661:
1200:
631:
1212:
31:
895:
546:
522:
75:
585:
467:
219:
792:
50:
1154:
hawks spread around the prey and one bird flushes it out. Harris's hawks will often chase prey on foot, and are quite fast on the ground and their long, yellow legs are adapted for this, as most hawks do not spend as much time on the ground. Groups of Harris's hawks tend to be more successful at capturing prey than lone hawks, with groups of two to four individuals having ~10% higher success rates per extra individual.
1153:
of two to six. This is believed to be an adaptation to the lack of prey in the desert climate in which they live. In one hunting technique, a small group flies ahead and scouts, then another group member flies ahead and scouts, and this continues until prey is bagged and shared. In another, all the
782:
This species occurs in relatively stable groups. A dominance hierarchy occurs in Harris's hawks, wherein the mature female is the dominant bird, followed by the adult male and then the young of previous years. Groups typically include from two to seven birds. Not only do birds cooperate in hunting,
501:
with the females being larger by about 35%. In the United States, the average weight for adult males is about 701 g (1.545 lb), with a range of 546 to 850 g (1.204 to 1.874 lb), while the adult female average is 1,029 g (2.269 lb), with a range of 766 to 1,633 g
2105:
Bednarz, J. C., J. W. Dawson, and W. H. Whaley. (1988). Harris' Hawk. Pages 71–82 in
Proceedings of the southwest raptor management symposium and workshop. (Glinski, R. L., B. G. Pendleton, M. B. Moss, M. N. LeFranc, Jr., B. A. Millsap, and S. W. Hoffman, Eds.) Natl. Wildl. Fed. Washington,
494:). Harris's hawks range in length from 46 to 59 cm (18 to 23 in) and generally have a wingspan of about 103 to 120 cm (41 to 47 in). These hawks have a brownish plumage, reddish shoulders, and tail feathers with a white base and white tip.
602:. However, the sample size of the original study was quite small, with only five males and six females. Later research has concluded that there is not as strong a physical difference as was originally assumed. Other ecological differences, such as
988:
Undoubtedly because it pursues large prey often, this hawk has larger and stronger feet, with long talons, and a larger, more prominent hooked beak than most other raptors around its size. Locally, other buteonine hawks, including the
2342:
457:
consisting of tolerant groups, while other raptors often hunt alone. Harris's hawks' social nature has been attributed to their intelligence, which makes them easy to train and has made them a popular bird for use in falconry.
830:, or start to fly, at 45 to 50 days. The female sometimes breeds two or three times in a year. Young may stay with their parents for up to three years, helping to raise later broods. Nests are known to be predated by
1001:
also hunt primarily cottontails and jackrabbits, but each is bigger, weighing about 500 g (18 oz), 300 g (11 oz) and 200 g (7.1 oz), respectively, more on average than a Harris's hawk.
537:
and appears much lighter than the dark adults. When in flight, the undersides of the juveniles' wings are buff-colored with brown streaking. They can look unlike adults at first glance, but the identical chestnut
870:), predators possibly too formidable to be fully displaced by Harris's hawk's cooperative nest defenses. No accounts show predation on adults in the United States and Harris's hawk may be considered an
2115:
Coulson, Jennifer O., and Thomas D. Coulson. "Reexamining cooperative hunting in Harris's Hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus): large prey or challenging habitats?." The Auk 130.3 (2013): 548-552.
2203:
Nutting, C. C. (1883). On a collection of birds from the
Hacienda "La Palma," Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica, with critical notes by Robert Ridgway. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 1982(5):382–409.
2061:
Santander, Francisco J., et al. "PREY OF HARRIS'HAWKS (PARABUTEO UNICINCTUS) DURING AUTUMN AND WINTER IN A COASTAL AREA OF CENTRAL CHILE." The
Southwestern Naturalist (2011): 417-422.
671:
It is smaller than the North
American subspecies, tail and wings are proportionally longer, and the adult's dark brown ventrum is streaked or flecked with white or whitish.
2151:
Farquhar, C. C. (1986). Ecology and breeding behavior of the White-tailed Hawk on the northern coastal prairies of Texas. PhD. diss. Texas A & M Univ. College
Station.
1211:
1199:
2142:
Smith, D. G. and J. R. Murphy. (1973). Breeding ecology of raptors in the East Great Basin Desert of Utah. Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. Vol. 18:1–76.
3410:
603:
1323:
Catalogue of the Birds in the
British Museum: Volume 1, Catalogue of the Accipitres or diurnal birds of prey in the collection of the British Museum
2133:
Thurow, T. L., C. M. White, R. P. Howard, and J. F. Sullivan. (1980). Raptor ecology of Raft River valley, Idaho. EG&G Idaho, Inc. Idaho Falls.
3176:
2366:
1171:
and are now the most popular hawks in the West (outside of Asia) for that purpose, as they are one of the easiest to train and the most social.
3420:
1336:
2392:
3241:
1193:
by falconry experts in Canada and the United States at various locations including airports, resorts, landfill sites, and industrial sites.
3375:
2317:
2291:
1623:
3347:
3140:
2024:
Jiménez, J. E., & Jaksić, F. M. (1989). Behavioral ecology of grey eagle-buzzards, Geranoaetus melanoleucus, in central Chile.
3189:
2092:
Bednarz, J. C. (1988). A comparative study of the breeding ecology of Harris's and
Swainson's hawks in southeastern New Mexico.
1861:
981:), the leading prey species in the north of Harris's hawk's range, usually weighs 800 g (1.8 lb) or less. Even adult
660:
2250:
2169:
1958:
1928:
1607:
1579:
1552:
1511:
1434:
1359:
3194:
783:
but they also assist in the nesting process. No other bird of prey is known to hunt in groups as routinely as this species.
2459:
506:
with chestnut shoulders, wing linings, and thighs, white on the base and tip of the tail, long, yellow legs, and a yellow
1376:
1985:
822:
is debated, as it may be confused with backstanding (one bird standing on another's back). The female does most of the
3390:
1846:
Bednarz, J. C. and J. D. Ligon. (1988). A study of the ecological bases of cooperative breeding in the Harris' hawk.
1835:
1409:
3415:
3246:
1767:… a new generic name should be instituted for the present species, since it so well merits separation to that rank.
807:, bark, and plant roots. They are built mainly by the female. There are usually two to four white to blueish-white
3405:
3127:
1885:
Dawson, J. W. and R. W. Mannan. (1991). The role of territoriality in the social organization of Harris' hawks.
3019:
3228:
2124:
Smith, D. G. and J. R. Murphy. (1978). Biology of the
Ferruginous Hawk in central Utah. Sociobiology 3:79–98.
447:
1125:
spp.) In the tropics, Harris's hawks have adapted to taking prey of several varieties, including those like
3028:
818:
Very often, there will be three hawks attending one nest: two males and one female. Whether or not this is
3259:
1719:"Catalogue of the ornithological collection of the Boston Society of Natural History. Part II. Falconidae"
446:
gave this bird its
English name in honor of his ornithological companion, financial supporter, and friend
3078:
2513:
879:
3083:
2083:
Woodward, H.D. (2003). Lone Harris' Hawk Kills Great Blue Heron. The Raptor
Research Foundation 1:85–86.
1005:
In the Southwestern United States, the most common prey species (in descending order of prevalence) are
1702:
874:, although presumably predators like eagles and great horned owls would be capable of killing them. In
386:
30:
1464:
1292:
1252:
by Audubon was purchased by the New York History Society where it remains to this day (January 2009).
1149:
While most raptors are solitary, only coming together for breeding and migration, Harris's hawks will
755:. Important perches and nest supports are provided by scattered larger trees or other features (e.g.,
630:
74:
3057:
985:
weighing more than 2,000 g (4.4 lb) can be successfully taken by a pack of Harris's hawks.
751:
swamps, as in parts of their South American range. Harris's hawks are permanent residents and do not
2225:
Jaksic, F. M., J. L. Yanez, and R. P. Schlatter. (1980). Prey of the Harris' hawk in central Chile.
3395:
3254:
2452:
2052:
Ferguson-Lees, James, and David A. Christie. Raptors of the world. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2001.
1771:
1746:
1718:
1318:
982:
3220:
1022:
911:
894:
186:
3285:
2267:
2070:
Houcke, H.H. (1971). Predation By a White-Tailed Hawk and a Harris' Hawk on a Wild Turkey Poult
3400:
3181:
3065:
2981:
826:. The eggs hatch in 31 to 36 days. The young begin to explore outside the nest at 38 days, and
700:
3207:
1796:
3280:
3272:
3044:
2902:
2295:
169:
2397:
545:
3070:
3039:
2578:
2192:
The reproductive ecology of a Texas Harris's hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus harrisi) population
2181:
Mader, W. J. (1975). Biology of the Harris' hawk in southern Arizona. Living Bird 14:59–85.
1232:
1102:
819:
803:
are often compact, made of sticks, plant roots, and stems and are often lined with leaves,
2040:
Del Hoyo, Josep, et al. Handbook of the birds of the world. Vol. 1. No. 8. Lynx Ed., 1992.
8:
2907:
2784:
2678:
2618:
2588:
2573:
2445:
1627:
1249:
1110:
771:
39:
3155:
1760:
1269:
774:; however, under some circumstances, they have been known to move into developed areas.
606:, were also brought up as arguments against the validity of the subspecies segmentation.
3380:
2917:
2912:
2834:
2829:
2668:
2658:
2643:
2598:
2558:
1569:
1477:
1330:
1227:
1014:
513:
The lifespan of Harris's Hawk is 10–12 years in the wild and 20–25 years in captivity.
443:
414:
234:
69:
3311:
1975:
470:
The distinctive plumage and tail feathers clearly confirm that this is a Harris's hawk
3385:
3267:
3101:
2809:
2804:
2751:
2726:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2593:
2553:
2523:
2318:"Introducing Rufus the hawk: the official bird scarer of the Wimbledon Championships"
2246:
2165:
1981:
1954:
1948:
1924:
1865:
1831:
1603:
1575:
1548:
1507:
1481:
1430:
1405:
1355:
1086:
1070:
1006:
998:
974:
946:) can be taken. In one instance, a lone Harris's hawk successfully killed a subadult
736:
498:
2427:
2419:
1898:
Griffin, C. R. (1976). A preliminary comparison of Texas and Arizona Harris' Hawks (
815:
or gray. The nestlings start light buff, but in five to six days turn a rich brown.
3338:
3106:
2854:
2814:
2761:
2756:
2746:
2653:
2633:
2583:
2468:
1723:
Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History (Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.)
1469:
1287:
1183:
990:
947:
903:
855:
479:
3132:
3093:
2568:
2563:
2548:
1130:
1030:
994:
847:
744:
715:, Sharpe gives an extensive synonymy, with various authors having earlier placed
651:
609:
487:
218:
126:
3298:
3233:
521:
2942:
2928:
2882:
2819:
2673:
2663:
2648:
2623:
2543:
1714:
1681:
823:
752:
688:
421:
402:
2405:
1380:
3369:
3202:
3004:
2701:
2683:
2638:
2518:
1529:
Hamerstrom, F. (1978). "External sex characters of Harris' Hawks in winter".
1427:
National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Birds 'Western Region'
1278:
1245:
1058:
871:
674:
534:
406:
59:
54:
1236:(published in London, 1827–38) as Plate 392 with the title "Louisiana Hawk -
2864:
2795:
2766:
1190:
1078:
1050:
863:
839:
756:
382:
136:
2343:"BLOG: Phoenician resort hires hawks to keep pesky birds away from diners"
1473:
584:
3215:
3163:
3013:
2937:
2824:
2737:
2504:
1150:
1134:
1094:
970:
939:
931:
923:
598:
was believed to have longer tails and wings and to be more blackish than
466:
454:
2437:
2214:
The birds of Chile and adjacent regions of Argentina, Bolivia, and Peru.
791:
3352:
3306:
3145:
2859:
2845:
2472:
1175:
453:
Harris's hawk is notable for its behavior of hunting cooperatively in
2712:
2628:
1661:
Proceedings of the southwest raptor management symposium and workshop
1241:
800:
704:
442:
meaning girdled, referring to the white band at the tip of the tail.
394:
146:
86:
3168:
2975:
1980:. Oxford Ornithology Series. Vol. 10. Oxford University Press.
1703:
https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/hrshaw/cur/systematics#subsp
3332:
3119:
2998:
2893:
1168:
1042:
808:
760:
748:
732:
526:
410:
106:
3052:
2964:
2493:
1759:
Baird, Spencer Fullerton; Brewer, T. M.; Ridgway, Robert (1874).
1126:
764:
621:
613:
539:
503:
1167:
Since about 1980, Harris's hawks have been increasingly used in
2009:
Dominance hierarchies and helper contributions in Harris' Hawks
1179:
963:
955:
907:
831:
827:
647:
617:
398:
96:
2269:
The cooperative breeding system of the Harris' Hawk in Arizona
1825:
Guará-Ambiente, Flora e Fauna dos Manguezais de Santos-Cubatão
413:
and these records almost invariably all refer to escapes from
3293:
3114:
2959:
2534:
2485:
1118:
959:
875:
812:
740:
643:
428:
390:
2497:(extinctions: † indicates a species confirmed to be extinct)
1217:
Harris's hawk at a licensed falconry centre, Ontario, Canada
1174:
Trained Harris's hawks have been used to remove an unwanted
902:
The majority of Harris's hawks' prey are mammals, including
510:. The vocalizations of Harris's hawk are very harsh sounds.
1542:
1261:
919:
804:
507:
475:
116:
2398:
Harris's hawks in falconry (videos, Photo album, articles)
973:, Harris's hawk can take large prey effectively, such as
799:
They nest in small trees, shrubby growth, or cacti. The
1267:
770:
The wild Harris's hawk population is declining due to
763:
edges, standing dead trees, live trees, boulders, and
1797:"IRMNG - Parabuteo Baird, Brewer & Ridgway, 1874"
1762:
A history of North American birds. Land birds. Vol. 3
2367:"Audubon's Watercolors Octavo Pl. 392, Harris' Hawk"
1649:
Bednarz, J. C. (1988). "Harris' hawk subspecies: is
1374:
401:. This bird is sometimes reported to be at large in
1571:
National Audubon Society: The Sibley Guide to Birds
533:The juvenile Harris's hawk is mostly streaked with
2365:
1921:Nests, Eggs, and Nestlings of North American Birds
1758:
1731:Intermediate between Buteo and Urubitinga, … Type
1463:
1293:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22695838A93529685.en
3367:
2238:
1919:Baicich, Paul J.; Harrison, Colin J. O. (1997).
1918:
1823:Olmos Fábio & Robson Silva e Silva (2003).
502:(1.689 to 3.600 lb). They have dark brown
3411:Native birds of the Southwestern United States
2216:Platt Establecimientos Graficos, Buenos Aires.
1914:
1912:
2453:
1525:
1523:
558:There are three subspecies of Harris's hawk:
1312:
1310:
1205:Harris's hawk in flight at a falconry centre
691:placed Harris' Hawk in its own new subgenus
1909:
1707:
1698:Blake, Ferguson-Lees and Christie cited in
1189:Trained Harris's hawks have been used for
1186:, and from the tennis courts at Wimbledon.
1157:
726:
554:subspecies (Bay-winged hawk), in Argentina.
2460:
2446:
2194:. Master's Thesis. Univ. of Texas, Austin.
1700:Birds of the world "Parabuteo unicinctrus"
1675:
1673:
1671:
1593:
1591:
1520:
1335:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
922:from the size of small passerines such as
478:is roughly intermediate in size between a
217:
48:
29:
2467:
2048:
2046:
1778:Ridgway", but the subspecies heading is "
1307:
1291:
1248:, London workshops in 1837. The original
743:(with some trees) in some parts of their
695:in 1873, and introduced the generic name
2036:
2034:
2007:Dawson, J. W. and R. W. Mannan. (1991).
1946:
962:are additionally taken as well as large
893:
790:
713:Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum
544:
520:
465:
427:, meaning beside, near or like, and the
2160:Dunning Jr., John B. (Editor). (1992).
1977:The Evolution of Avian Breeding Systems
1942:
1940:
1752:
1713:
1679:
1668:
1648:
1642:
1597:
1588:
1501:
1451:A Field Guide to Hawks of North America
1449:Clark, W. S. and B. K. Wheeler (1987).
1424:
1420:
1418:
1349:
3368:
2412:
2265:
2043:
1567:
1316:
3421:Taxa named by Coenraad Jacob Temminck
2980:
2979:
2441:
2315:
2284:
2031:
1973:
1352:A Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
2294:. Users.cybercity.dk. Archived from
1937:
1664:. Washington, D.C. pp. 294–300.
1543:National Geographic Society (1983).
1415:
1394:
377:, and known in Latin America as the
3376:IUCN Red List least concern species
2393:Peregrine Fund page on Harris' hawk
1859:
1765:. Little, Brown. pp. 248–252.
1279:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
811:sometimes with a speckling of pale
13:
2162:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses.
1602:. Texas A&M University Press.
747:(Howell and Webb 1995), including
434:, referring to a kind of buzzard;
14:
3432:
2386:
2272:(M.S.). The University of Arizona
1133:introduced by man. In Chile, the
703:also separated Harris' Hawk to a
409:, but it is a popular species in
2340:
1210:
1198:
659:
629:
583:
73:
2359:
2334:
2309:
2259:
2232:
2219:
2206:
2197:
2184:
2175:
2154:
2145:
2136:
2127:
2118:
2109:
2099:
2086:
2077:
2064:
2055:
2018:
2001:
1967:
1892:
1879:
1853:
1840:
1814:
1789:
1692:
1616:
1561:
1547:. National Geographic Society.
1536:
1268:BirdLife International (2016).
1099:Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus
1923:. Princeton University Press.
1495:
1456:
1453:. Houghton Mifflin Co. Boston.
1443:
1429:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing.
1425:Udvardy, Miklos D. F. (2001).
1368:
1343:
1141:) makes up 67.5% of the prey.
731:Harris's hawks live in sparse
542:is an aid for identification.
461:
1:
2406:Harris' hawks hunting in pack
1950:Lives of North American Birds
1502:Dunning, John B. Jr. (1993).
1255:
1230:illustrated Harris's hawk in
561:
420:The name is derived from the
1953:. Houghton Mifflin Company.
1626:. Oregon Zoo. Archived from
1568:Sibley, David Allen (2000).
1504:CRC Handbook of Avian Masses
1465:"Harris's Hawk - Appearance"
880:black-chested buzzard-eagles
777:
7:
2514:Black-chested buzzard-eagle
2316:Mount, Harry (2017-07-03).
1354:. Oxford University Press.
1317:Sharpe, R. Bowdler (1874).
1162:
786:
683:
516:
10:
3437:
1680:Bednarz, James C. (1995).
1404:Hancock House Publishers,
1375:National Audubon Society.
1350:Jobling, James A. (1991).
1151:hunt in cooperative groups
1144:
889:
387:southwestern United States
3322:
2988:
2955:
2926:
2891:
2873:
2843:
2793:
2775:
2735:
2710:
2692:
2532:
2502:
2483:
2479:
2239:Cook, William E. (1997).
1653:larger or different than
1598:Rappole, John H. (2000).
1379:. Audubon. Archived from
1325:. London. pp. 84–86.
1222:
369:), formerly known as the
240:
233:
225:
216:
199:
194:
175:
168:
70:Scientific classification
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
3391:Birds of Central America
2424:Ornithological Biography
1974:Ligon, J. David (1999).
1774:, the heading is "Genus
1319:"Genus 20. Erythrocnema"
1286:: e.T22695838A93529685.
1158:Relationship with humans
983:black-tailed jackrabbits
912:black-tailed jackrabbits
886:) are likely predators.
884:Geranoaetus melanoleucus
727:Distribution and habitat
3416:Birds described in 1824
2212:Johnson, A. W. (1965).
2190:Brannon, J. D. (1980).
1947:Kaufmann, Kenn (1996).
1023:black-tailed jackrabbit
342:Erythrocnema unicinctus
303:Spizageranus unicinctus
299:Cab. & Tschudi 1844
296:Hypomorphnus unicinctus
3406:Birds of South America
2418:John James Audubon. "
2266:Dawson, James (1988).
2242:Avian Desert Predators
1600:Birds of the Southwest
1545:Birds of North America
899:
796:
701:Richard Bowdler Sharpe
555:
530:
471:
3281:Paleobiology Database
2903:Rufous-winged buzzard
2434:octavo edition, 1840.
2371:Joel Oppenheimer, Inc
1474:10.2173/bow.hrshaw.01
1400:Beebe, Frank (1984).
897:
794:
548:
524:
469:
385:that breeds from the
3312:Parabuteo-unicinctus
3045:Parabuteo_unicinctus
3020:Parabuteo unicinctus
2990:Parabuteo unicinctus
2579:Rough-legged buzzard
1900:Parabuteo unicinctus
1780:Parabuteo unicinctus
1684:Parabuteo unicinctus
1272:Parabuteo unicinctus
1233:The Birds of America
1111:desert spiny lizards
1103:northern mockingbird
1019:Syvilagus floridanus
954:). Reptiles such as
898:Eating a chick's leg
719:in three genera and
693:Urubitinga (Antenor)
381:, is a medium-large
366:Parabuteo unicinctus
324:Urubitinga unicincta
228:Parabuteo unicinctus
226:Distribution map of
179:Parabuteo unicinctus
2908:Grasshopper buzzard
2785:Black-collared hawk
2619:White-throated hawk
2589:Red-shouldered hawk
2574:Long-legged buzzard
2413:Historical material
1244:and colored by the
1115:Sceloporus magister
1091:Colinus virginianus
1075:Callipepla gambelii
944:Meleagris gallapavo
310:Craxirex unicinctus
275:Morphnus unicinctus
40:Conservation status
2918:Grey-faced buzzard
2913:White-eyed buzzard
2835:Semiplumbeous hawk
2830:Slate-colored hawk
2669:Red-necked buzzard
2659:Madagascar buzzard
2644:Rufous-tailed hawk
2559:Cape Verde buzzard
2426:volume 5 (1839).
1860:Discoll, James T.
1402:A Falconry Manual.
1228:John James Audubon
1027:Lepus californicus
1015:eastern cottontail
1011:Syvilagus auduboni
979:Syvilagus auduboni
916:Lepus californicus
900:
797:
795:At one week of age
711:, in 1874. In his
556:
531:
474:This medium-large
472:
444:John James Audubon
438:meaning once; and
349:Polyborus tænurius
317:Asturina unicincta
161:P. unicinctus
3363:
3362:
3268:Open Tree of Life
2982:Taxon identifiers
2973:
2972:
2951:
2950:
2810:White-necked hawk
2805:White-browed hawk
2752:Common black hawk
2727:White-rumped hawk
2614:Short-tailed hawk
2609:White-rumped hawk
2594:Broad-winged hawk
2554:Himalayan buzzard
2524:White-tailed hawk
2252:978-3-540-59262-4
2170:978-0-8493-4258-5
1960:978-0-395-77017-7
1930:978-0-691-12295-3
1828:Empresa das Artes
1609:978-0-89096-958-8
1581:978-0-679-45122-8
1554:978-0-87044-472-2
1513:978-0-8493-4258-5
1436:978-0-679-42851-0
1361:978-0-19-854634-4
1240:". The image was
1107:Mimus polyglottos
1087:northern bobwhite
1007:desert cottontail
999:white-tailed hawk
975:desert cottontail
971:hunting in groups
938:) and half-grown
862:), and flocks of
856:great horned owls
852:Buteo jamaicensis
844:Aquila chrysaetos
681:
680:
604:latitudinal cline
499:sexual dimorphism
492:Buteo jamaicensis
358:
357:
353:
346:
339:
328:
321:
314:
307:
300:
293:
286:
279:
272:
265:
261:Craxirex harrisii
258:
254:
247:
63:
3428:
3356:
3355:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3324:Falco unicinctus
3315:
3314:
3302:
3301:
3289:
3288:
3276:
3275:
3263:
3262:
3250:
3249:
3237:
3236:
3234:NHMSYS0001689582
3224:
3223:
3211:
3210:
3198:
3197:
3185:
3184:
3172:
3171:
3159:
3158:
3149:
3148:
3136:
3135:
3123:
3122:
3110:
3109:
3097:
3096:
3087:
3086:
3074:
3073:
3061:
3060:
3058:FBED1927FAA44D27
3048:
3047:
3035:
3034:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3009:
3008:
3007:
2977:
2976:
2855:Grey-backed hawk
2815:Black-faced hawk
2762:Great black hawk
2757:Cuban black hawk
2747:Rufous crab hawk
2679:Archer's buzzard
2654:Mountain buzzard
2634:Zone-tailed hawk
2584:Ferruginous hawk
2481:
2480:
2462:
2455:
2448:
2439:
2438:
2432:Birds of America
2402:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2236:
2230:
2223:
2217:
2210:
2204:
2201:
2195:
2188:
2182:
2179:
2173:
2158:
2152:
2149:
2143:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2125:
2122:
2116:
2113:
2107:
2103:
2097:
2090:
2084:
2081:
2075:
2068:
2062:
2059:
2053:
2050:
2041:
2038:
2029:
2022:
2016:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1944:
1935:
1934:
1916:
1907:
1896:
1890:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1864:. Archived from
1857:
1851:
1844:
1838:
1822:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1793:
1787:
1769:
1756:
1750:
1737:
1711:
1705:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1682:"Harris's Hawk (
1677:
1666:
1665:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1595:
1586:
1585:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1540:
1534:
1527:
1518:
1517:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1467:
1460:
1454:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1422:
1413:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1334:
1326:
1314:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1295:
1265:
1214:
1202:
1184:Trafalgar Square
1178:population from
1131:European rabbits
1035:Ammopsermophilus
1031:ground squirrels
991:ferruginous hawk
948:great blue heron
904:ground squirrels
860:Bubo virginianus
848:red-tailed hawks
667:P. u. unicinctus
663:
633:
587:
566:
565:
484:Falco peregrinus
480:peregrine falcon
351:
344:
337:
331:Buteo unicinctus
326:
319:
312:
305:
298:
291:
289:Buteo unicinctus
284:
282:Nisus unicinctus
277:
270:
268:Falco unicinctus
263:
256:
252:
245:
221:
210:P. u. unicinctus
181:
78:
77:
57:
52:
51:
33:
21:
20:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3396:Birds of Mexico
3366:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3351:
3346:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3318:
3310:
3305:
3297:
3292:
3284:
3279:
3271:
3266:
3258:
3253:
3245:
3240:
3232:
3227:
3219:
3214:
3206:
3201:
3193:
3188:
3180:
3175:
3167:
3162:
3154:
3152:
3144:
3139:
3131:
3126:
3118:
3113:
3105:
3100:
3092:
3090:
3082:
3077:
3069:
3064:
3056:
3051:
3043:
3038:
3032:
3027:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2984:
2974:
2969:
2947:
2922:
2887:
2869:
2839:
2789:
2771:
2731:
2706:
2688:
2599:Swainson's hawk
2569:Red-tailed hawk
2564:Socotra buzzard
2549:Eastern buzzard
2528:
2498:
2475:
2466:
2415:
2400:
2389:
2384:
2375:
2373:
2364:
2360:
2351:
2349:
2341:Mraz, Tiffany.
2339:
2335:
2326:
2324:
2322:Daily Telegraph
2314:
2310:
2301:
2299:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2275:
2273:
2264:
2260:
2253:
2237:
2233:
2224:
2220:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2100:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2044:
2039:
2032:
2023:
2019:
2006:
2002:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1945:
1938:
1931:
1917:
1910:
1902:) populations.
1897:
1893:
1884:
1880:
1871:
1869:
1858:
1854:
1845:
1841:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1805:
1803:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1757:
1753:
1733:Falco unicincta
1715:Ridgway, Robert
1712:
1708:
1697:
1693:
1678:
1669:
1647:
1643:
1633:
1631:
1630:on 21 June 2022
1622:
1621:
1617:
1610:
1596:
1589:
1582:
1566:
1562:
1555:
1541:
1537:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1500:
1496:
1486:
1484:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1448:
1444:
1437:
1423:
1416:
1399:
1395:
1386:
1384:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1348:
1344:
1328:
1327:
1315:
1308:
1298:
1296:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1225:
1218:
1215:
1206:
1203:
1165:
1160:
1147:
995:red-tailed hawk
892:
789:
780:
729:
686:
652:Central America
610:Baja California
564:
519:
488:red-tailed hawk
464:
371:bay-winged hawk
347:
340:
329:
322:
315:
308:
301:
294:
287:
280:
273:
266:
259:
248:
208:
204:
190:
183:
177:
164:
127:Accipitriformes
72:
64:
53:
49:
42:
17:
16:Species of bird
12:
11:
5:
3434:
3424:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3344:
3328:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3303:
3290:
3277:
3264:
3251:
3238:
3225:
3212:
3199:
3186:
3173:
3160:
3150:
3137:
3124:
3111:
3098:
3088:
3075:
3062:
3049:
3036:
3025:
3010:
2994:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2943:Solitary eagle
2940:
2934:
2932:
2929:Harpyhaliaetus
2924:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2899:
2897:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2883:Lizard buzzard
2879:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2851:
2849:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2820:Plumbeous hawk
2817:
2812:
2807:
2801:
2799:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2781:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2743:
2741:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2718:
2716:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2698:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2674:Jackal buzzard
2671:
2666:
2664:Upland buzzard
2661:
2656:
2651:
2649:Forest buzzard
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2624:Galapagos hawk
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2604:Ridgway's hawk
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2544:Common buzzard
2540:
2538:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2510:
2508:
2500:
2499:
2491:
2489:
2477:
2476:
2465:
2464:
2457:
2450:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2420:Louisiana Hawk
2414:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2403:
2395:
2388:
2387:External links
2385:
2383:
2382:
2358:
2333:
2308:
2292:"Raptors page"
2283:
2258:
2251:
2231:
2218:
2205:
2196:
2183:
2174:
2153:
2144:
2135:
2126:
2117:
2108:
2098:
2085:
2076:
2063:
2054:
2042:
2030:
2017:
2000:
1987:978-0198549130
1986:
1966:
1959:
1936:
1929:
1908:
1891:
1878:
1862:"Harris' Hawk"
1852:
1839:
1813:
1788:
1751:
1706:
1691:
1667:
1641:
1615:
1608:
1587:
1580:
1560:
1553:
1535:
1519:
1512:
1494:
1455:
1442:
1435:
1414:
1393:
1367:
1360:
1342:
1306:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1197:
1191:bird abatement
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1146:
1143:
1071:Gambel's quail
1059:pocket gophers
952:Ardea herodias
891:
888:
788:
785:
779:
776:
728:
725:
689:Robert Ridgway
685:
682:
679:
678:
672:
669:
664:
656:
655:
650:, and much of
641:
639:
634:
626:
625:
607:
596:P. u. superior
593:
591:P. u. superior
588:
580:
579:
576:
573:
570:
563:
560:
525:Juvenile in a
518:
515:
463:
460:
403:Western Europe
356:
355:
313:Bonaparte 1854
253:Bonaparte 1839
250:Buteo harrisii
243:Falco harrisii
238:
237:
231:
230:
223:
222:
214:
213:
206:P. u. superior
197:
196:
192:
191:
184:
173:
172:
166:
165:
158:
156:
152:
151:
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
66:
65:
47:
44:
43:
38:
35:
34:
26:
25:
24:Harris's hawk
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3433:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3401:Birds of prey
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3354:
3349:
3345:
3340:
3334:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3313:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3151:
3147:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3037:
3030:
3026:
3021:
3015:
3011:
3006:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2954:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2722:Harris's hawk
2720:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2703:
2702:Roadside hawk
2700:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2685:
2684:Augur buzzard
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2639:Hawaiian hawk
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2519:Variable hawk
2517:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2463:
2458:
2456:
2451:
2449:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2416:
2407:
2404:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2323:
2319:
2312:
2298:on 2013-03-05
2297:
2293:
2287:
2271:
2270:
2262:
2254:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2235:
2228:
2222:
2215:
2209:
2200:
2193:
2187:
2178:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2148:
2139:
2130:
2121:
2112:
2102:
2095:
2089:
2080:
2073:
2067:
2058:
2049:
2047:
2037:
2035:
2027:
2021:
2014:
2010:
2004:
1989:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1970:
1962:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1943:
1941:
1932:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1913:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1888:
1882:
1868:on 2007-11-23
1867:
1863:
1856:
1850:69:1176–1187.
1849:
1843:
1837:
1836:85-89138-06-2
1833:
1829:
1826:
1817:
1802:
1801:www.irmng.org
1798:
1792:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1755:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1734:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1701:
1695:
1687:
1685:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1663:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1645:
1629:
1625:
1624:"Harris hawk"
1619:
1611:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1592:
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1506:. CRC Press.
1505:
1498:
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1475:
1471:
1466:
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1428:
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1411:
1410:0-88839-978-2
1407:
1403:
1397:
1383:on 2008-04-09
1382:
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1280:
1275:
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1253:
1251:
1247:
1246:Robert Havell
1243:
1239:
1238:Buteo harrisi
1235:
1234:
1229:
1213:
1208:
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1194:
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1187:
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1140:
1139:Octodon degus
1136:
1132:
1128:
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1120:
1116:
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1051:kangaroo rats
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1000:
996:
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953:
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921:
917:
913:
910:, and larger
909:
905:
896:
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885:
881:
877:
873:
872:apex predator
869:
865:
864:common ravens
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
840:golden eagles
837:
836:Canis latrans
833:
829:
825:
821:
816:
814:
810:
806:
802:
793:
784:
775:
773:
768:
766:
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746:
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738:
734:
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698:
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676:
675:South America
673:
670:
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662:
658:
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653:
649:
645:
642:
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638:
637:P. u. harrisi
635:
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628:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
608:
605:
601:
600:P. u. harrisi
597:
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582:
581:
578:Distribution
577:
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571:
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559:
553:
552:
547:
543:
541:
536:
529:demonstration
528:
523:
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497:They exhibit
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481:
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468:
459:
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451:
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448:Edward Harris
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361:Harris's hawk
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202:P. u. harrisi
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170:Binomial name
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55:Least Concern
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
3323:
3156:harriss-hawk
2989:
2927:
2892:
2874:
2865:Mantled hawk
2844:
2796:Leucopternis
2794:
2776:
2767:Savanna hawk
2736:
2721:
2711:
2693:
2533:
2503:
2492:
2484:
2431:
2428:Illustration
2423:
2401:(in Italian)
2374:. Retrieved
2370:
2361:
2350:. Retrieved
2346:
2336:
2325:. Retrieved
2321:
2311:
2300:. Retrieved
2296:the original
2286:
2274:. Retrieved
2268:
2261:
2245:. Springer.
2243:
2240:
2234:
2226:
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2213:
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2057:
2025:
2020:
2015:108:649–660.
2012:
2008:
2003:
1991:. Retrieved
1976:
1969:
1949:
1920:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1889:108:661–672.
1886:
1881:
1870:. Retrieved
1866:the original
1855:
1847:
1842:
1827:
1824:
1821:(in Spanish)
1816:
1804:. Retrieved
1800:
1791:
1783:
1779:
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1766:
1761:
1754:
1743:Nov. subgen.
1742:
1738:
1732:
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1726:
1722:
1709:
1699:
1694:
1683:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1632:. Retrieved
1628:the original
1618:
1599:
1570:
1563:
1544:
1538:
1530:
1503:
1497:
1485:. Retrieved
1458:
1450:
1445:
1426:
1401:
1396:
1385:. Retrieved
1381:the original
1370:
1351:
1345:
1322:
1297:. Retrieved
1283:
1277:
1271:
1263:
1237:
1231:
1226:
1188:
1173:
1166:
1148:
1138:
1122:
1114:
1106:
1098:
1090:
1082:
1079:scaled quail
1074:
1066:
1062:
1054:
1046:
1039:Spermophilus
1038:
1034:
1026:
1018:
1010:
1004:
987:
978:
968:
951:
943:
935:
927:
915:
901:
883:
868:Corvus corax
867:
859:
851:
843:
835:
817:
798:
781:
772:habitat loss
769:
730:
720:
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712:
709:Erythrocnema
708:
696:
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557:
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383:bird of prey
378:
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352:Tschudi 1844
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341:
334:
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327:Sclater 1871
323:
316:
309:
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295:
288:
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274:
267:
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257:Audubon 1840
249:
246:Audubon 1839
242:
241:
227:
209:
205:
201:
200:
178:
176:
160:
159:
147:
137:Accipitridae
18:
3255:Neotropical
3216:NatureServe
3164:iNaturalist
3014:Wikispecies
2938:Chaco eagle
2825:Barred hawk
2738:Buteogallus
2505:Geranoaetus
2276:17 November
2229:97:196–198.
2164:CRC Press.
2096:90:311–323.
1904:Raptor Res.
1786:(Ridgway)".
1634:22 November
1531:Raptor Res.
1487:October 22,
1299:19 November
1135:common degu
1095:cactus wren
1083:C. squamata
940:wild turkey
932:great egret
930:) to adult
928:Diuca diuca
924:diuca finch
757:power poles
737:semi-desert
723:in eleven.
575:Description
462:Description
345:Sharpe 1874
285:Cuvier 1829
278:Lesson 1828
195:Subspecies
3370:Categories
3339:Q109563282
3307:Xeno-canto
2875:Kaupifalco
2860:White hawk
2846:Pseudastur
2777:Busarellus
2473:Buteoninae
2376:2019-10-29
2352:2020-08-19
2327:2018-10-22
2302:2013-04-29
1872:2007-11-19
1806:30 October
1412:, page 81.
1387:2013-04-29
1256:References
1250:watercolor
997:, and the
936:Ardea alba
824:incubation
721:unicinctus
646:, eastern
572:Subspecies
562:Subspecies
551:Unicinctus
393:, central
375:dusky hawk
338:Coues 1872
320:Burm. 1855
264:Coues 1870
3381:Parabuteo
2713:Parabuteo
2629:Gray hawk
2469:Subfamily
1906:10:50–54.
1741:Ridgeway
1729:: 43–72.
1574:. Knopf.
1482:216204185
1377:"Audubon"
1331:cite book
1055:Dipodomys
1037:spp. and
820:polyandry
778:Behaviour
705:monotypic
699:in 1874.
697:Parabuteo
415:captivity
395:Argentina
389:south to
306:Kaup 1845
292:Gray 1844
155:Species:
148:Parabuteo
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
3386:Falconry
3333:Wikidata
3294:Species+
3221:2.105646
3208:22695838
3182:10193163
3071:22695838
3066:BirdLife
2999:Wikidata
2894:Butastur
2694:Rupornis
2347:AZFamily
2028:913–921.
1993:4 August
1772:page 248
1717:(1873).
1651:superior
1533:12:1–14.
1468:. 2015.
1242:engraved
1169:falconry
1163:Falconry
1127:chickens
1067:Thomomys
1043:woodrats
787:Breeding
765:saguaros
761:woodland
749:mangrove
733:woodland
717:harrisii
684:Taxonomy
527:falconry
517:Juvenile
486:) and a
411:falconry
335:harrisii
235:Synonyms
187:Temminck
133:Family:
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
3353:8995111
3273:1034652
3146:2480410
3053:Avibase
3005:Q742698
2965:Buzzard
2494:Species
2408:(video)
2074:4: 475.
1848:Ecology
1784:harisii
1776:Antenor
1747:page 63
1739:Antenor
1655:harrisi
1145:Hunting
1123:Eumeces
1117:), and
1069:spp.),
1057:spp.),
1049:spp.),
1047:Neotoma
1041:spp.),
964:insects
956:lizards
908:rabbits
890:Feeding
832:coyotes
753:migrate
741:marshes
707:genus,
622:Sinaloa
614:Arizona
540:plumage
504:plumage
440:cinctus
407:Britain
189:, 1824)
143:Genus:
123:Order:
113:Class:
58: (
3286:369090
3260:hrshaw
3247:223492
3195:175397
3153:GNAB:
3128:EURING
3120:hrshaw
3094:hrshaw
3033:harhaw
2249:
2168:
2094:Condor
2072:Condor
2026:Condor
1984:
1957:
1927:
1834:
1745:is on
1606:
1578:
1551:
1510:
1480:
1433:
1408:
1358:
1223:In art
1180:London
1176:pigeon
1119:skinks
1063:Geomys
993:, the
960:snakes
828:fledge
648:Mexico
620:, and
618:Sonora
399:Brazil
397:, and
3177:IRMNG
3115:eBird
3107:4CN4R
3091:BOW:
3084:10322
2960:Eagle
2535:Buteo
2486:Genus
2430:from
1782:var.
1735:Temm.
1478:S2CID
969:When
920:Birds
876:Chile
813:brown
801:nests
745:range
644:Texas
569:Image
455:packs
432:buteo
429:Latin
422:Greek
391:Chile
379:peuco
333:var.
3348:GBIF
3299:3634
3242:NCBI
3203:IUCN
3190:ITIS
3169:5355
3141:GBIF
3133:2780
3079:BOLD
2278:2017
2247:ISBN
2166:ISBN
2106:D.C.
1995:2013
1982:ISBN
1955:ISBN
1925:ISBN
1832:ISBN
1808:2023
1657:?".
1636:2021
1604:ISBN
1576:ISBN
1549:ISBN
1508:ISBN
1489:2018
1431:ISBN
1406:ISBN
1356:ISBN
1337:link
1301:2021
1284:2016
1129:and
1065:and
958:and
809:eggs
805:moss
735:and
535:buff
508:cere
476:hawk
425:para
117:Aves
3229:NBN
3102:CoL
3040:ADW
3029:ABA
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2227:Auk
2013:Auk
1887:Auk
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1659:in
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