Harry Potter - Knowledge

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Voldemort, while Snape is loyal to Dumbledore. This pattern later recurs with Moody and Snape. In Rowling's world, good and evil are choices rather than inherent attributes: second chances and the possibility of redemption are key themes of the series. This is reflected in Harry's self-doubts after learning his connections to Voldemort, such as Parseltongue; and prominently in Snape's characterisation, which has been described as complex and multifaceted. In some scholars' view, while Rowling's narrative appears on the surface to be about Harry, her focus may actually be on Snape's morality and character arc.

493: 799:, where they are attacked by Nagini, Voldemort's snake. A silver doe Patronus leads them to the Sword of Gryffindor, with which they destroy the locket. They steal a Horcrux from Gringotts and travel to Hogwarts, culminating in a battle with the Death Eaters. Snape is killed by Voldemort out of paranoia, but he lends Harry his memories before he dies. Harry learns that Snape was always loyal to Dumbledore, and that Harry is himself a Horcrux. Harry surrenders to Voldemort and is killed. The defenders of Hogwarts continue to fight on; Harry is resurrected, faces Voldemort and kills him. 1589: 3132: 760:", a secret group to continue the teachings. Harry has recurring dreams of a dark corridor in the Ministry of Magic, eventually dreaming that Sirius is being tortured there. He races to the Ministry with his friends, but it is a trap, planted in his head by Voldemort. The group are attacked by Death Eaters and saved by the Order of the Phoenix, but Sirius is killed in the battle. A duel between Dumbledore and Voldemort convinces the ministry of Voldemort's return. A prophecy concerning Harry and Voldemort is revealed: one must die at the hands of the other. 1077:, is described as a holder of the Philosopher's Stone. Other medieval elements in Hogwarts include coats-of-arms and medieval weapons on the walls, letters written on parchment and sealed with wax, the Great Hall of Hogwarts, which is similar to the Great Hall of Camelot, the use of Latin phrases, the tents put up for Quidditch tournaments, which are similar to the "marvellous tents" put up for knightly tournaments, imaginary animals like dragons and unicorns that exist around Hogwarts, and the banners with heraldic animals for the four Houses of Hogwarts. 1294: 11629: 2383: 1170: 14125: 14149: 68: 13013: 13023: 14137: 14173: 14161: 2467:(NEA) has found no increase in reading among children coinciding with the Harry Potter publishing phenomenon, nor has the broader downward trend in reading among Americans been arrested during the rise in the popularity of the Harry Potter books. The research also found that children who read Harry Potter books were not more likely to go on to read outside the fantasy and mystery genres. NEA chairman 1519:, a popular literary critic and cultural commentator. For reasons of secrecy, translation on a given book could only start after it had been released in English, leading to a lag of several months before the translations were available. This led to more and more copies of the English editions being sold to impatient fans in non-English speaking countries; for example, such was the clamour to read 1234:, oppression, survival, and overcoming imposing odds have all been considered as prevalent throughout the series. Similarly, the theme of making one's way through adolescence and "going over one's most harrowing ordeals—and thus coming to terms with them" has also been considered. Rowling has stated that the books comprise "a prolonged argument for tolerance, a prolonged plea for an end to 682:, who hides as Ron's pet rat, Scabbers. As the full moon rises, Lupin transforms into a werewolf and bounds away, and the group chase after him. They are surrounded by dementors, but are saved by a figure resembling James who casts a stag Patronus. This is later revealed to be a future version of Harry, who traveled back in time with Hermione using a device called a 3097:. Though it was noted that the series has "complicated rights issues", due to a seven-year rights deal with Warner Bros. Domestic TV Distribution that included US broadcast, cable and streaming rights to the franchise, which ends in April 2025. On 12 April 2023, the series was confirmed to be in development, and will be streamed on the new streaming service 7086:. Retrieved on 3 September 2019. "Rev. Reehil believes, 'The curses and spells used in the books are actual curses and spells; which when read by a human being risk conjuring evil spirits into the presence of the person reading the text.' It is unclear if the movies have been banned, since they don't require children to read spells." Archived from the 412:, on 26 June 1997, the books have found immense popularity, positive reviews, and commercial success worldwide. They have attracted a wide adult audience as well as younger readers and are widely considered cornerstones of modern literature. As of February 2023, the books have sold more than 600 million copies worldwide, making them the 2512:

statements urging Harry Potter fans to refrain from purchasing pet owls. Despite the media flurry, research into the popularity of Harry Potter and sales of owls in the UK failed to find any evidence that the Harry Potter franchise had influenced the buying of owls in the country or the number of owls reaching animal shelters and sanctuaries.

1211:, her mother died; she said that "I really think from that moment on, death became a central, if not the central theme of the seven books". Rowling has described Harry as "the prism through which I view death", and further stated that "all of my characters are defined by their attitude to death and the possibility of death". 1920:, who is primarily a movie critic, took issue with Byatt's criticisms in particular. While he conceded that she may have "a valid cultural point—a teeny one—about the impulses that drive us to reassuring pop trash and away from the troubling complexities of art", he rejected her claims that the series is lacking in serious 2169:' Top 10 Banned Book List in 2001, 2002, 2003, and 2019 with claims it was anti-family, discussed magic and witchcraft, contained actual spells and curses, referenced the occult/Satanism, violence, and had characters who used "nefarious means" to attain goals, as well as conflicts with religious viewpoints. 1553:

Due to the appeal of the books among an adult audience, Bloomsbury commissioned a second line of editions in an 'adult' style. These initially used black-and-white photographic art for the covers showing objects from the books (including a very American Hogwarts Express) without depicting people, but

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Rowling said that, to her, the moral significance of the tales seems "blindingly obvious". In the fourth book, Dumbledore speaks of a "choice between what is right and what is easy"; Rowling views this as a key theme, "because that ... is how tyranny is started, with people being apathetic and taking

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have been made. In March 2007, "Harry Potter" was the most commonly searched fan fiction subject on the internet. Jennifer Conn used Snape's and Quidditch coach Madam Hooch's teaching methods as examples of what to avoid and what to emulate in clinical teaching, and Joyce Fields wrote that the books

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rejects blood purity as a basis for social division; Suman Gupta agrees that Voldemort's philosophy represents "absolute evil"; and Nel and Eccleshare agree that advocates of racial or blood-based hierarchies are antagonists. Gupta, following Blake, suggests that the essential superiority of wizards

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The social hierarchy of wizards in Rowling's world has drawn debate among critics. "Purebloods" have two wizard parents; "half-bloods" have one; and "Muggle-born" wizards have magical abilities, although neither of their parents is a wizard. Lord Voldemort and his followers believe that blood purity

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in that its magical elements stay grounded in the mundane. Paintings move and talk; books bite readers; letters shout messages; and maps show live journeys, making the wizarding world both exotic and familiar. This blend of realistic and romantic elements extends to Rowling's characters. Their names

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and women hold positions of power in wizarding society. However, this setting obscures the typecasting of female characters and the general depiction of conventional gender roles. According to scholars Elizabeth Heilman and Trevor Donaldson, the subordination of female characters goes further early

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called the series "a feat of which only a superior imagination is capable", and declared "Rowling's punning, one-eyebrow-cocked sense of humor" to be "remarkable". However, he wrote that he is "a little tired of discovering Harry at home with his horrible aunt and uncle", the formulaic beginning of

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calling Rowling's universe a "secondary secondary world, made up of intelligently patchworked derivative motifs from all sorts of children's literature ... written for people whose imaginative lives are confined to TV cartoons, and the exaggerated (more exciting, not threatening) mirror-worlds

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overarching theme is death. In the first book, when Harry looks into the Mirror of Erised, he feels both joy and "a terrible sadness" at seeing his desire: his parents, alive and with him. Confronting their loss is central to Harry's character arc and manifests in different ways through the series,

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are "living beyond death. Living after death", which Rowling states "epitomize the whole series". Rowling also exhibits Christian values in developing Albus Dumbledore as a God-like character, the divine, trusted leader of the series, guiding the long-suffering hero along his quest. In the seventh

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Many of the motifs of the Potter stories, such as the hero's quest invoking objects that confer invisibility, magical animals and trees, a forest full of danger and the recognition of a character based upon scars, are drawn from medieval French Arthurian romances. Other aspects borrowed from French

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Each of the seven books is set over the course of one school year. Harry struggles with the problems he encounters, and dealing with them often involves the need to violate some school rules. If students are caught breaking rules, they are often disciplined by Hogwarts professors. The stories reach

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From the early 2000s onwards, several news reports appeared in the UK of the Harry Potter book and movie series driving demand for pet owls, and even reports that after the end of the movie series these same pet owls were now being abandoned by their owners. This led J. K. Rowling to issue several

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by motivating children to read much more than they otherwise would. The seven-book series has a word count of 1,083,594 (US edition). Agreeing about the motivating effects, Diane Penrod also praised the books' blending of simple entertainment with "the qualities of highbrow literary fiction", but

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ability to make us turn the pages, to weep—openly, with tears splashing—and a few pages later to laugh, at invariably good jokes ... We have lived through a decade in which we have followed the publication of the liveliest, funniest, scariest and most moving children's stories ever written."

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I had been writing almost continuously since the age of six but I had never been so excited about an idea before. I simply sat and thought, for four (delayed train) hours, and all the details bubbled up in my brain, and this scrawny, black-haired, bespectacled boy who did not know he was a wizard

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can be viewed as a story about good vs. evil, its moral divisions are not absolute. First impressions of characters are often misleading. Harry assumes in the first book that Quirrell is on the side of good because he opposes Snape, who appears to be malicious; in reality, Quirrell is an agent of

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fiction best-seller list and a third of the entries were children's books. The newspaper created a new children's section covering children's books, including both fiction and non-fiction, and initially counting only hardback sales. The move was supported by publishers and booksellers. In 2004,

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was launched in 2012. Pottermore allows users to be sorted, be chosen by their wand and play various minigames. The main purpose of the website was to allow the user to journey through the story with access to content not revealed by JK Rowling previously, with over 18,000 words of additional

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reversed this trend. The scale of its growth had no precedent in the children's market: within four years of the series' inception, it occupied 28% of that field by revenue. Children's literature rose in cultural status, and fantasy became a dominant genre. Older works in the genre, including

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find the portrayal of house-elves "most difficult to accept": the elves are denied the right to free themselves and rely on the benevolence of others like Hermione. Pharr terms the house-elves a disharmonious element in the series, writing that Rowling leaves their fate hanging; at the end of

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opined in July 2007 that "through no fault of Rowling's", the cultural and marketing "hysteria" marked by the publication of the later books "trains children and adults to expect the roar of the coliseum, a mass-media experience that no other novel can possibly provide". Jenny Sawyer wrote in

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Love distinguishes Harry and Voldemort. Harry is a hero because he loves others, even willing to accept death to save them; Voldemort is a villain because he does not. Harry carries the protection of his mother's sacrifice in his blood; Voldemort, who wants Harry's blood and the protection it

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pen name in order to appeal to the male members of this age group, fearing that they would not be interested in reading a novel they knew to be written by a woman. She elected to use J. K. Rowling (Joanne Kathleen Rowling), using her grandmother's name as her second name because she has no

997:: Malfoy is difficult, Filch is unpleasant, and Lupin is a werewolf. Harry is ordinary and relatable, with down-to-earth features such as wearing broken glasses; the scholar Roni Natov terms him an "everychild". These elements serve to highlight Harry when he is heroic, making him both an 1707:

became the fastest selling book in history, moving 11 million units in the first twenty-four hours of release. The book sold 2.7 million copies in the UK and 8.3 million in the US. The series has also gathered adult fans, leading to the release of two editions of each

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perspective—Harry must grow mature enough to accept death. In Harry's world, death is not binary but mutable, a state that exists in degrees. Unlike Voldemort, who evades death by separating and hiding his soul in seven parts, Harry's soul is whole, nourished by friendship and love.

782:. Harry and Dumbledore travel to a distant lake to destroy a Horcrux; they succeed, but Dumbledore weakens. On their return, they find Draco Malfoy and Death Eaters attacking the school. The book ends with the killing of Dumbledore by Professor Snape, the titular Half-Blood Prince. 1699:. The events, commonly featuring mock sorting, games, face painting, and other live entertainment have achieved popularity with Potter fans and have been highly successful in attracting fans and selling books with nearly nine million of the 10.8 million initial print copies of 1967:

on 25 July 2007 that Harry Potter neither faces a "moral struggle" nor undergoes any ethical growth and is thus "no guide in circumstances in which right and wrong are anything less than black and white". In contrast Emily Griesinger described Harry's first passage through to

723:, an unusual occurrence that causes his friends to distance themselves from him. Harry claims the Triwizard Cup with Cedric, but he is teleported to a graveyard where Pettigrew kills Cedric, then resurrects Voldemort using Harry's blood. Voldemort convenes his supporters, the 4219:

These New Testament verses (Matthew 6:19 and 1 Corinthians 15:26) together denote the promise of resurrection through the Son of God's consent to die.52 In interview, Rowling has stressed that these two quotations 'sum up – they almost epitomize the whole

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Arthurian romances include the use of owls as messengers, werewolves as characters, and white deer. The American scholars Heather Arden and Kathrn Lorenz in particular argue that many aspects of the Potter stories are inspired by a 14th-century French Arthurian romance,

9560: 2104:, the elves remain enslaved and cheerful. The goblins of the world of Harry Potter have also received criticism for following antisemitic caricatures – particularly for their grotesque "hook-nosed" portrayal in the films, an appearance associated with 773:

becomes the Potions master. Harry finds an old textbook with annotations by the Half-Blood Prince, due to which he achieves success in Potions class. Harry also takes lessons with Dumbledore, viewing memories about the early life of Voldemort in a device called a

1085:, writing of the "startling" similarities between the adventures of Potter and the knight Claris. Arden and Lorenz noted that Rowling graduated from the University of Exeter in 1986 with a degree in French literature and spent a year living in France afterwards. 3081:

since previews began on 7 June 2016 with an official premiere on 30 June 2016. The first four months of tickets for the June–September performances were sold out within several hours upon release. Forthcoming productions are planned for Broadway and Melbourne.

1021:, with the stakes a matter of life and death—a point underlined, as the series progresses, by characters being killed in each of the final four books. In the aftermath, he learns important lessons through exposition and discussions with head teacher and mentor 976:

life", though they are, as many note, more contemporary, grittier, darker, and more mature than the typical boarding school novel, addressing serious themes of death, love, loss, prejudice, coming-of-age, and the loss of innocence in a 1990s British setting.

420:. The last four books consecutively set records as the fastest-selling books in history, with the final instalment selling roughly 2.7 million copies in the United Kingdom and 8.3 million copies in the United States within twenty-four hours of its release. 2010:

praised Rowling for "unmooring" her "English school story" from literary precedents "bound up with dreams of wealth and class and snobbery", arguing that she had instead created "a world of youthful democracy and diversity". In 2016, an article written by

1073:. Hogwarts resembles a medieval university-cum-castle with several professors who belong to an Order of Merlin; Old Professor Binns still lectures about the International Warlock Convention of 1289; and a real historical person, a 14th-century scribe, Sir 2015:

compared the politics of Harry Potter to the 2016 Donald Trump presidential campaign. She suggests that these themes are also present in the presidential election and it may play a significant role in how Americans have responded to the campaign.

2052:, while other women are shown as leaders. Hermione Granger, in particular, becomes an active and independent character essential to the protagonists' battle against evil. Yet, even particularly capable female characters such as Hermione and 553:

when Harry was a baby. When Voldemort attempted to kill Harry, his curse rebounded, seemingly killing Voldemort, and Harry survived with a lightning-shaped scar on his forehead. The event made Harry famous among the community of wizards and

6593: 7119: 1347:, after the American rights sold for US$ 105,000—a record amount for a children's book by an unknown author. Scholastic feared that American readers would not associate the word "philosopher" with magic, and Rowling suggested the title 8939: 1886:. His overall view of the series was negative—"the Potter saga was essentially patronising, conservative, highly derivative, dispiritingly nostalgic for a bygone Britain", and he speaks of "a pedestrian, ungrammatical prose style". 2460:

expressed concern about the distracting effect of the prolific merchandise that accompanies the book launches. However, the assumption that Harry Potter books have increased literacy among young people is "largely a folk legend".

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are placed in supporting roles, and Hermione's status as a feminist model is debated. Girls and women are more frequently shown as emotional, more often defined by their appearance, and less often given agency in family settings.

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films were made. Warner Bros. constructed two new sound stages to house and showcase the sets from each of the British-made productions, following a £100 million investment. It opened to the public in March 2012.

9095: 1866:, a novelist and poet, held the opinion that the books were not suited for children, as they would be unable to grasp the complex themes. Rosen also stated that "J. K. Rowling is more of an adult writer." The critic 12885: 7244: 1381:

Rowling retained rights to digital editions and released them on the Pottermore website in 2012. Vendors such as Amazon displayed the ebooks in the form of links to Pottermore, which controlled pricing. All seven

605:. Quirrell turns out to be allied with Voldemort, who is still alive as a weak spirit. The first book concludes with Harry's confrontation with Voldemort, who, in his quest to regain a body, yearns to possess the 678:, a haunted house, and Harry and Hermione follow. The dog is revealed to be Sirius Black. Lupin enters the shack and explains that Sirius was James Potter's best friend; he was framed by another friend of James, 8848: 9695: 3619: 12000: 9441: 1609:

related license holders. This success has made Rowling the first and thus far only billionaire author. The books have sold more than 600 million copies worldwide and have also given rise to the popular

2756:. Rowling demanded the principal cast be kept strictly British and Irish, nonetheless allowing for the inclusion or French and Eastern European actors where characters from the book are specified as such. 2066:

over Muggles—wizards can use magic and Muggles cannot—means that the books cannot coherently reject anti-Muggle prejudice by appealing to equality between wizards and Muggles. Rather, according to Gupta,

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in the series. The final three books "showcase richer roles and more powerful females": for instance, the series' "most matriarchal character", Molly Weasley, engages substantially in the final battle of

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Fans of the series were so eager for the latest instalment that bookstores around the world began holding events to coincide with the midnight release of the books, beginning with the 2000 publication of

6993:"Scholastic Inc, J.K. Rowling and Time Warner Entertainment Company, L.P, Plaintiffs/Counterclaim Defendants, -against- Nancy Stouffer: United States District Court for the Southern District of New York" 2471:

said the series, "got millions of kids to read a long and reasonably complex series of books. The trouble is that one Harry Potter novel every few years is not enough to reverse the decline in reading."

9662: 1626:, has sold in excess of 120 million copies, making it one of the bestselling books in history. The films have in turn spawned eight video games and have led to the licensing of more than 400 additional 8909: 9630: 8640: 617:

describes Harry's second year at Hogwarts. Students are attacked and petrified by an unknown creature; wizards of Muggle parentage are the primary targets. The attacks appear related to the mythical

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article, Chris Suellentrop likened Potter to a "trust-fund kid whose success at school is largely attributable to the gifts his friends and relatives lavish upon him". In a 12 August 2007 review of

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During this press conference, Rowling stated that the Bible quotations in that novel "almost epitomize the whole series. I think they sum up all the themes in the whole series" (reported in Adler).

9056: 5555: 7114: 12366: 13245: 11833: 8931: 3334: 6400: 13231: 11826: 3328: 2937:. The story and design of the games follow the selected film's characterisation and plot; EA worked closely with Warner Bros. to include scenes from the films. The last game in the series, 9847: 7267: 12351: 5711: 2921: 7634: 6970: 1546:. The first releases of the successive books in the series followed in the same style but somewhat more realistic, illustrating scenes from the books. These covers were created by first 6182: 6089: 1432:

The series has been translated into more than 80 languages, placing Rowling among the most translated authors in history. The books have seen translations to diverse languages such as

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Heilman, Elizabeth E.; Donaldson, Trevor (7 August 2008). "From sexist to (sort-of) feminist representations of gender in the Harry Potter series". In Heilman, Elizabeth E. (ed.).

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as High Inquisitor of Hogwarts, and she gradually increases her powers. When Umbridge bans practical teaching of Defence Against the Dark Arts, Harry, Ron and Hermione form "

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books from the section for individual books. The split in 2000 attracted condemnation, praise and some comments that presented both benefits and disadvantages of the move.

7226: 6908: 2368:" survey of the UK's favourite books, where Pullman and Rowling ranked at numbers 3 and 5, respectively, with very few British literary classics in the top 10. 12356: 9336: 10452:

Singer, Rita (22 April 2016). "Harry Potter and the battle for the soul: the revival of the psychomachia in secular fiction". In Berndt, Katrin; Steveker, Lena (eds.).

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pre-sold more than 700,000 copies of the book. In the United States, the book's initial printing run was 3.8 million copies. This record statistic was broken by

1651:. By 24 June 2000, Rowling's novels had been on the list for 79 straight weeks; the first three novels were each on the hardcover best-seller list. On 12 April 2007, 802:

An epilogue titled "Nineteen Years Later" describes the lives of the surviving characters and the impact of Voldemort's death. Harry and Ginny are married with three

6431: 5501: 3526: 1378:, was published on 21 July 2007. Rowling herself has stated that the last chapter of the final book (in fact, the epilogue) was completed "in something like 1990". 719:, a contest between Hogwarts and the schools Beauxbatons and Durmstrang. Harry is unwillingly entered into the contest, becoming Hogwarts' second participant after 12053: 11882: 4965: 2521: 1130:

s religious parallels in the beginning because doing so would have "give too much away to fans who might then see the parallels". In the final book of the series,

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tradition, in which stand-ins for good and evil fight for supremacy over a person's soul. Children's literature critic Joy Farmer sees parallels between Harry and

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Popple, Jennifer E. (2015). "Embracing the magic: Muggle Quidditch and the transformation of gender equality from fantasy to reality". In Brenner, Lisa S. (ed.).

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won almost all the United Kingdom awards judged by children, but none of the children's book awards judged by adults, and Sandra Beckett suggested the reason was

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and are therefore unsuitable for children, while a number of critics have criticised the books for promoting various political agendas. The series has landed the

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took over the job, and after shooting in 2003, the film was released on 4 June 2004. Due to the fourth film beginning its production before the third's release,

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raised criticisms of the books' literary merits, saying, "Rowling's mind is so governed by clichés and dead metaphors that she has no other style of writing."

9966: 9616: 8905: 6369: 2343:, who also wrote in simple language about groups of children and long held sway over the British children's market. She has also been described as an heir to 13543: 12927: 12403: 11915: 8636: 4257: 11475: 9652: 9366: 3936: 984:, Rowling juxtaposes the extraordinary against the ordinary. Her narrative features two worlds: a contemporary world inhabited by non-magical people called 451:

franchise to expand with numerous derivative works, a travelling exhibition that premiered in Chicago in 2009, a studio tour in London that opened in 2012,

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Taub, Deborah J.; Servaty-Seib, Heather L. (7 August 2008). "Controversial content: is Harry Potter harmful to children?". In Heilman, Elizabeth E. (ed.).

9296: 8883: 7027: 633:, abducted, Harry and Ron uncover the chamber's secrets and enter it. Harry discovers that Ginny was possessed by an old diary, inside which the memory of 10052: 3018:, with the settings and side characters featured in the Harry Potter Adventure World, and Harry, Voldemort, and Hermione as playable characters. In 2017, 1370:

is the longest book in the series, at 766 pages in the UK version and 870 pages in the US version. It was published worldwide in English on 21 June 2003.

13779: 12424: 11957: 9064: 5866: 9728: 9039: 8379: 6330: 5563: 3500: 11990: 11971: 11876: 2764: 12381: 2364:, as part of a broader shift in reading tastes: a rejection of literary fiction in favour of plot and adventure. This is reflected in the BBC's 2003 " 13378: 13368: 12571: 12312: 11984: 11965: 10966: 3240: 2832: 2826: 1320:

books, the publishers initially targeted children aged nine to eleven. On the eve of publishing, Rowling was asked by her publishers to adopt a more

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was created for the Diagon Alley expansion, connecting King's Cross Station at Universal Studios to the Hogsmeade station at Islands of Adventure.

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disagreed, saying "It depresses me to see 16- and 17-year-olds reading the series when they could be reading the great novels of childhood such as

666:, creatures that feed on despair, search for Sirius and guard the school. As Harry struggles with his reaction to the dementors, he reaches out to 6939: 4934: 3588: 11909: 9471: 8670: 7275: 5832: 2784: 1238:" and that they also pass on a message to "question authority and... not assume that the establishment or the press tells you all of the truth". 11227: 7779: 5368: 4490:

Max, Wyman (26 October 2000). ""You can lead a fool to a book but you cannot make them think": Author has frank words for the religious right".

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content. The site was redesigned in 2015 as WizardingWorld and it mainly focuses on the information already available, rather than exploration.

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For cover art, Bloomsbury chose painted art in a classic style of design, with the first cover a watercolour and pencil drawing by illustrator

778:. Harry learns from a drunken Slughorn that he used to teach Tom Riddle, and that Voldemort divided his soul into pieces, creating a series of 461: 6081: 3257:

is a behind-the-scenes walking tour in London featuring authentic sets, costumes and props from the film series. The attraction is located at

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Academics and journalists have developed many other interpretations of themes in the books, some more complex than others, and some including

12200: 11951: 9869: 3968: 2814: 2692: 9758: 9235: 6558: 4854: 791:, the seventh and final novel in the series, Lord Voldemort gains control of the Ministry of Magic. Harry, Ron and Hermione learn about the 13219: 12766: 11819: 11113:

Pugh, Tison; Wallace, David L. (Fall 2006). "Heteronormative heroism and queering the school story in J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter series".

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Alton, Anne Hiebert (7 August 2008). "Playing the genre game: generic fusions of the Harry Potter series". In Heilman, Elizabeth E. (ed.).

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Whited, Lana A. (2015). "A survey of the critical reception of the Harry Potter series". In Grimes, M. Katherine; Whited, Lana A. (eds.).

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When I buy the books for my grandchildren, I have them all gift wrapped but one...that's for me. And I have not been 12 for over 50 years.

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Pharr, Mary (22 April 2016). "A paradox: the Harry Potter series as both epic and postmodern". In Berndt, Katrin; Steveker, Lena (eds.).

10256:"Cruel heroes and treacherous texts: educating the reader in moral complexity and critical reading in J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter books" 8466: 8265: 8083: 6243: 4996: 4763: 4675: 4145: 3191: 2864: 2858: 2611:

survey of the best loved novels in the UK. A 2004 study found that books in the series were commonly read aloud in elementary schools in

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illustrate four of the five main topics in a typical first-year sociology class: "sociological concepts including culture, society, and

641:, an ancient monster that kills or petrifies those who make direct or indirect eye contact, respectively. With the help of Dumbledore's 413: 14233: 12576: 11923: 10830:

Birch, Megan L. (7 August 2008). "Schooling Harry Potter: teachers and learning, power and knowledge". In Heilman, Elizabeth E. (ed.).

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Berberich, Christine (22 April 2016). "Harry Potter and the idea of the gentleman as hero". In Berndt, Katrin; Steveker, Lena (eds.).

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featured a 100-foot tall rendition of Lord Voldemort in a segment designed to showcase the UK's cultural icons. In November 2019, the

1622:. The total revenue from the book sales is estimated, as of November 2018, to be around $ 7.7 billion. The first novel in the series, 1112:, Christian imagery is particularly strong in the final scenes of the series: Harry dies in self-sacrifice and Voldemort delivers an " 13952: 13536: 13140: 11750: 8497: 5425: 5272: 2304:. The next decade saw an increasing interest in grim, realist themes, with an outflow of fantasy readers and writers to adult works. 740: 435: 112: 14238: 8207: 835:". They are mainly dramas, and maintain a fairly serious and dark tone throughout, though they do contain some notable instances of 795:, legendary items that lead to mastery over death. The group infiltrates the ministry, where they steal a locket Horcrux, and visit 578: 14313: 13964: 13120: 11736: 11064: 10610: 7794: 2552: 1878: 654: 521: 96: 9903: 9788: 8961: 8590: 5896: 5162: 5119: 5089: 5059: 4602: 3655: 3557: 14288: 14223: 13772: 13110: 13059: 11729: 9212: 8693: 8295: 7748: 6464: 4908: 613: 470: 88: 12339: 11634: 11437: 9506: 9415: 4625: 1969: 13976: 13150: 12741: 12581: 11757: 11672: 6900: 4720: 3161: 3019: 2973: 2638:. Three of the books placed among the "Top 100 Chapter Books" of all time, or children's novels, in a 2012 survey published by 2401: 1594: 1188: 901: 765: 120: 9390:"'Harry Potter' TV Series Due To Hit Max In 2026: Everything We Know About The Cast, What J.K. Rowling Says & More—Update" 9328: 8792: 8757: 8550: 7649: 5807: 5737: 2184:

children's division was entered for the first time on the shortlist for the main award, and one judge threatened to resign if

1108:. Comparing Rowling with Lewis, she argues that "magic is both authors' way of talking about spiritual reality". According to 496: 13944: 12917: 12019: 11573: 11552: 11531: 11507: 11464: 11424: 11301: 11235: 11195: 11103: 11034: 10987: 10802: 10773: 10742: 10711: 10649: 10618: 10557: 10534: 10387: 10326: 10301: 10132: 9819: 8181: 7238: 6623: 6204: 6151: 5687: 3814: 3789: 3752: 3519: 3135:

Hogwarts Castle as depicted in the Wizarding World of Harry Potter, located in Universal Orlando Resort's Island of Adventure

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announced that the series would debut on Max in 2026. On 25 June 2024, it was announced the series would also be streamed on

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the books began to receive strong criticism from a number of literary scholars. Yale professor, literary scholar, and critic

1247: 1031:, in which Harry and his friends spend most of their time away from Hogwarts, and only return there to face Voldemort at the 9174: 8361: 5927: 5299: 4823: 14333: 14253: 14000: 13529: 13160: 11764: 8723: 7903: 6423: 6296: 5771: 5479: 3061: 2820: 2812:. Production began in January 2006 and the film was released the following year in July 2007. Yates was selected to direct 1161:

novel, Harry speaks with and questions the deceased Dumbledore much like a person of faith would talk to and question God.

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models a form of tolerance based on the "charity and altruism of those belonging to superior races" towards lesser races.

727:, and Harry manages to escape after a duel with Voldemort. Upon returning to Hogwarts, it is revealed that a Death Eater, 14283: 14258: 13130: 12593: 12541: 12023: 11743: 9553:"Details on Expansion of Wizarding World of Harry Potter in Orlando Confirmed, Including Diagon Alley as Second Location" 6996: 5654: 5497: 4957: 3415: 3122: 2562: 2207: 1260:

when the idea for Harry suddenly "fell into" her head. Rowling gives an account of the experience on her website saying:

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The former 1st floor Nicholson's Cafe now renamed Spoon in Edinburgh where J. K. Rowling wrote the first few chapters of

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has been described as a cultural phenomenon. The word "Muggle" has spread beyond its origins in the books, entering the

14298: 14208: 13765: 12978: 12871: 12229: 10882: 10426:(22 April 2016). "Adult heroism and role models in the Harry Potter novels". In Berndt, Katrin; Steveker, Lena (eds.). 7932: 5704:"Burbank Public Library offering digital copies of first 'Harry Potter' novel to recognize the book's 20th anniversary" 5498:"Illustrator puts a bit of herself on Potter cover: GrandPré feels pressure to create something special with each book" 3391: 2909:

video games, eight corresponding with the films and books and six spin-offs. The film/book-based games are produced by

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were sold in the US; in the UK more than two million copies were sold on the first day. The initial US print run for

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that its English language edition became the first English-language book ever to top the best-seller list in France.

440: 9956: 9273: 8519: 8151: 7955: 7157: 6361: 5192: 3317:. All three of these books contain extra information about the wizarding world not included in the original novels. 14318: 14213: 12964: 12614: 12452: 12431: 2964: 2958: 2332:, were reprinted and rose in popularity; some authors re-established their careers. In the following decades, many 8434: 14228: 14129: 13442: 12773: 12533: 12247: 12179: 12076: 11866: 11542: 11521: 11454: 9416:"'Harry Potter' & 'Welcome To Derry' Moving From Max To HBO As Part Of Big-Budget Streaming Strategy Rethink" 9358: 8017:"Investigating the impact of media on demand for wildlife: A case study of Harry Potter and the UK trade in owls" 7744: 7019: 3946: 3616:"Scholastic Marks 25 Year Anniversary of The Publication of J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone" 3258: 2802:, released on 18 November 2005. Newell became the first British director of the series, with television director 2567: 2464: 2258: 2740:

1 million (US$ 2,000,000). Rowling had creative control on the film series, observing the filmmaking process of

14323: 14293: 12780: 12644: 12494: 9088:"Harry Potter: Hogwarts Mystery game now available on iPhone and iPad, but it's an obnoxious free-to-play game" 8780: 3245: 3085:

The script was released as a book at the time of the premiere, with a revised version following the next year.

3028: 2845: 2616: 1619: 6524: 5858: 2782:, also directed by Columbus, began and the film was released on 15 November 2002. Columbus declined to direct 1712:

book, identical in text but with one edition's cover artwork aimed at children and the other aimed at adults.

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Horne, Jackie C. (2010). "Harry and the other: answering the race question in J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter".

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games ever. The video games were released to coincide with the films. Objectives usually occur in and around

1963: 598: 50: 10156:"Hermione and the house-elves: the literary and historical contexts of J. K. Rowling's antislavery campaign" 2535: 1691:

was 12 million copies, and more than a million were pre-ordered through Amazon and Barnes & Noble.

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later shifted to partial colourisation with a picture of Slytherin's locket on the cover of the final book.

752:, a secret society to counter Voldemort; meanwhile, the Ministry tightens control of Hogwarts by appointing 13884: 13209: 12685: 12609: 12508: 11796: 11391: 11362: 11330: 11293: 3504: 3305: 2753: 2612: 2575: 2279: 2166: 10860:(7 August 2008). "Harry Potter and the secrets of children's literature". In Heilman, Elizabeth E. (ed.). 9575: 8826: 3093:

On 25 January 2021, it was reported that a live-action television series has been in early development at

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A prequel series is planned to consist of five films, taking place before the main series. The first film

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books in the United Kingdom, on 26 June 1997. It was released in the United States on 1 September 1998 by

735:, engineered Harry's entry into the tournament, secretly helped him, and had him teleported to Voldemort. 14308: 13052: 12985: 12501: 10567:

Eberhardt, Maeve (2017). "Gendered representations through speech: The case of the Harry Potter series".

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in April 2022. Rowling wrote the screenplays for all three films, marking her foray into screenwriting.

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Ciaccio, Peter (7 August 2008). "Harry Potter and Christian theology". In Heilman, Elizabeth E. (ed.).

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Griesinger, E. (2002). "Harry Potter and the "deeper magic": narrating hope in children's literature".

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was declared the overall winner; it finished second, very close behind the winner of the poetry prize,

2161:

Various religious fundamentalists have claimed that the books promote witchcraft and religions such as

1583: 1547: 968: 637:, Voldemort's younger self, resides. On Voldemort's behalf, Ginny opened the chamber and unleashed the 529:, his aunt, uncle and cousin, who all treat him poorly. At the age of 11, Harry discovers that he is a 427: 158: 35: 10410:

McEvoy, Kathleen (22 April 2016). "Heroism at the margins". In Berndt, Katrin; Steveker, Lena (eds.).

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Arden, Heather; Lorenz, Kathryn (June 2003). "The Harry Potter Stories and French Arthurian Romance".

3711: 2138:, stemming from various conflicts over copyright and trademark infringements. The popularity and high 13824: 12839: 12831: 12748: 11223: 7180: 5360: 3177: 2557: 2412: 792: 10029: 7844: 5524: 3682: 1683:

with 10.8 million copies. Within the first 24 hours of its release, 6.9 million copies of

1647:

to create a separate best-seller list for children's literature in 2000, just before the release of

1013:, when events escalate far beyond in-school squabbles and struggles, and Harry must confront either 14328: 14218: 14048: 12971: 12936: 12791: 12566: 12330: 12084: 11022: 10506: 3224: 3152: 2877: 2631: 2125: 1227: 546: 512: 285: 31: 13521: 9873: 9750: 6550: 4846: 2574:(1998), and numerous listings on the notable books, editors' Choices, and best books lists of the 1207:

Rowling has spoken about thematising death and loss in the series. Soon after she started writing

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The logo used in British, Australian, and Canadian editions before 2010, which uses the typeface

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and resemble attacks fifty years earlier. Harry discovers an ability to speak the snake language

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Stojilkov, Andrea (2015). "Life(and)death in 'Harry Potter': the immortality of love and soul".

10084: 9499:"The Wizarding World of Harry Potter—Diagon Alley opens officially at Universal Studios Florida" 8932:"Fantastic Beasts: JK Rowling confirms there will be five films in Harry Potter spin-off series" 1605:

series has translated into substantial financial success for Rowling, her publishers, and other

1503:

Some of the translators hired to work on the books were well-known authors before their work on

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Farmer, Joy (2001). "The magician's niece: the kinship between J. K. Rowling and C. S. Lewis".

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Politics in Fantasy Media: Essays on Ideology and Gender in Fiction, Film, Television and Games

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Sources that refer to the many genres, cultural meanings and references of the series include:

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The books also aroused controversies in the literary and publishing worlds. From 1997 to 1998,

1539: 332: 154: 8255: 8091: 4682: 3299:(a book Harry reads for fun). Proceeds from the sale of these two books benefited the charity 3059:

is a play which serves as a sequel to the books, beginning nineteen years after the events of

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agreed to publish the book. Despite Rowling's statement that she did not have any particular

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on which J. K. Rowling updates the series with new information and insight, and a trilogy of

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Applebaum, Peter (7 August 2008). "The great Snape debate". In Heilman, Elizabeth E. (ed.).

9933: 8113: 7049: 5949: 5245: 5018: 4676:"Harry Potter Books (UK Editions) Terms and Conditions for Use of Images for Book Promotion" 2061:

is paramount and that Muggles are subhuman. According to the literary scholar Andrew Blake,

958:, a fictional British boarding school for wizards, where the curriculum includes the use of 14303: 13836: 13200: 12825: 12205: 11813: 8995: 8028: 6546: 6013: 3475: 3310: 3148: 3066: 2969: 2776:

was released on 14 November 2001. Just three days after the film's release, production for

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to take legal measures to protect their copyright, which have included banning the sale of

2007: 1957: 1820: 1231: 959: 878: 807: 757: 716: 10053:"'Pottermore' Secrets Revealed: J.K. Rowling's New Site is E-Book Meets Interactive World" 8015:

Megias, Diane A.; Anderson, Sean C.; Smith, Robert J.; Veríssimo, Diogo (4 October 2017).

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including a platinum award from the Whitaker Gold and Platinum Book Awards ( 2001), three

2039:

has been described as complex and varied, but nonetheless conforming to stereotypical and

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trucks were used with no other purpose than to deliver the book. Together, Amazon.com and

8: 14036: 13993: 13328: 12690: 12659: 12159: 8387: 8203: 3131: 2635: 2547: 2501: 2430: 2377: 2044: 1952: 1934: 1497: 1481: 1313: 1141: 1058: 803: 646: 642: 606: 348: 10603: 10336:

Bell, Christopher; Alexander, Julie (2012). "Introduction". In Bell, Christopher (ed.).

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as opposed to fantastic, while adult fantasy became popular because of the influence of

13477: 13452: 12878: 12129: 12119: 11639: 11476:"'There was practically a riot at King's Cross': an oral history of Harry Potter at 25" 11270: 11132: 11057: 11006: 10924: 10899: 10757: 10726: 10678: 10586: 10469: 10285: 9895: 9653:"What to expect when the Wizarding World at Universal Studios Hollywood opens in April" 9621: 9204: 8580: 8059: 8016: 7865: 7774: 5888: 5154: 5111: 5081: 5051: 4900: 4594: 4576: 4559:

Duffy, Edward (2002). "Sentences in Harry Potter, Students in Future Writing Classes".

4062: 4054: 3679:"Wizards and wainscots: generic structures and genre themes in the Harry Potter series" 3645: 3549: 3078: 3039: 2360: 2105: 2053: 1890:

said, "I have no great opinion of it it seemed a lively kid's fantasy crossed with a '

1663:

record, with more than 500,000 copies pre-ordered through its site. For the release of

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was published a year later in the UK on 8 July 1999 and in the US on 8 September 1999.

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International and later editions have been created by a range of designers, including

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depictions of gender. Gender divides are ostensibly absent in the books: Hogwarts is

2019:

There is ongoing discussion regarding the extent to which the series was inspired by

1887: 1672: 1652: 1543: 1485: 1473: 1437: 1399: 1298: 1010: 850: 745: 602: 368: 356: 317: 9057:"E3 2012: Sony announces intriguing Wonderbook for PS3—Harry Potter author on board" 8962:"Fantastic Beasts 3 cast, release date, plot, title and everything you need to know" 7869: 7080:

Nashville school bans "Harry Potter" series, citing risk of "conjuring evil spirits"

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Berents, Helen (2012). "Hermione Granger goes to war". In Bell, Christopher (ed.).

10289: 9690: 9175:"'Harry Potter and the Cursed Child' Begins Previews in London, as Magic Continues" 8749: 8396: 8054: 8036: 7849: 7664: 6519: 6495: 4568: 4531: 4239: 4038: 3650: 3234: 3001: 2882:

A number of non-interactive media games and board games have been released such as

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explores numerous themes and includes many cultural meanings and references. Major

360: 289: 10206:"Accepting Mudbloods: the ambivalent social vision of J. K. Rowling's fairy tales" 9811: 9297:"'Harry Potter' Live-Action TV Series in Early Development at HBO Max (Exclusive)" 8358: 8173: 7737: 3744: 2294:

transformed children's literature. In the 1970s, children's books were generally

1558: 1358:, was originally published in the UK on 2 July 1998 and in the US on 2 June 1999. 1293: 14101: 14084: 14077: 14053: 14029: 14017: 13829: 13644: 13627: 13564: 13265: 13077: 12515: 12480: 12473: 11698: 11563: 11187: 10957: 10919: 10255: 10230: 10205: 10180: 10155: 10121: 10057: 9994: 9329:"First ever Harry Potter television series ordered by new streaming service, Max" 9043: 9023: 8727: 8461: 8365: 8041: 7334: 6963:"Opinion | Why most people still miss these antisemitic tropes in "Harry Potter"" 5767: 3941: 3363: 3155:

in Florida. It opened to the public on 18 June 2010. It includes a recreation of

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The Psychology of Harry Potter: An Unauthorized Examination of the Boy Who Lived

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series has been recognised by a host of awards since the initial publication of

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Muggles, Monsters and Magicians: A Literary Analysis of the Harry Potter Series

8322: 7698: 6499: 4572: 2978: 2571: 2355: 2295: 2155: 2084: 1921: 1867: 1465: 1453: 1402:, the series has been listened, as of November 2022, for over a billion hours. 1278: 1196: 1074: 1050: 989: 854: 720: 671: 634: 550: 305: 11205: 10526: 7691:"The Trouble with Harry: A Reason for Teaching Media Literacy to Young Adults" 6992: 5646: 2095:

as a model for younger readers' political engagement. Other critics including

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in the 3rd century AD. The second volume has also been translated into Latin.

14187: 14089: 14072: 14005: 13981: 13969: 13957: 13925: 13841: 13709: 13685: 13069: 12941: 12174: 12169: 12139: 12114: 12109: 11687: 11266: 11245: 11044: 10979: 10674: 10628: 10582: 9530:"What to Expect From the Wild New Harry Potter Ride, 'Escape From Gringotts'" 8380:"Interactive Read-Alouds: Is There a Common Set of Implementation Practices?" 8050: 7663:(1). International Association of School Librarianship: 78–91. Archived from 6035: 5394: 4201:

The Crossover Novel: Contemporary Children's Fiction and Its Adult Readership

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and that it owes its success merely to the childhood reassurances it offers.

1863: 1824:, which called it "Magic stuff". Soon the English newspapers joined in, with 1566: 1493: 1449: 1351:

for the American market. Rowling has later said that she regrets the change.

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Hermione Granger Saves the World: Essays on the Feminist Heroine of Hogwarts

10338:

Hermione Granger Saves the World: Essays on the Feminist Heroine of Hogwarts

10315:

Hermione Granger Saves the World: Essays on the Feminist Heroine of Hogwarts

10142: 7928: 4536: 4516: 4138:"'Harry Potter' Author J.K. Rowling Opens Up About Books' Christian Imagery" 3395: 1496:, making it the longest published work in Ancient Greek since the novels of 1366:

was published on 8 July 2000 at the same time by Bloomsbury and Scholastic.

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refuses to believe that Voldemort has returned. Dumbledore re-activates the

525:

in the US) , Harry lives in a cupboard under the stairs in the house of the

14177: 14165: 14041: 13817: 13805: 13728: 13668: 13308: 13288: 12998: 12144: 12124: 11645: 11623: 11213: 11153: 9961: 9584:"What may come to Wizarding World of Harry Potter 2.0 at Universal Orlando" 8068: 7861: 5616: 5214: 4545: 3732:...the Harry Potter books are, at heart, satisfyingly shrewd mystery tales. 3707: 3300: 3181: 3106: 3070: 2749: 2733: 2608: 2318: 2180:

towards books that were popular among children. In 1999, the winner of the

2143: 2139: 2088: 1940: 1925: 1891: 1872: 1848: 1836: 1814: 1137: 1105: 1101: 1018: 994: 946: 909: 866: 659: 622: 582: 465:, among many other developments. Themed attractions, collectively known as 352: 11128: 10794: 10765: 10734: 10703: 10379: 10293: 9686:"Universal Studios Japan: Wizarding World of Harry Potter to open July 15" 9236:"'Harry Potter And The Cursed Child' Sets April 22, 2018 Broadway Opening" 9143: 4042: 2818:, which was released on 15 July 2009. The final instalment in the series, 1285:, offered to represent her and sent the manuscript to several publishers. 869:, "shrewd mystery tales", and each book is constructed in the manner of a 13788: 13740: 13692: 13552: 13497: 13037: 12700: 12264: 12210: 12149: 12089: 10476: 9265: 8260: 7765: 6614:

Wetherill, Louise. "Harry Potter: Merely Frodo Baggins with a Wand?", in

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models, which are influenced by the themes of both the novels and films.

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The locomotive that features as the "Hogwarts Express" in the film series

2476: 2340: 2323: 2249: 2193: 2151: 2080: 2040: 1986: 1852: 1562: 1516: 1391: 1326: 1136:, Rowling makes the book's Christian imagery more explicit, quoting both 1062: 1006: 923: 836: 832: 724: 683: 667: 626: 566: 542: 313: 309: 293: 11274: 11219:

The Late Age of Print: Everyday Book Culture from Consumerism to Control

11010: 10682: 6010:"Harry Potter at Bloomsbury Publishing – Adult and Children Covers" 4058: 1840:

called it "a richly textured novel given lift-off by an inventive wit".

1025:. The only exception to this school-centred setting is the final novel, 881:

point of view with very few exceptions (such as the opening chapters of

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