:ISBN
1188:ISBN
1152:ISBN
1105:ISBN
1011:ISBN
986:ISBN
961:ISBN
936:ISBN
878:ISBN
853:ISBN
825:ISBN
771:ISBN
733:ISBN
664:ISBN
489:and
468:and
387:NYPD
374:and
259:, a
232:and
222:Ohio
177:and
135:The
121:100+
86:Date
547:FDR
502:".
224:by
220:in
181:in
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