413:, did not have a single fixed composition, as had been assumed. After carrying out analyses of the chemical composition of hundreds of different meteorites, they reported that chondrites fell into two distinguishable groups, high iron (H) and low iron (L) chondrites. Their work "underscored the value of reliable chemical data" and led to significant improvements in data analysis in the field. It led to a better understanding of the materials and processes involved in forming planets.
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is considered a foundational accomplishment for its studies of C and C in a wide range of natural materials, including everything from ocean water to the atmosphere; volcanic gases; plants, coal, diamonds, and petroleum; sediments, igneous rocks and meteorites. His theory has been applied to applications as varied as determining food chains and the identifying the sources of stone for ancient statues.
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solid earth." It was the first time that the prize had gone to a geochemist. Craig was quoted as saying "The Prize's most significant effect was to establish that
Geochemistry, especially Isotope Geochemistry, which began in 1947, had come of age and is a mature science. This was much more important than the specific person chosen for the award."
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for
Geochemistry, from the International Balzan Foundation of Milan, Italy. The Foundation commended him as "a pioneer in earth sciences who uses the varied tools of isotope geochemistry to solve problems of fundamental scientific importance and immediate relevance in the atmosphere, hydrosphere and
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Programme (geochemical ocean sections study) to investigate the chemical and isotopic properties of the world's oceans. GEOSECS produced the most complete set of ocean chemistry data ever collected. In 1971, as part of the
Antipode Expedition, Craig and his colleagues gathered hydrographic casts and
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as a basis for future researches involving the carbon system. The masses of carbon dioxide that are produced by O and O were used to calculate respective masses. Craig's study of the carbon isotope produced corrections that deal with mass fractionation and radiocarbon ages. Craig's thesis work
321:, led the first professional American stock theater company to travel to France and entertain troops at the front. While they entertained the troops, their sons Harmon Bushnell Craig (1895-1917) and John Richard Craig, Jr. (1896-1945) served in the war effort. John Craig, Jr. received a French
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Jenkins, William J.; Doney, Scott C.; Fendrock, Michaela; Fine, Rana; Gamo, Toshitaka; Jean-Baptiste, Philippe; Key, Robert; Klein, Birgit; Lupton, John E.; Newton, Robert; Rhein, Monika; Roether, Wolfgang; Sano, Yuji; Schlitzer, Reiner; Schlosser, Peter; Swift, Jim (5 April 2019).
694:
Harmon's curiosity and sense of adventure knew no bounds... His drive for scientific achievement was unparalleled in my experience. The ocean and earth science world has lost a truly spirited adventurer and one of the greatest geochemists of the 20th century. –
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Tambakopoulos, Dimitris; Stefanidou-Tiveriou, Theodosia; Papagianni, Eleni; Maniatis, Yannis (23 October 2017). "Provenance investigation of Roman marble sarcophagi from
Nicopolis, Epirus, Greece: revealing a strong artistic and trade connection with Athens".
1962:
Technical Report No.7, Investigation of radon and helium as possible fluid-phase precursors to earthquakes. Technical Report No. 2, Additional task: Radon, helium and geochemical monitoring on the
Palmdale
556:, developing a monitoring network at thermal springs and wells near major fault lines in southernmost California. In 1979, he detected an increase in radon and helium as a precursor to an earthquake near
371:. Craig credits Urey with giving him valuable advice on how to choose scientific problems: "If you go into a project, it's got to be a scientific problem that has rooms that continue into other rooms."
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describing the occurrence of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in terrestrial waters. Craig also established the oxygen isotope shift in geothermal and volcanic fluids, demonstrating that the water is
581:. There he discovered hydrothermal vents nearly 3700m deep. Craig proved that there was excess He instead of He, affecting the understanding for ocean circulation and seafloor spreading.
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by measuring their helium 3 to helium 4 ratio, identifying the higher helium 3 content present in the hotspots as primordial helium, trapped in the Earth's core when it was first formed.
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In a long-term project, Harmon Craig and
Valerie Craig (his wife) used carbon and oxygen isotopes to identify the sources of the marble used in ancient Greek sculptures and temples.
483:, and the use of isotopes for paleoenvironmental reconstructions. The work he presented with Louis I. Gordon on isotopic fractionation of the phase changes in water is known as the
310:, to John Richard Craig, Jr. (1896-1945) and his wife Virginia (Stanley) Craig. He was named after his uncle, Harmon Bushnell Craig (1895-1917), but does not use his middle name.
487:. The model is applied to problems in watershed and ecosystem studies such as the calculation of evaporation. It has been called "a corner stone of isotope geochemistry."
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in 1979. Craig won the VM Goldschmidt Medal of the
Geochemical Society in 1979, the National Science Foundation's Special Creativity Award in Oceanography in 1982 and the
1986:
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Craig, H.; Gordon, L. I.; Horibe, Y. (1 September 1963). "Isotopic exchange effects in the evaporation of water: 1. Low-temperature experimental results".
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Craig and coworkers studied the isotopic composition of atmospheric and dissolved oxygen in the composition of dissolved gases, where he discovered the
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Giggenbach, W.F. (November 1992). "Isotopic shifts in waters from geothermal and volcanic systems along convergent plate boundaries and their origin".
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471:, using it to spend a year at the Istituto de Geologia Nucleare, Pisa, Italy. He described a framework for studying the isotopic composition of the
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Craig, Harmon (January 1957). "Isotopic standards for carbon and oxygen and correction factors for mass-spectrometric analysis of carbon dioxide".
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During the 1950s Craig measured variations in the concentrations of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in natural waters. In 1961, Craig identified the
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and the intake in the ocean mixed layer. Craig determined by measuring that the element, Pb is rapidly scavenged by sinking particulate matter.
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Strauch, Gerhard; Gonfiantini, Roberto (March 2008). "Another special issue: 40 years Craig–Gordon model of isotope fractionation of water".
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Craig, Harmon (February 1957). "The
Natural Distribution of Radiocarbon and the Exchange Time of Carbon Dioxide Between Atmosphere and Sea".
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340:. They had three children: Harmon (named after his uncle), John Richard III (named after his father and grandfather), and Stanley Craig.
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Oral history interview transcript with Harmon Craig on 29 April 1996, American
Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives
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Craig, H.; Gordon, L.I. (1965). "Deuterium and oxygen 18 variations in the ocean and the marine atmosphere". In
Tongiorgi, E. (ed.).
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1823:"2I0Pb and210Po in the equatorial Pacific and the Bering Sea: the effects of biological productivity and boundary scavenging"
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who helped found schools for freed slaves. His mother's involvement with the Quakers was a strong influence on Harmon Craig.
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by measuring helium 3 and radon emitted from seafloor spreading centers. He made 17 dives to the bottom of the ocean in the
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Stable Isotopes in Oceanographic Studies and Paleotemperatures, Proceedings of the Third Spoleto Conference, Spoleto, ltaly
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Stable Isotopes in Oceanographic Studies and Paleotemperatures, Proceedings of the Third Spoleto Conference, Spoleto, ltaly
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Jarosewich, Eugene (December 1990). "Chemical analyses of meteorites: A compilation of stony and iron meteorite analyses".
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433:, one of them a portable unit. As a professor of geochemistry and oceanography at Scripps, Craig developed new methods in
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Craig, H.; Horibe, Y.; Sowers, T. (23 December 1988). "Gravitational Separation of Gases and Isotopes in Polar Ice Caps".
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Craig, H.; Krishnaswami, S.; Somayajulu, B.L.K. (January 1973). "210Pb226Ra: Radioactive disequilibrium in the deep sea".
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Urey, Harold C.; Craig, Harmon (August 1953). "The composition of the stone meteorites and the origin of the meteorites".
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600:(China) and many other places to sample volcanic rocks and gases. He visited all the major volcanic island chains of the
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Clarke, W.B.; Beg, M.A.; Craig, Harmon (June 1969). "Excess 3He in the sea: Evidence for terrestrial primodal helium".
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1072:"JOHN CRAIG JR., 47, A STAGE PRODUCER; Former Theatre Man Here and in Boston Dead on Coast-- Once in Insurance Field".
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at the University of Chicago as a research associate in 1951. In 1953, Urey and Craig published results showing that
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Lupton, John E.; Craig, Harmon (October 2, 1981). "A Major Helium-3 Source at 15° S on the East Pacific Rise".
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Craig, H. (1963). "The isotopic geochemistry of water and carbon in geothermal areas". In Tongiorgi, E. (ed.).
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has stated that "Craig's 35-year-old dissertation is still the measure of all subsequent work in the field."
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Shapiro, M. H.; Melvin, J. D.; Tombrello, T. A.; Mendenhall, M. H.; Larson, P. B.; Whitcomb, J. H. (1981).
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Craig, H.; Craig, V. (28 April 1972). "Greek Marbles: Determination of Provenance by Isotopic Analysis".
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King, Chi-Yu (10 November 1986). "Gas geochemistry applied to earthquake prediction: An overview".
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367:. After the war, he continued his education at University of Chicago, working with Nobel Laureate
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Craig, H. (1965). "The measurement of oxygen isotope paleotemperatures". In Tongiorgi, E. (ed.).
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1987:"Relationship of the 1979 Southern California Radon Anomaly to a possible regional strain event"
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Nuclear Geology on Geothermal Areas. Proceedings of the First Spoleto Conference, Spoleto, ltaly
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in the atmosphere had increased twice due to human day-to-day activities in the last 300 years.
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other data, and discovered a benthic front separating the South Pacific deep and bottom water.
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Harmon Craig's grandparents on his father's side were actors, directors and producers. During
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Craig, H.; Chung, Y.; Fiadeiro, M. (September 1972). "A benthic front in the South Pacific".
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isotope in the ocean waters. Craig concluded that the isotope was present within the Earth's
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449:. Craig produced fundamental findings about how the deep earth, oceans and atmosphere work.
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on 14 March 2003 from a massive heart attack a day before his seventy-seventh birthday.
170:(March 15, 1926 – March 14, 2003) was an American geochemist who worked briefly for the
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2616:"Accession No.: 2003-41 PROCESSING RECORD: Harmon Bushnell Craig Papers, 1948-2003"
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1692:"A comprehensive global oceanic dataset of helium isotope and tritium measurements"
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1017:"Accession No.: 2003-41 PROCESSING RECORD: Harmon Bushnell Craig Papers, 1948-2003"
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and theorized that it was leaking into sea water through cracks in the sea floor.
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Craig, H.; Chou, C. C. (November 1982). "Methane: The record in polar ice cores".
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Craig, Harmon (February 1953). "The geochemistry of the stable carbon isotopes".
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2322:"Harmon Craig USA 1998 Balzan Prize for Geochemistry (Acceptance Speech – Rome)"
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1232:(2nd ed.). Malden, MA; Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing. pp. xx, 6–8.
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Entertaining the American Army: The American Stage and Lyceum in the World War
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Wiik, H.B. (June 1956). "The chemical composition of some stony meteorites".
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1130:""Serve my country to the last stitch": Honoring alumni lost in World War I"
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In 1970, Craig teamed up with colleagues at Scripps, Columbia University's
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Craig was one of the earliest people to analyze the gases trapped in the
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and applied radioisotope and isotope distribution to various topics in
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280:. In addition, from 1969 to 1989, Harmon Craig served as an editor for
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Craig was involved in numerous research expeditions, which visited the
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1743:"W. Brian Clarke Professor Emeritus Physics & Astronomy 1937-2002"
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Harmon Craig (26 May 1961). "Isotopic variations in meteoric waters".
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Scripps Institution of Oceanography: Probing the Oceans 1936 to 1976
825:"Harmon Craig: Stalking Excellence, Leaving Controversy In His Wake"
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in the oceanic and the terrestrial biosphere and the modulation of
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During the 1970s Craig examined the relationship of gases such as
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for his efforts as a second lieutenant of artillery, working with
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with respect to oceanic uptake. His work laid the foundation for
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1984:
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Nozaki, Yoshiyuki; Zhang, Jing; Takeda, Akihisa (January 1997).
2088:"The oxygen and carbon isotopic data base for classical marble"
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In November 1924, John Craig, Jr. married Virginia Stanley of
217:, among many others. This led to him being described as "the
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Harmon Craig's mother, Virginia Stanley, was descended from
333:, and was posthumously awarded the French Croix de Guerre.
252:. By studying stable and radioactive carbon isotopes in the
2542:. Society for Archaeological Sciences. 1998. Archived from
2094:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 305–314.
1966:. La Jolla, California: Scripps Institution of Oceanography
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Craig led 28 oceanographic expeditions and traveled to the
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Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography
1267:. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago (Ph.D. Thesis).
174:(1951-1955) before spending the majority of his career at
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Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
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During the Nova Expedition of 1967, Craig and colleagues
1958:
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2258:"Chapter 15: Geochemical Tracers and Ocean Circulation"
1959:
Craig, H; Lupton, J E; Chung, Y; Horowitz, R M (1977).
787:"Obituary Notice Pioneer of Geochemistry: Harmon Craig"
699:, director of Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 2003
363:, serving as a communications and radar officer during
232:. He is credited with establishing the field of carbon
429:. His laboratory at Scripps eventually contained five
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2467:"In Memoriam: Harmon Craig Professor of Oceanography"
1434:. San Diego, California: Tofua Press. Archived from
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Stable isotopes in ecology and environmental science
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510:. They found unexpectedly high proportions of the
355:Harmon Craig studied geology and chemistry at the
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2092:Classical Marble: Geochemistry, Technology, Trade
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608:to collect lava samples. He identified 16 mantle
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2540:The Society for Archaeological Sciences Bulletin
2465:Marti, Kurt; Weiss, Ray F.; Winterer, Edward L.
1589:. Pisa: V. Lischi & Figli. pp. 161–182.
744:"Harmon Craig, 1926-2003, a biographical memoir"
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317:, John Craig (1868-1931) and his wife, actress
256:and air-sea system, he derived the atmospheric
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1773:. Harvard University Press. pp. 392=394.
1574:. Pisa: V. Lischi & Figli. pp. 9–130.
1556:. Pisa: V. Lischi & Figli. pp. 17–53.
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1265:The geochemistry of the stable carbon isotopes
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376:The geochemistry of the stable carbon isotopes
2440:"Two Geochemists Win Prizes in Earth Science"
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1090:Evans, James W.; Harding, Gardner L. (1921).
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751:Biography of the National Academy of Sciences
2623:SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY ARCHIVES
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2263:. In Warren, Bruce A.; Wunsch, Carl (eds.).
1923:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
1605:Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies
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1159:"Wedding John Craig Jr and Virginia Stanley"
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1024:SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY ARCHIVES
903:Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union
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2188:"Harmon Craig: The Gumshoe of Geochemistry"
2053:Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences
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228:Craig made many significant discoveries in
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2682:Recipients of the V. M. Goldschmidt Award
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1096:. New York: Association Press. pp.
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860:. Infobase Publishing. pp. 60–62.
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2090:. In Herz, N.; Waelkens, Marc (eds.).
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421:In 1955 Harmon Craig was recruited to
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2326:International Balzan Prize Foundation
2256:Broecker, W.S. (September 29, 1980).
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374:Craig earned his Ph.D. in 1951, with
248:. This had immediate applications in
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534:Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
189:, the crater of Loihi (now known as
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2299:. No. January. 1999. p. 8
1888:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
1861:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
1796:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
1516:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
686:Craig died at Thornton Hospital in
649:Arthur L. Day Prize and Lectureship
423:Scripps Institution of Oceanography
417:Scripps Institution of Oceanography
283:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
176:Scripps Institution of Oceanography
144:Scripps Institution of Oceanography
13:
2265:Evolution of Physical Oceanography
1767:Emiliani, Cesare (June 28, 2005).
1741:Jenkins, W. J. (October 8, 2002).
1335:10.1111/j.1945-5100.1990.tb00717.x
1200:. No. January. pp. 12–20
1191:"A conversation with Harmon Craig"
995:10.1111/j.2153-3490.1957.tb01848.x
785:Aguilera, Mario (March 18, 2003).
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2267:. The MIT Press. pp. 434–461
2536:"Harmon Craig wins Balzan Prize"
2522:Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory
2290:"Harmon Craig Wins Balzan Prize"
530:Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory
2565:Turekian, Karl K. (June 2003).
1994:Journal of Geophysical Research
1656:Journal of Geophysical Research
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1385:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
1350:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
1280:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
1065:
940:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
823:Lawren, Bill (April 17, 1989).
1425:Shor, Elizabeth Noble (1978).
494:(1937–2002) and M.A. Beg from
1:
2407:10.1126/science.242.4886.1675
1839:10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00024-6
1485:10.1126/science.133.3465.1702
703:
2677:University of Chicago alumni
2497:National Academy of Sciences
2352:Geophysical Research Letters
2144:10.1126/science.176.4033.401
1908:10.1016/0012-821X(72)90236-1
1873:10.1016/0012-821X(73)90194-5
1808:10.1016/0012-821X(69)90093-4
1536:10.1016/0012-821X(92)90127-H
1405:10.1016/0016-7037(53)90064-7
1370:10.1016/0016-7037(56)90028-X
1300:10.1016/0016-7037(53)90001-5
960:10.1016/0016-7037(57)90024-8
854:Gates, Alexander E. (2009).
755:National Academy of Sciences
653:National Academy of Sciences
645:National Academy of Sciences
7:
2219:10.1126/science.214.4516.13
2086:Herz, N. (April 17, 2013).
666:In 1998 he was awarded the
566:Craig discovered submarine
10:
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2567:"Harmon Craig (1926–2003)"
899:"Harmon Craig (1926–2003)"
857:A to Z of Earth Scientists
742:Turekian, Karl K. (2006).
631:. Craig reported that the
467:In 1963, Craig received a
454:global meteoric water line
2065:10.1007/s12520-017-0556-8
1696:Earth System Science Data
1625:10.1080/10256010801887000
643:Craig was elected to the
523:biochemical oxygen demand
359:. In 1944, he joined the
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2518:"Harmon Craig Biography"
1717:10.5194/essd-11-441-2019
1048:"John Richard Craig, Jr"
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655:in 1987. He shared the
586:East African Rift Valley
99:Valerie Craig (m. 1947)
2667:American climatologists
2372:10.1029/GL009i011p01221
2014:10.1029/JB086iB03p01725
1943:10.1029/JB091iB12p12269
1900:1972E&PSL..16...50C
1676:10.1029/JZ068i017p05079
1528:1992E&PSL.113..495G
1189:Sturchio, Neil (1999).
109:V. M. Goldschmidt Award
2186:Page, Douglas (1999).
1263:Craig, Harmon (1953).
701:
403:Enrico Fermi Institute
331:American Field Service
294:Harmon Craig was born
2473:. UC San Diego Senate
692:
554:earthquake prediction
469:Guggenheim Fellowship
378:, a thesis on carbon
357:University of Chicago
351:University of Chicago
290:Family and early life
172:University of Chicago
2672:Mass spectrometrists
2657:American geochemists
2297:The Geochemical News
1929:(B12): 12269–12281.
1198:The Geochemical News
924:10.1029/2003EO220005
797:on November 22, 2018
688:La Jolla, California
380:isotope geochemistry
234:isotope geochemistry
2446:. November 19, 1987
2399:1988Sci...242.1675C
2393:(4886): 1675–1678.
2364:1982GeoRL...9.1221C
2328:. November 23, 1998
2136:1972Sci...176..401C
2006:1981JGR....86.1725S
1935:1986JGR....9112269K
1833:(9–10): 2203–2220.
1770:Oceanic lithosphere
1747:McMaster University
1708:2019ESSD...11..441J
1668:1963JGR....68.5079C
1617:2008IEHS...44....1S
1477:1961Sci...133.1702C
1471:(3465): 1702–1703.
1397:1953GeCoA...4...36U
1362:1956GeCoA...9..279W
1327:1990Metic..25..323J
1292:1953GeCoA...3...53C
1076:. December 6, 1945.
987:1957Tell....9....1C
952:1957GeCoA..12..133C
915:2003EOSTr..84..207W
897:Weiss, Ray (2003).
676:University of Paris
661:Wallace S. Broecker
496:McMaster University
458:linear relationship
409:, meteors from the
274:carbon sequestering
242:isotopic signatures
2444:The New York Times
1224:Michener, Robert;
1128:Goldsmith, Louie.
1074:The New York Times
618:Earth's outer core
568:Hydrothermal vents
485:Craig-Gordon Model
435:radiocarbon dating
431:mass spectrometers
302:March 15, 1926 in
250:radiocarbon dating
236:by characterizing
2358:(11): 1221–1224.
2130:(4033): 401–403.
1662:(17): 5079–5087.
1249:978-1-4051-2680-9
639:Awards and honors
401:Craig joined the
388:calcium carbonate
246:natural materials
183:Great Rift Valley
165:
164:
134:Scientific career
2689:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2620:
2597:
2596:
2586:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2546:on 2 August 2019
2532:
2526:
2525:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2436:
2427:
2426:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2347:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2318:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2294:
2286:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2262:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2183:
2172:
2171:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2030:
2024:. Archived from
1991:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1956:
1947:
1946:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1719:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1600:
1591:
1590:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1567:
1558:
1557:
1549:
1540:
1539:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1460:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1441:on 25 April 2019
1440:
1433:
1422:
1409:
1408:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1356:(5–6): 279–289.
1345:
1339:
1338:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1241:
1221:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1195:
1186:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1136:. Archived from
1125:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1087:
1078:
1077:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1044:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1021:
1013:
1007:
1006:
970:
964:
963:
946:(1–2): 133–149.
935:
929:
928:
926:
894:
879:
878:
876:
874:
851:
840:
839:
837:
835:
820:
807:
806:
804:
802:
793:. Archived from
782:
759:
758:
748:
739:
301:
299:
266:isotopic studies
191:Kamaʻehuakanaloa
151:Doctoral advisor
128:
121:
120:
113:
60:
38:
36:
19:
18:
16:American chemist
2697:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2637:
2636:
2627:
2625:
2618:
2614:
2606:
2601:
2600:
2584:10.1038/423701a
2563:
2559:
2549:
2547:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2501:
2499:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2476:
2474:
2463:
2459:
2449:
2447:
2438:
2437:
2430:
2383:
2379:
2348:
2341:
2331:
2329:
2320:
2319:
2312:
2302:
2300:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2280:
2270:
2268:
2260:
2254:
2250:
2213:(4516): 13–18.
2203:
2199:
2184:
2175:
2120:
2116:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2084:
2080:
2048:
2044:
2034:
2032:
2028:
1989:
1983:
1979:
1969:
1967:
1957:
1950:
1919:
1915:
1884:
1880:
1857:
1853:
1843:
1841:
1819:
1815:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1765:
1761:
1751:
1749:
1739:
1735:
1687:
1683:
1652:
1648:
1601:
1594:
1583:
1579:
1568:
1561:
1550:
1543:
1512:
1508:
1461:
1454:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1431:
1423:
1412:
1381:
1377:
1346:
1342:
1311:
1307:
1276:
1272:
1261:
1257:
1250:
1239:10.1.1.469.3198
1228:, eds. (2007).
1222:
1213:
1203:
1201:
1193:
1187:
1178:
1168:
1166:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1143:
1141:
1126:
1122:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1088:
1081:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1056:
1054:
1046:
1045:
1038:
1028:
1026:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1010:
971:
967:
936:
932:
909:(22): 207–208.
895:
882:
872:
870:
868:
852:
843:
833:
831:
821:
810:
800:
798:
783:
762:
746:
740:
711:
706:
684:
641:
614:volcanic plumes
504:Kermadec Trench
492:W. Brian Clarke
419:
353:
338:Wichita, Kansas
323:Croix de Guerre
297:
295:
292:
195:Afar Depression
126:
122:
118:
114:
111:
107:
71:
62:
58:
49:
40:
34:
32:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2695:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2635:
2634:
2612:
2605:
2604:External links
2602:
2599:
2598:
2557:
2527:
2509:
2493:"Harmon Craig"
2484:
2457:
2428:
2377:
2339:
2310:
2278:
2248:
2209:. New Series.
2197:
2173:
2114:
2100:
2078:
2059:(2): 597–608.
2042:
1977:
1948:
1913:
1878:
1867:(2): 295–305.
1851:
1813:
1802:(3): 213–220.
1786:
1779:
1759:
1733:
1702:(2): 441–454.
1681:
1646:
1592:
1577:
1559:
1541:
1522:(4): 495–510.
1506:
1452:
1410:
1391:(1–2): 36–82.
1375:
1340:
1321:(4): 323–337.
1305:
1286:(2–3): 53–92.
1270:
1255:
1248:
1211:
1176:
1150:
1120:
1107:978-0353151208
1106:
1079:
1064:
1036:
1008:
965:
930:
880:
866:
841:
808:
760:
708:
707:
705:
702:
697:Charles Kennel
683:
680:
657:Vetlesen Prize
640:
637:
616:rise from the
579:Mariana Trough
560:, California.
536:to direct the
447:cosmochemistry
418:
415:
386:released from
384:carbon dioxide
352:
349:
291:
288:
278:global warming
262:carbon dioxide
258:residence time
223:Earth sciences
163:
162:
159:
158:
156:Harold C. Urey
153:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
130:
129:
116:Vetlesen Prize
105:
101:
100:
97:
93:
92:
87:
86:Known for
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
63:
61:(aged 76)
57:March 14, 2003
55:
51:
50:
41:
39:March 15, 1926
30:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2694:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
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2670:
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2665:
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2658:
2655:
2653:
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2648:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2624:
2617:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2594:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2577:(6941): 701.
2576:
2572:
2568:
2561:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2531:
2523:
2519:
2513:
2498:
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2161:
2157:
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2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2118:
2103:
2101:9789401577953
2097:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2046:
2031:on 2019-04-25
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1981:
1965:
1964:
1955:
1953:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1782:
1780:9780674017368
1776:
1772:
1771:
1763:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1685:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1650:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1599:
1597:
1588:
1581:
1573:
1566:
1564:
1555:
1548:
1546:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1459:
1457:
1437:
1430:
1429:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1379:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1344:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1274:
1266:
1259:
1251:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1199:
1192:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1140:on 2019-04-18
1139:
1135:
1131:
1124:
1109:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1086:
1084:
1075:
1068:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1041:
1025:
1018:
1012:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
969:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
934:
925:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
869:
867:9781438109190
863:
859:
858:
850:
848:
846:
830:
829:The Scientist
826:
819:
817:
815:
813:
796:
792:
788:
781:
779:
777:
775:
773:
771:
769:
767:
765:
756:
752:
745:
738:
736:
734:
732:
730:
728:
726:
724:
722:
720:
718:
716:
714:
709:
700:
698:
691:
689:
679:
677:
672:
669:
664:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
636:
634:
630:
625:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
602:Pacific Ocean
599:
595:
591:
587:
582:
580:
576:
573:
569:
564:
561:
559:
558:Big Bear Lake
555:
551:
547:
542:
539:
535:
531:
526:
524:
519:
517:
513:
509:
508:Pacific Ocean
505:
502:observed the
501:
497:
493:
488:
486:
482:
478:
475:, discussing
474:
470:
465:
463:
459:
455:
450:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
427:Roger Revelle
424:
414:
412:
408:
404:
399:
397:
396:Karl Turekian
392:
389:
385:
381:
377:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
348:
346:
341:
339:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
311:
309:
308:New York City
305:
287:
285:
284:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
226:
224:
220:
219:Indiana Jones
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
179:
178:(1955-2003).
177:
173:
169:
160:
157:
154:
152:
148:
145:
142:
138:
135:
131:
125:
117:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
91:
88:
84:
81:
78:
74:
70:
66:
56:
52:
48:
44:
43:New York City
31:
27:
20:
2626:. Retrieved
2622:
2574:
2570:
2560:
2548:. Retrieved
2544:the original
2539:
2530:
2521:
2512:
2500:. Retrieved
2496:
2487:
2475:. Retrieved
2471:UC San Diego
2470:
2460:
2448:. Retrieved
2443:
2390:
2386:
2380:
2355:
2351:
2330:. Retrieved
2325:
2301:. Retrieved
2296:
2269:. Retrieved
2264:
2251:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2191:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2105:. Retrieved
2091:
2081:
2056:
2052:
2045:
2033:. Retrieved
2026:the original
2000:(B3): 1725.
1997:
1993:
1980:
1968:. Retrieved
1961:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1894:(1): 50–65.
1891:
1887:
1881:
1864:
1860:
1854:
1842:. Retrieved
1830:
1826:
1816:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1769:
1762:
1750:. Retrieved
1746:
1736:
1699:
1695:
1684:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1608:
1604:
1586:
1580:
1571:
1553:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1468:
1464:
1443:. Retrieved
1436:the original
1427:
1388:
1384:
1378:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1318:
1314:
1308:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1264:
1258:
1229:
1226:Lajtha, Kate
1202:. Retrieved
1197:
1167:. Retrieved
1165:. 7 Nov 1924
1162:
1153:
1142:. Retrieved
1138:the original
1134:The Sagamore
1133:
1123:
1111:. Retrieved
1092:
1073:
1067:
1055:. Retrieved
1052:Find A Grave
1051:
1027:. Retrieved
1023:
1011:
978:
974:
968:
943:
939:
933:
906:
902:
871:. Retrieved
856:
832:. Retrieved
828:
801:November 22,
799:. Retrieved
795:the original
791:Scripps News
790:
750:
693:
685:
673:
668:Balzan Prize
665:
642:
626:
620:through the
606:Indian Ocean
583:
565:
562:
543:
527:
520:
489:
466:
451:
420:
411:Solar System
400:
375:
373:
365:World War II
354:
342:
335:
312:
293:
281:
270:carbon cycle
230:geochemistry
227:
180:
168:Harmon Craig
167:
166:
140:Institutions
133:
124:Balzan Prize
90:Geochemistry
59:(2003-03-14)
23:Harmon Craig
2652:2003 deaths
2647:1926 births
1315:Meteoritics
981:(1): 1–17.
629:glacier ice
622:deep mantle
575:submersible
481:equilibrium
473:hydrosphere
369:Harold Urey
315:World War I
244:in various
211:Yellowstone
187:East Africa
76:Nationality
2641:Categories
1727:1912/24088
1163:Daily News
1144:2019-04-18
704:References
407:chondrites
327:French 75s
319:Mary Young
298:1926-03-15
240:'s stable
69:California
35:1926-03-15
2243:179027416
2073:134878848
1234:CiteSeerX
1003:120862259
663:in 1987.
361:U.S. Navy
304:Manhattan
254:biosphere
207:ice cores
203:Greenland
2628:19 April
2593:12802321
2550:18 April
2502:18 April
2477:25 April
2450:25 April
2423:34912363
2415:17730578
2332:18 April
2303:18 April
2271:25 April
2235:17802550
2160:17777722
2107:25 April
2035:25 April
2022:40963868
1970:19 April
1844:24 April
1752:24 April
1641:34179724
1633:18320422
1611:(1): 1.
1501:34373069
1493:17814749
1445:19 April
1204:18 April
1169:18 April
1113:18 April
1057:18 April
1029:19 April
873:18 April
834:18 April
610:hotspots
590:Dead Sea
532:and the
512:helium-3
477:kinetics
462:meteoric
199:Ethiopia
80:American
65:La Jolla
47:New York
2395:Bibcode
2387:Science
2360:Bibcode
2227:1687232
2207:Science
2168:1833369
2152:1734394
2132:Bibcode
2124:Science
2002:Bibcode
1931:Bibcode
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