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820:... By 1934, the Ware Group had developed into a tightly organized underground, managed by a directory of seven men. In time it included a number of secret sub-cells whose total membership I can only estimate — probably about seventy-five Communists. Sometimes they were visited officially by J. Peters who lectured them on Communist organization and Leninist theory and advised them on general policy and specific problems. For several of them were so placed in the New Deal agencies (notably Alger Hiss, Nathan Witt, John Abt and Lee Pressman) that they were in a position to influence policy at several levels.
910:, our first Ambassador to the Soviet Union ... I didn't think there was anything illegal about membership in the Ware unit, but nevertheless it was duplicitous ... I told Hal Ware that the Moscow idea was out and that I wanted to leave Washington and resign from government. He said: absolutely not. I forced his hand by committing an appalling breach of security. I showed up at a cell meeting with the girl I was having an affair with, a young lady who was not a Communist Party member and who had known nothing about the group. Ware withdrew his objections and I resigned from
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agricultural course. Beginning to feel, too, that he did not want to live away from people, but among them, he chose agriculture. His interest in economics and politics developed intensely at this time, and while at college he wrote me constantly for the latest news of the socialist movement. We were always very close to one another, and no matter how many months or years we were apart, we could always pick up where we had left off."
574:, another Communist Party agricultural expert, he made a year-long survey of American agriculture, echoing his research of 1921. The pair travelled by car around the United States, visiting nearly every state in the union, studying the sometimes desperate conditions which resulted from the collapse of agricultural prices associated with the
456:
1269:. American Institute for Marxist Studies. pp. 3 (Farm Research Inc), 4 (weekly), 5 (Margret Stevens), 8 (Clarissa Smith), 10 (draftsman), 16 (24 Case tractors), 18 (Toikino), 37 (Jessica Smith), 36–41 (fundraising), 43–45 (1929–1930, 45–58 (US tour), 59 (pamphlet), 59–68 (Farm Research Inc), 68 (death)
901:'s testimony that Alger Hiss was a Communist and Ware Group member. Of his own Ware Group participation, Weyl said: "I was one of its less enthusiastic members." Weyl described what could be interpreted as Ware's efforts to corral him into espionage and his own effort to extract himself from the group:
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In August 1917, Ware married his second wife, Clarissa "Cris" Smith. (The couple had two children, Robin and Nancy, before divorcing in the early 1920s.) Ware's second marriage seems to have ended upon their return to the States. Cris took a job in the
National Office of the Workers Party as head of
734:
According to
Chambers' testimony, when he came back from Soviet Russia in 1930, Ware carried with him $ 25,000 in US currency hidden in a money belt, funds from the Comintern for work among the farmers. It was with these funds that he had established Farm Research Inc. in Washington, DC. But his real
719:
He was as
American as ham and eggs and as indistinguishable as everybody else. He stood about five feet nine, a trim, middle-aging man in 1934, with a plain face, masked by a quiet earnestness of expression wholly reassuring to people whom quickness of mind makes uncomfortable. Nevertheless, his mind
232:
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In 1921, eager to study the plight of migrant farm workers firsthand with a view to organizing them for the
Communist Party, Ware took a six-month trip around the United States, working harvests from the South to the Midwest, Northwest and then East again through the Upper Midwest. This experience,
727:
Harold Ware was a frustrated farmer. The soil was in his pores. Unlike most
American Communists, who managed to pass from one big city to another without seeing anything in the intervening spaces, Ware was absorbed in the land and its problems. He held that, with the deepening of the agricultural
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He might have been a progressive country agent or a professor of ecology at an agricultural college. And yet there was something unprofessorially jaunty about the flip of his hat brim and his springy stride. ... It is true that he liked to drive his car at breakneck speed almost as well as to talk
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organization, Ware organized a party of 40 to make the trip, including agricultural specialists, a doctor, and a nurse. He arrived in Soviet Russia to inspect the land designated for the project, only to be told by Soviet officials that the deal was off because local peasants had begun to allocate
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In May 1922, Hal and Cris Ware left his three children in
America for Soviet Russia along with their tractors, implements, a complete medical unit, and several tons of food supplies. Also making the voyage was a doctor who spoke Russian and a group of American farmers to operate the machinery. The
1040:
He first planned to study forestry. He used to tell me his dreams of a life in the open, alone on a hillside, a sea of green tree tops below him. While taking the entrance exams for
Pennsylvania State College he found that the forestry course would take four years, while there was a fine two-year
743:
was in full swing, Hal Ware was like a man who has bought a farm sight unseen only to discover that the crops are all in and ready to harvest. All that he had to do was to hustle them into the barn. The barn in this case was the
Communist Party. In the AAA, Hal found a bumper crop of incipient or
541:
During winter 1928-29, Ware returned to the United States, where he attempted to interest
American agricultural equipment manufacturers in the Soviet market. He convinced some companies to send test tractors and implements along with mechanics to assemble them. He stayed in the Soviet through the
427:
That fall, in addition to articles he wrote for the "underground" and "aboveground" Communist press, Ware compiled an exhaustive survey of
American agriculture, including maps showing distribution of types of farms, farm incomes, and so forth in different sections of the country. The research was
399:
Almost immediately after the Party launched, federal and state authorities moved against the fledgling communist movement, forcing its adherents to make use of pseudonyms and to conduct their activities in secret. During the so-called "underground period" of the party, the agriculturally-oriented
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guberniia, a substantial distance from any centers of population. They taught local peasants the basics of machine operation and plowed 4,000 acres (16 km) of land. Shortages of fuel, hauled by peasant wagons some 40 miles (64 km) from the nearest train station, severely hampered their
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As a boy he loved the outdoors, was full of restless, eager vitality and bold curiosity. He had a startlingly vivid imagination, and an urge and talent for organizing that continued and marked his whole life. More than ordinarily shy, he forgot his shyness when engaged in one of his organizing
33:
331:, where he learned farming firsthand. His brief experience as a working farmer made him almost a unique figure among pioneer members of the American Communist Party, a group almost exclusively composed of urban laborers, factory workers, or intellectuals (and mostly foreign-born).
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There must have been sixty or seventy others, though Pressman did not necessarily know them all; neither did I. All were dues-paying members of the Communist Party. Nearly all were employed in the United States Government, some in rather high positions, notably in the
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Hal's interest in agriculture began early. He started raising truck in a small garden in Arden, and sold it around the countryside. His keen sense of beauty showed in the way he fixed up his boxes of vegetables to sell, arranging them artistically in green boxes.
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but was independent of the Department of Agriculture bureaucracy. According to Chambers, he also "organized that Washington underground" in which he was later to work. Introduced to him in the spring of 1934, Chambers described Ware at length:
443:. He was elected an alternate to the governing Central Executive Committee of that organization. Ware was not typically a member of the Communist Party's top committees; he preferred to work in the agricultural sector rather than to engage in
857:
In my desire to see the destruction of Hitlerism and an improvement in economic conditions here at home, I joined a Communist group in Washington, D. C, about 1934. My participation in such group extended for about a year, to the best of my
926:, later long-time attorney for the Communist Party, confirmed that the Ware Group had existed, that it was a secret Communist Party unit, and that Ware had recruited him and several of the others named by Chambers for the Party.
1318:. International Publishers. pp. 35-36 (birth), 45 (birth), 51 (mother), 66-67 (Philadelphia), 71 (Arden), 267 (measles, 1921), 234 (Farmers Holiday Association), 262 (death), 268 (Arden), 270 (underground press)
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in Maryland. These individuals "supplied the Soviet espionage apparatus with secret or confidential information, usually in the form of official United States Government documents for microfilming," Chambers stated.
300:. His divorced mother moved with him and two brothers to the country for a year, while the rest of the family lived with his father in Philadelphia and attended school there. While his mother went weekly to
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ventures, and a flow of colorful, stirring talk would come from him so persuasive that those who heard him were completely carried away. He grew slim and tall, and when we moved to Arden was captain of the
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continuously throughout the Great Depression. Fellow Communist Party member Herbert Joseph Putz (Erik Bert) (1904-1981) edited the newspaper (1934-1936) ("Farm Research" received funding from the
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Ware spent most of 1925 raising funds for his Soviet farming venture. This farm was organized as a Russian-American joint venture, with Ware as its American Director and then director of the
1035:, but he read a lot and was always able to make up two or three years of ordinary schooling in a few months of intensive study. His interest in socialism began as early as I can remember.
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through production of grain plus firsthand demonstration of modern agricultural technique. An appropriation of $ 75,000 was granted for the project, with Ware's half-brother,
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wrote that from the time of Ware's death to his defection from the Communist Party in April 1938, he had been a member of the "Washington spy apparatus" headed by Colonel
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866:. Pressman's 1950 testimony provided the first corroboration of Chambers' allegation that a Washington, D.C., Communist group around Ware existed, with federal officials
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308:), Ware lived a rural life. Although he would return to school in the big city the following year, his orientation towards the countryside was firmly established.
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The best available list of pseudonyms of American communists appears in Jeffrey B. Perry, "Pseudonyms: A Reference Aid for Studying American Communist History,"
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vol. 3, no. 1 (June 2004), pp. 55-126. The identification of Hal Ware as "H.R. Harrow" was made shortly after publication of the article, vetted to the
1931:
968:, a rare disease of one of the digestive organs of the stomach," rumored to be a cover story for a botched illegal abortion, on September 27, 1923.
490:, traveling around the U.S., showing a motion picture depicting horrific conditions in Russia to help raise funds. Funding in hand, Ware went to the
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when his car collided with a coal truck. He died the next Tuesday at the hospital in Harrisburg, never regaining consciousness after the crash.
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772:(another of Elizabeth Bentley's future contacts) was sitting with a little cluster of communists over at the Railroad Retirement Board.
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combined with his previous agricultural experience, cemented Ware's place as the Communist Party's leading agricultural expert.
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for three years. The project took over four flour mills and profitably operated them; they began to electrify the countryside.
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gave testimony against his former comrades, though denied that they engaged in espionage. He stated he had met Ware and that:
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Ware married Margaret Stephens: in 1916, she died three weeks following birth of their second child, Nancy Stephens Ware.
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crisis, and with the rapid mechanization of agriculture, the time had come for revolutionary organization among farmers.
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Before WWI began, Ware had proven himself something of an agricultural innovator. Unable to afford equipment for his
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Pressman also indicated that in at least one meeting of his group, perhaps two, he had met Soviet intelligence agent
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Ware was memorialized with a chapter in the memoir written by his more famous mother, Ella Reeve Bloor, in 1940:
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On August 9, 1935, Ware was critically injured in an automobile accident in the mountains near York Springs in
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and recruited personnel to run it. The institute, funded by the Communist Party, published a newspaper called
593:, which also funded the Communist controlled news agency "Federated Press.") In 1932, Ware was active in the
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Following his graduation from high school (circa 1907), Ware enrolled in a two-year course in agriculture at
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efforts. At season's end, the American crew left for Moscow, whence they went home to America with thanks.
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Margaret S. Ware Death Certificate, Wilmington, New Castle Co., Delaware; Date of death: October 16, 1916.
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1089:"The Factory Farm — A Discussion Article on the Party and the Farm Problem." Signed as "Harrow." Part 1:
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also admitted to membership in the Ware group: Davis confirmed that it was engaged in illegal activity.
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married Jessica Smith, Ware's widow. Ware left behind four children: Judith, David, Nancy, and Robin.
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Chambers further wrote that "by 1938, the Soviet espionage apparatus in Washington had penetrated the
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Testimony before the House Un-American Activities Committee|House Committee on Un-American Activities
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agency in the 1930s. He is alleged to have been a Soviet spy and is understood to have founded the "
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For the complete saga of the early Communist Party's evolution, see Early American Marxism website,
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and her husband, Lucien Bonaparte Ware. Two of Ware's three older siblings died in early childhood.
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Shortly after completion of this task, Ware established a research center in Washington, DC called
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1452:. Senate of the California Legislature. 1948. pp. 98 (Lincoln Bridge), 113–114 (organization)
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In Spring 1931, Ware set out to organizing farmers and farm-workers in America. In the company of
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The next year, Soviet authorities were eager to expand the Toikino experiment of 1922. The Soviet
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Following graduation, with financial help from his father he bought a grain and dairy farm near
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Harold M. Ware (1890-1935): Agricultural Pioneer, U.S.A. and U.S.S.R. (Occasional Paper No. 30)
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officer. Chambers wrote that in addition to the four members of the group (also identified by
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Harold M. Ware (1890-1935): Agricultural Pioneer, U.S.A. and U.S.S.R. (Occasional Paper No. 30
1619:. August 28, 1950. p. 2845 (Communist group) 2850 (met Ware), 2860 (started law practice)
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Guide to Subversive Organizations and Publications (And Appendixes) ... House Document No. 398
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980:. Her death was "a tragic end, for the last of Cris Ware's abortions proved fatal for her."
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Fourth Report - Un-American Activities in California - 1948: Communist Front Organizations
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Hal Ware's half-brother, Carl Reeve, was also a lifelong activist in the Communist Party.
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Harold Maskell Ware, best known by his nickname "Hal," was born on August 19, 1889, in
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Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America. With John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr
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Ware wanted me to try to get into the Foreign Service and be attached to the staff of
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812:. According to Chambers, Ware was in close contact with and directly reported to
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the land among themselves. A hasty search commenced for yet another site, in the
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First section of "H.R. Harrow's" agricultural recommendations to the underground
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around the time he first made his public allegations about the Ware Group (1948)
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In the 1930s, Hal Ware was employed by the federal government, working for the
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1107:"Planning for Permanent Poverty: What Subsistence Farming Really Stands For."
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Although not a delegate to its founding convention, Ware was a member of the
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to speak and organize literature sales (as Delaware state organizer for the
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The Gettysburg Times, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, August 12, 1935, Page 2,
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964:. She was reported in the Communist Party press as having died of "acute
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816:, "the head of the underground section of the American Communist Party":
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1617:"Hearings regarding Communist espionage in the United States Government"
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luridly wrote of a love triangle between Cris, Party national secretary
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1964:
The Communist Controversy in Washington: From the New Deal to McCarthy.
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In late 1921, Ware attended the founding convention in New York of the
349:, for which he had a natural faculty. This lasted until the end of the
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Hearings Regarding Communism in the United States Government — Part 2,
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in 1950, though Pressman denied that the group engaged in espionage):
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http://www.marxisthistory.org/subject/usa/eam/cpa-clp19delegates.html
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had attended meetings as well – the only eyewitness corroboration of
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and other games. He missed a lot of school because of his siege of
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2000:
Treason: The Story of Disloyalty and Betrayal in American History.
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For a list of delegates to the founding convention of the CLP see
995:. Back in New York City, the pair were married in January 1925 by
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http://www.marxisthistory.org/subject/usa/eam/communistparty.html
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Weyl, Nathaniel (2003). "Encounters with Communism, 1932–1940".
1406:. US Government Printing Office. December 28, 1951. p. 1913
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Klehr, Harvey; Haynes, John Earl; Vassiliev, Alexander (2009).
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as one of her contacts). There was Charles Krivitsky, a former
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Ware helped come up with the idea of using funds raised by the
1753:
Advocate and Activist: Memoirs of an American Communist Lawyer
211:'s top experts on agriculture. He was employed by a federal
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registered Communists. On its legal staff were Lee Pressman,
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about soils, tenant farmers and underground organization ...
515:
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Ware used the pseudonym "H.R. Harrow," publishing under that
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in the communist press. (The pseudonym seems to have been a
296:
left Ware with what doctors believed to be an early case of
1404:"Hearings Regarding Communist Activities Among Farm Groups"
494:
and brokered a deal for 24 tractors and related equipment.
482:. His farm would serve as a model to help to alleviate the
1093:
vol. 7, no. 12 (December 1928), pp. 761–769. Part 2:
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After three years, Ware sold the farm and took a job in a
2013:
Overview of the Farmers' National Weekly newspaper issues
405:
1827:
https://www.newspapers.com/clip/123385864/ware-improves/
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vol. 4, whole no. 194 (November 12, 1921), pp. 8–10
836:, shortly after leaving the Ware Group, working for the
824:
796:. Others subsequently mentioned in these ranks included
768:(also, later on, one of Elizabeth Bentley's contacts).
893:
that he had been a member of the Ware group, and that
478:
organization to construct a model collective farm in
114:
Margaret Stevens (1st), Clarissa "Cris" Smith (2nd),
18:
American agricultural engineer and communist activist
1575:
203:(August 19, 1889 – August 14, 1935) was an American
1380:
Historians of American Communism newsgroup, H-HOAC.
1068:, vol. 1, no. 5 (November 1921), pp. 20–21, 23
1905:
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1526:
605:
1584:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. pp.
878:named by Pressman as members of this party cell.
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962:Committee for Protection of Foreign-Born Workers
522:for a second model farm. Working again with the
1755:. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press.
999:, soon to become a key political leader of the
600:
498:group had been assigned land in the village of
1393:New York: Viking, 1957. Page 450, footnote 28.
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1946:Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America.
1804:I Confess: The Truth About American Communism
1711:
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514:offered a large tract of fertile land in the
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2002:Washington, D.C.: Public Affairs Press, 1950
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1097:vol. 8, no. 3 (March 1929), pp. 142–149
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432:in Moscow, where it was read and praised by
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257:during 1894-1895, when the family lived in
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1966:Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1966
1561:. Time. September 4, 1950. Archived from
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1976:. American Institute for Marxist Studies
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261:. She became a lifelong activist in the
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1588:(Pressman dinner for Kramer), 425–428.
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764:, then or shortly after to be known as
735:mission was espionage, Chambers wrote:
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1969:
1800:
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704:Agricultural Adjustment Administration
668:Agricultural Adjustment Administration
2028:
1775:
1682:"I Was in a Communist Unit with Hiss"
1569:
1308:
1225:
825:Corroboration from Ware Group members
253:His mother, Ella Bloor, converted to
2887:Road incident deaths in Pennsylvania
1715:
1086:, vol. 8, no. 4 (April 1923), pg. 77
549:
512:People's Commissariat of Agriculture
388:in 1921, and into the "aboveground"
1912:. New York: Random House. pp.
1750:
1533:. New York: Random House. pp.
408:on his real given name, "Harold.")
281:. Ware was raised in a politically
13:
2882:Members of the Communist Party USA
1894:
993:American Friends Service Committee
891:Senate Internal Security Committee
776:Others named by Chambers included
597:on behalf of the Communist Party.
566:) in Depression-era Chicago (1931)
356:
14:
2898:
2006:
1072:"American Agricultural Problems,"
1780:. Hanover NH: Steerforth Press.
1680:Hewitt, Alan (January 9, 1953).
1391:The Roots of American Communism.
606:Allegations: Whittaker Chambers
374:Communist Labor Party of America
366:Communist Labor Party of America
153:
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1819:
1807:. E.P. Dutton. pp. 153–154
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1673:
1657:. March 3, 1952. Archived from
1643:
1631:
531:, but the project was delayed.
315:, later Penn State University.
2877:Espionage in the United States
1993:The Battle Against Disloyalty.
1426:"Guide to the Erik Bert Paper"
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1366:
1354:
1342:
664:National Labor Relations Board
102:Agricultural engineer, Soviet
1:
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1081:"American Farmers in Russia,"
922:In his 1993 autobiography, *
710:agency which reported to the
226:
2791:Vladimir Mikhaylovich Petrov
1687:U.S. News & World Report
1103:(as "George Anstrom") (1932)
601:Soviet espionage: Ware Group
492:J.I. Case Farm Implement Co.
392:in 1922, and eventually the
7:
1730:10.1080/1474389032000112618
1374:American Communist History,
1116:
595:Farmers Holiday Association
587:The Farmers National Weekly
462:, official magazine of the
267:Social Democracy of America
10:
2903:
2217:Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
1959:New York: Doubleday, 1988.
1916:–31, 204, 332–336, 347fn.
1878:. International Pub1ishers
1850:. International Pub1ishers
1718:American Communist History
1537:–31, 204, 332–336, 347fn.
1476:. US GPO. 1962. p. 73
1045:After his death, attorney
1001:Socialist Party of America
991:famine relief effort, the
983:While in Russia, Ware met
889:testified before the U.S.
660:Department of the Interior
591:Robert Marshall Foundation
518:region, just north of the
417:Communist Party of America
394:Communist Party of the USA
386:Communist Party of America
313:Pennsylvania State College
292:When he was 15, a case of
279:Communist Party of America
93:Pennsylvania State College
2766:Alexander Gregory Barmine
2756:
2717:
2668:
2571:
2533:
2495:
2485:
2438:
2295:
2069:
2060:
1801:Gitlow, Benjamin (1940).
1776:Davis, Hope Hale (1994).
1064:Signed as "H.R. Harrow."
1013:
720:was extremely quick. ...
676:National Research Project
672:Railroad Retirement Board
652:Department of Agriculture
451:Soviet collective farming
318:
265:, an early member of the
207:, regarded as one of the
190:
182:
174:
166:
148:
141:
130:
122:
110:
98:
88:
68:
42:
30:
23:
2325:Thomas Patrick Cavanaugh
2055:Soviet and Russian spies
1995:New York: Crowell, 1951.
1055:
1008:Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
770:Abraham George Silverman
712:Secretary of Agriculture
524:Friends of Soviet Russia
476:Friends of Soviet Russia
464:Friends of Soviet Russia
441:Workers Party of America
390:Workers Party of America
277:), and a founder of the
81:Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
1970:Harris, Lement (1978).
1263:Harris, Lement (1978).
1084:Soviet Russia Pictorial
1062:"Our Agrarian Problem."
976:, and future secretary
941:Personal life and death
696:Aberdeen Proving Ground
558:Unemployed men outside
430:Communist International
186:"George Anstrom" (1932)
137:, Lucien Bonaparte Ware
2641:John Alexander Symonds
2466:Harold James Nicholson
2320:Christopher John Boyce
1124:List of American spies
1043:
953:
916:
860:
841:
822:
774:
732:
688:US Treasury Department
680:
618:
567:
471:
420:
382:United Communist Party
369:
246:, the fourth child of
239:
116:Jessica Smith (editor)
37:Harold Ware circa 1935
2704:Stephen Joseph Ratkai
2019:Cold War Intelligence
1957:Dealers and Dreamers.
1950:Yale University Press
1027:team and a leader in
1020:
948:
904:
855:
832:
818:
778:Henry H. Collins, Jr.
737:
717:
656:Department of Justice
647:
635:military intelligence
613:
557:
546:campaign of 1929-30.
458:
414:
364:
244:Woodstown, New Jersey
234:
61:Woodstown, New Jersey
2242:Nadezhda Ulanovskaya
1930:Whittaker Chambers,
1565:on January 14, 2009.
932:In her 1994 memoir,
848:On August 28, 1950,
621:In his 1952 memoir,
484:great Russian famine
327:, a small town near
170:"H.R. Harrow" (1921)
2867:American communists
2425:John Anthony Walker
2375:Clayton J. Lonetree
2315:David Sheldon Boone
2237:Alexander Ulanovsky
2202:William Ward Pigman
1902:Chambers, Whittaker
1875:The American Farmer
1844:The American Farmer
1661:on January 14, 2009
1523:Chambers, Whittaker
1101:The American Farmer
987:, working with the
762:New York University
692:Bureau of Standards
684:US State Department
583:Farm Research, Inc.
428:transmitted to the
221:intelligence agents
47:Harold Maskell Ware
2796:Fyodor Raskolnikov
2631:Michael John Smith
2365:Andrew Daulton Lee
2355:Robert Lee Johnson
2267:Harry Dexter White
2102:Whittaker Chambers
1751:Abt, John (1993).
1207:Harry Dexter White
1139:Whittaker Chambers
1110:Harper's Magazine,
997:Rev. Norman Thomas
954:
899:Whittaker Chambers
842:
810:Harry Dexter White
627:Whittaker Chambers
619:
615:Whittaker Chambers
568:
472:
421:
384:in 1920, into the
370:
240:
143:Espionage activity
2872:American Marxists
2844:
2843:
2664:
2663:
2535:Portland spy ring
2481:
2480:
2350:Edward Lee Howard
2087:Elizabeth Bentley
1934:, August 3, 1948,
1787:978-1-8836-4217-4
1762:978-0-2520-2030-8
1651:"Another Witness"
1389:Theodore Draper,
1310:Bloor, Ella Reeve
952:(circa 1913-1918)
754:Elizabeth Bentley
625:former Communist
550:Return to America
285:household, as a "
194:
193:
2894:
2836:Stig Wennerström
2781:Walter Krivitsky
2646:Edith Tudor-Hart
2576:Michael Bettaney
2493:
2492:
2472:Illegals Program
2420:George Trofimoff
2390:Earl Edwin Pitts
2167:William Malisoff
2142:David Greenglass
2070:1940s and before
2067:
2066:
2049:
2042:
2035:
2026:
2025:
1998:Nathaniel Weyl,
1985:
1983:
1981:
1938:John Earl Haynes
1927:
1911:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1849:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1778:Great Day Coming
1773:
1767:
1766:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1713:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1694:on June 17, 2015
1690:. Archived from
1677:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1583:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1532:
1519:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1400:
1394:
1387:
1381:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1337:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1306:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1260:
974:C. E. Ruthenberg
930:Hope Hale Davis:
752:(later named by
576:Great Depression
544:collectivization
447:party politics.
271:Victor L. Berger
248:Ella Reeve Bloor
236:Ella Reeve Bloor
159:
157:
156:
135:Ella Reeve Bloor
75:
56:
54:
35:
21:
20:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2786:Kerttu Nuorteva
2776:Dieter Gerhardt
2758:
2752:
2728:Hirohide Ishida
2713:
2699:Gerda Munsinger
2684:Jeffrey Delisle
2660:
2636:Dave Springhall
2591:Litzi Friedmann
2567:
2529:
2515:John Cairncross
2477:
2446:Evgeny Buryakov
2434:
2430:Jerry Whitworth
2415:Robert Thompson
2291:
2287:Anatoli Yatskov
2247:Julian Wadleigh
2056:
2053:
2009:
1979:
1977:
1924:
1897:
1895:Further reading
1892:
1891:
1881:
1879:
1870:Anstrom, George
1867:
1863:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1839:Anstrom, George
1836:
1832:
1824:
1820:
1810:
1808:
1799:
1795:
1788:
1774:
1770:
1763:
1749:
1745:
1714:
1707:
1697:
1695:
1678:
1674:
1664:
1662:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1636:
1632:
1622:
1620:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1574:
1570:
1559:"The Road Back"
1557:
1556:
1552:
1545:
1520:
1489:
1479:
1477:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1455:
1453:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1431:
1429:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1409:
1407:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1388:
1384:
1371:
1367:
1359:
1355:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1331:
1321:
1319:
1307:
1282:
1272:
1270:
1261:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1194:Julian Wadleigh
1119:
1058:
1039:
1036:
1016:
970:Benjamin Gitlow
943:
934:Hope Hale Davis
908:William Bullitt
883:Nathaniel Weyl:
827:
790:Marion Bachrach
782:Laurence Duggan
608:
603:
552:
453:
419:(November 1921)
359:
357:Communist Party
351:First World War
321:
306:Socialist Party
287:Red Diaper Baby
229:
209:Communist Party
178:"Harrow" (1928)
154:
152:
89:Alma mater
84:
77:
73:
72:August 14, 1935
64:
58:
57:August 19, 1889
52:
50:
49:
48:
38:
26:
19:
12:
11:
5:
2900:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2811:Vitaly Shlykov
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2762:
2760:
2759:in combination
2754:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2724:
2722:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2675:
2673:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2621:Geoffrey Prime
2618:
2613:
2608:
2606:Melita Norwood
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2558:Harry Houghton
2555:
2550:
2545:
2539:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2520:Donald Maclean
2517:
2512:
2507:
2501:
2499:
2497:Cambridge Five
2490:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2468:
2463:
2461:Robert Hanssen
2458:
2453:
2448:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2380:Richard Miller
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2345:Reino Häyhänen
2342:
2340:Robert Hanssen
2337:
2335:James Hall III
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2301:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2282:Flora Wovschin
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2262:Nathaniel Weyl
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2132:Harold Glasser
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2073:
2071:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2015:
2008:
2007:External links
2005:
2004:
2003:
1996:
1989:Nathaniel Weyl
1986:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1935:
1928:
1922:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1861:
1830:
1818:
1793:
1786:
1768:
1761:
1743:
1705:
1672:
1642:
1640:pp. 2855-2856.
1630:
1608:
1595:978-0300155723
1594:
1568:
1550:
1543:
1487:
1463:
1439:
1417:
1395:
1382:
1365:
1353:
1341:
1329:
1280:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1202:Nathaniel Weyl
1199:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1149:Harold Glasser
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1104:
1098:
1095:The Communist,
1091:The Communist,
1087:
1078:
1069:
1057:
1054:
1015:
1012:
942:
939:
938:
937:
927:
903:
902:
887:Nathaniel Weyl
876:Charles Kramer
854:
853:
826:
823:
802:Nathaniel Weyl
766:Charles Kramer
641:under oath to
607:
604:
602:
599:
551:
548:
529:North Caucasus
452:
449:
358:
355:
320:
317:
275:Eugene V. Debs
269:(organized by
263:labor movement
228:
225:
192:
191:
188:
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184:
180:
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176:
172:
171:
168:
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127:
124:
120:
119:
112:
108:
107:
100:
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
78:
76:(aged 45)
70:
66:
65:
59:
46:
44:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:
24:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2899:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2826:Richard Sorge
2824:
2822:
2821:Siddiq Ghouse
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2771:Stig Bergling
2769:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2755:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2743:Hotsumi Ozaki
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2733:Yotoku Miyagi
2731:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2716:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2689:Igor Gouzenko
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2674:
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2667:
2657:
2654:
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2647:
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2639:
2637:
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2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2611:Alan Nunn May
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2601:Percy Glading
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2505:Anthony Blunt
2503:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2484:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2456:Peter Debbins
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2410:Oscar Seborer
2408:
2406:
2405:Robert Soblen
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2385:Ronald Pelton
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2257:Bill Weisband
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2232:Morton Sobell
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2222:Alfred Sarant
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2182:Isaiah Oggins
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2152:John Herrmann
2150:
2148:
2147:Theodore Hall
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2117:Judith Coplon
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
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2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
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2078:
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2020:
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2011:
2010:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1975:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1962:Earl Latham,
1961:
1958:
1955:Joseph Lash,
1954:
1951:
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1943:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1923:9780895269157
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1915:
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1560:
1554:
1546:
1544:9780895269157
1540:
1536:
1531:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1475:
1474:
1467:
1451:
1450:
1443:
1427:
1421:
1405:
1399:
1392:
1386:
1379:
1375:
1369:
1363:
1357:
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1345:
1336:
1334:
1317:
1316:
1311:
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1301:
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1285:
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1259:
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1177:
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1155:
1154:John Herrmann
1152:
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1125:
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1066:The Communist
1063:
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1019:
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986:
985:Jessica Smith
981:
979:
978:Jay Lovestone
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950:Jessica Smith
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859:
858:recollection.
851:
847:
846:Lee Pressman:
844:
843:
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831:
821:
817:
815:
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798:John Herrmann
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678:— and others.
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99:Occupation(s)
97:
94:
91:
87:
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71:
67:
62:
45:
41:
34:
29:
22:
16:
2831:Arne Treholt
2806:Ignace Reiss
2748:Ryūzō Sejima
2738:SanzĹŤ Nosaka
2694:Elena Miller
2651:John Vassall
2626:Goronwy Rees
2581:George Blake
2563:Konon Molody
2548:Morris Cohen
2470:
2451:Anna Chapman
2370:Robert Lipka
2360:Karl Koecher
2310:Aldrich Ames
2272:Maria Wicher
2251:
2212:Vincent Reno
2207:Lee Pressman
2192:Victor Perlo
2187:William Perl
2177:Boris Morros
2172:Hede Massing
2162:George Koval
2112:Morris Cohen
2092:Earl Browder
2018:
1999:
1992:
1978:. Retrieved
1972:
1963:
1956:
1945:
1942:Harvey Klehr
1907:
1904:(May 1952).
1880:. Retrieved
1874:
1869:
1864:
1852:. Retrieved
1843:
1838:
1833:
1821:
1809:. Retrieved
1803:
1796:
1777:
1771:
1752:
1746:
1724:(1): 81–94.
1721:
1717:
1696:. Retrieved
1692:the original
1685:
1675:
1663:. Retrieved
1659:the original
1654:
1645:
1637:
1633:
1621:. Retrieved
1611:
1599:. Retrieved
1579:
1571:
1563:the original
1553:
1528:
1525:(May 1952).
1478:. Retrieved
1472:
1466:
1454:. Retrieved
1448:
1442:
1432:November 22,
1430:. Retrieved
1420:
1408:. Retrieved
1398:
1390:
1385:
1373:
1368:
1356:
1344:
1322:November 22,
1320:. Retrieved
1314:
1271:. Retrieved
1265:
1189:Vincent Reno
1184:Lee Pressman
1169:Victor Perlo
1109:
1100:
1094:
1090:
1083:
1074:
1065:
1051:
1044:
1033:tuberculosis
1021:
1017:
1005:
982:
966:pancreatitis
958:
955:
929:
919:
905:
882:
861:
856:
850:Lee Pressman
845:
834:Lee Pressman
819:
794:Victor Perlo
775:
738:
733:
730:
726:
722:
718:
701:
681:
648:
639:Lee Pressman
633:, a Russian
622:
620:
586:
580:
569:
560:soup kitchen
540:
533:
509:
496:
473:
468:Lydia Gibson
459:
438:
426:
422:
398:
371:
340:
333:
329:Philadelphia
322:
310:
298:tuberculosis
291:
259:Philadelphia
252:
241:
238:(circa 1910)
200:
196:
195:
161:Soviet Union
142:
74:(1935-08-14)
15:
2862:1935 deaths
2857:1889 births
2816:Herman Simm
2801:Alfred Redl
2757:Elsewhere /
2656:Arthur Wynn
2596:Klaus Fuchs
2586:David Crook
2510:Guy Burgess
2439:Post-Soviet
2330:Jack Dunlap
2305:Rudolf Abel
2277:Nathan Witt
2252:Harold Ware
2227:Saville Sax
2157:Donald Hiss
2127:Klaus Fuchs
2097:Boris Bukov
1948:New Haven:
1480:October 18,
1456:October 18,
1315:We Are Many
1212:Nathan Witt
1198:Harold Ware
1179:Ward Pigman
1164:Donald Hiss
1075:The Toiler,
868:Nathan Witt
806:Donald Hiss
786:Nathan Witt
631:Boris Bykov
562:(opened by
25:Harold Ware
2851:Categories
2543:Lona Cohen
2525:Kim Philby
2400:Myra Soble
2395:Jack Soble
2137:Harry Gold
2122:Noel Field
2107:Lona Cohen
1219:References
1159:Alger Hiss
1144:Noel Field
1129:Ware Group
1112:April 1935
895:Alger Hiss
746:Alger Hiss
572:Lem Harris
536:state farm
488:Carl Reeve
466:(cover by
302:Wilmington
227:Background
217:Ware Group
201:"Hal" Ware
149:Allegiance
53:1889-08-19
2709:Fred Rose
2616:John Peet
2553:Ethel Gee
2197:J. Peters
2082:Joel Barr
2062:In the US
1980:August 6,
1882:August 6,
1854:August 6,
1811:August 7,
1738:144718557
1601:March 19,
1410:August 5,
1273:August 6,
1174:J. Peters
920:John Abt:
885:In 1952,
864:J. Peters
814:J. Peters
758:physicist
739:Once the
706:(AAA), a
564:Al Capone
520:Black Sea
445:factional
436:himself.
396:in 1929.
347:draftsman
255:socialism
131:Parent(s)
111:Spouse(s)
2679:Sam Carr
2297:Cold War
2077:John Abt
1872:(1932).
1841:(1932).
1698:June 29,
1665:June 29,
1312:(1940).
1134:John Abt
1117:See also
1047:John Abt
1025:baseball
924:John Abt
872:John Abt
750:John Abt
741:New Deal
708:New Deal
694:and the
643:Congress
623:Witness,
343:shipyard
213:New Deal
183:Codename
175:Codename
167:Codename
123:Children
2486:In the
1952:, 1999.
1908:Witness
1623:May 26,
1529:Witness
808:, and
500:Toikino
402:by-line
336:tractor
294:measles
283:radical
205:Marxist
2671:Canada
1920:
1784:
1759:
1736:
1592:
1541:
1428:. 1983
1029:tennis
1014:Legacy
989:Quaker
840:(1938)
792:, and
690:, the
686:, the
674:, the
670:, the
666:, the
662:, the
658:, the
654:, the
319:Career
197:Harold
158:
2720:Japan
1848:(PDF)
1734:S2CID
1378:H-net
1056:Works
516:Kuban
434:Lenin
378:Helen
345:as a
325:Arden
118:(3rd)
79:near
1982:2018
1940:and
1918:ISBN
1884:2018
1856:2018
1813:2018
1782:ISBN
1757:ISBN
1700:2008
1667:2008
1655:TIME
1625:2015
1603:2017
1590:ISBN
1539:ISBN
1482:2018
1458:2018
1434:2020
1412:2018
1324:2020
1275:2018
960:the
874:and
748:and
504:Perm
368:logo
273:and
83:, US
69:Died
63:, US
43:Born
2718:In
2669:In
1726:doi
1586:282
912:AAA
838:CIO
760:at
502:in
406:pun
289:."
106:spy
104:GRU
2853::
2488:UK
1991:,
1944:,
1914:26
1732:.
1720:.
1708:^
1684:.
1653:.
1535:26
1490:^
1332:^
1283:^
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780:,
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199:or
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1984:.
1926:.
1886:.
1858:.
1815:.
1790:.
1765:.
1740:.
1728::
1722:2
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1669:.
1627:.
1605:.
1547:.
1484:.
1460:.
1436:.
1414:.
1326:.
1277:.
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55:)
51:(
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