Harry Harlow - Knowledge

410: 621:

virtually every aspect of social behavior". Isolates exposed to monkeys the same age who were reared normally "achieved only limited recovery of simple social responses". Some monkey mothers reared in isolation exhibited "acceptable maternal behavior when forced to accept infant contact over a period of months, but showed no further recovery". Isolates given to surrogate mothers developed "crude interactive patterns among themselves". Opposed to this, when six-month isolates were exposed to younger, three-month-old monkeys, they achieved "essentially complete social recovery for all situations tested". The findings were confirmed by other researchers, who found no difference between peer-therapy recipients and mother-reared infants, but found that artificial surrogates had very little effect.

262: 467: 673: 483: 531:

strong mother–child relationship, but his conclusions generated much debate. It was the debate concerning the reasons behind the demonstrated need for maternal care that Harlow addressed in his studies with surrogates. Physical contact with infants was considered harmful to their development, and this view led to sterile, contact-less nurseries across the country. Bowlby disagreed, claiming that the mother provides much more than food to the infant, including a unique bond that positively influences the child's development and mental health.

371:. Harlow was unsuccessful in persuading the Department of Psychology to provide him with adequate laboratory space. As a result, Harlow acquired a vacant building down the street from the university, and, with the assistance of his graduate students, renovated the building into what later became known as the Primate Laboratory, one of the first of its kind in the world. Under Harlow's direction, it became a place of cutting-edge research at which some 40 students earned their PhDs. 9731: 9757: 9744: 8184: 794:, a science journalist, criticized Harlow's work; criticisms by her and by his colleagues, collected by Blum, mentioned almost exclusively the negative impact on the public of his untamed language. Blum reported in her own writing that even Suomi felt that he had to wait until Harlow retired from the University of Wisconsin before he could shut down his unethical "pit of despair" projects; they had been causing him "nightmares". 733:

reactive attachment disorder, several different mental health, medical, and developmental conditions need to be treated. While more children are being diagnosed with RAD, most are first mis-diagnosed with other behavioral problems. Children diagnosed with RAD need to be in intensive therapy, and so should their caregivers. The confusing path to a diagnosis often leaves children and families suffering for longer periods of time.

546:", an infant was placed in a novel environment with novel objects. When the infant's surrogate mother was present, it clung to her, but then began venturing off to explore. If frightened, the infant ran back to the surrogate mother and clung to her for a time before venturing out again. Without the surrogate mother's presence, the monkeys were paralyzed with fear, huddling in a ball and sucking their thumbs. 774:

or people would find this offensive. It's as if he sat down and said, 'I'm only going to be around another ten years. What I'd like to do, then, is leave a great big mess behind.' If that was his aim, he did a perfect job." Mason also published articles where he attempted to work through the issue between a scientist's wish to understand the natural world and the "rights" of animals to life and autonomy.

714: 491:

the nursery-reared infants remained very different from their mother-reared peers. Psychologically speaking, these infants were slightly strange: they were reclusive, had definite social deficits, and clung to their cloth diapers. At the same time in the reverse configuration, babies that had grown up with only a mother and no playmates showed signs of fear or aggressiveness.

303:

mothers or cloth-covered mothers in different situations: with the wire mother holding a bottle with food, and the cloth mother holding nothing, or with the wire mother holding nothing, while the cloth mother held a bottle with food. The monkeys overwhelmingly chose the cloth mother, with or without food, only visiting the wire mother that had food when needing sustenance.

616:

autopsy report attributed death to emotional anorexia. ... The effects of 6 months of total social isolation were so devastating and debilitating that we had assumed initially that 12 months of isolation would not produce any additional decrement. This assumption proved to be false; 12 months of isolation almost obliterated the animals socially ...

535:

bare-wire mothers or cloth-covered mothers. For this experiment, he presented the infants with a clothed mother and a wire mother under two conditions. In one situation, the wire mother held a bottle with food, and the cloth mother held no food. In the other situation, the cloth mother held the bottle, and the wire mother had nothing.

758:—in their nature as well as Harlow's descriptions of them—and they both contributed to heightened awareness of the treatment of laboratory animals, and helped propel the creation of today's ethics regulations. The monkeys in the experiment were deprived of maternal affection, potentially leading to what are now known as 638:

Harlow was well known for refusing to use conventional terminology, instead choosing deliberately outrageous terms for the experimental apparatus he devised. This came from an early conflict with the conventional psychological establishment in which Harlow used the term "love" in place of the popular

615:

No monkey has died during isolation. When initially removed from total social isolation, however, they usually go into a state of emotional shock, characterized by ... autistic self-clutching and rocking. One of six monkeys isolated for 3 months refused to eat after release and died 5 days later. The

598:

Beginning in 1959, Harlow and his students began publishing their observations on the effects of partial and total social isolation. Partial isolation involved raising monkeys in bare wire cages that allowed them to see, smell, and hear other monkeys, but provided no opportunity for physical contact.

549:

In the "fear test", infants were presented with a fearful stimulus, often a noise-making teddy bear. Without the mother, the infants cowered and avoided the object. When the surrogate mother was present, however, the infant did not show great fearful responses and often contacted the device—exploring

538:

Overwhelmingly, the infant macaques preferred spending their time clinging to the cloth mother. Even when only the wire mother could provide nourishment, the monkeys visited her only to feed. Harlow concluded that there was much more to the mother–infant relationship than milk, and that this "contact

478:

in 1932. Due to the nature of his study, Harlow needed regular access to infant primates and thus chose to rear them in a nursery setting, rather than with their protective mothers. This alternative rearing technique, also called maternal deprivation, is highly controversial to this day, and is used,

773:

William Mason, another one of Harlow's students who continued conducting deprivation experiments after leaving Wisconsin, has said that Harlow "kept this going to the point where it was clear to many people that the work was really violating ordinary sensibilities, that anybody with respect for life

577:

in the quest to create an animal model for the study of depression. This study is the most controversial, and involved isolation of infant and juvenile macaques for various periods of time. Monkeys placed in isolation exhibited social deficits when introduced or re-introduced into a peer group. They

302:

Harlow's experiments were ethically controversial; they included creating inanimate wire and wood surrogate "mothers" for the rhesus infants. Each infant became attached to its particular mother, recognizing its unique face. Harlow then investigated whether the infants had a preference for bare-wire

565:

The importance of these findings is that they contradicted both the traditional pedagogic advice of limiting or avoiding bodily contact in an attempt to avoid spoiling children, and the insistence of the predominant behaviorist school of psychology that emotions were negligible. Feeding was thought

534:

To investigate the debate, Harlow created inanimate surrogate mothers for the rhesus infants from wire and wood. Each infant became attached to its particular mother, recognizing its unique face and preferring it above all others. Harlow next chose to investigate if the infants had a preference for

797:

Yet another of Harlow's students, Leonard Rosenblum, also went on to conduct maternal deprivation experiments with bonnet and pigtail macaque monkeys, and other research, involving exposing monkeys to drug–maternal-deprivation combinations in an attempt to "model" human panic disorder. Rosenblum's

741:

Harlow believed that the relationship between mother and child was created by the mother providing tactile comfort, meaning infants have a natural need to touch and cling to something for emotional support. Harry Harlow helped further research that contributed to the discovery of RAD. He believed,

687:

The Freudian interpretation believed that "it was the focus around the importance of the breast and the instinctive oral, feeding tendencies during the first year of life". Harlow took this Freudian interpretation and asked "what about that connection is so crucial?" He used what Freud had already

490:

Research with and caring for infant rhesus monkeys further inspired Harlow, and ultimately led to some of his best-known experiments: the use of surrogate mothers. Although Harlow, his students, contemporaries, and associates soon learned how to care for the physical needs of their infant monkeys,

328:

Harry Harlow was born on October 31, 1905, to Mabel Rock and Alonzo Harlow Israel. Harlow was born and raised in Fairfield, Iowa, the third of four brothers. Little is known of Harlow's early life, but in an unfinished autobiography he recollected that his mother was cold to him and he experienced

683:

can be credited for providing the foundation of mother and child relationships, that would soon be the inspiration and the starting point for Harlow's studies. Freud discovered, after years of observation, that people who lacked consistent mothering were more likely to develop behavioral problems

530:

demonstrating the almost-immediate effects of maternal separation. Bowlby's report, coupled with Robertson's film, demonstrated the importance of the primary caregiver in human and non-human primate development. Bowlby de-emphasized the mother's role in feeding as a basis for the development of a

417:

Harlow married his first wife, Clara Mears, in 1932. One of the select students with an IQ above 150 whom Terman studied at Stanford, Clara was Harlow's student before becoming romantically involved with him. The couple had two children together, Robert and Richard. Harlow and Mears divorced in

654:

In the last of these devices, alternatively called the "well of despair", baby monkeys were left alone in darkness for up to one year from birth, or repetitively separated from their peers and isolated in the chamber. These procedures quickly produced monkeys that were severely psychologically

732:

Reactive attachment disorder (RAD) forms when a child has experienced maltreatment, sexual and emotional abuse, or other forms of neglect, and manifests as behavioral problems. The treatment for reactive attachment disorder is very complex. By the time a child has been seen and diagnosed with

620:

Harlow tried to reintegrate the monkeys who had been isolated for six months by placing them with monkeys who had been raised normally. The rehabilitation attempts met with limited success. Harlow wrote that total social isolation for the first six months of life produced "severe deficits in

658:

Harlow tried to rehabilitate monkeys that had been subjected to varying degrees of isolation using various forms of therapy. "In our study of psychopathology, we began as sadists trying to produce abnormality. Today, we are psychiatrists trying to achieve normality and equanimity."

585:

Critics of Harlow's research have observed that clinging is a matter of survival in young rhesus monkeys, but not in humans, and have suggested that his conclusions, when applied to humans, overestimate the importance of contact comfort and underestimate the importance of nursing.

494:

Noticing their attachment to the soft cloth of their diapers and the psychological changes that correlated with the absence of a maternal figure, Harlow sought to investigate the mother–infant bond. This relationship was under constant scrutiny in the early twentieth century, as

364:, and Terman helped shape Harlow's future. After receiving a PhD in 1930, he changed his name from Israel to Harlow. The change was made at Terman's prompting for fear of the negative consequences of having a seemingly Jewish last name, even though his family was not Jewish. 742:

and his study results showed, that the bond between mother and child in the first few years of life is extremely important for the mental health and development of the child. The ideas that he put into the psychology field of study helped discover what we know as RAD today.

553:

Another study looked at the differentiated effects of being raised with only either a wire-mother or a cloth-mother. Both groups gained weight at equal rates, but the monkeys raised on a wire-mother had softer stool and trouble digesting the milk, frequently suffering from

805:

Harlow commented to an interviewer in 1974, "The only thing I care about is whether the monkeys will turn out a property I can publish. I don't have any love for them. Never have. I really don't like animals. I despise cats, I hate dogs. How could you like a monkey?".

801:

E. H. Eyestone, Chief of the Animal Resources Branch of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), expressed the concern of a review committee with the "pits of despair" experiments. Any concerns for welfare and humaneness were reduced to issues of publicity.

9879: 566:

to be the most important factor in the formation of a mother–child bond. Harlow concluded, however, that nursing strengthened the mother–child bond because of the intimate body contact that it provided. He described his experiments as a study of

3279:

PETA Video Reveals Infant Monkeys Torn From Their Mothers, Like Those at UW Primate Center. (2021, May 18). PETA. https://www.peta.org/media/news-releases/peta-video-reveals-infant-monkeys-torn-from-their-mothers-like-those-at-uw-primate-center/

454:

in 1930 after obtaining his doctorate under the guidance of several distinguished researchers, including Calvin Stone and Lewis Terman, at Stanford University. He began his career with nonhuman primate research. He worked with the primates at

684:

later in life. Freud's findings displayed that people who experienced lack of mothering, suffered from hostility, anxiety withdraws, and alcoholism. Freud constructed the foundation for Harry Harlow to continue and be successful in his work.

688:

determined, and continued to ask questions to further the research in his own studies. The Freudian hypotheses states that a partial component of sexual drives, orality, determines the choice of an object, mother's breast, driven by hunger.

539:

comfort" was essential to the psychological development and health of infant monkeys and children. It was this research that gave strong, empirical support to Bowlby's assertions on the importance of love and mother–child interaction.

745:

Many children are misdiagnosed with RAD when they have other behavioral problems, and vice versa. Harlow's experiments gave psychologists experimental data for the causes and development of RAD, which helped reduce misdiagnosis.

463:, and memory. It was through these studies that Harlow discovered that the monkeys he worked with were developing strategies for his tests. What would later become known as learning sets, Harlow described as "learning to learn." 610:

In the total isolation experiments, baby monkeys would be left alone for three, six, 12, or 24 months of "total social deprivation". The experiments produced monkeys that were severely psychologically disturbed. Harlow wrote:

704:

in Chicago. This was a home for "disturbed" children, Bettelheim studied autism in children. He was very fascinated with Harlow and his study with monkeys. He thought that he could use what Harlow learned in his own work.

589:

Harlow first reported the results of these experiments in "The Nature of Love", the title of his address to the sixty-sixth Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association in Washington, D.C., August 31, 1958.

570:. He also believed that contact comfort could be provided by either mother or father. Though widely accepted now, this idea was revolutionary at the time in provoking thoughts and values concerning the studies of love. 582:, and mostly stayed separate from the group, demonstrating the importance of social interaction and stimuli in forming the ability to interact with conspecifics in developing monkeys, and, comparatively, in children. 606:

reported that partial isolation resulted in various abnormalities such as blank staring, stereotyped repetitive circling in their cages, and self-mutilation. These monkeys were then observed in various settings.

1533: 2344:

Laudenslager, ML; Rasmussen, KLR; Berman, CM; Suomi, SJ; Berger, CB (1993). "Specific antibody levels in free-ranging rhesus monkeys: relationships to plasma hormones, cardiac parameters, and early behavior".

829:(APA). The APA is the governing body for researchers in the field of psychology. The APA offers oversight of researchers' works, which includes whether ethical principles are being followed in their research. 3270:

Harry Harlow: Study Of Human Developmental Psychology | ipl.org. (n.d.). Www.ipl.org. Retrieved May 4, 2022, from https://www.ipl.org/essay/Harry-Harlow-Understanding-Developmental-Psychology-FKZ2ZS36CEDR

1958:

A variation of this housing method, using cages with solid sides as opposed to wire mesh, but retaining the one-cage, one-monkey scheme, remains a common housing practice in primate laboratories today.

542:

Successive experiments concluded that infants used the surrogate as a base for exploration, and a source of comfort and protection in novel and even frightening situations. In an experiment called the "

8965: 518:

in 1950, in which Bowlby reviewed previous studies on the effects of institutionalization on child development, and the distress experienced by children when separated from their mothers, such as

33: 409: 398:

Research branch of the Department of the Army from 1950 to 1952, head of the Division of Anthropology and Psychology of the National Research Council from 1952 to 1955, consultant to the Army

932: 3273:

History is Our Story: Margaret Ruth Kuenne Harlow. (n.d.). Https://Www.apadivisions.org. https://www.apadivisions.org/division-6/publications/newsletters/neuroscientist/2018/11/harlow

639:

and archaically correct term "attachment". Such terms and respective devices included a forced-mating device he called the "rape rack", tormenting surrogate-mother devices he called "

624:

Since Harlow's pioneering work on touch, recent researches have found evidence to support that touch during infancy is very important to health and touch deprivation can be harmful.

1853: 1287:

Haggbloom, Steven J.; Powell, John L. III; Warnick, Jason E.; Jones, Vinessa K.; Yarbrough, Gary L.; Russell, Tenea M.; Borecky, Chris M.; McGahhey, Reagan; et al. (2002).

9829: 1114: 9874: 9849: 1801: 507:

in a discussion of the mother's importance in the development of the child, the nature of their relationship, and the impact of physical contact between mother and child.

9658: 2723:

Capitanio, John P.; Mason, William A. (2000). "Cognitive style: Problem solving by rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) reared with living or inanimate substitute mothers".

2897: 2265: 3276:

Kjonnas, K. (2012, October 10). Animal Rights: Past and Present. Do It Green! Minnesota. https://doitgreen.org/topics/environment/animal-rights-past-and-present/

9869: 4157: 9864: 8972: 2311:

Schanberg, Saul; Field, Tiffany (1988). "Maternal deprivation and supplemental stimulation". In Field, Tiffany; McCabe, Philip; Schneiderman, Neil (eds.).

9834: 9633: 4215: 4169: 9653: 4163: 1608: 2429: 1641: 1405: 345:

through a special aptitude test. After a semester as an English major with nearly disastrous grades, he declared himself as a psychology major.

2623: 474:

In order to study the development of these learning sets, Harlow needed access to developing primates, so he established a breeding colony of

9814: 1081: 2640:

Hanson, Rochelle F.; Spratt, Eve G. (2000). "Reactive Attachment Disorder: What We Know about the Disorder and Implications for Treatment".

9839: 9809: 9794: 1765:

Spitz, R. A.; Wolf, K. M. (1946). "Anaclitic depression: an inquiry into the genesis of psychiatric conditions in early childhood. II".

310:

for up to 24 months, from which they emerged intensely disturbed. Some researchers cite the experiments as a factor in the rise of the

1961:

Reinhardt, V; Liss, C; Stevens, C (1995). "Social Housing of Previously Single-Caged Macaques: What are the options and the Risks?".

439: 95: 3098:

Harlow, Harry F.; Gluck, John P.; Suomi, Stephen J. (1972). "Generalization of behavioral data between nonhuman and human animals".

8277: 3316: 2266:"Postnatal Touch Stimulation Acutely Alters Corticosterone Levels and Glucocorticoid Receptor Gene Expression in the Neonatal Rat" 4208: 2011:

Harlow, H.F. (1964). "Early social deprivation and later behavior in the monkey". In A.Abrams; H.H. Gurner; J.E.P. Tomal (eds.).

962: 1929:

Mason, W.A. (1968). "Early social deprivation in the nonhuman primates: Implications for human behavior". In D. C. Glass (ed.).

1818: 8881: 8372: 9663: 3043: 2858: 2800: 1592: 972: 825:

Harry Harlow won a national medal of science based on his work with monkeys, in addition to being named the president of the

599:

Total social isolation involved rearing monkeys in isolation chambers that precluded any and all contact with other monkeys.

391: 379: 205: 3289: 9844: 9648: 7972: 4473: 2901: 1103: 562:

is psychologically stressful to the monkeys, and the digestive problems are a physiological manifestation of that stress.

261: 9859: 8958: 8809: 8440: 3668: 2026:

Suomi, SJ; Delizio, R; Harlow, HF (1976). "Social rehabilitation of separation-induced depressive disorders in monkeys".

884: 766:

professor Gene Sackett, one of Harlow's doctoral students, stated that Harlow's experiments provided the impetus for the

451: 422:. They had two children together, Pamela and Jonathan. Margaret died on August 11, 1971, after a prolonged struggle with 368: 289: 9643: 8981: 8435: 6793: 4201: 3326: 943: 826: 403: 9819: 9804: 9715: 9502: 3059: 2775: 2389: 2320: 9736: 9708: 9694: 8861: 2827: 701: 348:

Harlow attended Stanford in 1924, and subsequently became a graduate student in psychology, working directly under

6825: 2702:"A Critique of Maternal Deprivation Monkey Experiments at The State University of New York Health Science Center" 1902:

Rumbaugh, Duane (June 1997). "The psychology of Harry F. Harlow: A bridge from radical to rational behaviorism".

523: 8934: 9417: 9297: 8856: 8307: 3614: 3077:

Flynn, Clifton (2001). "Acknowledging the "Zoological Connection": A Sociological Analysis of Animal Cruelty".

1442:

Rumbaugh, Duane M. (1997). "The psychology of Harry F. Harlow: A bridge from radical to rational behaviorism".

1401:"Rigorous Experiments on Monkey Love: An Account of Harry F. Harlow's Role in the History of Attachment Theory" 1345: 383: 8914: 1373: 9701: 9149: 8886: 8769: 8071: 4438: 3972: 3698: 2701: 781: 2229:

Cummins, Mark S.; Suomi, Stephen J. (1976). "Long-term effects of social rehabilitation in rhesus monkeys".

780:, a former Harlow student and supporter who now conducts maternal deprivation experiments on monkeys at the 9854: 9687: 9144: 8896: 8518: 7155: 3924: 3686: 3309: 3037: 1508: 1293: 810: 727: 375: 316: 3069: 1612: 1143:

Retention of delayed responses and proficiency in oddity problems by monkeys with preoccipital ablations.

9824: 9762: 9532: 9103: 8924: 6907: 5693: 5195: 4613: 8919: 1034:

President of Division of Comparative & Physiological Psychology, American Psychological Association

9799: 8719: 8017: 7863: 7127: 4853: 3294: 814: 767: 431: 394:(1961), and the Gold Medal from the American Psychological Foundation (1973). He served as head of the 311: 1171:

The effects of repeated doses of total-body x radiation on motivation and learning in rhesus monkeys.

9560: 9387: 9362: 9257: 8851: 8843: 8473: 8207: 8083: 6102: 5651: 4536: 4224: 3930: 2380:

Suomi, Stephen J (1995). "Touch and the immune system in rhesus monkeys". In Field, Tiffany M (ed.).

1074: 1042: 511: 399: 387: 196: 9332: 4193: 1307: 676:

Sigmund Freud, whose work contributed to the foundation of attachment theory and Harry Harlow's work

9603: 9287: 9209: 8093: 8061: 7997: 7965: 7551: 6997: 6120: 5953: 4151: 763: 543: 482: 2915: 320:

survey, published in 2002, ranked Harlow as the 26th most cited psychologist of the 20th century.

9312: 9093: 9013: 8991: 8876: 8483: 8405: 8163: 8128: 8113: 8108: 8098: 8047: 6862: 5576: 4701: 4115: 3727: 3572: 3459: 3364: 3302: 1061: 976: 6130: 2264:

Jutapakdeegul, N.; Casalotti, Stefano O.; Govitrapong, P.; Kotchabhakdi, N. (November 5, 2017).

8891: 8694: 8533: 8410: 8390: 8337: 8247: 8202: 8173: 8148: 8078: 8066: 8032: 7850: 7419: 7319: 7306: 7132: 6262: 6236: 6208: 5882: 5756: 5540: 5044: 4996: 4678: 4549: 4331: 3835: 3525: 3441: 3234:

Vicedo, Marga (2010). "The evolution of Harry Harlow: From the nature to the nurture of love".

1302: 558:. Harlow's interpretation of this behavior, which is still widely accepted, was that a lack of 466: 419: 361: 2972: 9575: 8871: 8866: 8551: 8493: 8445: 8272: 8237: 8212: 8103: 7992: 7910: 7296: 7278: 7178: 7091: 6458: 5903: 4934: 4719: 4531: 4379: 1164:

Effect of cortical implantation of radioactive cobalt on learned behavior of rhesus monkeys.

1091: 293: 285: 9880:

APA Distinguished Scientific Award for an Early Career Contribution to Psychology recipients

2978: 1728: 1343:

McKinney, William T (2003). "Love at Goon Park: Harry Harlow and the Science of Affection".

367:

Directly after completing his doctoral dissertation, Harlow accepted a professorship at the

9789: 9784: 8478: 8415: 8317: 8227: 8057: 8042: 7881: 7845: 7754: 7699: 7598: 7480: 7472: 7442: 7286: 7263: 7142: 6894: 6817: 6084: 6039: 5966: 5864: 5719: 5638: 5545: 5093: 5024: 4914: 4901: 4737: 4595: 4585: 4572: 4567: 3888: 3608: 3602: 3596: 3519: 3453: 3435: 3358: 3346: 2998: 2481: 2446: 2148: 2089: 1809: 1211: 842: 522:'s and his own surveys on children raised in a variety of settings. In 1953, his colleague 515: 353: 5774: 2194:

Suomi, Stephen J.; Harlow, Harry F.; McKinney, William T. (1972). "Monkey Psychiatrists".

8: 9555: 9477: 8322: 8312: 8297: 8262: 8257: 8242: 8222: 8217: 8088: 8027: 7958: 7931: 7694: 7686: 7639: 7400: 7347: 7329: 7170: 7073: 6788: 6299: 6286: 6177: 6071: 5992: 5840: 5806: 5761: 5732: 5701: 5615: 5591: 5532: 5344: 5313: 5067: 4919: 4780: 4775: 4760: 4544: 4109: 3978: 3936: 3745: 3739: 3620: 3483: 3429: 897: 672: 342: 105: 6801: 3376: 3002: 2485: 2450: 2152: 2093: 1215: 9412: 9392: 9377: 9292: 9252: 9108: 9068: 8789: 8669: 8503: 8450: 8362: 8357: 8292: 8232: 8192: 8118: 7803: 7621: 7528: 7375: 7301: 6657: 6493: 6426: 6375: 6143: 6066: 5911: 5790: 5769: 5706: 5504: 5339: 5215: 5190: 5172: 5122: 4896: 4881: 4868: 4863: 4840: 4660: 4562: 4371: 4103: 3871: 3662: 3650: 3549: 3507: 3447: 3417: 3370: 3259: 3217: 3192: 3179: 3150: 2961: 2900:. USDA National Agricultural Library, Animal Welfare Information Center. Archived from 2665: 2605: 2551: 2524: 2497: 2493: 2437: 2293: 2246: 1978: 1884: 1558: 1320: 1016: 813:, active legislative attempts in the United States did not begin until 1960, where the 574: 459:, where he developed the Wisconsin General Testing Apparatus (WGTA) to study learning, 349: 8909: 3775: 3021: 2986: 2684: 2171: 2136: 2112: 2077: 1242: 1199: 9756: 9749: 9743: 9512: 9432: 9237: 9232: 9139: 8814: 8804: 8729: 8704: 8385: 8342: 8267: 8168: 8153: 8037: 8002: 7876: 7816: 7808: 7772: 7660: 7647: 7603: 7564: 7518: 7495: 7447: 7434: 7385: 7352: 7206: 7137: 7005: 6960: 6783: 6764: 6759: 6694: 6644: 6551: 6450: 6359: 6354: 6322: 6309: 6291: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6226: 6218: 6125: 6112: 6058: 6031: 6026: 6005: 5974: 5890: 5685: 5672: 5633: 5586: 5363: 5282: 5246: 5241: 5200: 5080: 5011: 4886: 4785: 4623: 4600: 4339: 4139: 4121: 4049: 4032: 4002: 3960: 3954: 3906: 3900: 3799: 3680: 3513: 3251: 3222: 3183: 3142: 3055: 3026: 2878: 2781: 2771: 2748: 2740: 2657: 2597: 2556: 2505: 2454: 2395: 2385: 2362: 2326: 2316: 2285: 2211: 2176: 2117: 2051: 2043: 1982: 1876: 1782: 1710: 1660: 1588: 1490: 1424: 1324: 1247: 1229: 427: 330: 8939: 8929: 3263: 3154: 2965: 2669: 2609: 2297: 1888: 374:

Harlow received numerous awards and honors, including election to the United States

32: 9680: 9467: 9427: 9407: 9347: 9337: 9154: 9134: 9118: 9098: 9083: 8824: 8819: 8684: 8679: 8579: 8400: 8347: 8302: 8287: 8282: 8158: 8133: 7759: 7704: 7556: 7536: 7485: 7462: 7452: 7367: 7268: 7230: 7201: 7183: 7109: 7081: 7018: 6992: 6973: 6746: 6733: 6702: 6442: 6434: 6267: 6107: 6018: 5895: 5819: 5664: 5643: 5558: 5486: 5420: 5308: 5264: 5251: 5233: 5228: 5054: 5019: 4991: 4986: 4957: 4947: 4924: 4909: 4858: 4755: 4554: 4446: 4347: 4278: 4175: 4073: 4067: 4061: 3984: 3966: 3912: 3894: 3847: 3757: 3733: 3632: 3590: 3477: 3471: 3243: 3212: 3204: 3171: 3132: 3107: 3086: 3016: 3006: 2953: 2870: 2732: 2649: 2587: 2546: 2536: 2489: 2472:

Harlow, Harry F.; Harlow, Margaret Kuenne (1962). "Social Deprivation in Monkeys".

2354: 2277: 2250: 2238: 2203: 2166: 2156: 2107: 2097: 2035: 1996:

Harlow, H.F. (1962). "Development of affection in primates". In Bliss, E.L. (ed.).

1970: 1911: 1868: 1778: 1774: 1702: 1650: 1482: 1451: 1414: 1354: 1312: 1288: 1237: 1219: 697: 338: 277: 230: 1747: 9487: 9382: 9357: 9272: 9194: 9073: 9063: 9043: 9023: 8794: 8759: 8699: 8649: 8138: 7837: 7829: 7824: 7790: 7777: 7767: 7717: 7712: 7678: 7631: 7626: 7574: 7513: 7490: 7342: 7334: 7273: 7240: 7225: 7023: 6936: 6928: 6899: 6833: 6741: 6662: 6402: 6394: 6367: 6346: 6317: 6304: 6148: 6138: 6097: 6079: 5997: 5782: 5620: 5563: 5509: 5386: 5368: 5321: 5290: 5143: 5006: 5001: 4967: 4962: 4830: 4817: 4765: 4732: 4709: 4673: 4430: 4299: 4055: 4020: 3990: 3823: 3751: 3656: 3543: 3340: 2525:"On the Nature of the Mother-Infant Tie and Its Interaction with Freudian Drives" 1358: 872: 475: 456: 435: 395: 149: 83: 64: 3175: 2736: 2653: 1945: 1933:. New York: Rockefeller University and Russell Sage Foundation. pp. 70–101. 284:, which manifested the importance of caregiving and companionship to social and 9608: 9570: 9507: 9492: 9437: 9422: 9402: 9397: 9367: 9352: 9322: 9227: 9179: 9164: 9088: 9078: 9033: 9018: 9008: 8834: 8754: 8749: 8714: 8689: 8659: 8654: 8639: 8634: 8614: 8609: 8589: 8380: 7918: 7871: 7785: 7749: 7508: 7500: 7467: 7424: 7235: 7122: 6965: 6912: 6875: 6854: 6720: 6707: 6670: 6649: 6639: 6615: 6596: 6543: 6501: 6418: 6231: 6182: 6153: 5987: 5869: 5845: 5798: 5727: 5659: 5628: 5568: 5527: 5499: 5415: 5407: 5259: 5177: 5101: 5075: 5049: 5039: 5029: 4942: 4873: 4845: 4812: 4804: 4691: 4686: 4636: 4523: 4481: 4414: 4363: 4323: 4318: 4291: 4259: 4145: 4133: 4091: 4079: 4008: 3942: 3918: 3865: 3859: 3829: 3817: 3787: 3781: 3710: 3704: 3674: 3644: 3566: 3489: 3411: 3388: 3090: 2141:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2082:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

1693:

Suomi, S. J.; Leroy, H. A. (1982). "In memoriam: Harry F. Harlow (1905–1981)".

1204:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

759: 644: 633: 307: 296: 245: 3137: 3120: 3044:"A History of Primate Experimentation at the University of Wisconsin, Madison" 2874: 2592: 2575: 1974: 1915: 1655: 1636: 1455: 1419: 1400: 1316: 9778: 9618: 9527: 9522: 9482: 9462: 9452: 9447: 9442: 9307: 9199: 9189: 9174: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9038: 9028: 8950: 8739: 8724: 8709: 8664: 8629: 8594: 8574: 8564: 8559: 8538: 8498: 8430: 8332: 8327: 7795: 7613: 7579: 7569: 7429: 7395: 7314: 7258: 7253: 7245: 7193: 7165: 7160: 7114: 7031: 6944: 6870: 6846: 6754: 6564: 6556: 6338: 6330: 6200: 6013: 5979: 5961: 5877: 5832: 5827: 5737: 5581: 5522: 5517: 5491: 5399: 5394: 5300: 5295: 5277: 5269: 5220: 5153: 5148: 5088: 5062: 4742: 4724: 4696: 4628: 4608: 4577: 4465: 4422: 4355: 4286: 4127: 4097: 4026: 4014: 3996: 3853: 3811: 3805: 3793: 3638: 3626: 3531: 3501: 3495: 3465: 3423: 3352: 3247: 3208: 2744: 2541: 2263: 2047: 1880: 1494: 1233: 777: 680: 648: 496: 281: 249: 6631: 3193:"The nature of love: Harlow, Bowlby and Bettelheim on affectionless mothers" 2785: 2399: 2330: 2039: 519: 434:. In March 1972, Harlow remarried Clara Mears. The couple lived together in 9613: 9598: 9537: 9517: 9327: 9302: 9267: 9247: 9159: 9113: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8744: 8734: 8674: 8624: 8523: 8420: 8123: 8007: 7923: 7905: 7900: 7730: 7725: 7673: 7608: 7541: 7390: 7357: 7324: 7188: 7099: 6841: 6809: 6675: 6588: 6213: 6190: 5811: 5714: 5376: 5331: 5326: 5205: 5135: 5117: 5109: 5034: 4952: 4822: 4770: 4747: 4665: 4618: 4387: 4181: 4085: 3948: 3841: 3763: 3584: 3578: 3537: 3405: 3255: 3226: 3146: 3121:"Loneliness in Infancy: Harry Harlow, John Bowlby and Issues of Separation" 2882: 2752: 2661: 2601: 2576:"Loneliness in Infancy: Harry Harlow, John Bowlby and Issues of Separation" 2560: 2509: 2289: 2161: 2102: 1786: 1714: 1706: 1664: 1637:"When Strangers Meet": John Bowlby and Harry Harlow on Attachment Behavior" 1470: 1428: 791: 438:, until Harlow's death in 1981. He was buried alongside Margaret Kuenne at 357: 334: 273: 235: 3030: 2801:"Questions raised about mental health studies on baby monkeys at NIH labs" 2458: 2366: 2358: 2215: 2207: 2180: 2121: 1251: 9497: 9472: 9262: 8829: 8619: 8604: 8569: 8425: 8352: 8052: 7858: 7665: 7546: 7523: 7457: 7380: 7362: 7150: 7104: 7086: 7010: 6920: 6572: 6466: 6410: 6089: 5680: 5610: 5550: 5467: 5425: 5210: 4929: 4891: 4714: 4406: 3692: 3191:

Van Rosmalen, Lenny; Van Der Veer, René; Van Der Horst, Frank CP (2020).

3011: 2055: 1224: 809:

Although Harlow certainly was aware of the animal protection legislation

640: 579: 504: 500: 3324: 2859:"Harry F. Harlow and Animal Research: Reflection on the Ethical Paradox" 2501: 9623: 9565: 9457: 9317: 9282: 9277: 9242: 9204: 9169: 8764: 8599: 8395: 8252: 8143: 7981: 7652: 7291: 6952: 6728: 6623: 6580: 6195: 6158: 5381: 5182: 5130: 4641: 3382: 2242: 223: 2281: 9342: 9184: 8799: 8584: 8488: 6715: 6485: 4835: 4223: 3190: 3111: 2957: 2428:

Harlow, H. F.; Harlow, M. K.; Suomi, S. J. (September–October 1971).

1872: 1486: 1136:

The effect of large cortical lesions on learned behavior in monkeys.

460: 426:, with which she had been diagnosed in 1967. Her death led Harlow to 6523: 1013:

Distinguished Psychologist Award, American Psychological Association

798:

research, and his justifications for it, have also been criticized.

9580: 8513: 8508: 8468: 4227: 1002: 555: 2709: 820: 559: 2343: 953:

Head of Human Resources Research Branch, Department of the Army

593: 8183: 2415:

Experimental production of depressive behavior in young monkeys

755: 423: 2828:"Animal research at NIH lab challenged by members of Congress" 2034:(11). American Psychiatric Association Publishing: 1279–1285. 1150:

Discrimination learning by normal and brain operated monkeys.

713: 276:

best known for his maternal-separation, dependency needs, and

7950: 2898:"Legislative History of the Animal Welfare Act: Introduction" 1210:(1). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences: 90–97. 841:, based on the life and work of Harlow, has been produced in 479:

in variants, as a model of early life adversity in primates.

3052:

Love at Goon Park: Harry Harlow and the Science of Affection

2430:"From thought to therapy: lessons from a primate laboratory" 1274:

Love at Goon Park: Harry Harlow and the Science of Affection

1198:

Harlow, H. F.; Dodsworth, R. O.; Harlow, M. K. (June 1965).

1178:

The sad ones: Studies in depression "Psychology Today". 1971

526:

produced a short and controversial documentary film, titled

413:

Graves of Harlow and Margaret Kuenne at Forest Hill Cemetery

360:. Harlow studied largely under Terman, the developer of the 9659:

Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences

8528: 1585:

Love at Goon Park: Harr Harlow and the science of affection

1286: 785: 567: 470:

Harlow exclusively used rhesus macaques in his experiments.

1969:(4). Universities Federation for Animal Welfare: 307–328. 655:

disturbed, which were used as models of human depression.

265:

Monkey clinging to the cloth mother surrogate in fear test

3118: 2573: 1867:(12). American Psychological Association (APA): 673–685. 1729:"A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries: Harry Harlow" 2731:(2). American Psychological Association (APA): 115–125. 1289:"The 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century" 418:

1946. That same year, Harlow married child psychologist

3119:

Van Der Horst, Frank C. P.; Van Der Veer, René (2008).

2574:

Van Der Horst, Frank C. P.; Van Der Veer, René (2008).

1157:

Incentive size, food deprivation, and food preference.

2015:. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. pp. 154–173. 907:

George Cary Comstock Research Professor of Psychology

272:(October 31, 1905 – December 6, 1981) was an American 9830:

Ethically disputed research practices towards animals

1197: 306:

Later in his career, he cultivated infant monkeys in

9875:

Burials at Forest Hill Cemetery (Madison, Wisconsin)

9850:

Presidents of the American Psychological Association

2417:(Doctoral thesis.). University of Wisconsin–Madison. 1960: 2193: 1094:(Tucson) Honorary Research Professor of Psychology 9654:Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology 2025: 942:President of Division of Experimental Psychology, 4239: 2770:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 96. 2427: 1078:Gold Medal from American Psychological Foundation 986:Director of Primate Lab, University of Wisconsin 961:Head of Division of Anthropology and Psychology, 486:"Nature of love" wire and cloth mother surrogates 9776: 6524:Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences 3290:National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir 3125:Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science 3097: 3040:– YouTube mix playlist of 11 video documentaries 2580:Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science 1642:Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science 1406:Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science 754:Many of Harlow's experiments are now considered 708: 8980: 2722: 2523:Kirsch, Michael; Buchholz, Michael B. (2020). 2522: 2310: 1267: 1265: 1263: 1261: 994:President, American Psychological Association 975:for outstanding contributions to the field of 821:Role of the American Psychological Association 578:appeared unsure of how to interact with their 356:, a vision expert, who were all supervised by 9870:Members of the American Philosophical Society 8966: 7966: 4209: 3310: 2635: 2633: 2384:. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 2137:"Social Recovery by Isolation-Reared Monkeys" 2078:"Social Recovery by Isolation-Reared Monkeys" 1847: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1839: 1609:"Keith E Rice - Attachment in Infant Monkeys" 1082:Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality 1026:Director of Regional Primate Research Center 594:Partial and total isolation of infant monkeys 2944:Harlow, Harry (1958). "The nature of love". 2852: 2850: 2848: 2696: 2694: 2639: 2471: 2228: 2135:Harlow, Harry F.; Suomi, Stephen J. (1971). 2076:Harlow, Harry F.; Suomi, Stephen J. (1971). 1634: 667: 647:", developed by him and a graduate student, 573:Some of Harlow's final experiments explored 510:The studies were motivated by John Bowlby's 299:worked with him for a short period of time. 2981:– A Science Odyssey: People and Experiments 2759: 2134: 2075: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2013:Unfinished tasks in the behavioral sciences 1258: 643:", and an isolation chamber he called the " 288:. He conducted most of his research at the 9835:Medical controversies in the United States 8973: 8959: 7973: 7959: 4216: 4202: 3317: 3303: 2676: 2630: 2315:. Hillsdale, N.J.: L. Erlbaum Associates. 1836: 1692: 1338: 1336: 1334: 1193: 1191: 662: 184: 1972⁠–⁠1981) 31: 3216: 3136: 3020: 3010: 2922:. The Age: Arts Review. November 30, 2009 2845: 2691: 2591: 2550: 2540: 2170: 2160: 2111: 2101: 1764: 1654: 1418: 1306: 1241: 1223: 811:in place in the United Kingdom since 1876 430:once more, for which he was treated with 5933: 2706:Medical Research Modernization Committee 2062: 1948:. Classics in the History of Psychology. 1901: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1678: 1676: 1674: 1441: 1342: 875:, Son of Alonzo and Mabel (Rock) Israel 736: 712: 671: 481: 465: 408: 260: 9865:University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty 4503: 4225:United States National Medal of Science 3161: 2895: 2685:"Harry Harlow, Monkey Love Experiments" 1625:Key study: attachment in infant monkeys 1563:American Academy of Arts & Sciences 1331: 1188: 845:and performed nationally in Australia. 352:, a well-known animal behaviorist, and 164: 1946; died 1971) 9777: 3233: 2984: 2943: 2798: 2682: 2010: 1995: 1851: 1799: 1745: 1587:. New York: Basic Books. p. 228. 1468: 201:Gold Medal from American Psychological 9664:New England Complex Systems Institute 8954: 7954: 7053: 7052: 6522: 5932: 5446: 4502: 4238: 4197: 3298: 3162:Spenner, Kenneth I. (1990). "Skill". 3076: 2973:Harry Harlow: Monkey Love Experiments 2856: 2826:Novak, Bridgett (December 25, 2014). 2825: 2799:Firger, Jessica (September 8, 2014). 2412: 2379: 2000:. New York: Harper. pp. 157–166. 1943: 1928: 1671: 1398: 832: 392:American Academy of Arts and Sciences 333:throughout his life. After a year at 9815:Animal testing on non-human primates 9649:Human Behavior and Evolution Society 3049: 2765: 2313:Stress and Coping Across Development 1944:Green, Christopher D. (March 2000). 1582: 1576: 1399:Suomi, Stephen J. (August 8, 2008). 1271: 1104:New York State Psychiatric Institute 933:Midwestern Psychological Association 9840:National Medal of Science laureates 9810:Animal testing in the United States 9795:20th-century American psychologists 2987:"Total social isolation in monkeys" 1200:"Total social isolation in monkeys" 896:Carnegie Fellow of Anthropology at 13: 9644:Center for Evolutionary Psychology 3327:American Psychological Association 2937: 2494:10.1038/scientificamerican1162-136 1469:Harlow, Harry F. (December 1958). 1371: 1276:. Perseus Publishing. p. 225. 944:American Psychological Association 827:American Psychological Association 788:and members of the U.S. Congress. 404:American Psychological Association 14: 9891: 3283: 3050:Blum, Deborah (October 2, 2002). 2725:Journal of Comparative Psychology 1767:Psychoanalytic Study of the Child 1746:Mcleod, Saul (February 5, 2008). 627: 516:"Maternal Care and Mental Health" 445: 9755: 9742: 9730: 9729: 9709:Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences 9695:The Evolution of Human Sexuality 8182: 702:Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School 528:A Two-Year-Old Goes to Hospital, 136: 3072:. Boston Globe. March 21, 2004. 2908: 2896:Adams, Benjamin; Larson, Jean. 2889: 2819: 2792: 2716: 2616: 2567: 2516: 2465: 2421: 2406: 2373: 2337: 2304: 2257: 2222: 2187: 2128: 2019: 2004: 1989: 1952: 1937: 1922: 1895: 1800:Robert, Karen (February 1990). 1793: 1758: 1739: 1721: 1695:American Journal of Primatology 1628: 1601: 1551: 1526: 1130: 885:University of Wisconsin–Madison 452:University of Wisconsin–Madison 369:University of Wisconsin–Madison 341:, Harlow obtained admission to 290:University of Wisconsin–Madison 181: 161: 132: 7980: 2624:"Reactive attachment disorder" 2196:American Journal of Psychiatry 2028:American Journal of Psychiatry 1779:10.1080/00797308.1946.11823551 1501: 1462: 1435: 1392: 1365: 1346:American Journal of Psychiatry 1280: 1052:Death of his spouse, Margaret 384:American Philosophical Society 1: 9702:Evolution, Mind and Behaviour 8278:Industrial and organizational 5447: 4240:Behavioral and social science 1182: 782:National Institutes of Health 721: 717:RAD is included in the DSM-5. 691: 38: 9688:Evolution and Human Behavior 8519:Human factors and ergonomics 1635:Van De Horst, Frank (2008). 1359:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.12.2254 1294:Review of General Psychology 1115:Kittay Scientific Foundation 749: 728:Reactive attachment disorder 709:Reactive attachment disorder 514:-sponsored study and report 376:National Academy of Sciences 323: 317:Review of General Psychology 7: 9845:People from Fairfield, Iowa 9763:Evolutionary biology portal 3176:10.1177/0730888490017004002 2737:10.1037/0735-7036.114.2.115 2654:10.1177/1077559500005002005 1073:Martin Rehfuss Lecturer at 848: 10: 9896: 9860:Stanford University alumni 8982:Evolutionary psychologists 7128:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar 3091:10.1163/156853001300109008 2382:Touch in Early Development 2270:Developmental Neuroscience 1817:(2): 35–70. Archived from 973:Howard Crosby Warren Medal 860: 855: 768:animal liberation movement 725: 631: 432:electro-convulsive therapy 380:Howard Crosby Warren Medal 312:animal liberation movement 206:Howard Crosby Warren Medal 9725: 9672: 9632: 9590:Literary theorists / 9589: 9546: 9218: 9127: 8999: 8988: 8905: 8842: 8549: 8459: 8371: 8208:Applied behavior analysis 8191: 8180: 8016: 7988: 7890: 7739: 7588: 7409: 7215: 7063: 7059: 7048: 6982: 6884: 6773: 6684: 6605: 6533: 6529: 6518: 6475: 6384: 6276: 6167: 6103:William Hayward Pickering 6048: 5943: 5939: 5928: 5854: 5746: 5600: 5476: 5457: 5453: 5442: 5353: 5162: 4976: 4794: 4650: 4513: 4509: 4498: 4455: 4396: 4308: 4268: 4249: 4245: 4234: 4042: 3881: 3720: 3559: 3398: 3333: 3138:10.1007/s12124-008-9071-x 2875:10.1207/s15327019eb0702_6 2593:10.1007/s12124-008-9071-x 1975:10.1017/S0962728600018017 1916:10.1080/09515089708573215 1852:Harlow, Harry F. (1958). 1656:10.1007/s12124-008-9079-2 1456:10.1080/09515089708573215 1420:10.1007/s12124-008-9072-9 1317:10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139 1113:International Award from 1075:Jefferson Medical College 1043:National Medal of Science 963:National Research Council 784:, has been criticized by 696:Harlow's work influenced 668:Sigmund Freud's influence 512:World Health Organization 400:Scientific Advisory Panel 388:National Medal of Science 255: 241: 229: 219: 212: 197:National Medal of Science 192: 111: 101: 91: 72: 46: 30: 23: 9820:Attachment psychologists 9805:Animal cruelty incidents 7552:Norman Foster Ramsey Jr. 6998:S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan 4629:Burrhus Frederic Skinner 4152:Jessica Henderson Daniel 3248:10.1177/0957154X10370909 3209:10.1177/0957154x19898997 2991:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2918:The Harry Harlow Project 2542:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00317 2347:Developmental Psychology 1931:Environmental Influences 1904:Philosophical Psychology 1559:"Harry Frederick Harlow" 1444:Philosophical Psychology 923:Married Margaret Kuenne 839:The Harry Harlow Project 764:University of Washington 390:(1967), election to the 382:(1956), election to the 314:in the United States. A 9737:Evolutionary psychology 9716:Evolutionary Psychology 9094:Mary Jane West-Eberhard 8992:Evolutionary psychology 8484:Behavioral neuroscience 8048:Behavioral neuroscience 6863:Cathleen Synge Morawetz 4781:George Ledyard Stebbins 4702:James Augustine Shannon 4116:Suzanne Bennett Johnson 3728:Robert Richardson Sears 3573:Harry Levi Hollingworth 3460:Walter Bowers Pillsbury 3365:George Stuart Fullerton 2857:Gluck, John P. (1997). 2529:Frontiers in Psychology 2040:10.1176/ajp.133.11.1279 1062:Northwestern University 977:experimental psychology 663:Analysis of experiments 442:in Madison, Wisconsin. 402:, and president of the 294:humanistic psychologist 9333:Aurelio José Figueredo 8534:Psychology of religion 8474:Behavioral engineering 8411:Human subject research 8067:Cognitive neuroscience 8033:Affective neuroscience 7320:Joseph O. Hirschfelder 7307:Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer 6263:Harry George Drickamer 6209:Hans Wolfgang Liepmann 5883:M. Frederick Hawthorne 5757:John D. Baldeschwieler 4997:Daniel E. Koshland Jr. 4679:Earl W. Sutherland Jr. 3836:George Armitage Miller 3526:Margaret Floy Washburn 3442:Henry Rutgers Marshall 3038:Harry Harrow's Studies 2766:Blum, Deborah (1994). 2162:10.1073/pnas.68.7.1534 2103:10.1073/pnas.68.7.1534 1707:10.1002/ajp.1350020402 1583:Blum, Deborah (2011). 1272:Blum, Deborah (2002). 1173:J Comp Physiol Psychol 1166:J Comp Physiol Psychol 1159:J Comp Physiol Psychol 1102:Von Gieson Award from 1065:Remarried Clara Mears 1015:Messenger Lecturer at 718: 677: 618: 487: 471: 414: 362:Stanford-Binet IQ Test 270:Harry Frederick Harlow 266: 51:Harry Frederick Israel 9576:Dominic D. P. Johnson 9210:Pierre van den Berghe 8910:Wiktionary definition 8446:Self-report inventory 8441:Quantitative research 7911:Sylvester James Gates 7297:William Alfred Fowler 7279:Robert Rathbun Wilson 7092:Robert Burns Woodward 5904:Geraldine L. Richmond 5652:Howard E. Simmons Jr. 4935:Rosalyn Sussman Yalow 4864:Vernon B. Mountcastle 4720:Sterling B. Hendricks 4537:Marshall W. Nirenberg 4532:Theodosius Dobzhansky 4380:William Julius Wilson 3236:History of Psychiatry 3197:History of Psychiatry 3100:American Psychologist 3079:Society & Animals 2946:American Psychologist 2863:Ethics & Behavior 2683:McLeod, Saul (2020). 2359:10.1002/dev.420260704 2208:10.1176/ajp.128.8.927 1861:American Psychologist 1475:American Psychologist 1092:University of Arizona 915:Divorced Clara Mears 737:Harlow's contribution 716: 675: 613: 485: 469: 412: 286:cognitive development 264: 16:American psychologist 9221:cognitive scientists 9219:Psychologists / 8436:Qualitative research 8391:Behavior epigenetics 7882:Warren M. Washington 7846:Fay Ajzenberg-Selove 7755:Jeremiah P. Ostriker 7700:Martin Schwarzschild 7481:Solomon J. Buchsbaum 7473:J. Robert Schrieffer 7443:E. Margaret Burbidge 7287:Nicolaas Bloembergen 7264:Arie Jan Haagen-Smit 7143:Vladimir K. Zworykin 6895:John Griggs Thompson 6818:Martin David Kruskal 6658:Kurt Otto Friedrichs 6131:Erwin Wilhelm Müller 6085:Ralph Brazelton Peck 6040:Jack St. Clair Kilby 5967:John Robinson Pierce 5934:Engineering sciences 5865:Jacqueline K. Barton 5720:George M. Whitesides 5639:Dudley R. Herschbach 5577:Richard B. Bernstein 5546:Walter H. Stockmayer 5094:Elizabeth F. Neufeld 5025:G. Evelyn Hutchinson 4915:Stanley Norman Cohen 4902:Rita Levi-Montalcini 4738:Keith Roberts Porter 4601:Alfred H. Sturtevant 4596:Michael Heidelberger 4568:Fritz Albert Lipmann 4158:Rosie Phillips Davis 3889:Wilbert J. McKeachie 3669:John Edward Anderson 3609:Louis Leon Thurstone 3603:Walter Richard Miles 3597:Walter Samuel Hunter 3520:Shepherd Ivory Franz 3454:Charles Hubbard Judd 3436:James Rowland Angell 3359:James McKeen Cattell 3347:George Trumbull Ladd 3164:Work and Occupations 3012:10.1073/pnas.54.1.90 2985:Harlow (July 1965). 2904:on January 18, 2022. 2712:on October 23, 2007. 1946:"The Nature of Love" 1854:"The nature of love" 1824:on December 14, 2010 1810:The Atlantic Monthly 1538:search.amphilsoc.org 1534:"APS Member History" 1471:"The nature of love" 1225:10.1073/pnas.54.1.90 888:Married Clara Mears 817:was passed in 1966. 440:Forest Hill Cemetery 354:Walter Richard Miles 135: 1932; 96:Forest Hill Cemetery 9855:Reed College alumni 9556:Christopher Badcock 9478:Todd K. Shackelford 8915:Wiktionary category 8479:Behavioral genetics 8451:Statistical surveys 8308:Occupational health 8043:Behavioral genetics 7932:Shirley Ann Jackson 7851:Charles P. Slichter 7695:Marshall Rosenbluth 7687:Wallace S. Broecker 7640:Eugene M. Shoemaker 7401:Victor F. Weisskopf 7348:Herbert S. Gutowsky 7330:Edgar Bright Wilson 7171:George Kistiakowsky 6789:Stephen Cole Kleene 6300:George H. Heilmeier 6287:Mildred Dresselhaus 6178:Edward H. Heinemann 6108:Frederick E. Terman 6072:Richard T. Whitcomb 5993:Clarence L. Johnson 5954:Theodore von Kármán 5841:Stephen J. Benkovic 5820:Mostafa A. El-Sayed 5807:Marvin H. Caruthers 5762:Ralph F. Hirschmann 5702:Darleane C. Hoffman 5592:Harden M. McConnell 5533:Frank H. Westheimer 5345:Stanley B. Prusiner 5309:Robert J. Lefkowitz 5068:Howard Martin Temin 4925:Maurice R. Hilleman 4920:Joseph L. Goldstein 4859:Donald A. Henderson 4776:Earl Reece Stadtman 4761:Elizabeth C. Crosby 4725:Orville Alvin Vogel 4555:Donald D. Van Slyke 4504:Biological sciences 4110:Melba J. T. Vasquez 3979:Charles Spielberger 3937:Janet Taylor Spence 3746:Orval Hobart Mowrer 3740:Laurance F. Shaffer 3621:Albert Poffenberger 3484:Robert S. Woodworth 3430:Mary Whiton Calkins 3003:1965PNAS...54...90H 2687:. SimplyPsychology. 2486:1962SciAm.207e.136H 2474:Scientific American 2451:1971AmSci..59..538H 2153:1971PNAS...68.1534H 2094:1971PNAS...68.1534H 1802:"Becoming attached" 1748:"Attachment Theory" 1216:1965PNAS...54...90H 1060:Harris Lecturer at 898:Columbia University 871:Born October 31 in 837:A theatrical play, 450:Harlow came to the 406:from 1958 to 1959. 343:Stanford University 106:Stanford University 9825:Cruelty to animals 9413:Michael T. McGuire 9393:Douglas T. Kenrick 9378:Judith Rich Harris 9293:Donald T. Campbell 9253:David F. Bjorklund 9109:David Sloan Wilson 9104:George C. Williams 9069:Giacomo Rizzolatti 8887:Schools of thought 8790:Richard E. Nisbett 8670:Donald T. Campbell 8348:Sport and exercise 7804:G. Brent Dalrymple 7622:Arthur L. Schawlow 7529:James A. Van Allen 7420:Philip W. Anderson 7376:Richard P. Feynman 7302:Linus Carl Pauling 6937:Dennis P. Sullivan 6494:John B. Goodenough 6427:Edwin N. Lightfoot 6395:Yuan-Cheng B. Fung 6376:Kenneth N. Stevens 6144:Raymond D. Mindlin 6067:Harold E. Edgerton 5912:A. Paul Alivisatos 5791:Stephen J. Lippard 5770:Ernest R. Davidson 5707:Harold S. Johnston 5541:William S. Johnson 5505:George C. Pimentel 5340:Susan L. Lindquist 5322:Francis S. Collins 5216:Victor A. McKusick 5191:Francisco J. Ayala 5173:Nancy C. Andreasen 5123:Robert A. Weinberg 4897:Har Gobind Khorana 4882:Michael E. DeBakey 4869:George Emil Palade 4841:Wendell L. Roelofs 4831:Howard L. Bachrach 4661:Barbara McClintock 4563:Edward F. Knipling 4104:Carol D. Goodheart 3872:Donald T. Campbell 3663:Calvin Perry Stone 3651:Leonard Carmichael 3550:I. Madison Bentley 3508:John Wallace Baird 3448:George M. Stratton 3418:William Lowe Bryan 3371:James Mark Baldwin 3325:Presidents of the 2975:– Adoption History 2642:Child Maltreatment 2438:American Scientist 2413:Suomi, JS (1971). 2243:10.1007/BF02381565 1380:. The Boston Globe 1080:Annual Award from 1017:Cornell University 1005:National Lecturer 833:In popular culture 815:Animal Welfare Act 719: 700:, director of the 678: 575:social deprivation 550:and attacking it. 488: 472: 415: 350:Calvin Perry Stone 308:isolation chambers 267: 9800:Academic scandals 9772: 9771: 9750:Psychology portal 9634:Research centers/ 9549:social scientists 9513:Michael Tomasello 9433:Randolph M. Nesse 9238:Justin L. Barrett 9233:Simon Baron-Cohen 9140:Christopher Boehm 8948: 8947: 8925:Wikimedia Commons 8852:Counseling topics 8815:Ronald C. Kessler 8805:Shelley E. Taylor 8730:Lawrence Kohlberg 8705:Stanley Schachter 8504:Consumer behavior 8386:Archival research 8154:Psycholinguistics 8038:Affective science 7948: 7947: 7944: 7943: 7940: 7939: 7877:Esther M. Conwell 7817:Robert N. Clayton 7809:Riccardo Giacconi 7773:Raymond Davis Jr. 7661:Albert Overhauser 7604:Edwin M. McMillan 7565:Arnold O. Beckman 7542:Paul Ching-Wu Chu 7519:Paul C. Lauterbur 7496:Robert Hofstadter 7448:Maurice Goldhaber 7435:Charles H. Townes 7386:Edward M. Purcell 7353:Frederick Rossini 7207:Wolfgang Panofsky 7138:John H. Van Vleck 7054:Physical sciences 7044: 7043: 7040: 7039: 7006:Solomon W. Golomb 6966:Andrew J. Viterbi 6961:Leonard Kleinrock 6908:Calyampudi R. Rao 6876:Ronald R. Coifman 6784:George F. Carrier 6765:Donald C. Spencer 6760:Saunders Mac Lane 6695:Marshall H. Stone 6645:Shiing-Shen Chern 6552:Solomon Lefschetz 6514: 6513: 6510: 6509: 6451:David J. Wineland 6419:John M. Prausnitz 6360:C. Kumar N. Patel 6355:James L. Flanagan 6323:John Roy Whinnery 6310:H. Guyford Stever 6292:Nick Holonyak Jr. 6255:George W. Housner 6250:Willis M. Hawkins 6245:Daniel C. Drucker 6227:Robert Byron Bird 6219:Bernard M. Oliver 6126:Peter C. Goldmark 6113:Wernher von Braun 6059:George E. Mueller 6032:Nathan M. Newmark 6027:J. Presper Eckert 6006:Claude E. Shannon 5975:Charles S. Draper 5924: 5923: 5920: 5919: 5891:Judith P. Klinman 5775:Gábor A. Somorjai 5686:Isabella L. Karle 5673:George S. Hammond 5634:Gertrude B. Elion 5587:Rudolph A. Marcus 5438: 5437: 5434: 5433: 5364:Ralph L. Brinster 5283:Torsten N. Wiesel 5260:Norman E. Borlaug 5247:Solomon H. Snyder 5242:J. Michael Bishop 5201:Mario R. Capecchi 5081:Salome G. Waelsch 5012:E. Donnall Thomas 4887:Theodor O. Diener 4786:Paul Alfred Weiss 4614:Bernard B. Brodie 4550:George G. Simpson 4494: 4493: 4490: 4489: 4439:Michael I. Posner 4340:Eleanor J. Gibson 4292:George J. Stigler 4260:Neal Elgar Miller 4191: 4190: 4170:Jennifer F. Kelly 4140:Susan H. McDaniel 4122:Donald N. Bersoff 4050:Norine G. Johnson 4033:Patrick H. DeLeon 4003:Robert J. Resnick 3961:Raymond D. Fowler 3955:Bonnie Strickland 3907:Nicholas Cummings 3901:M. Brewster Smith 3800:Charles E. Osgood 3681:Edwin Ray Guthrie 3514:Walter Dill Scott 2282:10.1159/000071465 1998:Roots of Behavior 1752:Simply Psychology 1594:978-0-465-02601-2 1513:www.nasonline.org 1353:(12): 2254–2255. 1128: 1127: 259: 258: 242:Doctoral students 214:Scientific career 203:Foundation (1973) 9887: 9759: 9746: 9733: 9732: 9681:The Adapted Mind 9468:David P. Schmitt 9428:Katherine Nelson 9408:Brian MacWhinney 9348:Gordon G. Gallup 9338:Diana Fleischman 9298:Peter Carruthers 9155:Napoleon Chagnon 9135:Jerome H. Barkow 9119:Richard Wrangham 9099:Wolfgang Wickler 9084:Carel van Schaik 8975: 8968: 8961: 8952: 8951: 8882:Research methods 8825:Richard Davidson 8820:Joseph E. LeDoux 8695:George A. Miller 8685:David McClelland 8680:Herbert A. Simon 8580:Edward Thorndike 8401:Content analysis 8186: 8159:Psychophysiology 7975: 7968: 7961: 7952: 7951: 7760:Gilbert F. White 7705:George Wetherill 7599:Allan M. Cormack 7557:Jack Steinberger 7537:D. Allan Bromley 7486:H. Richard Crane 7463:Frederick Reines 7453:Helmut Landsberg 7368:George Uhlenbeck 7269:Vladimir Haensel 7231:Allan R. Sandage 7202:Herbert C. Brown 7184:Herbert Friedman 7110:Leon M. Lederman 7082:Julian Schwinger 7061: 7060: 7050: 7049: 7019:Alexandre Chorin 6993:Richard A. Tapia 6974:David B. Mumford 6802:Alberto Calderón 6747:Joseph B. Keller 6734:Michael Freedman 6703:Herman Goldstine 6557:H. Marston Morse 6531: 6530: 6520: 6519: 6459:Rudolf E. Kálmán 6443:Robert S. Langer 6435:Jan D. Achenbach 6268:Herbert E. Grier 6019:Igor I. Sikorsky 5980:Othmar H. Ammann 5941: 5940: 5930: 5929: 5896:Jerrold Meinwald 5665:Norman Hackerman 5644:Glenn T. Seaborg 5559:William O. Baker 5487:F. Albert Cotton 5455: 5454: 5444: 5443: 5421:Mary-Claire King 5314:Bert W. O'Malley 5270:Thomas E. Starzl 5265:Phillip A. Sharp 5252:Charles Yanofsky 5234:Evelyn M. Witkin 5229:James E. Darnell 5055:Paul C. Zamecnik 5020:Mary Ellen Avery 4992:Herbert W. Boyer 4987:Baruj Benacerraf 4958:Joshua Lederberg 4948:Viktor Hamburger 4910:Michael S. Brown 4756:Robert H. Burris 4511: 4510: 4500: 4499: 4447:Mortimer Mishkin 4372:William K. Estes 4356:Roger N. Shepard 4348:Robert K. Merton 4332:George A. Miller 4279:Herbert A. Simon 4247: 4246: 4236: 4235: 4218: 4211: 4204: 4195: 4194: 4176:Frank C. Worrell 4074:Ronald F. Levant 4068:Diane F. Halpern 4062:Robert Sternberg 3985:Jack Wiggins Jr. 3967:Joseph Matarazzo 3913:Florence Denmark 3895:Theodore H. Blau 3848:Kenneth B. Clark 3758:Theodore Newcomb 3734:J. McVicker Hunt 3633:Edward C. Tolman 3591:Herbert Langfeld 3478:Howard C. Warren 3472:Edward Thorndike 3377:Hugo Münsterberg 3319: 3312: 3305: 3296: 3295: 3267: 3230: 3220: 3187: 3158: 3140: 3115: 3112:10.1037/h0033109 3094: 3073: 3065: 3034: 3024: 3014: 2969: 2958:10.1037/h0047884 2932: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2912: 2906: 2905: 2893: 2887: 2886: 2854: 2843: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2796: 2790: 2789: 2763: 2757: 2756: 2720: 2714: 2713: 2708:. Archived from 2698: 2689: 2688: 2680: 2674: 2673: 2637: 2628: 2627: 2620: 2614: 2613: 2595: 2571: 2565: 2564: 2554: 2544: 2520: 2514: 2513: 2469: 2463: 2462: 2434: 2425: 2419: 2418: 2410: 2404: 2403: 2377: 2371: 2370: 2341: 2335: 2334: 2308: 2302: 2301: 2261: 2255: 2254: 2226: 2220: 2219: 2191: 2185: 2184: 2174: 2164: 2147:(7): 1534–1538. 2132: 2126: 2125: 2115: 2105: 2088:(7): 1534–1538. 2073: 2060: 2059: 2023: 2017: 2016: 2008: 2002: 2001: 1993: 1987: 1986: 1956: 1950: 1949: 1941: 1935: 1934: 1926: 1920: 1919: 1899: 1893: 1892: 1873:10.1037/h0047884 1858: 1849: 1834: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1823: 1806: 1797: 1791: 1790: 1762: 1756: 1755: 1743: 1737: 1736: 1725: 1719: 1718: 1690: 1669: 1668: 1658: 1632: 1626: 1624: 1622: 1620: 1611:. Archived from 1605: 1599: 1598: 1580: 1574: 1573: 1571: 1569: 1555: 1549: 1548: 1546: 1544: 1530: 1524: 1523: 1521: 1519: 1505: 1499: 1498: 1487:10.1037/h0047884 1466: 1460: 1459: 1439: 1433: 1432: 1422: 1396: 1390: 1389: 1387: 1385: 1372:Slater, Lauren. 1369: 1363: 1362: 1340: 1329: 1328: 1310: 1284: 1278: 1277: 1269: 1256: 1255: 1245: 1227: 1195: 1124:Died December 6 853: 852: 698:Bruno Bettelheim 339:Portland, Oregon 278:social isolation 231:Doctoral advisor 185: 183: 165: 163: 140: 138: 134: 79: 76:December 6, 1981 61:October 31, 1905 60: 58: 40: 35: 21: 20: 9895: 9894: 9890: 9889: 9888: 9886: 9885: 9884: 9775: 9774: 9773: 9768: 9721: 9668: 9635: 9628: 9591: 9585: 9548: 9542: 9503:Anthony Stevens 9488:Irwin Silverman 9418:Geoffrey Miller 9383:Martie Haselton 9358:Gerd Gigerenzer 9273:Joseph Bulbulia 9220: 9214: 9195:Stephen Shennan 9150:Donald E. Brown 9128:Anthropologists 9123: 9074:Randy Thornhill 9064:Peter Richerson 9044:Peter Kropotkin 9024:Richard Dawkins 9002:neuroscientists 9001: 8995: 8984: 8979: 8949: 8944: 8901: 8877:Psychotherapies 8838: 8795:Martin Seligman 8760:Daniel Kahneman 8700:Richard Lazarus 8650:Raymond Cattell 8554: 8545: 8544: 8543: 8455: 8367: 8194: 8187: 8178: 8139:Neuropsychology 8019: 8012: 7984: 7979: 7949: 7936: 7924:Sean C. Solomon 7886: 7838:Daniel Kleppner 7830:Lonnie Thompson 7825:Ralph A. Alpher 7791:W. Jason Morgan 7778:Charles Keeling 7768:Marvin L. Cohen 7735: 7718:John N. Bahcall 7713:Don L. Anderson 7679:Peter Goldreich 7632:Steven Weinberg 7584: 7514:Walter Elsasser 7491:Herman Feshbach 7405: 7343:Samuel Goudsmit 7335:Chien-Shiung Wu 7274:Frederick Seitz 7241:John A. Wheeler 7226:Robert H. Dicke 7211: 7074:Luis W. Alvarez 7055: 7036: 7024:David Blackwell 6978: 6929:Carl R. de Boor 6900:Karen Uhlenbeck 6880: 6834:Louis Nirenberg 6769: 6742:Ralph E. Gomory 6680: 6676:Donald E. Knuth 6663:Hassler Whitney 6601: 6525: 6506: 6471: 6403:Andreas Acrivos 6380: 6368:Eli Ruckenstein 6347:Hermann A. Haus 6318:Calvin F. Quate 6305:Luna B. Leopold 6272: 6163: 6149:Robert N. Noyce 6139:Emmett N. Leith 6098:Manson Benedict 6080:Rudolf Kompfner 6044: 5998:Warren K. Lewis 5935: 5916: 5850: 5812:Peter B. Dervan 5783:John I. Brauman 5742: 5694:Norman Davidson 5621:John D. Roberts 5596: 5564:Konrad E. Bloch 5510:Richard N. Zare 5472: 5449: 5430: 5387:Sallie Chisholm 5369:Rudolf Jaenisch 5349: 5332:J. Craig Venter 5291:Rita R. Colwell 5158: 5144:David Baltimore 5035:Robert W. Kates 5007:David G. Nathan 5002:Edward B. Lewis 4972: 4968:Harland G. Wood 4963:Roger W. Sperry 4818:Glenn W. Burton 4790: 4766:Arthur Kornberg 4733:Roger Guillemin 4710:Hallowell Davis 4674:Daniel I. Arnon 4666:Albert B. Sabin 4646: 4619:Detlev W. Bronk 4591:Harry F. Harlow 4586:Kenneth S. Cole 4573:William C. Rose 4545:Francis P. Rous 4505: 4486: 4451: 4431:Gordon H. Bower 4392: 4388:Robert M. Solow 4304: 4300:Milton Friedman 4264: 4241: 4230: 4222: 4192: 4187: 4164:Sandra Shullman 4056:Philip Zimbardo 4038: 4021:Martin Seligman 3991:Frank H. Farley 3877: 3824:Gardner Lindzey 3776:Wolfgang Köhler 3752:E. Lowell Kelly 3716: 3657:Herbert Woodrow 3615:Joseph Peterson 3555: 3544:G. Stanley Hall 3394: 3341:G. Stanley Hall 3329: 3323: 3286: 3068: 3062: 3054:. Basic Books. 2952:(12): 673–685. 2940: 2938:Further reading 2935: 2925: 2923: 2914: 2913: 2909: 2894: 2890: 2855: 2846: 2836: 2834: 2824: 2820: 2810: 2808: 2797: 2793: 2778: 2768:The Monkey Wars 2764: 2760: 2721: 2717: 2700: 2699: 2692: 2681: 2677: 2638: 2631: 2622: 2621: 2617: 2572: 2568: 2521: 2517: 2470: 2466: 2432: 2426: 2422: 2411: 2407: 2392: 2378: 2374: 2342: 2338: 2323: 2309: 2305: 2262: 2258: 2227: 2223: 2192: 2188: 2133: 2129: 2074: 2063: 2024: 2020: 2009: 2005: 1994: 1990: 1957: 1953: 1942: 1938: 1927: 1923: 1900: 1896: 1856: 1850: 1837: 1827: 1825: 1821: 1804: 1798: 1794: 1763: 1759: 1744: 1740: 1727: 1726: 1722: 1691: 1672: 1633: 1629: 1618: 1616: 1615:on June 1, 2012 1607: 1606: 1602: 1595: 1581: 1577: 1567: 1565: 1557: 1556: 1552: 1542: 1540: 1532: 1531: 1527: 1517: 1515: 1507: 1506: 1502: 1481:(12): 673–685. 1467: 1463: 1440: 1436: 1397: 1393: 1383: 1381: 1370: 1366: 1341: 1332: 1308:10.1.1.586.1913 1285: 1281: 1270: 1259: 1196: 1189: 1185: 1152:J Genet Psychol 1133: 1079: 1077: 1064: 1014: 887: 873:Fairfield, Iowa 851: 835: 823: 760:panic disorders 752: 739: 730: 724: 711: 694: 670: 665: 636: 630: 596: 560:contact comfort 544:open-field test 524:James Robertson 476:rhesus macaques 457:Henry Vilas Zoo 448: 436:Tucson, Arizona 420:Margaret Kuenne 396:Human Resources 326: 280:experiments on 204: 202: 200: 188: 187: 179: 175: 167: 159: 155: 152: 150:Margaret Kuenne 142: 139: 1946) 130: 126: 123: 102:Alma mater 87: 84:Tucson, Arizona 81: 77: 68: 65:Fairfield, Iowa 62: 56: 54: 53: 52: 42: 26: 25:Harry F. Harlow 17: 12: 11: 5: 9893: 9883: 9882: 9877: 9872: 9867: 9862: 9857: 9852: 9847: 9842: 9837: 9832: 9827: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9792: 9787: 9770: 9769: 9767: 9766: 9753: 9740: 9726: 9723: 9722: 9720: 9719: 9712: 9705: 9698: 9691: 9684: 9676: 9674: 9670: 9669: 9667: 9666: 9661: 9656: 9651: 9646: 9640: 9638: 9630: 9629: 9627: 9626: 9621: 9616: 9611: 9609:Daniel Dennett 9606: 9604:Joseph Carroll 9601: 9595: 9593: 9587: 9586: 9584: 9583: 9578: 9573: 9571:Herbert Gintis 9568: 9563: 9558: 9552: 9550: 9544: 9543: 9541: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9508:Frank Sulloway 9505: 9500: 9495: 9493:Peter K. Smith 9490: 9485: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9450: 9445: 9440: 9438:Steven Neuberg 9435: 9430: 9425: 9423:Darcia Narvaez 9420: 9415: 9410: 9405: 9403:Robert Kurzban 9400: 9398:Simon M. Kirby 9395: 9390: 9388:Stephen Kaplan 9385: 9380: 9375: 9370: 9368:Jonathan Haidt 9365: 9360: 9355: 9353:David C. Geary 9350: 9345: 9340: 9335: 9330: 9325: 9323:Bruce J. Ellis 9320: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9300: 9295: 9290: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9255: 9250: 9245: 9240: 9235: 9230: 9228:Mary Ainsworth 9224: 9222: 9216: 9215: 9213: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9180:Joseph Henrich 9177: 9172: 9167: 9165:Daniel Fessler 9162: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9131: 9129: 9125: 9124: 9122: 9121: 9116: 9111: 9106: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9089:Claus Wedekind 9086: 9081: 9079:Robert Trivers 9076: 9071: 9066: 9061: 9056: 9051: 9046: 9041: 9036: 9034:W. D. Hamilton 9031: 9026: 9021: 9019:Charles Darwin 9016: 9011: 9009:Bernard Crespi 9005: 9003: 8997: 8996: 8989: 8986: 8985: 8978: 8977: 8970: 8963: 8955: 8946: 8945: 8943: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8906: 8903: 8902: 8900: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8874: 8869: 8864: 8859: 8854: 8848: 8846: 8840: 8839: 8837: 8835:Roy Baumeister 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8787: 8782: 8777: 8772: 8770:Michael Posner 8767: 8762: 8757: 8755:Elliot Aronson 8752: 8750:Walter Mischel 8747: 8742: 8737: 8732: 8727: 8722: 8717: 8715:Albert Bandura 8712: 8707: 8702: 8697: 8692: 8690:Leon Festinger 8687: 8682: 8677: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8660:Neal E. Miller 8657: 8655:Abraham Maslow 8652: 8647: 8642: 8640:Ernest Hilgard 8637: 8635:Donald O. Hebb 8632: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8615:J. P. Guilford 8612: 8610:Gordon Allport 8607: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8590:John B. Watson 8587: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8555: 8550: 8547: 8546: 8542: 8541: 8536: 8531: 8526: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8465: 8464: 8463: 8461: 8457: 8456: 8454: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8428: 8423: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8403: 8398: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8381:Animal testing 8377: 8375: 8369: 8368: 8366: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8199: 8197: 8189: 8188: 8181: 8179: 8177: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8084:Cross-cultural 8081: 8076: 8075: 8074: 8064: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8024: 8022: 8014: 8013: 8011: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7989: 7986: 7985: 7978: 7977: 7970: 7963: 7955: 7946: 7945: 7942: 7941: 7938: 7937: 7935: 7934: 7929: 7926: 7921: 7919:Burton Richter 7916: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7894: 7892: 7888: 7887: 7885: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7872:Yakir Aharonov 7869: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7840: 7835: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7819: 7814: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7786:Richard Garwin 7783: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7750:Willis E. Lamb 7747: 7743: 7741: 7737: 7736: 7734: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7689: 7684: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7642: 7637: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7592: 7590: 7586: 7585: 7583: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7509:Philip Abelson 7506: 7503: 7501:Chen-Ning Yang 7498: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7475: 7470: 7468:Bruno B. Rossi 7465: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7425:Yoichiro Nambu 7422: 7417: 7413: 7411: 7407: 7406: 7404: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7236:John C. Slater 7233: 7228: 7223: 7219: 7217: 7213: 7212: 7210: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7123:Jacob Bjerknes 7120: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7076: 7071: 7067: 7065: 7057: 7056: 7046: 7045: 7042: 7041: 7038: 7037: 7035: 7034: 7029: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7013: 7008: 7003: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6986: 6984: 6980: 6979: 6977: 6976: 6971: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6955: 6950: 6947: 6942: 6939: 6934: 6931: 6926: 6923: 6921:James G. Glimm 6918: 6915: 6913:Elias M. Stein 6910: 6905: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6888: 6886: 6882: 6881: 6879: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6865: 6860: 6857: 6855:Shing-Tung Yau 6852: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6836: 6831: 6828: 6823: 6820: 6815: 6812: 6807: 6804: 6799: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6777: 6775: 6771: 6770: 6768: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6723: 6721:Antoni Zygmund 6718: 6713: 6710: 6708:Isadore Singer 6705: 6700: 6697: 6692: 6688: 6686: 6682: 6681: 6679: 6678: 6673: 6671:Joseph L. Doob 6668: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6652: 6650:George Dantzig 6647: 6642: 6640:John W. Backus 6637: 6634: 6629: 6626: 6621: 6618: 6616:Richard Brauer 6613: 6609: 6607: 6603: 6602: 6600: 6599: 6597:William Feller 6594: 6591: 6586: 6583: 6578: 6575: 6570: 6567: 6562: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6546: 6544:Norbert Wiener 6541: 6537: 6535: 6527: 6526: 6516: 6515: 6512: 6511: 6508: 6507: 6505: 6504: 6502:Thomas Kailath 6499: 6496: 6491: 6488: 6483: 6479: 6477: 6473: 6472: 6470: 6469: 6464: 6461: 6456: 6453: 6448: 6445: 6440: 6437: 6432: 6429: 6424: 6421: 6416: 6413: 6408: 6405: 6400: 6397: 6392: 6388: 6386: 6382: 6381: 6379: 6378: 6373: 6370: 6365: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6349: 6344: 6341: 6336: 6333: 6328: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6280: 6278: 6274: 6273: 6271: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6239: 6234: 6232:H. Bolton Seed 6229: 6224: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6185: 6183:Donald L. Katz 6180: 6175: 6171: 6169: 6165: 6164: 6162: 6161: 6156: 6154:Earl R. Parker 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6061: 6056: 6052: 6050: 6046: 6045: 6043: 6042: 6037: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6008: 6003: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5988:Hugh L. Dryden 5985: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5956: 5951: 5947: 5945: 5937: 5936: 5926: 5925: 5922: 5921: 5918: 5917: 5915: 5914: 5909: 5906: 5901: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5872: 5870:Peter J. Stang 5867: 5862: 5858: 5856: 5852: 5851: 5849: 5848: 5846:Marye Anne Fox 5843: 5838: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5822: 5817: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5801: 5799:Tobin J. Marks 5796: 5793: 5788: 5785: 5780: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5750: 5748: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5728:Stuart A. Rice 5725: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5696: 5691: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5675: 5670: 5667: 5662: 5660:Donald J. Cram 5657: 5654: 5649: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5629:Ronald Breslow 5626: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5604: 5602: 5598: 5597: 5595: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5571: 5569:Elias J. Corey 5566: 5561: 5556: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5535: 5530: 5528:Carl S. Marvel 5525: 5520: 5515: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5500:Roald Hoffmann 5497: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5480: 5478: 5474: 5473: 5471: 5470: 5465: 5461: 5459: 5451: 5450: 5440: 5439: 5436: 5435: 5432: 5431: 5429: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5416:Stanley Falkow 5413: 5410: 5408:Rakesh K. Jain 5405: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5357: 5355: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5211:Gene E. Likens 5208: 5203: 5198: 5196:George F. Bass 5193: 5188: 5185: 5180: 5178:Peter H. Raven 5175: 5170: 5166: 5164: 5160: 5159: 5157: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5112: 5107: 5104: 5102:Alexander Rich 5099: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5083: 5078: 5076:Daniel Nathans 5073: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5057: 5052: 5050:Folke K. Skoog 5047: 5042: 5040:Salvador Luria 5037: 5032: 5030:Elvin A. Kabat 5027: 5022: 5017: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4980: 4978: 4974: 4973: 4971: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4943:Katherine Esau 4940: 4937: 4932: 4930:Eric R. Kandel 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4876: 4874:Joan A. Steitz 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4848: 4846:Berta Scharrer 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4813:Seymour Benzer 4810: 4807: 4805:Philip Handler 4802: 4798: 4796: 4792: 4791: 4789: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4692:Erwin Chargaff 4689: 4687:Britton Chance 4684: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4654: 4652: 4648: 4647: 4645: 4644: 4639: 4637:Robert Huebner 4634: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4526: 4524:C. B. van Niel 4521: 4517: 4515: 4507: 4506: 4496: 4495: 4492: 4491: 4488: 4487: 4485: 4484: 4482:Albert Bandura 4479: 4476: 4474:Robert Axelrod 4471: 4468: 4463: 4459: 4457: 4453: 4452: 4450: 4449: 4444: 4441: 4436: 4433: 4428: 4425: 4420: 4417: 4415:R. Duncan Luce 4412: 4409: 4404: 4400: 4398: 4394: 4393: 4391: 4390: 4385: 4382: 4377: 4374: 4369: 4366: 4364:Paul Samuelson 4361: 4358: 4353: 4350: 4345: 4342: 4337: 4334: 4329: 4326: 4324:Patrick Suppes 4321: 4319:Leonid Hurwicz 4316: 4312: 4310: 4306: 4305: 4303: 4302: 4297: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4281: 4276: 4272: 4270: 4266: 4265: 4263: 4262: 4257: 4253: 4251: 4243: 4242: 4232: 4231: 4221: 4220: 4213: 4206: 4198: 4189: 4188: 4186: 4185: 4179: 4173: 4167: 4161: 4155: 4149: 4146:Antonio Puente 4143: 4137: 4134:Barry S. Anton 4131: 4125: 4119: 4113: 4107: 4101: 4095: 4092:Alan E. Kazdin 4089: 4083: 4080:Gerald Koocher 4077: 4071: 4065: 4059: 4053: 4046: 4044: 4040: 4039: 4037: 4036: 4030: 4024: 4018: 4012: 4009:Dorothy Cantor 4006: 4000: 3994: 3988: 3982: 3976: 3973:Stanley Graham 3970: 3964: 3958: 3952: 3946: 3943:Robert Perloff 3940: 3934: 3928: 3922: 3919:John J. Conger 3916: 3910: 3904: 3898: 3892: 3885: 3883: 3879: 3878: 3876: 3875: 3869: 3866:Albert Bandura 3863: 3860:Leona E. Tyler 3857: 3851: 3845: 3839: 3833: 3830:Abraham Maslow 3827: 3821: 3818:Nicholas Hobbs 3815: 3809: 3803: 3797: 3791: 3788:Neal E. Miller 3785: 3782:Donald O. Hebb 3779: 3773: 3767: 3761: 3755: 3749: 3743: 3737: 3731: 3724: 3722: 3718: 3717: 3715: 3714: 3711:J. P. Guilford 3708: 3705:Ernest Hilgard 3702: 3699:Donald Marquis 3696: 3690: 3684: 3678: 3675:Gardner Murphy 3672: 3666: 3660: 3654: 3648: 3645:Gordon Allport 3642: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3600: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3576: 3570: 3567:Harvey A. Carr 3563: 3561: 3557: 3556: 3554: 3553: 3547: 3541: 3535: 3529: 3523: 3517: 3511: 3505: 3499: 3493: 3490:John B. Watson 3487: 3481: 3475: 3469: 3463: 3457: 3451: 3445: 3439: 3433: 3427: 3421: 3415: 3412:Edmund Sanford 3409: 3402: 3400: 3396: 3395: 3393: 3392: 3389:Joseph Jastrow 3386: 3380: 3374: 3368: 3362: 3356: 3350: 3344: 3337: 3335: 3331: 3330: 3322: 3321: 3314: 3307: 3299: 3293: 3292: 3285: 3284:External links 3282: 3281: 3280: 3277: 3274: 3271: 3268: 3242:(2): 190–205. 3231: 3203:(2): 227–231. 3188: 3170:(4): 399–421. 3159: 3131:(4): 325–335. 3116: 3106:(8): 709–716. 3095: 3074: 3066: 3060: 3047: 3041: 3035: 2982: 2976: 2970: 2939: 2936: 2934: 2933: 2907: 2888: 2869:(2): 149–161. 2844: 2818: 2791: 2776: 2758: 2715: 2690: 2675: 2648:(2): 137–145. 2629: 2626:. Mayo Clinic. 2615: 2586:(4): 325–335. 2566: 2515: 2480:(5): 136–150. 2464: 2445:(5): 538–549. 2420: 2405: 2390: 2372: 2353:(7): 407–420. 2336: 2321: 2303: 2256: 2221: 2202:(8): 927–932. 2186: 2127: 2061: 2018: 2003: 1988: 1963:Animal Welfare 1951: 1936: 1921: 1910:(2): 197–210. 1894: 1835: 1792: 1757: 1738: 1720: 1701:(4): 319–342. 1670: 1649:(4): 370–388. 1627: 1600: 1593: 1575: 1550: 1525: 1509:"Harry Harlow" 1500: 1461: 1434: 1391: 1364: 1330: 1301:(2): 139–152. 1279: 1257: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1180: 1179: 1176: 1169: 1162: 1155: 1148: 1141: 1132: 1129: 1126: 1125: 1122: 1118: 1117: 1111: 1107: 1106: 1100: 1096: 1095: 1089: 1085: 1084: 1071: 1067: 1066: 1058: 1054: 1053: 1050: 1046: 1045: 1040: 1036: 1035: 1032: 1028: 1027: 1024: 1020: 1019: 1011: 1007: 1006: 1000: 996: 995: 992: 988: 987: 984: 980: 979: 970: 966: 965: 959: 955: 954: 951: 947: 946: 940: 936: 935: 929: 925: 924: 921: 917: 916: 913: 909: 908: 905: 901: 900: 894: 890: 889: 881: 877: 876: 869: 865: 864: 859: 850: 847: 834: 831: 822: 819: 751: 748: 738: 735: 726:Main article: 723: 720: 710: 707: 693: 690: 669: 666: 664: 661: 645:pit of despair 634:Pit of despair 632:Main article: 629: 628:Pit of despair 626: 595: 592: 447: 446:Monkey studies 444: 325: 322: 297:Abraham Maslow 282:rhesus monkeys 257: 256: 253: 252: 246:Abraham Maslow 243: 239: 238: 233: 227: 226: 221: 217: 216: 210: 209: 194: 190: 189: 177: 173: 172: 171: 170: 157: 153: 148: 147: 146: 145: 128: 124: 121: 120: 119: 118: 115: 113: 109: 108: 103: 99: 98: 93: 89: 88: 82: 80:(aged 76) 74: 70: 69: 63: 50: 48: 44: 43: 36: 28: 27: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9892: 9881: 9878: 9876: 9873: 9871: 9868: 9866: 9863: 9861: 9858: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9846: 9843: 9841: 9838: 9836: 9833: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9823: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9782: 9780: 9765: 9764: 9758: 9754: 9752: 9751: 9745: 9741: 9739: 9738: 9728: 9727: 9724: 9718: 9717: 9713: 9711: 9710: 9706: 9704: 9703: 9699: 9697: 9696: 9692: 9690: 9689: 9685: 9683: 9682: 9678: 9677: 9675: 9671: 9665: 9662: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9652: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9641: 9639: 9637: 9636:organizations 9631: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9619:Thomas Hobbes 9617: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9596: 9594: 9588: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9569: 9567: 9564: 9562: 9561:Samuel Bowles 9559: 9557: 9554: 9553: 9551: 9545: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9528:Andrew Whiten 9526: 9524: 9523:Mark van Vugt 9521: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9483:Roger Shepard 9481: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9463:Mark Schaller 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9453:Steven Pinker 9451: 9449: 9448:Henry Plotkin 9446: 9444: 9443:David Perrett 9441: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9308:Leda Cosmides 9306: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9288:Anne Campbell 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9226: 9225: 9223: 9217: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9200:Donald Symons 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9190:Daniel Nettle 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9175:John D. Hawks 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9132: 9130: 9126: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9060: 9059:Margie Profet 9057: 9055: 9054:Jaak Panksepp 9052: 9050: 9049:Gordon Orians 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9039:Alfred Kinsey 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9029:Jared Diamond 9027: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9006: 9004: 8998: 8994: 8993: 8987: 8983: 8976: 8971: 8969: 8964: 8962: 8957: 8956: 8953: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8907: 8904: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8872:Psychologists 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8862:Organizations 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8849: 8847: 8845: 8841: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8810:John Anderson 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8740:Ulric Neisser 8738: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8725:Endel Tulving 8723: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8710:Robert Zajonc 8708: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8683: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8665:Jerome Bruner 8663: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8630:B. F. Skinner 8628: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8595:Clark L. Hull 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8575:Sigmund Freud 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8565:William James 8563: 8561: 8560:Wilhelm Wundt 8558: 8556: 8553: 8552:Psychologists 8548: 8540: 8539:Psychometrics 8537: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8499:Consciousness 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8466: 8462: 8458: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8431:Psychophysics 8429: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8378: 8376: 8374: 8373:Methodologies 8370: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8333:Psychotherapy 8331: 8329: 8328:Psychometrics 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8200: 8198: 8196: 8190: 8185: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8094:Developmental 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8073: 8070: 8069: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8025: 8023: 8021: 8015: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7990: 7987: 7983: 7976: 7971: 7969: 7964: 7962: 7957: 7956: 7953: 7933: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7896: 7895: 7893: 7889: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7864:James E. Gunn 7862: 7860: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7796:Edward Witten 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7745: 7744: 7742: 7738: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7614:Roger Revelle 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7594: 7593: 7591: 7587: 7581: 7580:Henry Stommel 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7570:Eugene Parker 7568: 7566: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7430:Edward Teller 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7415: 7414: 7412: 7408: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7396:Lyman Spitzer 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7315:Hans A. Bethe 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7259:Maurice Ewing 7257: 7255: 7254:Carl Djerassi 7252: 7249: 7247: 7246:Saul Winstein 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7221: 7220: 7218: 7214: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7194:Eugene Wigner 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7179:Paul Bartlett 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7166:Louis Hammett 7164: 7162: 7161:Gregory Breit 7159: 7157: 7156:Francis Birch 7154: 7152: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7115:William Rubey 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7069: 7068: 7066: 7062: 7058: 7051: 7047: 7033: 7032:Michael Artin 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6988: 6987: 6985: 6981: 6975: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6945:Bradley Efron 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6890: 6889: 6887: 6883: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6871:Felix Browder 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6847:Stephen Smale 6845: 6843: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6794:John McCarthy 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6779: 6778: 6776: 6772: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6755:Samuel Karlin 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6690: 6689: 6687: 6683: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6611: 6610: 6608: 6604: 6598: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6565:Oscar Zariski 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6539: 6538: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6521: 6517: 6503: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6481: 6480: 6478: 6474: 6468: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6390: 6389: 6387: 6383: 6377: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6339:Ray W. Clough 6337: 6334: 6332: 6331:Alfred Y. Cho 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6282: 6281: 6279: 6275: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6201:John G. Trump 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6173: 6172: 6170: 6166: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6054: 6053: 6051: 6047: 6041: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6014:Edwin H. Land 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5962:Vannevar Bush 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5949: 5948: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5931: 5927: 5913: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5878:Allen J. Bard 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5860: 5859: 5857: 5853: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5833:JoAnne Stubbe 5831: 5829: 5828:Joanna Fowler 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5752: 5751: 5749: 5745: 5739: 5738:Susan Solomon 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5606: 5605: 5603: 5599: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5582:Melvin Calvin 5580: 5578: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5523:Yuan Tseh Lee 5521: 5519: 5518:Harry B. Gray 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5492:Gilbert Stork 5490: 5488: 5485: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5475: 5469: 5466: 5463: 5462: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5445: 5441: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5400:Bruce Alberts 5398: 5396: 5395:May Berenbaum 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5359: 5358: 5356: 5352: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5301:Lubert Stryer 5299: 5297: 5296:Nina Fedoroff 5294: 5292: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5278:Anthony Fauci 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5221:Harold Varmus 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5168: 5167: 5165: 5161: 5155: 5154:Lynn Margulis 5152: 5150: 5149:Jared Diamond 5147: 5145: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5089:Thomas Eisner 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5063:Maxine Singer 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5045:Paul A. Marks 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4982: 4981: 4979: 4975: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4854:Stanley Cohen 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4800: 4799: 4797: 4793: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4743:Efraim Racker 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4697:James V. Neel 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4656: 4655: 4653: 4649: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4609:Horace Barker 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4578:Sewall Wright 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4519: 4518: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4501: 4497: 4483: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4466:Anne Treisman 4464: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4454: 4448: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4423:Kenneth Arrow 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4402: 4401: 4399: 4395: 4389: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4314: 4313: 4311: 4307: 4301: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4287:Anne Anastasi 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4274: 4273: 4271: 4267: 4261: 4258: 4255: 4254: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4226: 4219: 4214: 4212: 4207: 4205: 4200: 4199: 4196: 4183: 4180: 4177: 4174: 4171: 4168: 4165: 4162: 4159: 4156: 4153: 4150: 4147: 4144: 4141: 4138: 4135: 4132: 4129: 4128:Nadine Kaslow 4126: 4123: 4120: 4117: 4114: 4111: 4108: 4105: 4102: 4099: 4098:James H. Bray 4096: 4093: 4090: 4087: 4084: 4081: 4078: 4075: 4072: 4069: 4066: 4063: 4060: 4057: 4054: 4051: 4048: 4047: 4045: 4041: 4034: 4031: 4028: 4027:Richard Suinn 4025: 4022: 4019: 4016: 4015:Norman Abeles 4013: 4010: 4007: 4004: 4001: 3998: 3997:Ronald E. Fox 3995: 3992: 3989: 3986: 3983: 3980: 3977: 3974: 3971: 3968: 3965: 3962: 3959: 3956: 3953: 3950: 3947: 3944: 3941: 3938: 3935: 3932: 3929: 3926: 3925:William Bevan 3923: 3920: 3917: 3914: 3911: 3908: 3905: 3902: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3887: 3886: 3884: 3880: 3873: 3870: 3867: 3864: 3861: 3858: 3855: 3854:Anne Anastasi 3852: 3849: 3846: 3843: 3840: 3837: 3834: 3831: 3828: 3825: 3822: 3819: 3816: 3813: 3812:Jerome Bruner 3810: 3807: 3806:Quinn McNemar 3804: 3801: 3798: 3795: 3794:Paul E. Meehl 3792: 3789: 3786: 3783: 3780: 3777: 3774: 3771: 3768: 3765: 3762: 3759: 3756: 3753: 3750: 3747: 3744: 3741: 3738: 3735: 3732: 3729: 3726: 3725: 3723: 3719: 3712: 3709: 3706: 3703: 3700: 3697: 3694: 3691: 3688: 3687:Henry Garrett 3685: 3682: 3679: 3676: 3673: 3670: 3667: 3664: 3661: 3658: 3655: 3652: 3649: 3646: 3643: 3640: 3639:John Dashiell 3637: 3634: 3631: 3628: 3627:Clark L. Hull 3625: 3622: 3619: 3616: 3613: 3610: 3607: 3604: 3601: 3598: 3595: 3592: 3589: 3586: 3583: 3580: 3577: 3574: 3571: 3568: 3565: 3564: 3562: 3558: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3542: 3539: 3536: 3533: 3532:Knight Dunlap 3530: 3527: 3524: 3521: 3518: 3515: 3512: 3509: 3506: 3503: 3502:Robert Yerkes 3500: 3497: 3496:Raymond Dodge 3494: 3491: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3467: 3466:Carl Seashore 3464: 3461: 3458: 3455: 3452: 3449: 3446: 3443: 3440: 3437: 3434: 3431: 3428: 3425: 3424:William James 3422: 3419: 3416: 3413: 3410: 3407: 3404: 3403: 3401: 3397: 3390: 3387: 3384: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3366: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3354: 3353:William James 3351: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3339: 3338: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3320: 3315: 3313: 3308: 3306: 3301: 3300: 3297: 3291: 3288: 3287: 3278: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3139: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3075: 3071: 3070:"Monkey Love" 3067: 3063: 3061:0-7382-0278-9 3057: 3053: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3023: 3018: 3013: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2942: 2941: 2921: 2919: 2911: 2903: 2899: 2892: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2833: 2829: 2822: 2806: 2802: 2795: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2777:0-19-509412-3 2773: 2769: 2762: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2719: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2697: 2695: 2686: 2679: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2636: 2634: 2625: 2619: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2594: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2570: 2562: 2558: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2519: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2468: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2439: 2431: 2424: 2416: 2409: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2391:0-8058-1890-1 2387: 2383: 2376: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2340: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2322:0-89859-960-1 2318: 2314: 2307: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2260: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2225: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2190: 2182: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2163: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2131: 2123: 2119: 2114: 2109: 2104: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2022: 2014: 2007: 1999: 1992: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1955: 1947: 1940: 1932: 1925: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1898: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1855: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1840: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1811: 1803: 1796: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1761: 1753: 1749: 1742: 1734: 1730: 1724: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1689: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1681: 1679: 1677: 1675: 1666: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1643: 1638: 1631: 1614: 1610: 1604: 1596: 1590: 1586: 1579: 1564: 1560: 1554: 1539: 1535: 1529: 1514: 1510: 1504: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1465: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1438: 1430: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1413:(4): 354–69. 1412: 1408: 1407: 1402: 1395: 1379: 1375: 1374:"Monkey love" 1368: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1347: 1339: 1337: 1335: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1295: 1290: 1283: 1275: 1268: 1266: 1264: 1262: 1253: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1194: 1192: 1187: 1177: 1174: 1170: 1167: 1163: 1160: 1156: 1153: 1149: 1146: 1142: 1139: 1135: 1134: 1123: 1120: 1119: 1116: 1112: 1109: 1108: 1105: 1101: 1098: 1097: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1086: 1083: 1076: 1072: 1069: 1068: 1063: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1051: 1048: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1037: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1025: 1022: 1021: 1018: 1012: 1009: 1008: 1004: 1001: 998: 997: 993: 990: 989: 985: 982: 981: 978: 974: 971: 968: 967: 964: 960: 957: 956: 952: 949: 948: 945: 941: 938: 937: 934: 930: 927: 926: 922: 919: 918: 914: 911: 910: 906: 903: 902: 899: 895: 892: 891: 886: 882: 879: 878: 874: 870: 867: 866: 863: 858: 854: 846: 844: 840: 830: 828: 818: 816: 812: 807: 803: 799: 795: 793: 789: 787: 783: 779: 778:Stephen Suomi 775: 771: 769: 765: 761: 757: 747: 743: 734: 729: 715: 706: 703: 699: 689: 685: 682: 681:Sigmund Freud 674: 660: 656: 652: 650: 649:Stephen Suomi 646: 642: 635: 625: 622: 617: 612: 608: 605: 600: 591: 587: 583: 581: 576: 571: 569: 563: 561: 557: 551: 547: 545: 540: 536: 532: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 508: 506: 502: 498: 497:B. F. Skinner 492: 484: 480: 477: 468: 464: 462: 458: 453: 443: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 411: 407: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 372: 370: 365: 363: 359: 355: 351: 346: 344: 340: 336: 332: 321: 319: 318: 313: 309: 304: 300: 298: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 263: 254: 251: 250:Stephen Suomi 247: 244: 240: 237: 234: 232: 228: 225: 222: 218: 215: 211: 207: 198: 195: 191: 169: 168: 151: 144: 143: 117: 116: 114: 110: 107: 104: 100: 97: 94: 92:Resting place 90: 85: 75: 71: 66: 49: 45: 34: 29: 22: 19: 9761: 9748: 9735: 9714: 9707: 9700: 9693: 9686: 9679: 9673:Publications 9614:Denis Dutton 9599:Edmund Burke 9592:philosophers 9538:Margo Wilson 9533:Glenn Wilson 9518:Joshua Tybur 9373:Harry Harlow 9372: 9328:Anne Fernald 9303:Noam Chomsky 9268:Pascal Boyer 9248:Jesse Bering 9160:Robin Dunbar 9114:E. O. Wilson 9000:Biologists / 8990: 8785:Larry Squire 8780:Bruce McEwen 8775:Amos Tversky 8745:Jerome Kagan 8735:Noam Chomsky 8675:Hans Eysenck 8645:Harry Harlow 8644: 8625:Erik Erikson 8524:Intelligence 8421:Neuroimaging 8164:Quantitative 8129:Mathematical 8124:Intelligence 8114:Experimental 8109:Evolutionary 8099:Differential 8008:Psychologist 7906:Sandra Faber 7901:Sidney Drell 7731:Leo Kadanoff 7726:James Cronin 7674:Hans Dehmelt 7609:Robert Pound 7575:Robert Sharp 7391:John Sinfelt 7358:Verner Suomi 7325:Lewis Sarett 7189:Lars Onsager 7133:Henry Eyring 7100:John Bardeen 6842:Richard Karp 6810:Allen Newell 6589:Jerzy Neyman 6214:Tung-Yen Lin 6191:Bill Hewlett 6121:Morris Cohen 5715:John W. Cahn 5616:Karl Folkers 5377:Lucy Shapiro 5327:Elaine Fuchs 5206:Ann Graybiel 5136:Janet Rowley 5118:James Watson 5110:Ruth Patrick 4953:Philip Leder 4823:Mildred Cohn 4771:Severo Ochoa 4748:E. O. Wilson 4590: 4182:Thema Bryant 4086:Sharon Brehm 4043:2001–present 3949:Logan Wright 3842:George Albee 3770:Harry Harlow 3769: 3764:Lee Cronbach 3585:Karl Lashley 3579:Edwin Boring 3538:Lewis Terman 3406:Josiah Royce 3239: 3235: 3200: 3196: 3167: 3163: 3128: 3124: 3103: 3099: 3082: 3078: 3051: 2997:(1): 90–97. 2994: 2990: 2979:Harry Harlow 2949: 2945: 2924:. Retrieved 2917: 2910: 2902:the original 2891: 2866: 2862: 2835:. Retrieved 2831: 2821: 2809:. Retrieved 2804: 2794: 2767: 2761: 2728: 2724: 2718: 2710:the original 2705: 2678: 2645: 2641: 2618: 2583: 2579: 2569: 2532: 2528: 2518: 2477: 2473: 2467: 2442: 2436: 2423: 2414: 2408: 2381: 2375: 2350: 2346: 2339: 2312: 2306: 2276:(1): 26–33. 2273: 2269: 2259: 2237:(1): 43–51. 2234: 2230: 2224: 2199: 2195: 2189: 2144: 2140: 2130: 2085: 2081: 2031: 2027: 2021: 2012: 2006: 1997: 1991: 1966: 1962: 1954: 1939: 1930: 1924: 1907: 1903: 1897: 1864: 1860: 1826:. Retrieved 1819:the original 1814: 1808: 1795: 1770: 1766: 1760: 1751: 1741: 1732: 1723: 1698: 1694: 1646: 1640: 1630: 1617:. Retrieved 1613:the original 1603: 1584: 1578: 1568:December 20, 1566:. Retrieved 1562: 1553: 1543:December 20, 1541:. Retrieved 1537: 1528: 1518:December 20, 1516:. Retrieved 1512: 1503: 1478: 1474: 1464: 1447: 1443: 1437: 1410: 1404: 1394: 1382:. Retrieved 1377: 1367: 1350: 1344: 1298: 1292: 1282: 1273: 1207: 1203: 1172: 1165: 1158: 1151: 1145:Am J Psychol 1144: 1137: 1131:Early papers 861: 856: 838: 836: 824: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792:Deborah Blum 790: 776: 772: 770:in the U.S. 753: 744: 740: 731: 695: 686: 679: 657: 653: 641:Iron maidens 637: 623: 619: 614: 609: 603: 601: 597: 588: 584: 580:conspecifics 572: 564: 552: 548: 541: 537: 533: 527: 509: 501:behaviorists 493: 489: 473: 449: 416: 386:(1957), the 378:(1951), the 373: 366: 358:Lewis Terman 347: 335:Reed College 327: 315: 305: 301: 274:psychologist 269: 268: 236:Lewis Terman 213: 78:(1981-12-06) 18: 9790:1981 deaths 9785:1905 births 9498:Dan Sperber 9473:Nancy Segal 9313:Martin Daly 9263:John Bowlby 9145:Robert Boyd 8857:Disciplines 8830:Susan Fiske 8720:Roger Brown 8620:Carl Rogers 8605:Jean Piaget 8570:Ivan Pavlov 8426:Observation 8406:Experiments 8353:Suicidology 8248:Educational 8203:Anomalistic 8174:Theoretical 8149:Personality 8079:Comparative 8062:Cognitivism 8053:Behaviorism 7859:Berni Alder 7666:Frank Press 7547:Walter Kohn 7524:George Pake 7458:Walter Munk 7381:Herman Mark 7363:Henry Taube 7151:Jesse Beams 7105:Peter Debye 7087:Harold Urey 7011:Barry Mazur 6573:John Milnor 6467:Amnon Yariv 6411:Leo Beranek 6237:Ernst Weber 6090:Abel Wolman 5681:Thomas Cech 5611:Elkan Blout 5551:Max Tishler 5468:Roger Adams 5426:Simon Levin 4892:Harry Eagle 4715:Paul Gyorgy 4407:Gary Becker 3693:Carl Rogers 1773:: 313–342. 931:President, 505:John Bowlby 174:Clara Mears 122:Clara Mears 9779:Categories 9624:David Hume 9566:Ernst Fehr 9458:Paul Rozin 9363:Peter Gray 9318:Paul Ekman 9283:Josep Call 9278:David Buss 9258:Paul Bloom 9243:Jay Belsky 9205:John Tooby 9170:Mark Flinn 9014:John Crook 8920:Wikisource 8765:Paul Ekman 8600:Kurt Lewin 8494:Competence 8416:Interviews 8396:Case study 8273:Humanistic 8253:Ergonomics 8238:Counseling 8213:Assessment 8195:psychology 8144:Perception 8104:Ecological 8020:psychology 7998:Philosophy 7982:Psychology 7653:Vera Rubin 7292:Paul Flory 6953:Hyman Bass 6826:John Cocke 6729:Raoul Bott 6632:Kurt Gödel 6624:John Tukey 6581:Paul Cohen 6196:George Low 6159:Simon Ramo 5382:Leroy Hood 5183:Carl Woese 5131:Bruce Ames 4642:Ernst Mayr 3931:Max Siegel 3383:John Dewey 2926:August 12, 2837:January 6, 2811:January 6, 2805:CBSNew.com 1828:October 9, 1450:(2): 197. 1378:Boston.com 1183:References 722:Definition 692:Influences 520:René Spitz 428:depression 331:depression 224:Psychology 57:1905-10-31 9343:Uta Frith 9185:Ruth Mace 8940:Wikibooks 8930:Wikiquote 8800:Ed Diener 8585:Carl Jung 8489:Cognition 8318:Political 8228:Community 8058:Cognitive 7648:Val Fitch 6716:Peter Lax 6486:Shu Chien 5733:John Ross 5448:Chemistry 4836:Paul Berg 4228:laureates 3882:1976–2000 3721:1951–1975 3560:1926–1950 3399:1901–1925 3334:1892–1900 3184:220356360 3085:: 71–87. 2745:1939-2087 2048:0002-953X 1983:255770771 1881:0003-066X 1495:1935-990X 1325:145668721 1303:CiteSeerX 1234:0027-8424 756:unethical 750:Criticism 461:cognition 329:bouts of 324:Biography 9581:Gad Saad 8935:Wikinews 8892:Timeline 8514:Feelings 8509:Emotions 8469:Behavior 8460:Concepts 8338:Religion 8323:Positive 8313:Pastoral 8298:Military 8263:Forensic 8258:Feminist 8243:Critical 8233:Consumer 8223:Coaching 8218:Clinical 8193:Applied 8089:Cultural 8028:Abnormal 7627:Ed Stone 4624:Jay Lush 3264:38140414 3256:21877372 3227:31969024 3155:28906929 3147:18704609 2966:10722381 2883:11655129 2786:30474839 2753:10890583 2670:21497329 2662:11232086 2610:28906929 2602:18704609 2561:32161562 2510:13952839 2502:24936357 2400:32236161 2331:16681815 2298:31348253 2290:12876428 2231:Primates 1889:10722381 1787:20293638 1715:32188173 1665:18766423 1429:18688688 1384:March 9, 1003:Sigma Xi 849:Timeline 843:Victoria 556:diarrhea 503:took on 499:and the 292:, where 37:Harlow, 8867:Outline 8363:Traffic 8358:Systems 8293:Medical 8119:Gestalt 7993:History 3218:7433398 3031:4955132 2999:Bibcode 2832:Reuters 2552:7054235 2535:: 317. 2482:Bibcode 2459:5004085 2447:Bibcode 2367:8270123 2251:1369284 2216:4621656 2181:5283943 2149:Bibcode 2122:5283943 2090:Bibcode 1252:4955132 1212:Bibcode 1175:. 1956. 1168:. 1955. 1161:. 1953. 1154:. 1952. 1147:. 1951. 1140:. 1950. 1138:Science 1031:1964–65 1023:1961–71 999:1959–65 991:1958–59 983:1956–74 958:1953–55 950:1950–52 939:1950–51 928:1947–48 904:1944–74 893:1939–40 883:Staff, 880:1930–44 602:Harlow 186: 178: 166: 158: 154: 141: 129: 125: 112:Spouses 9760: 9747: 9734: 8897:Topics 8343:School 8268:Health 8169:Social 8072:Social 8018:Basic 8003:Portal 4184:(2023) 4178:(2022) 4172:(2021) 4166:(2020) 4160:(2019) 4154:(2018) 4148:(2017) 4142:(2016) 4136:(2015) 4130:(2014) 4124:(2013) 4118:(2012) 4112:(2011) 4106:(2010) 4100:(2009) 4094:(2008) 4088:(2007) 4082:(2006) 4076:(2005) 4070:(2004) 4064:(2003) 4058:(2002) 4052:(2001) 4035:(2000) 4029:(1999) 4023:(1998) 4017:(1997) 4011:(1996) 4005:(1995) 3999:(1994) 3993:(1993) 3987:(1992) 3981:(1991) 3975:(1990) 3969:(1989) 3963:(1988) 3957:(1987) 3951:(1986) 3945:(1985) 3939:(1984) 3933:(1983) 3927:(1982) 3921:(1981) 3915:(1980) 3909:(1979) 3903:(1978) 3897:(1977) 3891:(1976) 3874:(1975) 3868:(1974) 3862:(1973) 3856:(1972) 3850:(1971) 3844:(1970) 3838:(1969) 3832:(1968) 3826:(1967) 3820:(1966) 3814:(1965) 3808:(1964) 3802:(1963) 3796:(1962) 3790:(1961) 3784:(1960) 3778:(1959) 3772:(1958) 3766:(1957) 3760:(1956) 3754:(1955) 3748:(1954) 3742:(1953) 3736:(1952) 3730:(1951) 3713:(1950) 3707:(1949) 3701:(1948) 3695:(1947) 3689:(1946) 3683:(1945) 3677:(1944) 3671:(1943) 3665:(1942) 3659:(1941) 3653:(1940) 3647:(1939) 3641:(1938) 3635:(1937) 3629:(1936) 3623:(1935) 3617:(1934) 3611:(1933) 3605:(1932) 3599:(1931) 3593:(1930) 3587:(1929) 3581:(1928) 3575:(1927) 3569:(1926) 3552:(1925) 3546:(1924) 3540:(1923) 3534:(1922) 3528:(1921) 3522:(1920) 3516:(1919) 3510:(1918) 3504:(1917) 3498:(1916) 3492:(1915) 3486:(1914) 3480:(1913) 3474:(1912) 3468:(1911) 3462:(1910) 3456:(1909) 3450:(1908) 3444:(1907) 3438:(1906) 3432:(1905) 3426:(1904) 3420:(1903) 3414:(1902) 3408:(1901) 3391:(1900) 3385:(1899) 3379:(1898) 3373:(1897) 3367:(1896) 3361:(1895) 3355:(1894) 3349:(1893) 3343:(1892) 3262: 3254: 3225: 3215: 3182: 3153: 3145: 3058: 3029: 3022:285801 3019: 2964: 2881: 2784: 2774: 2751: 2743: 2668: 2660: 2608: 2600: 2559: 2549: 2508: 2500: 2457: 2398: 2388: 2365: 2329: 2319: 2296: 2288: 2249: 2214: 2179: 2172:389234 2169: 2120: 2113:389234 2110: 2056:824960 2054: 2046: 1981: 1887: 1879: 1785: 1713: 1663: 1619:May 1, 1591: 1493: 1427: 1323: 1305: 1250: 1243:285801 1240: 1232: 604:et al. 424:cancer 220:Fields 208:(1956) 199:(1967) 193:Awards 86:, U.S. 67:, U.S. 9547:Other 8844:Lists 8303:Music 8288:Media 8283:Legal 8134:Moral 7891:2010s 7740:2000s 7589:1990s 7410:1980s 7216:1970s 7064:1960s 6983:2010s 6885:2000s 6774:1990s 6685:1980s 6606:1970s 6534:1960s 6476:2010s 6385:2000s 6277:1990s 6168:1980s 6049:1970s 5944:1960s 5855:2010s 5747:2000s 5601:1990s 5477:1980s 5458:1960s 5354:2010s 5163:2000s 4977:1990s 4795:1980s 4651:1970s 4514:1960s 4456:2010s 4397:2000s 4309:1990s 4269:1980s 4250:1960s 3260:S2CID 3180:S2CID 3151:S2CID 2962:S2CID 2807:. CBS 2666:S2CID 2606:S2CID 2498:JSTOR 2433:(PDF) 2294:S2CID 2247:S2CID 1979:S2CID 1885:S2CID 1857:(PDF) 1822:(PDF) 1805:(PDF) 1321:S2CID 862:Event 180:( 176: 160:( 156: 131:( 127: 8529:Mind 7928:2014 7915:2012 7897:2011 7868:2009 7855:2008 7842:2007 7834:2006 7821:2005 7813:2004 7800:2003 7782:2002 7764:2001 7746:2000 7722:1999 7709:1998 7691:1997 7683:1996 7670:1995 7657:1994 7644:1993 7636:1992 7618:1991 7595:1990 7561:1989 7533:1988 7505:1987 7477:1986 7439:1983 7416:1982 7372:1979 7339:1976 7311:1975 7283:1974 7250:1973 7222:1970 7198:1969 7175:1968 7147:1967 7119:1966 7096:1965 7078:1964 7070:1963 7028:2013 7015:2012 7002:2011 6989:2010 6970:2009 6957:2007 6949:2006 6941:2005 6933:2004 6925:2003 6917:2002 6904:2001 6891:2000 6867:1999 6859:1998 6851:1997 6838:1996 6830:1995 6822:1994 6814:1993 6806:1992 6798:1991 6780:1990 6751:1989 6738:1988 6725:1987 6712:1986 6699:1983 6691:1982 6667:1979 6654:1976 6636:1975 6628:1974 6620:1973 6612:1970 6593:1969 6585:1968 6577:1967 6569:1966 6561:1965 6548:1964 6540:1963 6498:2012 6490:2011 6482:2010 6463:2009 6455:2008 6447:2007 6439:2006 6431:2005 6423:2004 6415:2003 6407:2002 6399:2001 6391:2000 6372:1999 6364:1998 6351:1996 6343:1995 6335:1994 6327:1993 6314:1992 6296:1991 6283:1990 6259:1989 6241:1988 6223:1987 6205:1986 6187:1983 6174:1982 6135:1979 6117:1976 6094:1975 6076:1974 6063:1973 6055:1970 6036:1969 6023:1968 6010:1967 6002:1966 5984:1965 5971:1964 5958:1963 5950:1962 5908:2014 5900:2013 5887:2012 5874:2011 5861:2010 5837:2009 5824:2008 5816:2007 5803:2006 5795:2005 5787:2004 5779:2002 5766:2001 5753:2000 5724:1999 5711:1998 5698:1997 5690:1996 5677:1995 5669:1994 5656:1993 5648:1992 5625:1991 5607:1990 5573:1989 5555:1988 5537:1987 5514:1986 5496:1983 5483:1982 5464:1964 5412:2014 5404:2013 5391:2012 5373:2011 5360:2010 5336:2009 5318:2008 5305:2007 5287:2006 5274:2005 5256:2004 5238:2003 5225:2002 5187:2001 5169:2000 5140:1999 5127:1998 5114:1997 5106:1996 5098:1995 5085:1994 5072:1993 5059:1992 5016:1991 4983:1990 4939:1989 4906:1988 4878:1987 4850:1986 4827:1983 4809:1982 4801:1981 4752:1979 4729:1976 4706:1975 4683:1974 4670:1973 4657:1970 4633:1969 4605:1968 4582:1967 4559:1966 4541:1965 4528:1964 4520:1963 4478:2015 4470:2014 4462:2011 4443:2009 4435:2008 4427:2005 4419:2004 4411:2003 4403:2000 4384:1999 4376:1998 4368:1997 4360:1996 4352:1995 4344:1994 4336:1992 4328:1991 4315:1990 4296:1988 4283:1987 4275:1986 4256:1964 3252:PMID 3223:PMID 3143:PMID 3056:ISBN 3027:PMID 2928:2011 2879:PMID 2839:2015 2813:2015 2782:OCLC 2772:ISBN 2749:PMID 2741:ISSN 2658:PMID 2598:PMID 2557:PMID 2506:PMID 2455:PMID 2396:OCLC 2386:ISBN 2363:PMID 2327:OCLC 2317:ISBN 2286:PMID 2212:PMID 2177:PMID 2118:PMID 2052:PMID 2044:ISSN 1877:ISSN 1830:2014 1783:PMID 1711:PMID 1661:PMID 1621:2012 1589:ISBN 1570:2022 1545:2022 1520:2022 1491:ISSN 1425:PMID 1386:2022 1248:PMID 1230:ISSN 1121:1981 1110:1976 1099:1975 1088:1974 1070:1972 1057:1971 1049:1970 1039:1967 1010:1960 969:1956 920:1948 912:1946 868:1905 857:Year 786:PETA 568:love 137:div. 73:Died 47:Born 41:1968 3244:doi 3213:PMC 3205:doi 3172:doi 3133:doi 3108:doi 3087:doi 3017:PMC 3007:doi 2954:doi 2871:doi 2733:doi 2729:114 2650:doi 2588:doi 2547:PMC 2537:doi 2490:doi 2478:207 2355:doi 2278:doi 2239:doi 2204:doi 2200:128 2167:PMC 2157:doi 2108:PMC 2098:doi 2036:doi 2032:133 1971:doi 1912:doi 1869:doi 1815:265 1775:doi 1733:PBS 1703:doi 1651:doi 1483:doi 1452:doi 1415:doi 1355:doi 1351:160 1313:doi 1238:PMC 1220:doi 762:. 337:in 9781:: 3258:. 3250:. 3240:21 3238:. 3221:. 3211:. 3201:31 3199:. 3195:. 3178:. 3168:17 3166:. 3149:. 3141:. 3129:42 3127:. 3123:. 3104:27 3102:. 3081:. 3025:. 3015:. 3005:. 2995:54 2993:. 2989:. 2960:. 2950:13 2948:. 2877:. 2865:. 2861:. 2847:^ 2830:. 2803:. 2780:. 2747:. 2739:. 2727:. 2704:. 2693:^ 2664:. 2656:. 2644:. 2632:^ 2604:. 2596:. 2584:42 2582:. 2578:. 2555:. 2545:. 2533:11 2531:. 2527:. 2504:. 2496:. 2488:. 2476:. 2453:. 2443:59 2441:. 2435:. 2394:. 2361:. 2351:26 2349:. 2325:. 2292:. 2284:. 2274:25 2272:. 2268:. 2245:. 2235:17 2233:. 2210:. 2198:. 2175:. 2165:. 2155:. 2145:68 2143:. 2139:. 2116:. 2106:. 2096:. 2086:68 2084:. 2080:. 2064:^ 2050:. 2042:. 2030:. 1977:. 1965:. 1908:10 1906:. 1883:. 1875:. 1865:13 1863:. 1859:. 1838:^ 1813:. 1807:. 1781:. 1769:. 1750:. 1731:. 1709:. 1697:. 1673:^ 1659:. 1647:42 1645:. 1639:. 1561:. 1536:. 1511:. 1489:. 1479:13 1477:. 1473:. 1448:10 1446:. 1423:. 1411:42 1409:. 1403:. 1376:. 1349:. 1333:^ 1319:. 1311:. 1297:. 1291:. 1260:^ 1246:. 1236:. 1228:. 1218:. 1208:54 1206:. 1202:. 1190:^ 651:. 248:, 182:m. 162:m. 133:m. 39:c. 8974:e 8967:t 8960:v 8060:/ 7974:e 7967:t 7960:v 4217:e 4210:t 4203:v 3318:e 3311:t 3304:v 3266:. 3246:: 3229:. 3207:: 3186:. 3174:: 3157:. 3135:: 3114:. 3110:: 3093:. 3089:: 3083:9 3064:. 3046:. 3033:. 3009:: 3001:: 2968:. 2956:: 2930:. 2920:" 2916:" 2885:. 2873:: 2867:7 2841:. 2815:. 2788:. 2755:. 2735:: 2672:. 2652:: 2646:5 2612:. 2590:: 2563:. 2539:: 2512:. 2492:: 2484:: 2461:. 2449:: 2402:. 2369:. 2357:: 2333:. 2300:. 2280:: 2253:. 2241:: 2218:. 2206:: 2183:. 2159:: 2151:: 2124:. 2100:: 2092:: 2058:. 2038:: 1985:. 1973:: 1967:4 1918:. 1914:: 1891:. 1871:: 1832:. 1789:. 1777:: 1771:2 1754:. 1735:. 1717:. 1705:: 1699:2 1667:. 1653:: 1623:. 1597:. 1572:. 1547:. 1522:. 1497:. 1485:: 1458:. 1454:: 1431:. 1417:: 1388:. 1361:. 1357:: 1327:. 1315:: 1299:6 1254:. 1222:: 1214:: 59:) 55:(

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index